316:
673:
31:
269:, which had for decades procured heavy satellites on decade-long procurement cycles, is making a transition to smallsats in the 2020s. The office of space acquisition and integration said in January 2023 that "the era of massive satellites needs to be in the rear view mirror for the Department of Defense" with small satellites being procured for DoD needs in all orbital regimes, regardless of "whether it's
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disaster response, which was the purpose of the RapidEye constellation. Additionally, the nanosat option would allow more nations to own their own satellite for off-peak (non-disaster) imaging data collection. As costs lower and production times shorten, nanosatellites are becoming increasingly feasible ventures for companies.
390:
Although smallsats have traditionally been launched as secondary payloads on larger launch vehicles, a number of companies began development of launch vehicles specifically targeted at the smallsat market. In particular, with larger numbers of smallsats flying, the secondary payload paradigm does not
2426:
On
November 19th Orbital Sciences, an American company, launched a rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It carried 29 satellites aloft and released them into low-Earth orbit, a record for a single mission. Thirty hours later, Kosmotras, a Russian joint-venture, carried 32 satellites
202:
One rationale for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost; heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater cost to finance. In contrast, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples.
1104:
combustion systems for propulsion and attitude control; these systems are complex and require a minimal amount of volume to surface area to dissipate heat. These systems may be used on larger small satellites, while other micro/nanosats have to use electric propulsion, compressed gas, vaporizable
949:
series of microsatellites) is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass between 0.1 and 1 kg (0.22 and 2.2 lb), although it is sometimes used to refer to any satellite that is under 1 kg in launch mass. Again, designs and proposed designs of these types usually have
1002:
rocket with the intention of releasing 104 femtosatellite-sized chipsats, or "Sprites". In the event, they were unable to complete the deployment on time due to a failure of an onboard clock and the deployment mechanism reentered the atmosphere on 14 May 2014, without having deployed any of the
452:
The term "microsatellite" or "microsat" is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 10 and 100 kg (22 and 220 lb). However, this is not an official convention and sometimes those terms can refer to satellites larger than that, or smaller than that
1116:
Small satellites can use conventional radio systems in UHF, VHF, S-band and X-band, although often miniaturized using more up-to-date technology as compared to larger satellites. Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack the power supply or mass for large conventional radio
732:
Earth-imaging satellites, at the same mission cost, with significantly increased revisit times: every area of the globe can be imaged every 3.5 hours rather than the once per 24 hours with the RapidEye constellation. More rapid revisit times are a significant improvement for nations performing
567:"optimized to the design of LauncherOne". Virgin Orbit has been working on the LauncherOne concept since late 2008, and as of 2015, is making it a larger part of Virgin's core business plan as the Virgin human spaceflight program has experienced multiple delays and a fatal accident in 2014.
1124:
Electronics need to be rigorously tested and modified to be "space hardened" or resistant to the outer space environment (vacuum, microgravity, thermal extremes, and radiation exposure). Miniaturized satellites allow for the opportunity to test new hardware with reduced expense in testing.
957:
kitbuilders. Picosatellites are currently commercially available across the full range of 0.1–1 kg (0.22–2.2 lb). Launch opportunities are now available for $ 12,000 to $ 18,000 for sub-1 kg picosat payloads that are approximately the size of a soda can.
696:
is a common type of nanosatellite, built in cube form based on multiples of 10 cm Ă— 10 cm Ă— 10 cm, with a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms (2.9 lb) per unit. The CubeSat concept was first developed in 1999 by a collaborative team of
684:
between 1 and 10 kg (2.2 and 22.0 lb). Designs and proposed designs of these types may be launched individually, or they may have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation, in which case, sometimes the term "satellite swarm" or
1125:
Furthermore, since the overall cost risk in the mission is much lower, more up-to-date but less space-proven technology can be incorporated into micro and nanosats than can be used in much larger, more expensive missions with less appetite for risk.
2082:
966:
The term "femtosatellite" or "femtosat" is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass below 100 g (3.5 oz). Like picosatellites, some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers.
1903:
950:
multiple picosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term "swarm" is applied). Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with picosatellites.
239:
segments of the satellite launch industry have been growing rapidly in the 2010s. Development activity in the 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb) range has been significantly exceeding that in the 50–100 kg (110–220 lb) range.
1014:
In March 2019, the CubeSat KickSat-2 deployed 105 femtosats called "ChipSats" into Earth orbit. Each of the ChipSats weighed 4 grams. The satellites were tested for 3 days, and they then reentered the atmosphere and burned up.
1121:, and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such as laser receivers, antenna arrays and satellite-to-satellite communication networks. Few of these have been demonstrated in practice.
689:" may be applied. Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites. Over 2300 nanosatellites have been launched as of December 2023.
2413:
2305:
791:
In the ten years of nanosat launches prior to 2014, only 75 nanosats were launched. Launch rates picked up substantially when in the three-month period from
November 2013–January 2014 94 nanosats were launched.
819:
to support private spaceflight initiatives in the 2010s, several startups have been formed to pursue opportunities with developing a variety of small-payload
Nanosatellite Launch Vehicle (NLV) technologies.
280:" while aiming for procurements in under three years. The smaller satellites are deemed to be harder for an enemy to target, as well as providing more resilience through redundancy in the design of a large
247:
range alone, fewer than 15 satellites were launched annually in 2000 to 2005, 34 in 2006, then fewer than 30 launches annually during 2007 to 2011. This rose to 34 launched in 2012 and 92 launched in 2013.
2074:
307:, it is the world's first quantum communication satellite. TAU's nanosatellite is designed to form a quantum communication network as well as communicate with Earth through an optical ground station.
1895:
479:
microsats—massing just 13.5 kg (30 lb) each—became the first CubeSats to leave Earth orbit for use in interplanetary space. They flew on their way to Mars alongside the successful Mars
2686:
2374:
1936:
1291:
627:
concept aimed to launch small payloads of 45 kg (100 lb) into low Earth orbit. The program is proposed to drive down launch costs for U.S. military small satellites to as low as
60:
of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on
1817:"Space Is Very Big. Some of Its New Explorers Will Be Tiny. - The success of NASA's MarCO mission means that so-called cubesats likely will travel to distant reaches of our solar system"
1011:
is another project intending to launch femtosatellites in the late 2010s. ThumbSat announced a launch agreement with CubeCat in 2017 to launch up to 1000 of the very small satellites.
516:, the secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many increasingly sophisticated small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.
604:
launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg (22 lb) payload into a 250 km (160 mi) orbit to an even-more-capable
1478:
1730:
1672:
2051:
1133:
Small satellites are difficult to track with ground-based radar, so it is difficult to predict if they will collide with other satellites or human-occupied spacecraft. The U.S.
1707:
1204:
2020:
2405:
2597:
1989:
68:
and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example,
887:
suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg (22 lb) payload into a 250 km (160 mi) orbit.
2313:
2630:
2427:
into a similar orbit. Then, in
January 2014, Orbital Sciences carried 33 satellites up to the International Space Station (ISS), where they were cast off a month later.
991:
203:
They can also be launched 'piggyback', using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs and ease of mass production.
2802:
1877:
2922:
1163:
296:
2233:
1601:
1328:
335:(including fuel) between 100 and 500 kg (220 and 1,100 lb), but in other usage has come to mean any satellite under 500 kg (1,100 lb).
2535:
492:
of Mars in
November 2018, and both continued communicating with ground stations on Earth through late December. Both went silent by early January 2019.
2366:
2678:
2343:
1927:
1284:
2244:
1436:
799:. By late 2014, proposals were being developed for larger spacecraft specifically designed to deliver swarms of nanosats to trajectories that are
698:
206:
Another major reason for developing small satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as:
2745:
1738:
1521:
512:
launch requirements of microsatellites. While microsatellites have been carried to space for many years as secondary payloads aboard larger
1470:
608:"20/450 Nano/Micro Satellite Launch Vehicle" (NMSLV) capable of delivering 20 kg (44 lb) payloads into 450 km (280 mi)
453:(e.g., 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb)). Sometimes, designs or proposed designs from some satellites of these types have microsatellites
2479:
1664:
2043:
575:
2776:
843:
1699:
716:, nanosatellites are increasingly capable of performing commercial missions that previously required microsatellites. For example, a
2566:
2202:
2044:"Spaceport Colorado lands agreement with Swiss space company Read more: Spaceport Colorado lands agreement with Swiss space company"
1134:
1076:
1550:
646:
that would launch a microsat launch vehicle capable of putting a payload of up to 250 kg (550 lb) into low Earth orbit.
2589:
1981:
1209:
1050:
2012:
277:
2621:
1054:
2824:
1382:
705:, and the specifications, for use by anyone planning to launch a CubeSat-style nanosatellite, are maintained by this group.
251:
European analyst
Euroconsult projects more than 500 smallsats being launched in 2015–2019 with a market value estimated at
2798:
2448:
1874:
539:, with launches projected to begin in 2016. Several commercial customers have already contracted for launches, including
532:
2914:
398:
236:
2973:
1449:
1189:
1090:
764:
616:
556:
1039:
2847:
2306:"Why self-organizing companies take off - How 2 employees at a Finnish tech firm invented and built a space program"
1612:
391:
provide the specificity required for many small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.
2712:
1194:
864:
266:
1320:
1058:
1043:
2978:
1849:
560:
394:
Some USA-based private companies that at some point in time have launched smallsat launch vehicles commercially:
578:
program would provide the microsatellite rocket booster for the DARPA SeeMe program that intended to release a "
303:
were launched into space. In 2023, SpaceX launched a 20cm quantum communication nano satellite developed by the
2652:
2527:
292:
315:
918:
launched 14 nanosatellites on 22 June 2016, 2 for Indian universities and 12 for the United States under the
631:
per launch ($ 7,000/kg) and, if the development program was funded, as of 2012 could be operational by 2020.
981:
725:
721:
713:
686:
579:
458:
454:
285:
2868:
1351:
795:
One challenge of using nanosats has been the economic delivery of such small satellites to anywhere beyond
2335:
1248:
860:
548:
528:
355:
331:
The term "small satellite", or sometimes "minisatellite", often refers to an artificial satellite with a
81:
1408:
2735:
1816:
772:
2176:
2149:
1773:
1551:"Small Satellites & Small Launchers: Rocket Builders Scramble To Capture Growing Microsat Market"
1510:
839:
702:
635:
620:
552:
501:
489:
347:
339:
304:
76:. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient
672:
2286:
1896:"Virgin Galactic boldly goes into small satellites, telling future astronauts 'you have to wait'"
1821:
1797:
1154:
509:
465:
351:
343:
320:
273:
2471:
1959:
540:
2740:
1789:
1760:
Merayo, J.M.G.; Brauer, P.; Primdahl, F.; Joergensen, P.S.; Risbo, T.; Cain, J. (April 2002).
1179:
1008:
876:
816:
780:
590:
583:
437:
411:
363:
259:
2736:"Chip satellites -- designed to blow in the solar wind -- depart on Endeavour's final launch"
2880:
2278:
2157:
1781:
1290:(Report). annual market assessment series. Atlanta, Georgia: SEI. January 2014. p. 18.
890:
431:
402:
367:
281:
2768:
461:. The generic term "small satellite" or "smallsat" is also sometimes used, as is "satlet".
2558:
1881:
812:
796:
737:
609:
536:
270:
2133:
Verhoeven, C.J.M.; Bentum, M.J.; Monna, G.L.E.; Rotteveel, J.; Guo, J. (April–May 2011).
2153:
1777:
1110:
1097:
954:
800:
709:
624:
605:
544:
513:
258:
By mid-2015, many more launch options had become available for smallsats, and rides as
65:
2898:"Stanford and NASA Ames researchers put inexpensive chip-size satellites into orbit".
2075:"PLD Space, la empresa española camino de lanzar satélites e incluso alcanzar la Luna"
1844:
932:
launched 103 nanosatellites on 15 February 2017. This launch was performed during the
2967:
2290:
1801:
976:
908:
launched three satellites on 21 April 2013 based on smart phones. Two phones use the
880:
564:
476:
441:
232:
77:
2915:"California Startup Accused of Launching Unauthorized Satellites Into Orbit: Report"
2161:
30:
2679:"ISRO sets new world record, successfully places 104 satellites into Earth's orbit"
2472:"Dauria Aerospace lands $ 20M to grow its earth-monitoring nano satellite platform"
2269:
Tsitas, S. R.; Kingston, J. (February 2012). "6U CubeSat commercial applications".
1762:"The spinning Astrid-2 satellite used for modeling the Earth's main magnetic field"
1450:
https://www.jns.org/israeli-nanosatellite-a-breakthrough-in-quantum-communications/
1101:
847:
827:
760:
756:
680:
The term "nanosatellite" or "nanosat" is applied to an artificial satellite with a
520:
417:
2134:
1437:"Israeli quantum communication nanosatellite launched into orbit by SpaceX rocket"
1137:
has rejected at least one small satellite launch request on these safety grounds.
222:
Testing or qualifying new hardware before using it on a more expensive spacecraft
2440:
1575:
1118:
1028:
869:
835:
831:
776:
524:
485:
427:
421:
73:
1761:
2282:
1785:
1637:
1409:"In First, 3 Israeli Nanosatellites Launch Into Space For Geolocation Mission"
1225:
1220:
1144:
681:
653:
born in 2011 with the objective of developing low cost launch vehicles called
639:
601:
582:
of 24 micro-satellites (~20 kg (44 lb) range) each with 1-m imaging
407:
262:
had become both greater in quantity and easier to schedule on shorter notice.
1793:
17:
2207:
1173:
1113:
or other innovative propulsion systems that are simple, cheap and scalable.
768:
748:
658:
654:
650:
69:
57:
34:
2839:
999:
933:
923:
919:
909:
752:
729:
379:
332:
2956:
2869:
https://www.bizjournals.com/prnewswire/press_releases/2017/07/24/SF48269
2708:
1928:"DARPA developing microsat constellation orbited with air-launch system"
1199:
1184:
995:
987:
946:
741:
717:
693:
661:
with the capacity to place up to 150 kg (330 lb) into orbit.
481:
468:
and Astrid-2, as well as the set of satellites currently announced for
375:
371:
359:
38:
2528:"Designing a Mothership to Deliver Swarms of Spacecraft to Asteroids"
1168:
1106:
300:
64:. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of
2825:"KickSat Re-Enters Atmosphere Without Deploying "Sprite" Satellites"
2656:
2203:"NASA Venture Class procurement could nurture, ride small sat trend"
1383:"Space Force not buying large satellites for the foreseeable future"
295:, part of the Adelis-SAMSON mission, designed and developed by the
945:
The term "picosatellite" or "picosat" (not to be confused with the
912:
1.0 specification and the third used a beta version of PhoneSat 2.0
1214:
893:
is developing an air-launched rocket to deliver both nanosats and
856:
671:
571:
314:
29:
1665:"How SpaceX Plans to Test Its Satellite Internet Service in 2016"
1471:"Small Is Beautiful: US Military Explores Use of Microsatellites"
1854:
929:
915:
905:
710:
miniaturization and capability increase of electronic technology
61:
2559:"Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic to launch small satellites"
1960:"DARPA Scraps Plan To Launch Small Sats from F-15 Fighter Jet"
1022:
971:
2840:"Itty-Bitty Satellites Could Carry Your Experiments to Space"
990:
in May 2011. They were attached to the ISS external platform
728:
to replace a constellation of five 156 kg (344 lb)
2501:
1731:"DARPA Space Budget Increase Includes $ 27M for Spaceplane"
504:
and military-contractor companies are currently developing
2112:
2881:"Swarm of 105 tiny Sprite ChipSats successfully deployed"
1700:"Virgin Galactic relaunches its smallsat launch business"
1511:"Implementation of a femto-satellite and a mini-launcher"
638:(S3) has announced plans in 2013 to develop a suborbital
2590:"DARPA Awards 6 Small Airborne Launch Vehicle Contracts"
2367:"Spire's Peter Platzer: the boss who never fires anyone"
1982:"Garvey Nanosat Launcher Selected for NASA SBIR Funding"
1884:, Rob Coppinger, Flightglobal Hyperbola, 9 December 2008
1089:
Small satellites usually require innovative propulsion,
994:(MISSE-8) for testing. In April 2014, the nanosatellite
872:-capable launcher for a 10 kg (22 lb) payload)
970:
Three prototype "chip satellites" were launched to the
2441:"NovaWurks Awarded Contract for DARPA Phoenix Project"
803:
for applications such as exploring distant asteroids.
2951:
2946:
2769:"Crowd-funded stowaway to deploy 104 tiny satellites"
1205:
953:
Picosatellites are emerging as a new alternative for
27:
Satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500 kg
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
1875:
EXCLUSIVE: Virgin
Galactic unveils LauncherOne name!
1845:"Beyond Mars, the Mini MarCO Spacecraft Fall Silent"
1352:"Smallsat Developers Enjoy Growth In Launch Options"
811:
With the emergence of the technological advances of
213:
Using formations to gather data from multiple points
747:Nanosatellite developers and manufacturers include
2620:
2336:"SPROUT - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory"
2013:"Boeing Unveils Air-Launched Space-Access Concept"
1926:
1766:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
2622:"North Star rocket family with hybrid propulsion"
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1843:Good, Andrew; Wendel, JoAnna (4 February 2019).
992:Materials International Space Station Experiment
586:." The program was cancelled in December 2015.
210:Constellations for low data rate communications
2228:
2226:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1164:Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program
922:program. This launch was performed during the
2264:
2262:
1975:
1973:
1544:
1542:
1509:Tristancho, Joshua; Gutierrez, Jordi (2010).
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1321:"Euroconsult Sees Large Market for Smallsats"
8:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1314:
1312:
1243:
1241:
823:NLVs proposed or under development include:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
1057:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
676:Launched nanosatellites as of December 2023
1894:Burn-Callander, Rebecca (22 August 2015).
1285:2014 Nano/Microsatellite Market Assessment
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
488:mission. The two microsats accomplished a
91:
2042:Painter, Kristen Leigh (8 October 2013).
1093:, communication and computation systems.
1077:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:In-orbit inspection of larger satellites
2245:California Polytechnic State University
1237:
720:standard has been proposed to enable a
699:California Polytechnic State University
2113:"Nanosatellite & CubeSat Database"
724:of thirty five 8 kg (18 lb)
531:designed to launch "smallsat" primary
2715:from the original on 13 December 2012
2689:from the original on 15 February 2017
2538:from the original on 17 December 2014
1481:from the original on 13 December 2012
1297:from the original on 22 February 2014
7:
2957:Pico Satellite Development Resources
2850:from the original on 9 February 2016
2748:from the original on 9 December 2012
2482:from the original on 13 October 2013
2451:from the original on 13 October 2013
2234:CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13
2054:from the original on 11 October 2013
1518:Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
1431:
1429:
1055:adding citations to reliable sources
265:In a surprising turn of events, the
191:
161:
2135:"On the origin of satellite swarms"
1925:Lindsey, Clark (19 December 2012).
1906:from the original on 24 August 2015
576:Airborne Launch Assist Space Access
181:
171:
151:
2947:Nanosatellite and CubeSat Database
2925:from the original on 20 March 2018
2619:Lindsey, Clark (28 January 2013).
2377:from the original on 28 April 2016
2023:from the original on 26 March 2013
1815:Stirone, Shannon (18 March 2019).
1407:David, Ricky Ben (22 March 2021).
535:of 100 kg (220 lb) into
25:
2734:Elizabeth Simpson (16 May 2011).
2633:from the original on 20 June 2013
2569:from the original on 13 July 2012
2439:Messier, Doug (11 October 2013).
2416:from the original on 12 June 2014
2085:from the original on 5 March 2016
1992:from the original on 9 April 2013
1710:from the original on 15 July 2012
1381:Erwin, Sandra (24 January 2023).
1331:from the original on 5 March 2015
1135:Federal Communications Commission
338:Small satellite examples include
2913:Dvorsky, George (9 March 2018).
2805:from the original on 16 May 2014
2779:from the original on 16 May 2014
2767:Clark, Stephen (13 April 2014).
2711:. KK Technium. 9 November 2012.
2600:from the original on 5 July 2012
2526:Woo, Marcus (20 December 2014).
2470:Cheredar, Tom (9 October 2013).
2304:Liira, Panu (13 February 2018).
1958:Gruss, Mike (30 November 2015).
1939:from the original on 26 May 2013
1675:from the original on 5 June 2015
1549:Werner, Debra (12 August 2013).
1527:from the original on 3 July 2013
1210:University Nanosatellite Program
1147:
1027:
2838:Jon Lackman (13 October 2015).
2799:"KickSat Nanosatellite Mission"
2557:Amos, Jonathan (11 July 2012).
2365:Barron, Rachel (6 April 2015).
2346:from the original on 1 May 2016
2162:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.002
708:With continued advances in the
2412:. The Economist. 7 June 2014.
1980:Messier, Doug (4 April 2013).
1611:. 29 July 2019. Archived from
1576:"Rocket Lab Electron (rocket)"
1319:Messier, Doug (2 March 2015).
1096:Larger satellites usually use
853:Ventions' Nanosat upper stage.
506:microsatellite launch vehicles
386:Small satellite launch vehicle
1:
2588:Messier, Doug (2 July 2012).
2111:Kulu, Erik (4 October 2020).
1729:Gruss, Mike (21 March 2014).
1642:Astra (Private Space Company)
897:microsats to low Earth orbit.
496:Microsatellite launch vehicle
2410:Technology Quarterly Q2 2014
1602:"Virgin Orbit Service Guide"
1580:Rocket Lab Electron (rocket)
1350:Foust, Jeff (12 June 2015).
807:Nanosatellite launch vehicle
508:to perform the increasingly
399:Orbital Sciences Corporation
70:gathering of scientific data
2011:Norris, Guy (21 May 2012).
1663:Boyle, Alan (4 June 2015).
1190:Nanosatellite Launch System
765:Surrey Satellite Technology
617:Boeing Small Launch Vehicle
561:Sierra Nevada Space Systems
557:Surrey Satellite Technology
219:University-related research
2995:
2502:"Home - Reaktor Space Lab"
1609:Virgin Orbit Service Guide
1249:"Smallsats by the Numbers"
1195:Satellite formation flying
267:U.S. Department of Defense
2801:. European Space Agency.
2709:"DIY Satellite Platforms"
2283:10.1017/S0001924000006692
1850:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1786:10.1109/TGRS.2002.1006371
597:contract to evolve their
319:Three microsatellites of
293:autonomous nanosatellites
2271:The Aeronautical Journal
2183:. Saint Louis University
736:Example nanosatellites:
726:Earth-imaging satellites
714:satellite constellations
2310:Business Insider Nordic
1217:Amateur Satellite Corp.
875:As of April 2013,
850:spaceplane is launched.
722:satellite constellation
687:fractionated spacecraft
127:Intermediate satellite
2340:directory.eoportal.org
2175:Swartwout, Michael A.
1475:Defense Industry Daily
998:was launched aboard a
677:
549:Spaceflight Industries
529:orbital launch vehicle
323:
103:Extra Heavy satellite
50:miniaturized satellite
41:
1638:"Astra Reaches Orbit"
675:
623:three-stage-to-orbit
318:
311:Classification groups
33:
2685:. 15 February 2017.
1051:improve this section
1019:Technical challenges
901:Actual NS launches:
883:) is evolving their
649:The Spanish company
2241:The CubeSat Program
2154:2011AcAau..68.1392V
1880:14 May 2013 at the
1778:2002ITGRS..40..898M
846:similar to how the
703:Stanford University
636:Swiss Space Systems
574:announced that the
553:Planetary Resources
305:Tel Aviv University
291:In 2021, the first
282:distributed network
2974:Satellites by type
2406:"Nanosats are go!"
2247:. 20 February 2014
2177:"CubeSat Database"
2148:(7–8): 1392–1395.
1822:The New York Times
1644:. 22 November 2021
1155:Spaceflight portal
801:beyond Earth orbit
678:
634:The Swiss company
570:In December 2012,
324:
321:Space Technology 5
260:secondary payloads
42:
2741:Cornell Chronicle
2653:"PhoneSat - home"
2506:Reaktor Space Lab
2277:(1176): 189–198.
2142:Acta Astronautica
1439:. 4 January 2023.
1258:. 1 January 2020.
1180:Micro air vehicle
1087:
1086:
1079:
877:Garvey Spacecraft
838:, intended to be
591:Garvey Spacecraft
475:In 2018, the two
438:Firefly Aerospace
200:
199:
135:Medium satellite
82:propulsion system
80:or of room for a
16:(Redirected from
2986:
2979:Small satellites
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2659:on 23 April 2013
2655:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:on 5 August 2018
2312:. Archived from
2301:
2295:
2294:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2181:sites.google.com
2172:
2166:
2165:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2073:Peláez, Javier.
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:on 24 March 2014
1737:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:. 12 July 2012.
1704:NewSpace Journal
1696:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:on 19 March 2019
1617:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. 30 June 2011.
1467:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1421:
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1404:
1398:
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1302:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1129:Collision safety
1105:liquids such as
1091:attitude control
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1031:
1023:
1006:
979:
896:
891:Generation Orbit
773:Dauria Aerospace
630:
596:
455:working together
403:Pegasus (rocket)
376:Spirale-A and -B
327:Small satellites
286:satellite assets
254:
246:
143:Small satellite
119:Large satellite
111:Heavy satellite
92:
21:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
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2773:Spaceflight Now
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2110:
2109:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2048:The Denver Post
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1882:Wayback Machine
1873:
1869:
1859:
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1842:
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1825:
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1230:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1131:
1098:monopropellants
1083:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1048:
1032:
1021:
1004:
975:
964:
962:Femtosatellites
943:
894:
813:miniaturization
809:
797:low Earth orbit
789:
738:ExoCube (CP-10)
712:and the use of
670:
664:
628:
610:circular orbits
594:
589:In April 2013,
565:satellite buses
563:are developing
537:low Earth orbit
498:
450:
448:Microsatellites
388:
329:
313:
253:US$ 7.4 billion
252:
244:
229:
192:Femto satellite
162:Micro satellite
138:1,201 to 2,500
130:2,501 to 4,200
122:4,201 to 5,000
114:5,001 to 7,000
90:
66:launch vehicles
46:small satellite
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:NewSpace Index
2949:
2942:
2941:External links
2939:
2937:
2936:
2905:
2902:. 3 June 2019.
2890:
2887:. 6 June 2019.
2872:
2861:
2830:
2816:
2790:
2759:
2726:
2700:
2670:
2644:
2627:NewSpace Watch
2611:
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2079:Yahoo noticias
2065:
2034:
2003:
1969:
1950:
1933:NewSpace Watch
1917:
1886:
1867:
1835:
1807:
1772:(4): 898–909.
1752:
1721:
1686:
1655:
1629:
1593:
1582:. 31 July 2022
1567:
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1142:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1111:carbon dioxide
1085:
1084:
1067:September 2013
1035:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1017:
963:
960:
955:do-it-yourself
942:
941:Picosatellites
939:
938:
937:
927:
913:
899:
898:
888:
873:
854:
851:
844:WhiteKnightTwo
815:and increased
808:
805:
788:
787:Nanosat market
785:
669:
668:Nanosatellites
666:
625:launch vehicle
593:was awarded a
545:Skybox Imaging
519:In July 2012,
497:
494:
449:
446:
445:
444:
435:
425:
415:
405:
387:
384:
328:
325:
312:
309:
299:and Rafael in
237:microsatellite
228:
225:
224:
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220:
217:
214:
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198:
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188:
187:
184:
182:Pico satellite
178:
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172:Nano satellite
168:
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164:
158:
157:
154:
152:Mini satellite
148:
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26:
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2900:Stanford News
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2688:
2684:
2683:India TV News
2680:
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2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2623:
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2612:
2599:
2595:
2594:Parabolic Arc
2591:
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2581:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
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2537:
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2522:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
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2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2445:Parabolic Arc
2442:
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2415:
2411:
2407:
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2399:
2397:
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2393:
2389:
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2246:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2211:. 8 June 2015
2210:
2209:
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2182:
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2022:
2018:
2017:Aviation Week
2014:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1986:Parabolic Arc
1983:
1976:
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1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1938:
1934:
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1257:
1256:brycetech.com
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1176:picosatellite
1175:
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1046:
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1041:
1036:This section
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:final mission
985:
984:
978:
977:Space Shuttle
973:
968:
961:
959:
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951:
948:
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935:
931:
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925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
892:
889:
886:
885:Prospector 18
882:
881:Vector Launch
878:
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871:
867:
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862:
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841:
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786:
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778:
774:
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766:
762:
759:, NanoSpace,
758:
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745:
743:
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734:
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626:
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618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
600:
599:Prospector 18
592:
587:
585:
581:
580:constellation
577:
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478:
477:Mars Cube One
473:
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467:
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460:
456:
447:
443:
442:Firefly Alpha
439:
436:
434:(100 kg)
433:
429:
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424:(500 kg)
423:
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414:(300 kg)
413:
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233:nanosatellite
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146:601 to 1,200
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83:
79:
78:power storage
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
18:Nanosatellite
2961:
2927:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
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2476:VentureBeat
2251:14 December
2215:14 December
1943:22 December
1531:12 December
1485:12 December
1301:18 February
1007:femtosats.
870:polar orbit
836:upper stage
832:LauncherOne
777:Planet Labs
629:US$ 300,000
595:US$ 200,000
525:LauncherOne
470:LauncherOne
422:LauncherOne
156:201 to 600
106:> 7,000
95:Group name
74:radio relay
2968:Categories
2752:6 December
2637:28 January
2486:13 October
2455:13 October
2243:(Report).
2058:21 October
1860:5 February
1735:Space News
1648:7 December
1555:Space News
1392:25 January
1356:Space News
1233:References
1226:Rocket Lab
1221:PocketQube
865:North Star
718:6U CubeSat
640:spaceplane
602:suborbital
584:resolution
523:announced
502:commercial
464:Examples:
432:Rocket 3.3
408:Rocket Lab
356:MICROSCOPE
176:1.1 to 10
166:11 to 200
98:Mass (kg)
88:Rationales
2885:New Atlas
2291:113099378
2208:SpaceNews
2187:1 October
2118:5 January
2081:. Yahoo.
1964:SpaceNews
1910:24 August
1802:261967136
1794:1558-0644
1387:SpaceNews
1174:DRAGONSat
1038:does not
983:Endeavour
895:sub-50 kg
769:NovaWurks
749:EnduroSat
744:, SPROUT
651:PLD Space
606:clustered
541:GeoOptics
514:launchers
459:formation
186:0.1 to 1
58:satellite
35:ESTCube-1
2929:19 March
2923:Archived
2848:Archived
2803:Archived
2777:Archived
2746:Archived
2713:Archived
2687:Archived
2663:24 April
2631:Archived
2598:Archived
2567:Archived
2563:BBC News
2536:Archived
2511:5 August
2480:Archived
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2381:21 April
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2021:Archived
1990:Archived
1937:Archived
1904:Archived
1878:Archived
1828:21 April
1745:24 March
1708:Archived
1673:Archived
1669:NBC News
1560:13 March
1522:Archived
1479:Archived
1413:NoCamels
1329:Archived
1292:Archived
1141:See also
1009:ThumbSat
1000:Falcon 9
936:mission.
934:PSLV-C37
926:mission.
924:PSLV-C34
920:Flock-2P
910:PhoneSat
753:GomSpace
730:RapidEye
682:wet mass
555:. Both
533:payloads
510:targeted
472:(below)
466:Astrid-1
457:or in a
412:Electron
380:Starlink
333:wet mass
297:Technion
196:<0.1
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2919:Gizmodo
2573:13 July
2420:12 June
2150:Bibcode
1996:5 April
1774:Bibcode
1714:11 July
1622:29 July
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1418:25 June
1361:13 June
1335:8 March
1200:SPHERES
1185:N-Prize
1059:removed
1044:sources
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986:on its
947:PicoSAT
817:capital
781:Reaktor
742:ArduSat
694:CubeSat
659:Miura 5
655:Miura 1
482:InSight
372:SMART-1
360:TARANIS
348:Parasol
340:Demeter
245:1–50 kg
243:In the
227:History
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2809:15 May
2783:15 May
2289:
2027:23 May
1800:
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1169:CanSat
1107:butane
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861:Andøya
642:named
619:is an
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2844:Wired
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2856:2016
2811:2014
2785:2014
2754:2012
2721:2012
2695:2017
2665:2013
2639:2013
2606:2012
2575:2012
2544:2014
2513:2018
2488:2013
2457:2013
2422:2014
2383:2016
2352:2018
2322:2018
2253:2020
2217:2020
2189:2018
2120:2024
2091:2016
2060:2013
2029:2012
1998:2013
1945:2012
1912:2015
1862:2019
1855:NASA
1830:2019
1790:ISSN
1747:2014
1716:2012
1681:2015
1650:2021
1624:2019
1588:2022
1562:2021
1533:2012
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1042:any
1040:cite
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