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alteration that can be replicated and passed on to subsequent cell generations. Both, when occurring within a gene, may silence expression of the gene. Whereas mutant cell lineages arise as a change in the sequence of standard bases, epigenetically altered cell lineages retain the sequence of
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is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process
237:. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
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standard bases but have gene sequences with changed levels of expression that can be passed down to subsequent cell generations. Epigenetic alterations include
563:"Microhomology-mediated End Joining and Homologous Recombination share the initial end resection step to repair DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells"
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as well as specific chromatin histone modifications. Faulty repair of chromosomes at sites of DNA damage can give rise both to mutant cell lineages and/or
328:; these may also cause mutations, but their effect on development is not related to mutations. Chemicals that induce mutations are called
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317:. In a developmental abnormality, the DNA of the organism is unchanged and the abnormality cannot be passed on to progeny.
177:, an overview (upper row, scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row, scale bar equals 0.5 mm) is shown. A,
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wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B–E, Different mutants.
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217:. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a
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302:) to refer to abnormal specimens. The scientific usage is broader, referring to any organism differing from the
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wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of
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term, only used for genetically or phenotypically noticeable mutations. Previously, people used the word "
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514:"MMEJ repair of double-strand breaks (director's cut): deleted sequences and alternative endings"
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306:. The word finds its origin in the Latin term mūtant- (stem of mūtāns), which means "to change".
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Truong LN, Li Y, Shi LZ, Hwang PY, He J, Wang H, Razavian N, Berns MW, Wu X (May 2013).
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Waters LS, Minesinger BK, Wiltrout ME, D'Souza S, Woodruff RV, Walker GC (March 2009).
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is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of
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when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A
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165:: Deviating phenotypes induced in gene-disruption library transformants.
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alterations, although they share some common features. Both arise as a
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627:, Fourth Edition. Retrieved March 05, 2008, from Dictionary.com
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effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a
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Chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are called
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Phenotypically-different organism resulting from a mutation
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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Mutants should not be confused with organisms born with
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
640:"Epigenome Maintenance in Response to DNA Damage"
321:are the result of developmental abnormalities.
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286:Although not all mutations have a noticeable
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332:. Most mutagens are also considered to be
201:, which is generally an alteration of the
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638:Dabin J, Fortuny A, Polo SE (June 2016).
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429:Egener et al. BMC Plant Biology 2002 2:6
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261:. Errors of replication often involve
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276:microhomology-mediated end joining
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512:McVey M, Lee SE (November 2008).
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52:needs additional citations for
347:are distinctly different from
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392:Genetically modified organism
278:is particularly error-prone.
656:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.006
567:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
311:developmental abnormalities
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249:occurring in pre-existing
221:with an alteration in its
147:is an example of a mutant.
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530:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.007
466:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
253:as a result of errors of
241:Mutants arise by mutation
588:10.1073/pnas.1213431110
448:Drosophila melanogaster
32:Mutant (disambiguation)
370:epigenetically altered
340:Epigenetic alterations
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435:10.1186/1471-2229-2-6
263:translesion synthesis
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705:Evolutionary biology
189:, and especially in
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
690:Antennapedia mutant
579:2013PNAS..110.7720T
412:Synthetic viability
407:Synthetic lethality
387:Genetic engineering
223:nucleotide sequence
710:Classical genetics
397:Mutants in fiction
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245:Mutants arise by
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59:Please help
54:verification
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402:Mutationism
362:CpG islands
358:methylation
353:chromosomal
334:carcinogens
173:. For each
117:August 2017
699:Categories
418:References
364:of a gene
349:epigenetic
326:teratogens
292:pejorative
288:phenotypic
271:DNA damage
259:DNA repair
229:is in the
211:chromosome
155:Wild-type
87:newspapers
644:Mol. Cell
382:Evolution
345:Mutations
304:wild type
282:Etymology
247:mutations
235:evolution
715:Mutation
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607:23610439
548:18809224
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376:See also
366:promoter
330:mutagens
215:organism
199:mutation
191:genetics
76:"Mutant"
665:5476208
598:3651503
575:Bibcode
539:5303623
487:2650891
251:genomes
187:biology
179:Haploid
101:scholar
18:Mutants
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219:virus
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193:, a
161:and
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