542:. Proudfit studied the excavation that was performed when the swimming pool was being constructed in the White House, which is relatively inland from any of the Nacotchtank river settlements. Analysis of the terrain that was dug up proved indigenous existence on the site, with findings such as quartzite points, a broken biface, and fragments of broken pottery. According to Proudfit, blades of quartzite that taper off into points on each end are indicative of the Nacotchtank, as they are found commonly in areas of Nacotchtank settlement and rarely in settlements of the nearby tribes. Additionally, Proudfit posits that fragmented pottery is "one of the unfailing evidences of permanent aboriginal occupation."
658:. These two types of rock were available in various quarries throughout Nacotchtank territory. At these quarries, the Nacotchtank would chip away large chunks of the rock, which would then be taken back to the individual villages, where they would complete formation of whatever artifact they were intending to create. Quartzite, which was relatively-easily chipped and available in a quarry in the Piney Branch area of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., was used in forming sharp-edged tools, particularly spears and arrow points. Soapstone was accessed mainly through the Rose Hill quarry of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., and was utilized in producing various vessels such as bowls and pipes.
475:
627:. In this pattern, there would be rather-isolated dwellings with large open fields in between them. The resultant community would have groupings of between 2 and 100 dwellings clustered together, with a shared, designated spot that would have fallen trees that were to be used for fire-burning. In between these clusters were plots of land, ranging from between 20 and 100 acres, which would be used in cultivating various plants and crops.
287:
reliable supply of fish and the area soon became a well-known fishing ground. Additionally, the rivers were surrounded by a vast area of woodlands, which housed wild game such as bison, turkey, deer, and geese. The
Nacotchtank were also accomplished in agricultural practices, as they would move inland from the rivers to occupy fertile and flat land and grow a variety of crop species, most of which belonged to the
499:. It was here that the Nacotchtank chief was noted as residing, along with 80 others, in Smith's journal. Smith summarized his findings in his "Map of Virginia," which plotted the principal village of the Nacotchtank in 1608. In addition to the principal village, there were multiple smaller villages, as observed by Fleet in his time held captive. Fleet mentioned four of these villages:
199:
to which they were more familiar. As a result, the
English settlers that were interacting with the Nacotchtank would not pronounce the "-tchtank" and would replace it with the ending "-stine," which was easier to enunciate. Through transmission of the mispronounced Nacotchtank name amongst English settlers, the Nacotchtank name was slowly faded out and replaced with
326:, his impressions of the indigenous peoples of the Potomac River. Specifically speaking of the Nacotchtank, Smith writes that they were a welcoming people who "did their best to content ." Smith also noted the presence of a river which made the area appear to be very pleasant. These initial encounters were peaceful and did not affect the Nacotchtank existence.
361:). Though the Patawomeke were initially part of the Powhatan Confederacy, they were large enough so that they could lose such affiliation and side with the colonists. The Patawomeke, an Algonquian-speaking people, were established across from the Nacotchtank along the Potomac River, within what are now
668:
was the only domesticated animal that lived among the
Nacotchtank and is an important facet in the Nacotchtank culture. The Carolina Dog served as a symbol for respect and honor. The dogs likely played an integral role for the Nacotchtank people, as Carolina Dog skeletons have been found lying on top
518:
Various excavations have been performed throughout
Washington D.C., which point to more specific areas of Nacotchtank villages. For example, a 1997 excavation near the Whitehurst Freeway, a major freeway which runs parallel to the Potomac River in Georgetown, gathered findings of a "hair comb, hammer
198:
The process by which
Nacotchtank was slowly changed to Anacostine was done by European colonists. During their colonization, English settlers frequently got rid of unfamiliar and unaccustomed sounds in the words from the local languages and replaced them with sounds that were easier to pronounce and
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chief not only allied with the colonists, but also helped them in avenging the death of Fleet's party and in attaining corn by providing roughly 40-50 warriors to take part in a raid against the
Nacotchtank. As a result of the raid, a mixed colonial and Patawomeke force killed 18 Nacotchtank people
333:
in an attempt to barter for corn from the
Nacotchtank. The Nacotchtank were suspicious of the colonists, and a confrontation erupted into fighting. All of the colonists were killed except for Captain Fleet, who was captured. Held captive for 5 years, Fleet acquired the language and culture of the
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In 1626, when
Captain Fleet escaped, he left with a great sum of knowledge of the Nacotchtank way of life and would use that information in partnering in trade with other tribes. Fleet began sailing up and down the East Coast, trading with various indigenous tribes and eventually taking over the
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The tribe's physical location, which had a mild, temperate climate in the mid-Atlantic, allowed for the
Nacotchtank to become a flourishing, self-sustainable community with an abundance in myriad natural resources. By being situated along the confluence of two major rivers, the Nacotchtank had a
242:
The
Nacotchtank were not necessarily under complete control of the Piscataway, but rather, the Nacotchtank closely allied with them as they were a much larger group of 7,000 members in comparison to the roughly 300 members of the Nacotchtank tribe. The Piscataway affiliation was intended for
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The Nacotchtank settled on this specific area as it was flat and much more suitable for agriculture than the uneven land bordering the rivers on which they were initially established. The smooth terrain allowed the Nacotchtank to grow the large stores of corn that were appealing to European
615:
housed the werence (subordinate Chief to the tayac), close kin, priests, and councilors. Here, the werence would store tribute, oftentimes corn and hides, from surrounding villagers. The abode of the werence and all religious buildings within the main village were protected by a
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noted the prosperity of the Nacotchtank and their great supply of various resources. Various pieces of art and other cultural artifacts, including hair combs, pendants, pottery, and dog bones, have been found in excavations throughout Washington, D.C., on Nacotchtank territory.
418:
The colony, in such close proximity to the Nacotchtank, now had the leverage to begin encroaching on Nacotchtank territory. Additionally, with the two groups now close to one another and in constant contact, the Europeans from Maryland introduced to the area a number of
453:
tribe of Southern Maryland, whom the Nacotchtank had previously been allied with. With the increased sense of tolerance of indigenous peoples in Pennsylvania, the Piscataway, which the Nacotchtank coalesced with, migrated north and settled on land bordering the lower
250:
held a loose confederacy over the Nacotchtank in addition to the other surrounding tribes. The rank of the tayac was supreme to that of the individual chiefs of the smaller tribes that belonged to the Piscataway Chiefdom. These lower-ranked chiefs were known as
217:
Etymologically, keeping the "A" is indeed a closer derivation of the term "anaquashtank," but the Nacotchtank preferred to omit prefixes and suffixes from words. Any present cultural honoring of the Nacotchtank bears the legacy of the latinized version,
319:
village during his First Voyage in 1608, in which he explored the land surrounding the Jamestown settlement of the Colony of Virginia. Between the dates of June 16 and July 18 of 1608, Smith recorded in his journal, which has since been published as
478:
Captain John Smith's "Map Of Virginia" indicates the locations of indigenous groups as he encountered them. This image is a zoomed-in version with a red circle to indicate where Smith plotted the Nacotchtank as living in
537:
Although the proximity of rivers was integral for the Nacotchtank, there is evidence of the Nacotchtank existence further inland, which comes from the findings of archaeologist Samuel Proudfit, who worked for the
322:
294:
Since the Nacotchtank had abundant natural resources and were situated where two rivers met, they held an epicenter for a bustling trade network with neighboring tribes. One known intertribal network was with the
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arrived in Maryland in 1634, who wanted to adapt church teachings for the natives, Fleet helped by translating the Algonquian language used by the Nacotchtank to English, under the guidance of Governor
483:
The entirety of the Nacotchtank tribe, prior to colonization, was situated within the modern borders of the District of Columbia. The tribe was situated along the intersection of two major rivers—the
369:
counties of Northern Virginia. Such proximity to one another resulted in long-standing hostility, with the Chief of the Patawomeke referring to the Nacotchtank as their "mortal enemies." As such, the
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subfamily of languages. The Algonquian subfamily belongs to an even larger grouping of languages, the Macro-Algonquian phylum. All languages that fall under the Macro-Algonquian phylum are
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of New York, in which the Nacotchtank traded principally furs, which was readily available given their extensive supply of wild game. The Nacotchtank eventually monopolized the
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sought land for tobacco plantations, the Nacotchtank were encroached upon and forcibly removed. They were last recorded in the late 1600s to have taken refuge on nearby
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276:
99:
1000:
642:. The villages also had menstrual huts, which women would visit when menstruating, and communal sweat houses, where those who were sick could visit and be healed.
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This theory of pottery as a marker for permanent occupation was used in Proudfit's mapping of another Nacotchtank village north of Garfield Park on what is now
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and drove the rest from their cabins before plundering and burning the village. Captain Fleet remained a captive of the Nacotchtank, but would escape in 1626.
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around the year 1700. Though the Nacotchtank were absorbed by the Piscataway and relocated north, some aspects of Washington, D.C., are named after them. The
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There is also evidence of the Nacotchtank producing pottery, which has been found in fragments in an excavation of the terrain under the White House.
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407:. This large expansion necessitated vast areas of land that could be turned into tobacco plantations as the demand was exceedingly high. In 1663,
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353:, a battle between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy. One tribe that the colonists closely allied with during this time was the
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2500:
195:, meaning "a town of traders"; this reflected how the Nacotchtank were a trading people established on fertile land on the nearby rivers.
2280:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
2235:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
2047:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
1997:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
1743:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
1698:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
1486:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
939:. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac - A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D.
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In November 1622, the Nacotchtank faced their first death at the hand of colonial forces. This took place at the time of the Second
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The structure of the Nacotchtank occupation outside of the principal village followed a particular pattern of settlement called
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437:, which has since been renamed to Theodore Roosevelt Island. Theodore Roosevelt Island is located directly across from
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159:. Over time, the small population that was left behind after battle and disease was absorbed into the Piscataway.
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259:. The Nacotchtank werence would collect and pay tribute to the Piscataway tayac who resided in a village named
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491:—and thus, the majority of Nacotchtank settlements were along the water. The Nacotchtank's principal village,
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With the Nacotchtank's under the loose confederacy of the Piscataway Chiefdom, the Nacotchtank spoke the
430:, such as measles, cholera, and smallpox. As a result, the Nacotchtank suffered a large population loss.
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stone, and pendants." This land, upon which modern-day Georgetown is established, was the site for the
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210:
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1213:"River Terrace Medallions Telling the History of River Terrace Community from 10,000 to the Present"
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By 1697, the Nacotchtank population living on Theodore Roosevelt Island sought refuge in the larger
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140:(grand chief) ruled over a loose confederacy of tribes in Southern Maryland from the village of
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In 1668, the Nacotchtank tribe, depopulated from Eurasian diseases, collectively relocated to
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In the year 1621, Captain Henry Fleet, age 20, took a party of approximately 26 settlers from
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133:
79:
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1601:"Gisborough as a Land Grant, Manor and Residence of the Dents, Addisons, Shaaffs and Youngs"
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1085:
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1001:"A Native American tribe once called D.C. home. It's had no living members for centuries"
495:
was situated along the eastern bank of the Potomac River on the land of what is now the
2528:
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The rise of the Maryland tobacco industry & the resulting displacement (1650s-1697)
213:
further latinized the term by attaching a prefix "A" to "Nacostine," creating the name
129:
2205:
1964:
1941:
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in southeast, D.C., are named "Anacostia" after the latinized version of Nacotchtank.
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in the Potomac River, between what is now Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia.
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156:
110:
411:, the second Lord of Baltimore, granted Thomas Dent an 850-acre tract of land named
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During the 17th century, the Nacotchtank resided within the present-day borders of
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1916:
774:
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1825:
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Two types of rock were readily available in Nacotchtank territory for their use—
399:
experienced an economic boom with the great popularity and demand of one of its
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in present-day Georgetown and noted it as being the center for the monopolized
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monopoly on the fur trade that the Nacotchtank had for long enjoyed. When the
370:
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2332:. USGS Numbered Series. Bulletin. Vol. 967. U.S. G.P.O. pp. 10–11.
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2006:
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Chocolate City : A History of Race and Democracy in the Nation's Capital
1087:
Chocolate City : A History of Race and Democracy in the Nation's Capital
1056:
1012:
948:
718:
2686:
2490:
2327:
2274:"Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia"
2229:"Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia"
2041:"Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia"
1991:"Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia"
1893:
655:
651:
463:
400:
339:
300:
227:
2809:
2485:
2470:
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2410:
620:, and there were approximately 80 warriors contained within the village.
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316:
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on the Potomac River, which bordered the principal Nacotchtank village.
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2014:
1990:
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1532:. Vol. 1. London: I.D. and I.H. for Michael Sparkes. p. 154.
1503:
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1269:
1237:
1064:
1040:
956:
932:
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1321:. Vol. 1. London: I.D. and I.H. for Michael Sparkes. p. 58.
1304:. Vol. 1. London: I.D. and I.H. for Michael Sparkes. p. 24.
631:
222:, as seen in the naming of the river which borders eastern D.C., the
2206:"Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley"
1965:"Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley"
1942:"Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley"
323:
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles
243:
protection against the rival Powhatan Chiefdom of eastern Virginia.
1529:
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles
1318:
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles
1301:
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles
1857:
The English colonization of America during the seventeenth century
1548:"HENRY FLEETE, A VIRGINIA PIONEER WHO OPENED THE INDIAN FUR TRADE"
1390:
The English colonization of America during the seventeenth century
1140:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 6.
1090:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 5.
562:
2338:
334:
Nacotchtank. During his time, Fleet observed the trading village
1647:
We Have a Story to Tell: Native Peoples of the Chesapeake Region
905:"Early Indian Life on Analostan Island | National Postal Museum"
558:
132:. This was due to close association and tribute with the nearby
2359:
750:"Native Peoples of Washington, DC (U.S. National Park Service)"
599:, meaning that an individual word is made up of many different
2329:
The District of Columbia; its rocks and their geologic history
1895:
The District of Columbia; its rocks and their geologic history
1782:"A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress"
1339:"A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress"
703:"A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress"
534:
of the Potomac and thus permitting easy access for traders.
1786:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
1605:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
1343:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
707:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
549:. The Nacotchtank utilized this land, which now houses the
819:"American Indians of Washington, D.C., and the Chesapeake"
267:
of Maryland, 15 miles south of the Nacotchtank land base.
523:
village, which Fleet had observed in his time as captive
1188:"Native North American Tribes - Conoy & Piscataway"
530:
was a trading village, with it being located along the
238:
The Nacotchtank fell under the larger influence of the
2204:
Chambers, Mary Elizabeth; Humphrey, Robert L. (1985).
2093:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 332.
1963:
Chambers, Mary Elizabeth; Humphrey, Robert L. (1985).
1940:
Chambers, Mary Elizabeth; Humphrey, Robert L. (1985).
603:, which are the smallest linguistic units of meaning.
587:
language. The Piscataway language is a dialect of the
779:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
673:
collected from gravesites on Nacotchtank territory.
2797:
2781:
2750:
2619:
2603:
2572:
2551:
2537:
2499:
2391:
462:surrounding the eastern border of the city and the
73:
61:
49:
37:
27:
1134:Asch, Chris Myers; Musgrove, George Derek (2017).
1084:Asch, Chris Myers; Musgrove, George Derek (2017).
277:History of Native Americans in Washington, D.C.
100:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
2692:Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site
33:Extinct as a tribe, merged with the Piscataway
2737:Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site
2371:
1854:Neill, Edward Duffield; Fleet, Henry (1871).
1387:Neill, Edward Duffield; Fleet, Henry (1871).
307:Encounters with English settlers (1608-1650s)
128:spoken by many tribes along the coast of the
8:
22:
2763:Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site
2682:Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site
1737:"Indian Tribes of the District of Columbia"
1692:"Indian Tribes of the District of Columbia"
1480:"Indian Tribes of the District of Columbia"
933:"Indian Tribes of the District of Columbia"
638:, as was typical of other tribes along the
2378:
2364:
2356:
21:
2337:
226:, or the neighborhood in southeast D.C.,
162:In his 1608 expedition, English explorer
868:. The White House Historical Association
540:United States Department of the Interior
473:
2805:Native American place names in Maryland
2199:
2197:
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2193:
2191:
2189:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2126:
2124:
2082:
2080:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1129:
1127:
994:
992:
682:
311:The Nacotchtank were first recorded by
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2106:
1870:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1671:"Theodore Roosevelt's Island Memorial"
1541:
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1521:
1519:
1423:
1421:
1403:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1159:
1109:
1041:"On the Meaning of the Name Anacostia"
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
812:
810:
792:
2090:The Languages of Native North America
1984:
1982:
1569:
1567:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
926:
924:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
860:
858:
776:The Languages of Native North America
744:
742:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
7:
2856:Native Americans in Washington, D.C.
2768:National Archives Archeological Site
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
38:Regions with significant populations
1644:Tayac, Gabrielle; Schupman, Edwin.
823:American Association of Geographers
2851:Native American tribes in Maryland
2846:Native American tribes in Virginia
2722:Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site
2677:Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site
2627:Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site
909:Smithsonian National Postal Museum
646:Art & other cultural artifacts
14:
2742:Willin Village Archeological Site
2272:Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889).
2227:Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889).
2160:Hyslop, Stephen G. (1995-06-14).
2039:Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889).
1989:Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889).
1917:"Washington, D.C. - Foggy Bottom"
634:—which were dome-shaped huts—and
2789:Baltimore American Indian Center
2632:Arundel Cove Archaeological Site
1434:Virginia Department of Education
1430:"Patawomeck Indians of Virginia"
1039:Tooker, William Wallace (1894).
426:to which the Nacotchtank had no
291:family—corn, beans, and squash.
109:, along the intersection of the
2595:Shawnee Old Fields Village Site
2162:"LIFE IN AMERICA 400 YEARS AGO"
2087:Mithun, Marianne (2001-06-07).
773:Mithun, Marianne (2001-06-07).
591:language, which belongs to the
2836:Extinct Native American tribes
2758:Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries
2672:Grear Prehistoric Village Site
1860:. London: Strahan. p. 227
1393:. London: Strahan. p. 226
1:
2707:McCandless Archeological Site
2657:Buckingham Archeological Site
2113:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1877:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1410:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1166:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1116:: CS1 maint: date and year (
799:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2662:Bumpstead Archeological Site
2386:Native Americans in Maryland
2132:"Macro-Algonquian languages"
395:Beginning in the 1650s, the
2841:History of Washington, D.C.
2393:Historic and present tribes
1546:Rouse, Parke (1990-03-21).
817:Herman, Doug (2018-07-04).
557:, for agriculture, growing
191:) is derived from the word
2877:
2831:Eastern Algonquian peoples
2732:Shoemaker III Village Site
274:
2697:Katcef Archeological Site
1780:Burr, Charles R. (1920).
1453:Muir, Hugh (2009-06-30).
1337:Burr, Charles R. (1920).
1254:10.1525/aa.2001.103.2.409
1238:"A River Runs Through Us"
701:Burr, Charles R. (1920).
630:The Nacotchtank lived in
246:The Piscataway Chief, or
153:Theodore Roosevelt Island
78:
66:
54:
42:
32:
2751:Other prehistoric places
2451:Piscataway Indian Nation
1236:Williams, Brett (2001).
866:"Before the White House"
68:Native American religion
2620:Prehistoric communities
2278:American Anthropologist
2233:American Anthropologist
2136:Encyclopedia Britannica
2045:American Anthropologist
1995:American Anthropologist
1921:Encyclopedia Britannica
1741:American Anthropologist
1696:American Anthropologist
1484:American Anthropologist
1242:American Anthropologist
1045:American Anthropologist
937:American Anthropologist
611:The principal village,
2524:Susquehannock language
1898:. Bulletin. p. 10
1735:Mooney, James (1889).
1690:Mooney, James (1889).
1478:Mooney, James (1889).
1217:Charles Bergen Studios
931:Mooney, James (1889).
669:of human skeletons in
497:Bolling Air Force Base
480:
120:The Nacotchtank spoke
16:Native American people
2326:Carr, Martha (1950).
2210:GW Washington Studies
1969:GW Washington Studies
1946:GW Washington Studies
1892:Carr, Martha (1950).
1830:National Park Service
754:National Park Service
477:
265:Prince Georges County
257:werowances/weroances)
74:Related ethnic groups
2773:Old Colony Cove Site
2573:Historic communities
2501:Historical languages
1599:Castle, Guy (1953).
1579:Archives of Maryland
1526:Smith, John (1624).
1315:Smith, John (1624).
1298:Smith, John (1624).
625:dispersed settlement
397:Province of Maryland
315:, who visited their
240:Piscataway Chiefdom.
211:Province of Maryland
126:Algonquian subfamily
2642:Beck Northeast Site
2637:Barton Village Site
2604:Prehistoric peoples
2580:Accokeek Creek Site
2539:Present territories
2514:Piscataway language
1459:The Free Lance-Star
903:Navarro, Meghan A.
555:Library of Congress
424:infectious diseases
147:As the neighboring
124:, a variant of the
24:
2509:Nanticoke language
2306:– via JSTOR.
2261:– via JSTOR.
2073:– via JSTOR.
2023:– via JSTOR.
1814:– via JSTOR.
1633:– via JSTOR.
1371:– via JSTOR.
1278:– via JSTOR.
1073:– via JSTOR.
735:– via JSTOR.
481:
351:Anglo-Powhatan War
313:Captain John Smith
282:Precontact to 1608
2818:
2817:
2702:Martins Pond Site
2652:Brinsfield I Site
2519:Powhatan language
2100:978-0-521-29875-9
1211:Bergen, Charles.
1192:The History Files
1147:978-1-4696-3587-3
1097:978-1-4696-3587-3
786:978-0-521-29875-9
456:Susquehanna River
435:Anacostine Island
85:
84:
2868:
2727:Sandy Point Site
2552:Historic figures
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
999:Hedgpeth, Dana.
996:
967:
966:
964:
963:
928:
919:
918:
916:
915:
900:
877:
876:
874:
873:
862:
833:
832:
830:
829:
814:
805:
804:
798:
790:
770:
764:
763:
761:
760:
746:
737:
736:
734:
733:
698:
136:chiefdom, whose
107:Washington, D.C.
44:Washington, D.C.
28:Total population
25:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2793:
2777:
2746:
2647:Biggs Ford Site
2615:
2599:
2568:
2547:
2545:Tayac Territory
2533:
2495:
2387:
2384:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2324:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2166:Washington Post
2159:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2017:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1005:Washington Post
998:
997:
970:
961:
959:
930:
929:
922:
913:
911:
902:
901:
880:
871:
869:
864:
863:
836:
827:
825:
816:
815:
808:
791:
787:
772:
771:
767:
758:
756:
748:
747:
740:
731:
729:
700:
699:
684:
679:
671:ossuary burials
648:
609:
581:
576:
472:
447:
393:
385:Leonard Calvert
309:
284:
279:
273:
263:in present-day
255:(also known as
236:
224:Anacostia River
173:
155:located in the
149:Maryland colony
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:Unami language
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2309:
2264:
2239:(3): 241–242.
2219:
2185:
2147:
2120:
2099:
2076:
2026:
1978:
1955:
1932:
1908:
1884:
1841:
1817:
1772:
1727:
1682:
1662:
1636:
1591:
1563:
1535:
1515:
1470:
1455:"HERITAGE DAY"
1445:
1417:
1374:
1324:
1307:
1281:
1228:
1203:
1173:
1146:
1123:
1096:
1076:
1024:
968:
920:
878:
834:
806:
785:
765:
738:
681:
680:
678:
675:
647:
644:
608:
605:
580:
577:
575:
572:
471:
468:
446:
443:
392:
389:
308:
305:
283:
280:
272:
269:
235:
234:Classification
232:
205:Later on, the
193:anaquashatanik
179:(and variants
172:
169:
144:to the south.
130:Atlantic Ocean
83:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Monocacy Site
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Elkridge Site
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Susquehannock
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1575:"Henry Fleet"
1570:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1186:Baker, Mick.
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
925:
921:
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
879:
867:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
824:
820:
813:
811:
807:
802:
796:
788:
782:
778:
777:
769:
766:
755:
751:
745:
743:
739:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
683:
676:
674:
672:
667:
662:
659:
657:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
606:
604:
602:
598:
597:polysynthetic
594:
590:
586:
578:
573:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Supreme Court
548:
543:
541:
535:
533:
529:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
422:
416:
414:
410:
409:Cecil Calvert
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
381:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
327:
325:
324:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
297:Haudenosaunee
292:
290:
289:Three Sisters
281:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
244:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
203:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
165:
160:
158:
157:Potomac River
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
98:
94:
90:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
2798:Other topics
2782:Institutions
2559:Turkey Tayac
2435:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:10.3133/b967
2328:
2301:. Retrieved
2281:
2277:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2236:
2232:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2177:. Retrieved
2165:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:
2089:
2068:. Retrieved
2048:
2044:
2018:. Retrieved
1998:
1994:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
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1826:"Smith Maps"
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19:Ethnic group
2611:Monongahela
2564:Indian Will
2436:Nacotchtank
1611:: 282–292.
1552:Daily Press
1349:: 167–179.
570:colonists.
367:King George
215:Anacostine.
177:Nacotchtank
89:Nacotchtank
23:Nacotchtank
2861:Piscataway
2825:Categories
2712:Meyer Site
2590:Nottingham
2585:Caiuctucuc
2456:Piscataway
2431:Mattawoman
2406:Assateague
2345:2020-10-17
2303:2020-10-11
2284:(3): 241.
2258:2020-10-11
2179:2020-10-19
2141:2020-10-19
2070:2020-10-11
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2020:2020-10-11
2001:(3): 243.
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1835:2020-11-08
1811:2020-11-22
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914:2020-10-11
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677:References
640:East Coast
636:longhouses
613:Nachatank,
593:Algonquian
585:Piscataway
532:river bank
509:Shaunetowa
493:Nachatank,
451:Piscataway
445:1697–1700s
439:Georgetown
413:Gisborough
401:cash crops
371:Patawomeck
359:Patawomeck
355:Patawomeke
275:See also:
220:Anacostine
201:Nacostine.
189:Nachatanke
185:Nacothtant
164:John Smith
134:Piscataway
122:Piscataway
97:Algonquian
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93:Anacostine
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2687:Hoye Site
2491:Yaocomico
2441:Nanticoke
2290:0002-7294
2245:0002-7294
2174:0190-8286
2109:cite book
2057:0002-7294
2007:0002-7294
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652:quartzite
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513:Usserahak
489:Anacostia
470:Geography
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331:Jamestown
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228:Anacostia
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