656:
631:
Travancore
Maharaja in the 19th century. After the passing of the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 in the British Parliament, the British encouraged the work of Christian missionaries, notably in provision of education, and began the introduction of a judicial system that would have a significant impact on the landholdings, inheritance customs and marriage arrangements of both the Nambudiris and Nairs. The traditional basis of life was challenged by these and other changes, affecting also the other major ethnic groups of the area, such as the
562:, where younger Nambudiris used to have relationships with Kshatriya women or women from the upper sections of the Nair caste. The children of such unions were not considered Nambudiris, but a part of their matrilocal lineages. As a result of such unions, many kings and ruling chiefs in Kerala would be the offspring of Nambudiri fathers. These arrangements allowed the Nambudiris to gain political power in addition to religious and cultural dominance.
178:
872:, for the union was not initiated with Vedic rites, the children were not legitimized as Brahmans, and neither the woman nor her child was accorded the rights of kin. By the matrilineal castes, however, the same unions were regarded as marriage, for they fulfilled the conditions of ordinary Nayar marriage and served to legitimize the child as an acceptable member of his matrilineal lineage and caste."
193:
66:
76:
437:, local kings and chiefs encouraged them to move to the area by offering such tax-exempt land grants in return for them officiating in Vedic rites that would legitimise the grantors' status as rulers. They also gained land and improved their influence over the socio-economic life of the region by helping rulers during the wars between the
709:
804:
and Robert
Gardner claim to be one of the oldest known rituals, was maintained by Nambudiri Brahmins until at least 1975. Although it may have largely died out elsewhere in India and thus be symptomatic of the community's resistance to change, David Knipe notes that it is still performed regularly in
593:
thinks it is unlikely that such a change could be imposed and says that "more probably it was the result of a process of marriage politics spread by emulation in the decentralised situation of status competition." Some other scholars believe that the matrilineal customs predate the period entirely
897:
Although it is certain that in theory hypergamy can cause a shortage of marriageable women in the lowest ranks of a caste and promote upwards social movement from the lower Nair subdivisions, the numbers involved would have been very small. It was not a common practice outside the higher subcaste
630:
in his civil service. She believes that decision undermined the relationship between the
Nambudiri Brahmins and royalty in the region, although others have said that Varma's influence was short-lived and that the main cause of change was the influence of British diplomats who worked with the
876:
The disparity in caste ranking in a relationship between a
Brahmin man and a Nair woman meant that the woman was unable to live with her husband(s) in the Brahmin family and so remained in her own family. The children resulting from such marriages always became Nairs.
859:
relationships with non-Brahmin women, whom the
Nambudiris considered to be concubines and whose offspring could not inherit. This tradition limited the extent of marriage within their own caste and led to the practice of hypergamy with the Nair community.
893:... among the higher-ranking Nayars (and Kshatriyas and Samantans) in contradistinction to the "commoner" Nayars, no two subdivisions admitted to equal status. Thus the relations set up by the tali-rite and the sambandham union were always hypergamous.
539:
system increased over many centuries and, according to Moser and
Younger, they "established landholding temples and taught the people the rules of caste". The Nambudiris have been described to be responsible for the Sanskrit influence on
555:
Medieval Kerala has been characterised as an oligarchy which was dominated by the
Nambudiris, who owned all the temples and their subsidiary villages. The Nambudiris had influence with the ruling class through the practice of
667:
The
Nambudhiri Brahmins are a super-minority community in Kerala. According to the 1901 Census reports, they represent 0.47% of the total population of Kerala. They are dominant and highly influential in
2444:
2377:
855:
than
Brahmin communities elsewhere in India. Under this custom, only the eldest son could marry a Nambudiri woman and thus produce an heir to the family property. Younger sons were restricted to
237:
period onward. Based on the fact that
Nambudiris are Pūrvaśikhā Brahmins wearing the traditional hair tuft on the front, T.P Mahadevan proposes that they are the descendants of these Sangam age
1567:
229:. According to this legend, the region was created when Parashurama threw his axe into the sea Although it is known that the present-day region of Kerala was once governed by the
643:
in 1908 in order to agitate for the marriage of all the junior males within the community itself. It also focused on popularising the English language study and abolishing the
161:
and have been described by anthropologist Joan Mencher as, "A wealthy, aristocratic landed caste of the highest ritual and secular rank." Venerated as the carriers of the
249:
composing the Śōḻiya Brahmins. This sets them apart from the later Aparaśikhā Brahmin (wearing their hair tufts on the back) migrants to South India such as the Tamil
2351:
585:, Nambudiri families remained aloof from general society. Although the historian E. K. Pillai has claimed that the Nambudiris from the 1100s enforced matrilineal
2528:
2533:
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1932:
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744:. The latter, called the Kauṣītaki tradition among Nambudiris is restricted to them. The Kauṣītakis are believed to have belonged to the
169:
culture, the Nambudiris held more power and authority than the kings and were "above and outside the political systems of the kingdoms."
1025:
889:, formed a part of the Nair aspirational culture whereby they would seek to improve their status within the caste. Furthermore, that:
1501:
1441:
1208:
655:
429:
and Paul Younger note that the Nambudiri Brahmin presence predates the 9th century, as attested by grants of land given to them by
2274:
2411:
606:
The unwillingness of Nambudiris to adapt to changes in wider society persisted until the early years of the 20th century but
937:
233:, little information exists regarding its early ethnography. Brahmin presence in the Tamil country is attested from the
919:
459:, one of the holiest temples for Hindus. Furthermore, the spiritual leader of the Nambudiri Brahmins is given the title
59:
787:
recension, which is elsewhere found only among the Śōḻiya Brahmans, from whom the ancestral Nambudiri population split.
30:
1518:
2538:
1706:
The Hidden Lives of Brahman: Sankara's Vedanta Through His Upanisad Commentaries, in Light of Contemporary Practice
1465:
949:
134:, the Nambudiris were the highest ranking caste in Kerala. They owned a large portion of the land in the region of
2128:
2033:
1786:
1395:
1329:
340:, who were the titular head of all Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, originally had right over parts of present-day
2270:
1886:. International studies in sociology and social anthropology. Vol. 22. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp.
1839:. International studies in sociology and social anthropology. Vol. 22. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp.
955:
826:), in domestic settings. When they had to travel, they wore two sets of cloth in addition known as a vasthram.
639:. Like others, the desire for social reform went strong among the Nambudiris which led to the formation of the
1991:
196:
The Nambudiri associate their immigration to Kerala with the legendary creation of the region by Parashurama.
636:
472:
460:
336:
131:
1167:
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system. It has also been argued that the practice, along with judicious selection of the man who tied the
181:
733:
recension which is the only extant recension of the Rigveda across India. The Nambudiris follow both the
615:
385:
147:
2378:"Artist Namboothiri illustrator and artist par excellence leaves behind a legacy of indelible images"
931:
55:
1197:
Gough, Kathleen (1974) . "Nayars: Central Kerala". In Schneider, David M.; Kathleen Gough (eds.).
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mentions that the dominating influence of the Nambudiris could be found in all matters related to
2332:
2324:
1743:
1686:
1590:
1459:
1148:
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P., Radhakrishnan (December 1981). "Land Reforms in Theory and Practice: The Kerala Experience".
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253:. According to T.P Mahadevan, the Nambudiris brought with them a very early recension of the
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who initiated the protocol of permitting only Nambudiris to lead as the Chief Priest at the
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123:
1491:
672:, where they account for more than 66% of the total population. Most of them reside in the
2201:
2129:"On the Southern Recension of the Mahābhārata, Brahman Migrations, and Brāhmī Paleography"
2034:"On the Southern Recension of the Mahābhārata, Brahman Migrations, and Brāhmī Paleography"
1647:
1519:"On the Southern Recension of the Mahābhārata, Brahman Migrations, and Brāhmī Paleography"
1396:"On the Southern Recension of the Mahābhārata, Brahman Migrations, and Brāhmī Paleography"
1330:"On the Southern Recension of the Mahābhārata, Brahman Migrations, and Brāhmī Paleography"
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685:
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region. Many of the oldest Nambudiri settlements of Kerala are situated around the River
264:
came to settle in Kerala, the commonly accepted point of view is that they moved in from
2231:
2007:
1965:
1876:"The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society"
1829:"The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society"
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believes that their decline in significance can be traced to the period 1729-1748 when
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570:
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403:
399:
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345:
299:
177:
2522:
2336:
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Fuller, Christopher John (Winter 1975). "The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste".
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recension of the Rigveda, but that recension has become extinct among the Nambudiris.
741:
689:
681:
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and orthodox traditions, as well as many idiosyncratic customs that are unique among
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They have historically been distinguished by rare practices such as the adherence to
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130:, India, where they constituted part of the traditional feudal elite. Headed by the
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between 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the
192:
2235:
1949:
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1828:
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argues that it is this type of relationship that resulted in the matrilineal and
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Traditionally, they wore a simple cloth around the waist called a thorthu (or
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1595:. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
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1534:
1419:
1411:
1353:
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1012:. Cambridge Commonwealth Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp. 19–33.
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Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of
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840:
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574:
558:
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373:
307:
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185:
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The Nambudiri's grip on land was maintained through the practice of strict
491:
868:
These hypergamous unions were regarded by Brahmans as socially acceptable
2445:"Unnikrishnan Namboothiri, the fun grandpa of 'Kalyanaraman,' is no more"
1436:. Olivelle, Patrick. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 252.
1042:
910:, which is native to Kerala, was traditionally patronised by Nambudiris.
545:
506:
464:
395:
361:
341:
162:
154:
1927:. Cambridge Oceanic Histories. Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
1690:
898:
groups and the Nambudiris had mostly stopped the practice by the 1920s.
2328:
1152:
1110:
1086:
476:
452:
283:
261:
238:
206:
2352:"'Rahul Easwar is my grandson and I have firm belief in his thinking'"
2179:
1380:
451:, one of the most revered Vedic scholars of Hinduism, was a Nambudiri
257:
which became the basis of the Malayalam language version of the epic.
75:
722:
693:
644:
632:
518:
494:
226:
222:
214:
188:
poet of the 15th-century who composed several landmark literary works
127:
1102:
142:
monarchs, the Nambudiris formed the landed aristocracy known as the
1677:
Shanmugam, S. V. (1976). "Formation and Development of Malayalam".
1168:"Namboodiri Brahmins: An Analysis of a Traditional Elite in Kerala"
589:
on the previously patrilineal communities of the area, sociologist
1225:
830:
823:
708:
707:
654:
536:
531:
445:
dynasties when Vedic schools were turned into military academies.
191:
176:
166:
158:
143:
81:
74:
64:
544:, a Dravidian language, due to the Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of
2077:
The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory
1621:
The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory
1305:
The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory
1276:
The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory
619:
578:
521:, including religion, politics, society, economics and culture.
480:
250:
139:
1232:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
2103:
Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition
851:
Nambudiri Brahmin families practised a more strict version of
2513:
1434:
Between the empires : society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
535:
houses, Nambudiris' ownership of agricultural land under the
1925:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast
418:
are highly related to the Brahmins who migrated through the
1721:
The Religion of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
800:(the altar of fire), which spans a 12-day period and which
402:, were once strongholds of Nambudiris. The introduction of
79:
1883 sketch depicting a Nambūdiri man with the traditional
245:
interregnum, with those remaining behind in what is today
2238:. In Schneider, David Murray; Gough, E. Kathleen (eds.).
54:"Namboothiri" redirects here. For the Indian artist, see
2166:
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2015). "Introducing the Mahābhārata".
1787:"The Turning-Point in a Living Tradition somayāgam 2003"
1367:
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2015). "Introducing the Mahābhārata".
1772:"Culture and Society: A Festschrift to Dr. A. Aiyappan"
290:
as the base from which they migrated to Kerala via the
34:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1087:"Organized Struggles of Malabar Peasantry, 1934-1940"
241:
who moved west into the region of Malabar during the
1203:. University of California Press. pp. 298–384.
475:
was a ritual necessity during the coronation of the
467:
language. Aside from holding rights over the sacred
294:, which is also the largest opening in the southern
1879:
1832:
1735:
573:inheritance. Despite their younger members having
463:, with the word "Samrāṭ" meaning "Emperor" in the
410:, and the evolution of Malayalam language through
344:Taluk. Later they moved westwards along the River
2210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 300–301.
217:rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by
2242:. University of California Press. p. 320.
2127:Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (29 January 2016).
2032:Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (29 January 2016).
1990:General, India Office of the Registrar (1967).
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1394:Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (29 January 2016).
1328:Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (29 January 2016).
891:
866:
260:There are lots of theories as to how Nambudiri
2279:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1774:. Thomson Press (India), Publication Division.
1249:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 23–25.
1124:Nair, Adoor K.K. Ramachandran (January 1986).
829:Nambudiris wore their traditional hair tufts (
2075:. In Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (eds.).
1738:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1619:. In Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (eds.).
1303:. In Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (eds.).
1274:. In Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (eds.).
8:
2350:archive, From our online (2 October 2018).
1656:. Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
276:. Another theory based on the retention of
153:The Nambudiris have traditionally lived in
18:
1882:Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia
1835:Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia
1642:
1640:
1047:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
348:and settled around the river. Finally the
126:caste, native to what is now the state of
2410:Naha, Abdul Latheef (24 September 2020).
2302:
2300:
2008:"Namboothiris and The 1901 Census Report"
1966:"Namboothiris and The 1901 Census Report"
712:Nambūdiri Brahmin performing śrauta rites
51:Malayali Brahmin caste from Kerala, India
1496:. Kottayam: DC Books. pp. 200–201.
1178:(3). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 183–196.
326:, the principal trade route between the
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2106:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
1592:A Short History of Malayalam Literature
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
996:
20:
1785:T.P., Mahadevan; Fritz, Staal (2003).
1742:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
1570:from the original on 19 September 2013
1457:
906:The form of Sanskrit theatre known as
692:. A small Population is also found in
663:in Kerala based on 1901 census reports
2376:Nagarajan, Saraswathy (7 July 2023).
1556:Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007).
433:families. According to the historian
97:
7:
2071:Moser, Heike; Younger, Paul (2013).
1615:Moser, Heike; Younger, Paul (2013).
1517:Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (2016).
1299:Moser, Heike; Younger, Paul (2013).
1270:Moser, Heike; Younger, Paul (2013).
1230:Journal of Asian and African Studies
1172:Journal of Asian and African Studies
647:system among the Nambudiri females.
471:, the presence and blessings of the
2309:Journal of Anthropological Research
2133:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
2038:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1791:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1523:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1400:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1334:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
928:, Indian public policy commentator.
1704:Dubois, Joël André-Michel (2014).
1074:. Norman Printing Bureau, Calicut.
49:
2478:"The mystery of geometric shapes"
2073:"Kerala: Plurality and Consensus"
1617:"Kerala: Plurality and Consensus"
1301:"Kerala: Plurality and Consensus"
1272:"Kerala: Plurality and Consensus"
1246:Communal Road to a Secular Kerala
1128:. Mittal Publications, New Delhi.
1954:. Viswanathan. pp. 314–315.
1589:Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006).
1558:"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"
282:types as memorized by different
1878:. In Smith, Bardwell L. (ed.).
1831:. In Smith, Bardwell L. (ed.).
1623:. Routledge. pp. 172–178.
1226:"Namboodiri Brahmins of Kerala"
298:, and settled around the river
1166:Mencher, Joan (January 1966).
1010:Politics, Women and Well-Being
934:, Indian painter and sculptor.
581:, whose caste traditions were
461:Azhvanchery Thamprakkal Samrāṭ
132:Azhvanchery Thamprakkal Samrāṭ
1:
2529:Brahmin communities of Kerala
1770:Balakrishna, N. Nair (1975).
1734:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002).
1141:Economic and Political Weekly
938:Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
406:which later got evolved into
2534:Brahmin communities of India
2412:"Jnanpith given to Akkitham"
2275:"Some Aspects of Nayar Life"
2207:Weberian Sociological Theory
1948:Menon, A. Sreedhara (1991).
1758:badrinath + buddhist shrine.
1653:Weberian Sociological Theory
1490:Shreedhara Menon, A (2007).
1068:Krishna Iyer, K. V. (1938).
1041:Fuller, Christopher (1976).
920:Namboothiri (disambiguation)
809:and has been for centuries.
796:The ancient Vedic ritual of
659:Population and Dominance of
69:A traditional Nambudiri Mana
60:Namboothiri (disambiguation)
1018:10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3_3
594:and cite the queens of the
398:, located around the river
372:) who were originally from
2555:
2514:Namboothiri Websites Trust
2079:. Routledge. p. 173.
1996:. Manager of Publications.
1951:A Survey of Kerala History
1307:. Routledge. p. 170.
1278:. Routledge. p. 169.
950:M. K. Sankaran Namboothiri
917:
102:), also transliterated as
53:
2271:Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava
725:are attested among them.
575:hypergamous relationships
2321:10.1086/jar.31.4.3629883
2236:"Nayars: Central Kerala"
2168:Religious Studies Review
2145:10.11588/ejvs.2008.2.327
2100:Knipe, David M. (2015).
2050:10.11588/ejvs.2008.2.327
1803:10.11588/ejvs.2003.1.743
1535:10.11588/ejvs.2008.2.327
1412:10.11588/ejvs.2008.2.327
1369:Religious Studies Review
1346:10.11588/ejvs.2008.2.327
956:Unnikrishnan Namboothiri
839:) on the front like the
314:border was ruled by the
138:, and together with the
95:Malayalam pronunciation:
31:latest accepted revision
1243:Mathew, George (1989).
1184:10.1163/156852166X00262
1085:Karat, Prakash (1977).
1071:The Zamorins Of Calicut
1004:Jeffrey, Robin (1992).
473:Azhvanchery Thamprakkal
350:Azhvanchery Thamprakkal
337:Azhvanchery Thamprakkal
2356:The New Indian Express
2273:(July–December 1918).
1723:. Penguin Books India.
1719:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
1464:: CS1 maint: others (
1224:Mencher, Joan (1966).
895:
874:
713:
664:
598:as evidence for this.
391:Perumpadappu Swaroopam
356:region in present-day
286:communities points to
197:
189:
182:Cherusseri Namboothiri
99:[n̪ɐmbuːd̪iɾi]
86:
70:
58:. For other uses, see
1993:Census of India, 1961
1923:Prange, S.R. (2018).
1872:Pullapilly, Cyriac K.
1825:Pullapilly, Cyriac K.
1708:. Albany: SUNY Press.
902:Koodiyattam (artform)
711:
658:
616:Kingdom of Travancore
529:Operating from their
394:, and the kingdom of
386:Kingdom of Valluvanad
195:
180:
165:language and ancient
78:
68:
2484:. 13 December 2012.
721:The following Vedic
302:. The region around
56:Namboothiri (artist)
2451:. 20 January 2021.
2240:Matrilineal Kinship
2012:www.namboothiri.com
1970:www.namboothiri.com
1200:Matrilineal Kinship
1126:"Slavery in Kerala"
641:Yogakshema movement
148:Kerala Land Reforms
21:Page version status
2449:The Times of India
2232:Gough, E. Kathleen
962:Akkitham Narayanan
714:
698:Travancore Kingdom
665:
661:Nambudiri Brahmins
624:Deshastha Brahmins
198:
190:
150:starting in 1957.
87:
71:
27:
2539:Hindu communities
2249:978-0-520-02529-5
2217:978-0-52131-426-8
2180:10.1111/rsr.12271
2139:(2): Year: 2014.
2113:978-0-19939-769-3
2086:978-1-13406-118-1
1934:978-1-108-34269-8
1897:978-90-04-04510-1
1850:978-90-04-04510-1
1753:978-0-8239-3179-8
1679:Indian Literature
1663:978-0-52131-426-8
1630:978-1-13406-118-1
1493:'Kerala Charitram
1381:10.1111/rsr.12271
1314:978-1-13406-118-1
1285:978-1-13406-118-1
1256:978-81-7022-282-8
1147:(52): A129–A137.
1054:978-0-521-21301-1
964:, Indian painter.
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704:Religious customs
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618:and chose to use
515:Cyriac Pullapilly
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940:, Indian writer.
847:Marriage customs
813:Domestic culture
783:Samaveda in the
614:established the
503:Hindu philosophy
469:Guruvayur Temple
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382:Kingdom of Tanur
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879:K. M. Panikkar
862:Kathleen Gough
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400:Bharathappuzha
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346:Bharathappuzha
300:Bharathappuzha
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2493:. Retrieved
2481:
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2460:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
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2287:. Retrieved
2282:
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2253:. Retrieved
2239:
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2167:
2161:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2102:
2095:
2076:
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2044:(2): 17–18.
2041:
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1992:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1950:
1943:
1924:
1901:. Retrieved
1881:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1834:
1819:
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1790:
1780:
1765:
1757:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
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1620:
1591:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1492:
1433:
1428:
1406:(2): 1–146.
1403:
1399:
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1119:
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1090:
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1070:
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1006:"Old Kerala"
999:
926:Rahul Easwar
905:
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738:
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720:
666:
660:
651:Demographics
640:
605:
564:
557:
554:
530:
528:
509:, including
489:
449:Adi Shankara
447:
424:
420:Palakkad Gap
416:Middle Tamil
390:
369:
365:
349:
335:
324:Palakkad Gap
292:Palakkad Gap
277:
259:
221:, the sixth
204:
152:
146:, until the
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
90:
88:
80:
72:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1797:(1): 1–29.
1685:(3): 5–30.
1097:(8): 3–17.
932:Namboothiri
908:Koodiyattam
870:concubinage
864:notes that:
824:thortumundu
802:Frits Staal
779:Gṛhya Sutra
772:Gṛhya Sutra
761:Gṛhya Sutra
608:Susan Bayly
583:matrilineal
571:patrilineal
427:Heike Moser
358:Tirur Taluk
279:Mahabharata
266:North India
255:Mahabharata
219:Parashurama
116:Namboothiri
104:Nampoothiri
2523:Categories
1574:28 October
991:References
918:See also:
883:matrilocal
841:Dikshitars
798:Agnicayana
792:Agnicayana
753:Taittirīya
739:Śāṅkhāyana
735:Āśvalāyana
723:recensions
628:Tamil Nadu
552:language.
501:school of
354:Tirunavaya
332:Tamil Nadu
312:Tamil Nadu
310:- western
304:Coimbatore
288:Tamil Nadu
247:Tamil Nadu
112:Namboodiri
82:pūrvaśikhā
2490:0971-751X
2482:The Hindu
2457:0971-8257
2424:0971-751X
2416:The Hindu
2390:0971-751X
2382:The Hindu
2337:163592798
2188:0319-485X
2153:1084-7561
2058:1084-7561
2017:19 August
1975:19 August
1811:1084-7561
1563:The Hindu
1543:1084-7561
1460:cite book
1420:1084-7561
1354:1084-7561
857:sambandam
785:Jaiminīya
776:Āgniveśya
678:Kozhikode
587:polyandry
559:sambandam
542:Malayalam
495:ritualism
485:Kozhikode
374:Athavanad
360:and gave
308:Karnataka
274:Karnataka
270:Tulu Nadu
186:Malayalam
157:known as
120:Nampūtiri
108:Nambūdiri
91:Nambudiri
2234:(1961).
2204:(1986).
1874:(1976).
1827:(1976).
1691:24157306
1650:(1986).
1568:Archived
1452:61821908
1340:(2): 4.
969:See also
684:and the
674:Palakkad
635:and the
546:Sanskrit
507:Brahmins
483:king of
465:Sanskrit
396:Palakkad
362:Palakkad
342:Palakkad
262:Brahmins
243:Kalabhra
239:Brahmins
163:Sanskrit
144:Jenmimar
122:, are a
35:reviewed
2329:3629883
1153:4370526
1111:3516560
774:s, and
765:Vādhūla
746:Bāṣkala
633:Ezhavas
477:Zamorin
453:ascetic
380:. The
318:during
284:Brahmin
211:Krishna
207:Narmada
173:History
136:Malabar
2488:
2455:
2422:
2388:
2335:
2327:
2289:9 June
2255:9 June
2246:
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2186:
2151:
2110:
2083:
2056:
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1903:9 June
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