Nanzhao - Knowledge (XXG)

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north of the besieged Chengdu. Shilong hurriedly diverted some of his forces to intercept the Tang troops, but he suffered a crushing defeat. Some two thousand Nanzhao soldiers were killed. Two days later, another Tang force arrived to inflict even greater casualties on Shilong. Five thousand soldiers were exterminated, and the rest retreated to a nearby mountain. The Tang force advanced to Tuojiang, a relay station merely 15 kilometers north of Chengdu. Now it was Shilong who anxiously sued for peace. But Zhixiang was in no hurry to make a deal with him: “You should first lift the siege and withdraw your troops.” A few days later, a Nanzhao envoy came again. He shuttled ten times between Shilong and Zhixiang in the same day, trying to work out an agreement, but to no avail. With the Tang reinforcement fast approaching Chengdu, Shilong knew that time was working against him. His soldiers intensified attacks on the city. Shilong was so desperate to complete the campaign that he risked his life and personally supervised operations on the front line. But it was too late. On the eighteenth day, the Tang rescue forces converged on Chengdu and engaged their enemy. That night, Shilong decided to abort his campaign.

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Nanzhao could proceed. Shilong responded positively to the Tang proposal and sent an envoy to fetch Zhixiang to Nanzhao for further negotiation. Unfortunately, a piece of misinformation derailed Zhixiang’s plan. The Tang soldiers believed that reinforcement had arrived at the suburbs of Chengdu to rescue them. They opened the city gate and dashed out to greet the relief troops. This sudden event puzzled the Nanzhao generals, who mistook it for a Tang attack and ordered a counteroffensive. Tangled fighting broke out in the morning and lasted into dusk. Nanzhao’s action also puzzled Zhixiang. He questioned Shilong’s envoy: “The Son of Heaven has decreed that Nanzhao make peace , but your soldiers have just raided Chengdu. Why?” He then requested withdrawal of the Nanzhao soldiers as the prerequisite for his visit to Shilong. Zhixiang eventually canceled his visit. His subordinates convinced him that the visit would subject him to mortal danger because the “barbarians are deceitful.” This cancellation only convinced Shilong that Tang lacked sincerity in seeking peace. He resumed attacks on Chengdu but could not score a decisive victory.

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Lu Dan had earlier handpicked were particularly brave and skillful in battle. They killed and wounded some 2,000 enemy soldiers and burned three thousand pieces of war equipment. After the frontal attacks failed, the Nanzhao troops changed their tactics. They dismantled the bamboo fences of nearby residential houses, wet them with water, and shaped them into a huge cage that could ward off stones, arrows, and fire. They then put this “bamboo tank” on logs and rolled it near the foot of the city wall. Hiding themselves in the cage, they started digging a tunnel. But the Tang soldiers also had a novel weapon waiting for them. They filled jars with human waste and threw them at the attackers. The foul smell made the cage an impossible place to hide and work. Jars filled with molten iron then fell on the cage, turning it into a giant furnace. The invaders, however, refused to give up. They escalated their operations by night attacks. In response, the Tang soldiers lit up the city wall with a thousand torches, thus effectively foiling the enemy’s plan.

1207:

ordered the wives of the four rulers to search for their husband’s bones and take them home. At first, Cishan, the wife of the ruler of Dengdan, could not find the bones of her husband, but she located them by searching for the iron bracelet that asked her husband wear on his arm. The ruler of Nanzhao marvelled at her intelligence and strongly desired to take her as his wife. Cishan replied saying, “I have not buried my deceased husband yet, so how could I dare think of marrying again so quickly?”, and then she shut tight her city gates. The Nanzhao army encircled the city, and all inside died of starvation after three months after completely exhausting their food supplies. Cishan declared, “I am going to report the injustice done to my husband to Heaven (Shangdi 上帝).” Horrified by this, the ruler of Nanzhao repented, and extolled her city as the “source of virtue”.

1395:, was wounded by an arrow while strutting to and fro naked outside the southern walls. On 14 February, Cai Xi shot down 200 Puzi and over 30 horses using a mounted crossbow from the walls. By 28 February, most of Cai Xi's followers had perished, and he himself had been wounded several times by arrows and stones. The Nanzhao commander, Yang Sijin, penetrated the inner city. Cai Xi tried to escape by boat, but it capsized midstream, drowning him. The 400 remaining defenders wanted to flee as well, but could not find any boats, so they chose to make a last stand at the eastern gate. Ambushing a group of Nanzhao cavalry, they killed over 2,000 Nanzhao troops and 300 horses before Yang sent reinforcements from the inner city. After taking Songping, Nanzhao laid siege to Junzhou (modern 1617: 1440:

and reported him to the throne. The court sent another general named Wang Yanqian to replace Gao. In the meantime, Gao had been reinforced by 7,000 men who arrived overland under the command of Wei Zhongzai. In early 866, Gao's 12,000 men defeated a fresh Nanzhao army and chased them back to the mountains. He then laid siege to Songping but had to leave command due to the arrival of Li Weizhou and Wang Yanqian. He was later reinstated after sending his aid, Zeng Gun, who went to the capital as his representative and explained his circumstances. Gao completed the retaking of Annan in fall 866, executing the enemy general, Duan Qiuqian, and beheading 30,000 of his men.

1581:. Longshun did not give up on the marriage however. In 883 he sent a delegation to Chengdu to fetch the Princess of Anhua. They brought with them one hundred rugs and carpets as betrothal gifts. The Nanzhao delegation was detained for two years due to a dispute in ceremony and failed to bring back the princess. In 897 Longshun was murdered by one of his own ministers. His successor, Shunhua, sent envoys to the Tang requesting restoration of friendly relations, but by this time the Tang emperor was merely a puppet figurehead of more powerful military governors. No response returned. 1190:) to convince the Tang court to support him in uniting the Six Zhaos. Piluoge then made a surprise attack on Dengdan and defeated the forces of both Mieluopi and the ruler of Shilang, Shiwangqian. The zhao of Yuexi was annexed when its ruler, Bochong, was murdered by his wife's lover, Zhangxunqiu. Zhangxunqiu was summoned by the Tang court and beaten to death. The territory of Yuexi was bestowed to Piluoge. Bochong's son, Yuzeng, fled and resisted Nanzhao's expansion for some time before he was defeated by Piluoge's son, Geluofeng, and drowned in the 1744:... the ethnic identity of the Nanzhao rulers is still a matter for lively discussion (see Qi 1987), and the Yunnan origin of the Yi is disputed by those who think they came from the Northwest. With regard to the latter issue, a recent article by Chen Tianjun (1985) demonstrates even more clearly than Ma Changshou's book the power of the five-stage and Morganian historical schemes. According to Chen, the origin of the Yi goes back further, to the San Miao of classical History, who were always fighting against the Xia dynasty (C.2200-1600 B.C.E.). 76: 1796: 1399:). A Nanzhao and rebel fleet of 4,000 men led by a native chieftain named Zhu Daogu (朱道古) was attacked by a local commander, who rammed their vessels and sank 30 boats, drowning them. In total, the invasion destroyed Chinese armies in Annan numbering over 150,000. Although initially welcomed by the locals in ousting Tang control, Nanzhao turned on them, ravaging the local population and countryside. Both Chinese and Vietnamese sources note that the Annanese locals fled to the mountains to avoid destruction. A 2040: 2031:, and also worshiped gods of nature: fire, hills, trees, rocks, water, earth, sky, wind and forests. Bimoists also worship dragons, believed to be protectors from bad spirits that cause illness, poor harvests and other misfortunes. Bimoists believe in multiple souls. At death, one soul remains to watch the grave while the other is eventually reincarnated into some living form. After someone dies they sacrifice a pig or sheep at the doorway to maintain relationship with the deceased spirit. 1165:

Shihe and captured Shigepi, Piluoge himself struck at Shiqiao and prevented reinforcements from Shilang from interfering with what appear to have been the main operations. For having occupied Shihe, Piluoge was well placed to attack the Xier He people of the Dali Plain. Once again victory was his, though some of the conquered people managed to escape and make their way North, where they eventually came under the rule of the Jianlang Zhao at Jian Chuan, which will be mentioned in due course.

1558: 2284: 2200: 2248: 1254:. The Tibetans retaliated in 799 but were repelled by a joint Tang-Nanzhao force. In 801 Nanzhao and Tang forces defeated a contingent of Tibetan and Abbasid slave soldiers. More than 10,000 Tibetan soldiers were killed and some 6,000 captured. Nanzhao captured seven Tibetan cities and five military garrisons while more than a hundred fortifications were destroyed. This defeat shifted the balance of power in favor of the Tang and Nanzhao. 977: 2212: 2320: 2224: 2308: 2236: 2296: 421: 2272: 2260: 83: 2188: 2176: 1299:

Nanzhao delegations followed and continued until the end of Emperor Wuzong’s reign in 846. During these sixteen years, Nanzhao progressed rapidly in state building. Through its students dispatched to Yizhou, Nanzhao borrowed heavily from Tang administrative practice. There was much building of public works and a great expansion of monasteries. Nanzhao also expanded its realm to the Indochina peninsula. They invaded

5624: 1000: 1910: 992: 1663: 1250:. His successor, Yimouxun, continued the pro-Tibetan policy. In 779, Yimouxun participated in a large Tibetan attack on the Tang dynasty. However the burden of having to support every single Tibetan military campaign against the Tang soon weighed on him. In 794, he severed ties with Tibet and switched sides to the Tang. In 795, Yimouxun attacked a Tibetan stronghold in 5636: 1202:). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland. Under the reign of Piluoge, the White Mywa were removed from eastern Yunnan and resettled in the west. The Black and White Mywa were separated to create a more solidified caste system of ministers and warriors. 1847:

forcibly moved the White Barbarians (Baiman 白蠻) of the Mi River 瀰河 together with other peoples, such as the Luoluo 羅落 and Mosuo 麽些, to populate the region and then renamed it Chengji Dan 成偈賧 (later Shanju prefecture 善巨郡)... The Duan family 段氏 of the Dali kingdom changed the name to Chengji Zhen 成紀鎮 in 1048 (Qingli 8) and appointed Gao Dahui 高大惠 to govern...

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Jiajing reign period (1522–1566). According to tradition, seven holy monks 聖僧 constructed Biaoleng Temple during the Nanzhao kingdom period. A stele dated 1430 (Xuande 5) records that Zhao Yanzhen 趙彥貞 from a local family of officials renovated Longhua Temple (flourished during the Nanzhao to Dali kingdom periods) after its destruction by the Ming army.

1898: 1141:'s protection. The Tang emperor appointed Xinuluo as prefect of Weizhou, sent him an embroidered official robe, and sent troops to defeat rebellious tribes in 672, thus enhancing Xinuluou's position. Xinuluo was succeeded by his son, Luoshengyan, who travelled to Chang'an to make tribute to the Tang. In 704, the 1360:. When Li Hu led an army to retake Bozhou, the Đỗ family gathered 30,000 men, including contingents from Nanzhao to attack the Tang. When Li Hu returned, he learned the Vietnamese rebels and Nanzhao had taken control over Annan out of his hand. In December 860, Songping fell to the rebels and Hu fled to 1534:

From Emperor Yizong’s time , the barbarians sacked Annan and Yongzhou twice, marched into Qianzhong once, and raided Xichuan four times. Over these fifteen years, recruiting soldiers for and transporting supplies to have exhausted the entire country. As the lion’s share of taxes did not reach the

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The battle for Chengdu was brutal and protracted. The Nanzhao soldiers used scaling ladders and battering rams to attack the city from four directions. The Tang defenders used hooks and robes to immobilize the attackers before showering them with oil and setting them on fire. The 3,000 commandos that

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In the year 737 AD, Piluoge (皮羅閣) united the Six Zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Southern Zhao). In 738, the Tang granted Piluoge the Chinese-style name Meng Guiyi ("return to righteousness") and the title of "Prince of Yunnan". Piluoge set up a new capital at Taihe in

1641:

Nanzhao society was separated into two distinct castes: the administrative White Mywa living in western Yunnan, and the militaristic Black Mywa in eastern Yunnan. The rulers of Nanzhao were from the Mengshe tribe of the Black Mywa. Nanzhao modelled its government on the Tang dynasty with ministries

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Your ancestor once served the Tibetans as a slave. The Tibetans should be your foes. Instead you have turned yourself into a Tibetan subject. How could you not even differentiate kindness from enmity? As for the hall of the former Lord of Shu, it is a treasure from the previous dynasty, not a place

1472:

Fierce battles in Chengdu had now lasted over a month. Zhixiang, the Tang envoy, believed that it was time to send a messenger to contact Shilong and let him know that peace was in the interest of both parties. He instructed Lu Dan to stop new initiatives against the enemy so that a peace talk with

1164:

Shige/gupi of Shilang was garrisoning the fort of Shihe, which, it will be recalled, was a little East of the present Xiaguan, at the Southern entrance to the Dali Plain. Shilang forces also occupied the fort of Shiqiao at the Southern end of the Tiancang Shan. While Yan Zhenghui and Geluofeng took

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began expanding his realm in the early 730s. He first annexed the neighboring zhao of Mengsui, whose ruler, Zhaoyuan, was blind. Piluoge supported Zhaoyuan's son, Yuanluo, in his accession, and in turn weakened Mengsui. After Zhaoyuan was assassinated, Piluoge drove Yuanluo from Mengsui and annexed

1477:

The situation in Chengdu changed in favor of the defenders when Yan Qingfu, military governor of Jiannan East Circuit (Jiannan dongchuan), coordinated a rescue operation. On the eleventh day of the second month, Yan’s troops arrived at Xindu (present-day Xindu County), which was some 22 kilometers

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in the north. In September 865, Gao's 5,000 troops surprised a Nanzhao army of 50,000 while they were collecting rice from the villages and routed them. Gao captured large quantities of rice, which he used to feed his army. A jealous governor, Li Weizhou, accused Gao of stalling to meet the enemy,

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During the reign of Quanlongcheng (r.809-816), the ruler behaved without constraint, and was killed by Wang Cuodian, a powerful governor. The military generals in Nanzhao had become powerful after the victory in Tibet. Wang Cuodian installed a puppet ruler Quanlisheng. However, Quanlisheng quickly

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In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏, Senola), son of Jiadupang and grandson of Shelong, founded the Great Meng (大蒙) and took the title of Qijia Wang (奇嘉王; "Outstanding King"). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty. In 652, Xinuluo absorbed the White Mywa realm of Zhang Lejinqiu, who

1754:

The Bai people also trace their ancestry to Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom, but records from those kingdoms do not mention Bai. "Bai barbarians" or "Bo people" were mentioned during the Tang dynasty and it is suspected that they might be the same name using different transcriptions; Bai and Bo were

1725:

In the histories of the Period of Division (311–589), as well as the Cuan kingdoms of the Sui-Tang period (581–907), are thought to have been ruled by the ancestors of today’s Yi, and at least one faction in an ongoing debate considers the Nanzhao kingdom, which ruled Yunnan and surrounding areas

1298:

In the same year of 830, Nanzhao renewed contact with Tang. The next year, at the request of Li Deyu, Nanzhao released more than four thousand prisoners of war, including Buddhist monks, Daoist priests, and artisans, who had been captured during the Yizhou incident. Frequent visits to Chang’an by

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dominated society also traditionally hold it to be a slave society because of how central the institution was to Yi culture. The prevalence of the slave culture was so great that sometimes children were named after the quality and quantity of slaves they owned or their parents wished to own. For

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Nanzhao had an elite vanguard unit called the Luojuzi, which means tiger sons, that served as full-time soldiers. For every hundred soldiers, the strongest one was chosen for service in the Luojuzi. They were outfitted with red helmets, leather armour, and bronze shields, but went barefoot. Only

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Beisheng originally formed part of the territory occupied by an ethnic group known to Chinese dynasties as the Shi barbarians (Shiman 施蠻). The Nanzhao King, Yimouxun 異牟尋 (reigned 779–808), opened the area during the Zhenyuan period (785 to 804) of the Tang and named it Beifang Dan 北方賧. Yimouxun

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The Three Pagoda Temple 三塔寺 controlled the Ranggong Chapel 讓公庵, which the Gao family constructed during the Nanzhao kingdom period. Friends of the famous Neo-Confucian scholar Li Yuanyang 李元陽 (1497–1580) supported the chapel by donating funds to buy farm land for its maintenance as late as the

1206:

During the Kaiyuan reign period (713–741), the ruler of Nanzhao, desired to annex the other four polities to create a kingdom, so he invited the four rulers to a banquet to celebrate the xinghui festival 星回節 on the sixteenth day of the twelfth lunar month. He set fire to the building, and then

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in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa. The White Mywa (Baiman) tribes, who are considered the predecessors of the Bai people, settled on the fertile land of western Yunnan around the alpine fault lake

1282:, but withdrew the following year. Wang Cuodian's invasion was not to take Sichuan but to push its territorial boundaries north and take the resources south of Chengdu. The advance of Nanzhaos' army was almost unopposed; the attack took advantage of chaos created in Sichuan by its 1222:

Piluoge died in 748, and was succeeded by his son Geluofeng (閣羅鳳). When the Chinese prefect of Yunnan attempted to rob Nanzhao envoys in 750, Geluofeng attacked, killing the prefect and seizing nearby Tang territory. In retaliation, the Tang governor of Jiannan (modern

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and Annan. Shilong also killed Wang Cuodian. To recruit for his wars, Shilong ordered all men over the age 15 to join the army. Anti-Tang locals allied with highland people, who appealed to Nanzhao for help, and as a result invaded the area in 860, briefly taking

1447:, there were probably a quite large number of indigenous Tai-speaking people in Northern Vietnam that threw their support for Nanzhao against the Chinese, and when the Chinese came back in 864, many Tai people were also victims of following Chinese suppression. 1231:. Duan Jianwei's grave is two kilometres west of Xiaguan, and the Tomb of Ten Thousand Soldiers is located in Tianbao Park. In 754, another Tang army of 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), approached the kingdom from the north, but never made it past 1159:

banded together against Piluoge, who thwarted them with an alliance with the Tang dynasty. Not long after 733, the Tang official Yan Zhenghui cooperated with Piluoge in a successful attack on the zhao of Shilang, and rewarded the Mengshe rulers with titles.

1835:峨昌. In addition, reportedly, seven ethnic groups, i.e., the Baiman, Luoluo, Mosuo, Dongmen 冬門, Xunding 尋丁 and Echang, were forcibly moved here from the Kunmi River 昆彌河 (today’s Miju River 彌苴河 in Dengchuan) by Nanzhao King Yimouxun 異牟尋 (reigned 779–808). 1263:

took power back three years later before he was himself replaced by Quanfengyou, with the aid of the generals. Quanfengyou and Wang Cuodian, who remained a powerful general, were instrumental in the expansion of Nanzhao territory. Nanzhao expanded into

1517:

where he defeated them in a decisive battle, captured their armored horses, and executed 50 tribal leaders. He proposed to the court an invasion of Nanzhao with 60,000 troops. His proposal was rejected. Nanzhao forces were driven from the

1787:. Scriptures dated to the Nanzhao period used the Bai language. According to Stevan Harrell, while the ethnic identity of Nanzhao's ruling elite is still disputed, the subsequent Yang and Duan dynasties were both definitely Bai. 1145:

made the White Mywa tribes into tributaries, whilst subjugating the Black Mywa. In 713, Luoshengyan was succeeded by his son, Shengluopi, who was also on good terms with the Tang. He was succeeded by his son, Piluoge, in 733.

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capital , the treasury and the palace storehouses were emptied. Soldiers died of tropical diseases. Poverty turned commoners into robbers and thieves. Land in central China lay waste. This is all due to the war with Nanzhao.

2126:. According to Azhali practices among the Bai people, acharyas were allowed to marry and have children. The position of acharya was hereditary. The acharyas became state mentors in Nanzhao and held great influence until the 1633:

wounds to the front were allowed and if they suffered any wounds to their back, they were executed. Their commander was called Luojuzuo. The king's personal guards, known as the Zhunuquju, were recruited from the Luojuzi.

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named Candragupta entered Nanzhao. Quanfengyou appointed him as a state mentor and married his sister Yueying to Candragupta. It was said that he meditated in a thatched cottage of Fengding Mountain in the east of

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also joined in the attack on Shilang: Dengdan ruled by Mieluopi and Langqiong ruled by Duoluowang. Piluoge moved to eliminate these competitors by bribing Wang Yu, the military commissioner of Jiannan (modern

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Howard, Angela F. "The Dhāraṇī pillar of Kunming, Yunnan: A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali, 937–1253", Artibus Asiae 57, 1997, pp. 33-72 (see pp. 43–44).

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Leading families around the Nanzhao capital adopted Chinese surnames such as Yang, Li, Zhao, Dong, and claimed Han Chinese ancestry; however, the rulers instead presented themselves as Ailao descendants from

1810:

Before the early Ming, northwest Yunnan was mainly populated by non-Han ethnic peoples. Ethnic peoples recorded as residing in mountainous or semimountainous parts of Beisheng sub-prefecture included the

1512:

In 875, Gao Pian was appointed by the Tang to lead defenses against Nanzhao. He ordered all the refugees in Chengdu to return home. Gao led a force of 5,000 and chased the remaining Nanzhao troops to the

1992:, which means 'master of scriptures', who officiate at births, funerals, weddings and holidays. One can become bimo by patrilinial descent after a time of apprenticeship or formally acknowledging an old 1111:

Among them, Mengshe zhao was recorded as Ma Shizi ( ꂷꏂꌅ ma shy nzy ) in Yi classics, which means "King of Golden Bamboo". Because it is located in the south, Mengshe was called Nanzhao or southern Zhao.

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Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route

4629: 1194:. Piluoge's step-grandson grew jealous of the preeminence of his step-father, Geluofeng, and sought to create his own zhao by allying with the Tibetan Empire. His plans leaked out and he was killed. 1092:, settled in the mountainous regions of eastern Yunnan. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe was known as a 1029: 2076:, and engaged in water conservancy projects. He left for his homeland later on and possibly went to Tibet to propagate his teachings. When he returned to Nanzhao, he built Wuwei Temple. 1235:. By the end of 754, Geluofeng had established an alliance with the Tibetans against the Tang that would last until 794. In the same year, Nanzhao gained control of the salt marshes of 1889:

The earliest Bamar kings practiced the same patronymic naming tradition that the Nanzhao kings practiced: the last part of a father's name is used as the first part of the son's name.

1642:(nine instead of six) and imperial examinations. However the system of governance and rule in Nanzhao was essentially feudal. Sons of the Nanzhao aristocracy visited the Tang capital, 1375:

in mid-January. On 20 January, the defenders led by Cai Xi killed a hundred of the besiegers. Five days later, Cai Xi captured, tortured, and killed a group of besiegers known as the

1937:

that worshiped local lords and deities. The Benzhu lords are spirits of people that died under special circumstances and are not hierarchically organized. Archaeological findings in

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example: Lurbbu (many slaves), Lurda (strong slaves), Lurshy (commander of slaves), Lurnji (origin of slaves), Lurpo (slave lord), Lurha, (hundred slaves), Jjinu (lots of slaves).

1569:

Shilong's successor, Longshun, entered negotiations with the Tang for a marriage alliance, which was agreed to in 880. The marriage alliance never came to fruition owing to the

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History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting

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in Upper Burma) in 832 and brought back three thousand prisoners of war; shortly after, in 835, they subdued Michen (near the mouth of the Ayeyarwady River in lower Burma).

1592:(大長和, 902–928). In 928, a White Mywa noble, Yang Ganzhen (Jianchuan Jiedushi), aided the chief minister, Zhao Shanzheng, in overthrowing the Zheng family and establishing 4248: 3907: 4108: 3958: 1557: 1016: 1096:. In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom's population has been debated for a century. Some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that the 5604: 1371:

Shilong attacked Annan again in 863, occupying it for three years. With the aid of locals, Nanzhao invaded with an army of 50,000 and besieged Annan's capital

1227:), Xianyu Zhongtong, attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers in 751. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏) with heavy losses (many due to disease) at 2043:

Extract of Nanzhao Tujuan scroll - the Nanzhao Buddhists are depicted as light skinned whereas the non-Buddhists are depicted as rebellious short brown people

5677: 1463:, who kidnapped Dongman tribesmen and sold them to other tribes. When the Nanzhao attacked Xizhou, the Dongman tribe opened the gates and welcomed them in. 5413: 1028: 1616: 819: 4316: 3112: 4475:

The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages

5265: 2051:(Acharya), founded around 821-824 by a monk from India called Li Xian Maishun. More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and built a temple in 75: 1387:. Description about them is indefinite). A local official named Liang Ke was related to them, and defected as a result. On 28 January, a Nanzhao 4621:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

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In 869, Shilong attacked Chengdu with the help of the Dongman tribe. The Dongman used to be an ally of the Tang during their wars against the

5221: 5044: 4940: 4856: 4801: 4734: 4681: 4658: 4546: 4463: 4421: 4176: 4018: 3653: 3134: 2990: 4155: 1737: 2103:, the Nanzhao Buddhist elite are depicted with light skin whereas the people who oppose Buddhism are depicted as short and dark skinned. 2130:

in the 13th century, during which the acharyas called upon various peoples to resist the Mongol rulers and later the Chinese during the

1129:. This event occurred peacefully as Zhang made way for Xinuluo of his own accord. The agreement was consecrated under an iron pillar in 5672: 5110: 5022: 1957:

shows offerings to heaven occurring around one. The Bai people have female shamans and share a worship of white stones similar to the

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show that the ruling elite used Chinese script. Scriptures from Nanzhao unearthed in the 1950s show that it was written in the

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suitable for occupancy by you remote barbarians. has angered the deities as well as the common people. Your days are numbered!

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in 859, when the Nanzhao king Shilong treated Tang envoys sent to receive his condolences with contempt, and launched raids on

1330: 588: 574: 549: 5667: 5426: 5091: 4639: 1771: 1544: 897: 643: 1775:(begun in 104 BC). The earliest references to "Bai people", or the "Bo", in connection to the people of Yunnan are from the 1040:

Nanzhao encompassed many ethnic and linguistic groups. Some historians believe that the majority of the population were the

4222: 4134: 3204: 1133:. Thereafter the Black and White Mywa acted as warriors and ministers respectively. In 655, Xinuluo sent his eldest son to 657: 300: 4952:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)

2922: 1294:, saying that Nanzhao had remained a loyal tributary and was only punishing Du Yuanying at the request of Tang soldiers. 5325: 420: 5662: 5489: 5258: 1344: 4577: 1489: 1958: 117: 90: 1949:

drums in return for wealth and health. The use of iron pillars for rituals seems to have been retained into the

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Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

2138:

banned the dissemination of Azhali Buddhism for a time before setting up an office to administer the religion.

2127: 1795: 1364:. In summer 861, Li Hu retook Songping but Nanzhao forces moved around and seized Yongzhou. Hu was banished to 1291: 20: 4266: 4320: 3182: 1290:. Bilateral relations between Nanzhao and Tang became delicate, as Wang Cuodian refused to step retreat from 4765: 2131: 1356:

before being driven out by a Tang army the next year. Prior to Li Hu's arrival, Nanzhao had already seized

1239:, which it used to regulate the salt to its people, a practice that would continue during the reign of the 5338: 5251: 4565: 2039: 5403: 4455: 2028: 745: 5232: 3724: 1321:

In the 830s, they conquered the neighboring kingdoms of Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

5594: 5566: 5393: 1400: 1392: 1079:

in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against the

768: 128: 2954:(3, illustrated ed.). the University of California: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 705. 5687: 5640: 5571: 4151: 4102: 3952: 3071:"Cuan Culture in Yunnan – Yunnan Exploration: Yunnan Travel, Yunnan Trip, Yunnan Tours 2020/2021" 933: 4379:

Megan Bryson, "Mahākāla worship in the Dali kingdom (937-1253) – A study and translation of the

3070: 1593: 3113:"The Faded Buddhist Country: A Brief History of Ancient Yunnan Constitution | by 山滇之城 | Medium" 2949: 5609: 5542: 5449: 5421: 5217: 5182: 5106: 5087: 5068: 5040: 5018: 4991: 4973: 4936: 4917: 4878: 4852: 4825: 4797: 4769: 4730: 4677: 4654: 4635: 4605: 4581: 4542: 4459: 4417: 4228: 4088: 3938: 3649: 3210: 3153: 3011: 2955: 2928: 2904: 2896: 1812: 1597: 1596:(大天興, 928–929). The new regime lasted only a year before Zhao was killed by Yang, who created 1334: 386: 355: 5032: 1806:

The Nanzhao king Yimouxun (r. 779-808) conducted forced resettlement of several ethnicities.

5682: 5398: 4491: 4199: 3879: 2154: 1800: 1765: 1340: 1228: 1061: 724: 680: 375: 225: 108: 38: 5170:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

5157:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

5144:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

3091: 976: 5628: 5532: 5526: 5444: 5297: 4192:"Masters of Psalmody (Bimo): Scriptural shamanism in Southwestern China, by Aurélie Névot" 4159: 1973: 1942: 1863: 1698: 1693:

but Nanzhao does not seem to have ever attempted to standardize or popularize the script.

1519: 1348: 1304: 1272: 1268: 5067:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. 3893: 2072:. Candragupta continued to propagate tantric doctrines, translated the tantric scripture 1459:

in the 790s. Their service was rewarded with mistreatment by Yu Shizhen, the governor of

701: 4414:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

784: 5561: 5519: 5505: 5459: 5343: 4866: 4598: 2150: 2099:. The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the official state religion. In the 1621: 1456: 1432: 1247: 1236: 1142: 1053: 937: 878: 870: 466: 458: 397: 289: 51: 5656: 5555: 5373: 4669: 4570: 4409: 3206:

Religious and Ethnic Revival in a Chinese Minority: The Bai People of Southwest China

2158: 2135: 2096: 2061: 2052: 1902: 1879: 1832: 1740:, the Yi people claim direct descent from Xinuluo, the founder of Mengshe (Nanzhao). 1436: 1388: 1130: 1126: 860: 852: 845:ໜານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ່າ, ໜອງແສ (/nǎːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕāw, nɔ̌ːŋ.sɛ̌ː/) 805: 333: 236: 203: 194: 4746:

The Kingdoms of Nanzhong China's Southwest Border Region Prior to the Eighth Century

4396:

Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, Part 3

4191: 3865: 2145:, which has survived to this day at Jianchuan and neighboring areas. The worship of 999: 5353: 5348: 2092: 1950: 1926: 1867: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1605: 1240: 1199: 1138: 1108:. The historiography of the origins of Nanzhao people has attracted much interest. 1065: 991: 941: 838: 687: 581: 462: 183: 5577: 1662: 1502:

Niu Cong, military governor of Chengdu, in response to the Nanzhao invasion of 873

1404: 5037:

Language policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949

4911: 1588:), Zheng Maisi, murdered the royal family and usurped the throne, renaming it to 5512: 5378: 5358: 5165: 5152: 5139: 4651:

The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

4366:

Megan Bryson, "Baijie and the Bai: Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali, Yunnan",

3972: 2162: 1909: 1820: 1643: 1601: 1530:. This effectively ended Nanzhao's expansionist campaigns. Shilong died in 877. 1287: 1134: 1080: 925: 172: 139: 82: 3492: 2169:

Gallery of Nanzhao rulers from the Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings

1488:

Nanzhao invaded again in 874 and reached within 70 km of Chengdu, seizing

5537: 5388: 5363: 4495: 1930: 1824: 1714: 1570: 1514: 1412: 1300: 1191: 1122: 1097: 1085: 1041: 981: 1925:

Almost nothing is known about pre-Buddhist religion in Nanzhao. According to

5599: 5472: 5368: 5166:"Chapter 5: Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese" 2142: 2080: 2069: 1981: 1977: 1934: 1828: 1710: 1675: 1650: 1589: 1578: 1384: 1089: 1049: 953: 567: 447: 280: 269: 4531:

The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali

4522:

Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China

1232: 4754:

The Lancang Guard and the Construction of Ming society in northwest Yunnan

5467: 5383: 5140:"Chapter 3: Military Campaigns against Yunnan: A Cross-Regional Analysis" 2123: 2119: 2088: 2084: 1428: 1411:

and all other armies of the Tang empire were called and concentrating at

1408: 1396: 1372: 1353: 1283: 1101: 476: 311: 214: 5179:

Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代

2091:. The Nanzhao king Quanfengyou commissioned Chinese architects from the 2064:, and became an "enlightened God." He established an altar to propagate 1666:

A poem written in Square Bai script on the Shanhua tablet (山花碑), 15th c.

5499: 5284: 4558:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

2924:

Mystifying China's Southwest Ethnic Borderlands: Harmonious Heterotopia

2492: 2146: 2056: 1969: 1945:

were offered to the Benzhu lords around a metal pillar with the aid of

1914: 1883: 1871: 1574: 1523: 1492:, however they ultimately retreated, being unable to take the capital. 1460: 1361: 1279: 1264: 1251: 1224: 1187: 1183: 1149: 1072: 1052:(then known as the "Black Man"), but that the elite spoke a variant of 1004: 618: 614: 554: 364: 1897: 5548: 5478: 5436: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5274: 4204: 2065: 2048: 1985: 1946: 1938: 1718: 1540: 1527: 1526:, in 877 by a local military force organized by the Yang family from 1416: 1365: 1045: 985: 945: 344: 260: 249: 150: 99: 5006:

The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906

3646:

Stories from an Ancient Land: Perspectives on Wa History and Culture

4727:

Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700

1799:

Carving of Yimouxun (r. 779-808) from the Shizhongshan Grottoes in

5494: 4596:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).

2038: 1896: 1875: 1816: 1794: 1669: 1661: 1615: 1584:

In 902, the dynasty came to a bloody end when the chief minister (

1556: 1357: 1027: 1015: 998: 990: 975: 949: 824: 606: 322: 1198:

739, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of

5484: 5243: 4541:. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2047:

Buddhism practiced in Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom was known as

1403:

for the protectorate was established in Haimen (near modern-day

1308: 1105: 610: 5247: 4224:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

3010:. Indiana University: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. 1709:

The ethnicity of Nanzhao's ruling elite is not clear. Both the

1088:. The Black Mywa (Wuman), considered to be predecessors of the 5056:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

2122:

or esoteric Buddhism. Acharya itself means guru or teacher in

1383:(according to some historians, the Puzi were ancestors of the 750: 5214:

The Nan-chao Kingdom and T'ang China's Southwestern Frontier

4385:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

3494:

The role of Nanzhao history in the formation of Bai identity

2027:

The Yi worshiped and deified their ancestors similar to the

1246:

Geluofeng accepted a Tibetan title and acted as part of the

1100:

was a major component and later moved south into modern-day

2161:

in what is today Myanmar, as well as Tibet and Bengal (see

2157:. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the 1415:

for reconquering Annan. A supply fleet of 1,000 ships from

4709:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

1628:. Bare-footed warriors, possibly the Luojuzi on the right. 4933:

Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤

4903:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

4794:

The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

1064:. Scriptures unearthed from Nanzhao were written in the 4482:

Blackmore, M. (1960). "The Rise of Nan-Chao in Yunnan".

3682: 3680: 3667: 3665: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3583: 3581: 3327: 3325: 3124: 3122: 3053: 3051: 2016:

only perform some exorcism to cure diseases. Generally,

1343:. Relations with the Tang broke down after the death of 932:) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now 4299: 4297: 3752: 3750: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3539: 3354: 3352: 2980: 2978: 1763:

in the Tang period. The name Bo was first cited in the

4083:

Ann Heirman, Carmen Meinert, Christoph Anderl (2018).

3984: 3982: 3933:

Ann Heirman, Carmen Meinert, Christoph Anderl (2018).

3264: 3262: 1870:(Burmese people), who originally lived in present-day 940:

during the 8th and 9th centuries, during the mid/late

5086:. University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies. 4762:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

3038: 3036: 3034: 3007:

Exploring nationalisms of China: themes and conflicts

2012:

can perform rituals linked to death. For most cases,

1431:, a general who had made his reputation fighting the 1176: 1154: 706: 692: 4600:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

1339:

In 846, Nanzhao raided the southern Tang circuit of

5587: 5458: 5435: 5412: 5324: 5296: 5233:"Theravada Buddhism and Shan/Thai/Dai/Laos Regions" 4718:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492

4085:

Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia

3935:

Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia

877: 869: 859: 851: 837: 832: 818: 804: 799: 783: 767: 762: 744: 739: 723: 718: 700: 686: 679: 674: 656: 642: 637: 628: 602: 512: 502: 490: 482: 472: 454: 438: 430: 412:

Nanzhao and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.

30: 5105:. United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc. 4597: 4569: 1783:using Chinese characters was mentioned during the 1573:rebellion. By the end of 880 the rebels had taken 5122:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 2024:can be of both aristocratic and humble families. 5039:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 278–287. 4815:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4443:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 789: 773: 5605:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 4824:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 4676:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. 2105: 2004:are more revered and can read Yi scripts while 1844: 1808: 1742: 1723: 1532: 1494: 1465: 1427:The Tang launched a counterattack in 864 under 1296: 1204: 1162: 980:The Nanzhao Dragon on Nanzhao Folklore Island, 4537:Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 4357:India China Encyclopedia Vol. 1 (2014), p. 151 4291:India China Encyclopedia Vol. 1 (2014), p. 256 1769:(c. 241 and 238 BC) and appeared again in the 1726:after 740, to have been a Yi-dominated polity. 5259: 4822:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South 4272:. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 1905:, built by King Quan Fengyou (劝丰佑) of Nanzhao 1443:According to G. Evans in his final monograph 662: 648: 8: 5181:. Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī. 5124:. Institute for Asian and African Studies 7. 4935:. Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī. 4107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1626:Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings 4249:"Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China" 3908:"Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China" 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2008:cannot. Both can perform rituals, but only 909: 5266: 5252: 5244: 5065:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition 4840:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 4813:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 4634:. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. 4572:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 4260: 4258: 4017:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell1995 ( 3133:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell1995 ( 2989:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell2001 ( 2335: 2020:can only be from humble civil birth while 1685:Extant sources from Nanzhao and the later 810: 736: 671: 27: 5153:"Chapter 4: Rule Based on Native Customs" 4916:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4203: 4175:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSkutch2005 ( 3370: 3331: 3316: 3292: 3280: 3253: 3241: 1996:as the teacher. A lesser priest known as 843: 3418: 3152:. American Academic Press. p. 187. 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3057: 1933:practiced an indigenous religion called 1908: 1604:seized power in 937 and established the 44: 5103:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 4701:Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China 4539:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 4196:European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 4012: 4000: 3671: 3572: 3128: 2984: 2884: 2172: 4961:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 4785:The Chinese, their history and culture 4333: 4303: 4217: 4215: 4190:Berounsky, Daniel (15 December 2020). 4170: 4121: 4100: 3988: 3950: 3920: 3852: 3840: 3756: 3698: 3686: 3631: 3616: 3599: 3587: 3560: 3545: 3500:(Master of Arts). University of Oregon 3478: 3466: 3454: 3394: 3358: 2153:is very different from other forms of 2141:The area had a strong connection with 1368:island and was replaced by Wang Kuan. 1075:people came to power in Yunnan during 625: 4345: 4043: 4031: 3973:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 5" 3382: 3343: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2669: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2425: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 1721:claim descent from Nanzhao's rulers. 511: 501: 497: 7: 5635: 4693:The History of the History of the Yi 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3741: 3710: 3530: 3518: 3442: 3430: 3406: 3304: 3268: 3229: 3092:"Nanzhao 南詔 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 3042: 2948:Joe Cummings, Robert Storey (1991). 2895:, p. 63. Stanford University Press. 1738:Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County 956:. The kingdom was officially called 5678:Former countries in Chinese history 4871:Science & Civilisation in China 4711:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 4505:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 2074:The Rites of the Great Consecration 2068:doctrines in Changdong Mountain of 1678:, made of leather, wood, and hide, 1649:Sources that believe Nanzhao was a 1271:in the 820s, finally defeating the 16:Kingdom in southern China (738–902) 4972:, University of California Press, 4783:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964). 4729:. Harvard University Asia Center. 4484:Journal of Southeast Asian History 1980:. The religion is named after the 1646:, to receive a Chinese education. 1561:Shunhuazhen (r. 897-902) from the 1032:Luoshengyan (r. 674-712) from the 952:, with its capitals in modern-day 14: 4905:. University of California Press. 4631:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 4473:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). 4452:The Woman Who Discovered Printing 3148:Zhou, Zhenhe; You, Rujie (2017). 944:. It was centered on present-day 5634: 5623: 5622: 4623:. Otto Harrassowitz · Wiesbaden. 3203:Yongjia, Liang (6 August 2018). 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 586: 572: 547: 419: 81: 74: 4820:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), 4556:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). 2927:. Lexington Books. p. 43. 2118:Azhali is considered a sect of 1331:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan 1077:Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign 425:Kingdom of Nanzhao as of 879 AD 5427:Yunnan Agricultural University 5216:, Cambridge University Press, 4990:, Cambridge University Press, 4950:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). 4877:. Cambridge University Press. 4796:. Cambridge University Press. 4450:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008). 4416:. Princeton University Press. 4319:. City of Dali. Archived from 4317:"Nanzhao State and Dali State" 4227:. Abc-Clio. 10 February 2014. 4152:The Benzhu religion of the Bai 3648:. Berghahn Books. p. 11. 1772:Records of the Grand Historian 1545:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty 1407:). Ten thousand soldiers from 1278:In 829, Wang Cuodian attacked 1177: 1155: 1020:Xinuluo (r. 649-674) from the 901: 790: 751: 707: 693: 663: 649: 1: 5231:Chan, Maung (28 March 2005). 5101:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). 5082:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). 5058:. University of Hawaii Press. 5008:. Cambridge University Press. 4968:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), 4894:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 4477:. Princeton University Press. 1153:the territory. The remaining 5172:. Columbia University Press. 5159:. Columbia University Press. 5146:. Columbia University Press. 5063:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). 5004:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979). 4847:Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). 4842:. Columbia University Press. 4649:Graff, David Andrew (2016). 4604:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3150:Chinese Dialects and Culture 1508:End of territorial expansion 5490:Crossing-the-bridge noodles 5035:. In Zhou, Minglang (ed.). 5013:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), 4988:A History of the Vietnamese 4901:Schafer, Edward H. (1985). 4849:Early Landscapes of Myanmar 4811:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). 4787:. Vol. 1–2. Macmillan. 4524:, Stanford University Press 3729:Journal of the Siam Society 3190:Journal of the Siam Society 1878:. The Bamar would form the 1862:Nanzhao's invasions of the 825: 5704: 4954:. Oxford University Press. 4578:Cambridge University Press 4381:Dahei tianshen daochang yi 3866:"罗苴子是什么意思_罗苴子的解释_汉语词典_词典网" 3491:Yang, Yuqing (June 2008). 2079:In 851, an inscription in 1328: 1044:(then known as the "White 18: 5673:Former monarchies of Asia 5618: 5282: 5033:"Language policy for Bai" 4619:Golden, Peter B. (1992). 4496:10.1017/S0217781100000132 4441:Barfield, Thomas (1989). 4158:November 3, 2013, at the 3937:. BRILL. pp. 87–88. 3894:"The Bai ethnic minority" 3725:The Tai Original Diaspora 3644:Fiskesjö, Magnus (2021). 3004:C. X. George Wei (2002). 2842: 2840: 2791: 2789: 2740: 2738: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2620: 2618: 2585: 2583: 2552: 2550: 2517: 2515: 2477: 2475: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2378: 2376: 1445:The Tai Original Diaspora 964:(大禮) from 859 to 877 and 960:(大蒙) from 738 to 859 AD, 887: 844: 811: 735: 729: 670: 633: 526: 522: 498: 418: 69: 64: 45: 5212:Backus, Charles (1981), 5015:East Asia: A New History 4970:The Birth of the Vietnam 4851:. Bangkok: River Books. 4838:Millward, James (2009). 4792:Lorge, Peter A. (2008). 4725:Herman, John E. (2007). 4628:Graff, David A. (2002). 2128:Mongol conquest of China 1941:suggest that animal and 1600:(大義寧, 929–937). Finally 644:Traditional Chinese 21:Nanzhao (disambiguation) 5129:Xue, Zongzheng (1992). 5120:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). 5054:Wang, Zhenping (2013). 4913:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution 4892:Rong, Xinjiang (2013). 4766:Oxford University Press 4699:Harrel, Stevan (1995), 4691:Harrel, Stevan (1995), 4566:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 3457:, pp. 95, 104–105. 2332:Family tree of monarchs 2278:Quanli(sheng) r.816-823 2266:Quanlongcheng r.809-816 2218:Piluoge r.(728-)738-748 2132:Ming conquest of Yunnan 995:Nanzhao Folklore Island 968:(大封民) from 877 to 902. 658:Simplified Chinese 5339:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau 4959:Skutsch, Carl (2005), 4910:Shaban, M. A. (1979). 4752:Huang, Caiwen (2020), 4716:Haywood, John (1998). 4707:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 4529:Bryson, Megan (2019), 4520:Bryson, Megan (2016), 4512:Bryson, Megan (2013), 4267:"Out of the mountains" 2867:b.877-d.902; r.897-902 2765:b.844-d.877; r.859-877 2707:b.802-d.823; r.816-823 2700:b.798-d.816; r.809-816 2637:b.778-d.809; r.808-809 2602:b.754-d.808; r.779-808 2534:b.712-d.779; r.748-779 2452:b.673-d.728; r.712-728 2395:b.634-d.712; r.674-712 2360:b.617-d.674; r.649-674 2116: 2044: 1917: 1906: 1866:brought with them the 1855: 1843: 1803: 1752: 1734: 1682: 1667: 1658:Language and ethnicity 1629: 1566: 1550: 1505: 1486: 1319: 1215: 1173: 1037: 1025: 1008: 1007:, 9th century, Nanzhao 996: 988: 774: 5668:902 disestablishments 5404:Pudacuo National Park 4986:Taylor, K.W. (2013), 4760:Kiernan, Ben (2019). 4744:Herman, John (2009), 4720:. Barnes & Noble. 4503:Bregel, Yuri (2003). 4456:Yale University Press 4432:Asimov, M.S. (1998). 4087:. BRILL. p. 87. 3181:Baker, Chris (2002). 2921:Yang, Yuqing (2017). 2326:Shunhuazhen r.897-902 2290:Quanfengyou r.823-859 2042: 2029:Chinese folk religion 1912: 1900: 1798: 1673: 1665: 1619: 1560: 1218:Territorial expansion 1031: 1019: 1002: 994: 979: 865:လၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ (lâan tsāw) 455:Common languages 446:(both in present-day 444:Yangjumie (after 779) 5196:Yule, Henry (1915). 4931:Sima, Guang (2015). 4436:. UNESCO Publishing. 4323:on 3 September 2006. 3521:, pp. 117, 119. 3170:. Shanghai: 上海人民出版社. 2893:Tibetan Civilization 2891:Stein, R. A. (1972) 2206:Shengluopi r.712-728 2083:dedicated images to 1391:, possibly from the 19:For other uses, see 5595:Old Town of Lijiang 5588:Visitor attractions 5164:Yang, Bin (2008c). 5151:Yang, Bin (2008b). 5138:Yang, Bin (2008a). 5031:Wang, Feng (2004). 3445:, pp. 117–118. 3373:, pp. 444–445. 2705:Quanli(sheng) 勸利(晟) 2254:Xungequan r.808-809 2230:Geluofeng r.748-779 1401:government-in-exile 879:Nuosu (Northern Yi) 871:Nuosu (Northern Yi) 504:• Established 52:Nuosu / Northern Yi 5663:738 establishments 5200:. Hakluyt Society. 5177:Yuan, Shu (2001). 4875:The Gunpowder Epic 4514:Baijie and the Bai 4445:. Basil Blackwell. 4387:35, 2012, pp. 3-69 4370:72, 2013, pp. 3-31 4265:Zhen Wang (2018). 3232:, p. 101-102. 2339:Family of Nanzhao 2314:Longshun r.878-897 2242:Yimouxun r.779-808 2194:Luosheng r.674-712 2101:Nanzhao Tushu juan 2045: 1918: 1913:Modern symbol for 1907: 1804: 1683: 1668: 1630: 1567: 1423:Tang counterattack 1038: 1026: 1009: 997: 989: 934:southwestern China 514:• Overthrown 442:Taihe (before 779) 5650: 5649: 5610:South China Karst 5543:Steam pot chicken 5450:Eighteen Oddities 5422:Yunnan University 5223:978-0-521-22733-9 5046:978-1-4020-8038-8 4942:978-957-32-0876-1 4873:. Vol. V:7: 4858:978-974-9863-31-2 4803:978-0-521-60954-8 4736:978-0-674-02591-2 4683:978-1-4067-3503-1 4660:978-0-415-46034-7 4548:978-0-8248-0368-1 4465:978-0-300-12728-7 4454:. Great Britain: 4423:978-0-691-13597-7 3723:G. Evans (2014). 3655:978-1-789-20888-7 3481:, p. 33, 35. 3469:, p. 33, 36. 3183:"From Yue To Tai" 3166:周振鹤; 游汝杰 (1986). 3115:. 19 August 2018. 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2698:Quanlongcheng 勸隆晟 2302:Shilong r.859-877 2182:Xinuluo r.649-674 1791:Forced migrations 1335:Siege of Songping 1325:Invasion of Annan 1267:, conquering the 1258:Attack on Sichuan 891: 890: 758: 757: 714: 713: 681:Standard Mandarin 624: 623: 598: 597: 594: 593: 560: 559: 357:ABBASID CALIPHATE 5695: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5625: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5240: 5227: 5201: 5192: 5173: 5160: 5147: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5097: 5078: 5059: 5050: 5027: 5009: 5000: 4982: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4927: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4862: 4843: 4834: 4816: 4807: 4788: 4779: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4664: 4645: 4624: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4575: 4561: 4552: 4533: 4525: 4516: 4508: 4499: 4478: 4469: 4446: 4437: 4427: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205:10.4000/ebhr.249 4187: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3831:, p. 134-5. 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3771:, p. 127-8. 3766: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3164:Translated from 3163: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2951:China, Volume 10 2945: 2939: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2889: 2816:d.897; r.878-897 2714:d.859; r.823-859 2345: 2344: 2336: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2155:Chinese Buddhism 2143:Tantric Buddhism 2114: 2000:is elected, but 1943:human sacrifices 1853: 1841: 1801:Jianchuan County 1750: 1732: 1548: 1503: 1484: 1451:Siege of Chengdu 1393:Indian continent 1345:Emperor Xuanzong 1317: 1213: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1158: 1157: 1098:Tai ethnic group 1062:Loloish language 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 903: 883:ꂷꏂꌅ (ma'shy'nzy) 847: 846: 828: 814: 813: 795: 794: 779: 754: 753: 737: 731: 710: 709: 696: 695: 672: 666: 665: 652: 651: 626: 590: 589: 576: 575: 564: 563: 551: 550: 544: 543: 528: 527: 423: 404: 402: 393: 391: 382: 380: 371: 369: 360: 358: 351: 349: 340: 338: 329: 327: 318: 316: 307: 305: 296: 294: 285: 283: 276: 274: 265: 263: 256: 254: 245: 243: 232: 230: 221: 219: 210: 208: 199: 197: 190: 188: 179: 177: 168: 166: 157: 155: 146: 144: 135: 133: 124: 122: 113: 111: 110:UYGHUR KHAGANATE 104: 102: 95: 93: 86: 85: 78: 59: 55: 48: 47: 42: 28: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5614: 5583: 5454: 5431: 5408: 5320: 5292: 5278: 5272: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5208: 5206:Further reading 5195: 5189: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5113: 5100: 5094: 5081: 5075: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5030: 5025: 5017:, AuthorHouse, 5012: 5003: 4998: 4985: 4980: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4930: 4924: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4885: 4867:Needham, Joseph 4865: 4859: 4846: 4837: 4832: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4595: 4588: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4536: 4528: 4519: 4511: 4502: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4378: 4374: 4368:Asian Ethnology 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4198:(55): 102–106. 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160:Wayback Machine 4146: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055:Moore 2007: 236 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3949: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283:, p. 53-4. 3279: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3256:, p. 52-3. 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3045:, pp. 280. 3041: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2866: 2865:Shunhuazhen 舜化貞 2815: 2764: 2713: 2712:Quanfengyou 勸豐祐 2706: 2699: 2636: 2601: 2533: 2499:r.(728-)738-748 2498: 2496: 2458: 2451: 2394: 2359: 2357: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2255: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2231: 2228: 2219: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2115: 2112: 2037: 1974:ethnic religion 1967: 1955:Nanzhao tuzhuan 1923: 1895: 1864:Pyu city-states 1860: 1854: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1793: 1751: 1748: 1733: 1730: 1707: 1660: 1639: 1614: 1577:and seized the 1563:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1555: 1549: 1539: 1522:region, modern 1510: 1504: 1501: 1485: 1482: 1474: 1469: 1453: 1425: 1419:was organized. 1337: 1329:Main articles: 1327: 1318: 1315: 1305:Pyu city-states 1273:Tagaung Kingdom 1269:Pyu city-states 1260: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1172: 1169: 1137:to ask for the 1118: 1034:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1022:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1014: 974: 921: 918: 915: 912: 904:, also spelled 792: 776: 763:Vietnamese name 617: 613: 609: 587: 573: 548: 515: 505: 465: 461: 445: 443: 426: 414: 413: 409: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 398: 396: 394: 389: 387: 385: 383: 378: 376: 374: 372: 367: 365: 363: 361: 356: 354: 352: 345: 343: 341: 334: 332: 330: 323: 321: 319: 312: 310: 308: 303:Paleo-Siberians 301: 299: 297: 290: 288: 286: 281: 279: 277: 272: 270: 268: 266: 261: 259: 257: 250: 248: 246: 240: 237: 235: 233: 226: 224: 222: 215: 213: 211: 204: 202: 200: 195: 193: 191: 186: 184: 182: 180: 175: 173: 171: 169: 164: 162: 160: 158: 153: 151: 149: 147: 142: 140: 138: 136: 131: 129: 127: 125: 120: 118: 116: 114: 109: 107: 105: 100: 98: 96: 91: 89: 87: 80: 60: 57: 56: 49: 43: 36: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5632: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:Sichuan pepper 5559: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5506:Jidou liangfen 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5473:Pineapple rice 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Diqing Plateau 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5228: 5222: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5187: 5174: 5161: 5148: 5135: 5131:Turkic peoples 5126: 5117: 5112:978-0810860537 5111: 5098: 5092: 5079: 5073: 5060: 5051: 5045: 5028: 5024:978-1477265161 5023: 5010: 5001: 4996: 4983: 4978: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4835: 4830: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4789: 4780: 4774: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4666: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4625: 4616: 4610: 4593: 4586: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4534: 4526: 4517: 4509: 4500: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4410:Andrade, Tonio 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4372: 4359: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4308: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4254: 4240: 4233: 4211: 4182: 4173:, p. 350. 4163: 4148:Cultural China 4140: 4126: 4114: 4093: 4075: 4066: 4064:Harvey 1925: 3 4057: 4048: 4046:, p. 105. 4036: 4024: 4005: 4003:, p. 350. 3993: 3978: 3964: 3943: 3925: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3871: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819:, p. 136. 3809: 3807:, p. 132. 3797: 3795:, p. 131. 3785: 3783:, p. 129. 3773: 3761: 3746: 3744:, p. 126. 3734: 3715: 3713:, p. 124. 3703: 3701:, p. 247. 3691: 3689:, p. 246. 3676: 3661: 3654: 3636: 3634:, p. 244. 3621: 3619:, p. 243. 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 183. 3577: 3575:, p. 118. 3565: 3550: 3535: 3533:, p. 120. 3523: 3511: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 116. 3423: 3421:, p. 157. 3411: 3409:, p. 137. 3399: 3397:, p. 283. 3387: 3375: 3371:Twitchett 1979 3363: 3348: 3336: 3332:Blackmore 1960 3321: 3317:Blackmore 1960 3309: 3307:, p. 103. 3297: 3293:Blackmore 1960 3285: 3281:Blackmore 1960 3273: 3271:, p. 102. 3258: 3254:Blackmore 1960 3246: 3242:Blackmore 1960 3234: 3222: 3215: 3195: 3173: 3158: 3140: 3118: 3097: 3076: 3062: 3047: 3030: 3016: 2996: 2974: 2960: 2940: 2933: 2913: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2532:Geluofeng 閣羅鳳 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2450:Shengluopi 盛邏皮 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2110: 2036: 2033: 1966: 1963: 1922: 1919: 1894: 1891: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1837: 1823:栗些, Xifan 西番, 1792: 1789: 1749:Stevan Harrell 1746: 1731:Stevan Harrell 1728: 1706: 1703: 1674:Armour of the 1659: 1656: 1638: 1635: 1622:Zhang Shengwen 1613: 1610: 1554: 1551: 1537: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1480: 1457:Tibetan Empire 1452: 1449: 1424: 1421: 1326: 1323: 1313: 1307:, present-day 1259: 1256: 1248:Tibetan Empire 1237:Yanyuan County 1219: 1216: 1209: 1167: 1143:Tibetan Empire 1117: 1114: 1060:), a Northern 1013: 1010: 973: 970: 938:Southeast Asia 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 875: 874: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 849: 848: 841: 835: 834: 830: 829: 822: 816: 815: 808: 802: 801: 797: 796: 787: 781: 780: 771: 765: 764: 760: 759: 756: 755: 748: 742: 741: 740:Transcriptions 733: 732: 727: 721: 720: 716: 715: 712: 711: 704: 698: 697: 690: 684: 683: 677: 676: 675:Transcriptions 668: 667: 660: 654: 653: 646: 640: 639: 635: 634: 631: 630: 622: 621: 604: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 584: 578: 577: 570: 561: 558: 557: 552: 540: 539: 534: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 488: 487: 484: 480: 479: 474: 470: 469: 467:Middle Chinese 456: 452: 451: 440: 436: 435: 432: 428: 427: 424: 416: 415: 411: 410: 395: 384: 373: 362: 353: 342: 331: 320: 309: 298: 287: 278: 267: 258: 247: 234: 223: 212: 201: 192: 181: 170: 159: 148: 137: 126: 115: 106: 97: 88: 79: 73: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5700: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5643: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:Dali Old Town 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Yangzong Lake 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5188:957-32-4273-7 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5074:9780674088467 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4997:9780520074170 4993: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4979:9780520074170 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4923:0-521-29534-3 4919: 4915: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4884:0-521-30358-3 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4831:9780520011458 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4775:9780190053796 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4653:. Routledge. 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4611:0-618-13384-4 4607: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4587:0-521-66991-X 4583: 4579: 4576:. Cambridge: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4348:, p. 55. 4347: 4342: 4339: 4336:, p. 35. 4335: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4306:, p. 32. 4305: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4234:9781610690188 4230: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4124:, p. 31. 4123: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4094:9789004366152 4090: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4073:Hall 1960: 11 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4034:, p. 94. 4033: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4015:, p. 87. 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3944:9789004366152 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3855:, p. 37. 3854: 3849: 3846: 3843:, p. 94. 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759:, p. 37. 3758: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674:, p. 68. 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3602:, p. 42. 3601: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3563:, p. 36. 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3548:, p. 35. 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3419:Beckwith 1987 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3385:, p. 20. 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3361:, p. 30. 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3346:, p. 57. 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319:, p. 57. 3318: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295:, p. 56. 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3244:, p. 50. 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3216:9780429944031 3212: 3209:. Routledge. 3208: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3161: 3159:9781631818844 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3131:, p. 89. 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3060:, p. 65. 3059: 3058:Beckwith 1987 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3019: 3017:0-313-31512-4 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2987:, p. 84. 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2963: 2961:0-86442-123-0 2957: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2934:9781498502986 2930: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909:0-8047-0901-7 2906: 2902: 2901:0-8047-0806-1 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2847: 2845: 2821: 2819: 2796: 2794: 2770: 2768: 2745: 2743: 2719: 2717: 2696: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2635:Xungequan 尋閣勸 2625: 2623: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2588: 2572: 2570: 2567:Fengjiayi 鳳迦異 2557: 2555: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2520: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2482: 2480: 2464: 2462: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2381: 2365: 2363: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2159:Pagan Kingdom 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2136:Zhu Yuanzhang 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097:Three Pagodas 2095:to build the 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055:. In 839, an 2054: 2050: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929:sources, the 1928: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1903:Three Pagodas 1899: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1880:Pagan Kingdom 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1848: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1766:Lüshi Chunqiu 1762: 1758: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1483:Wang Zhenping 1479: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:Buddhist monk 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1316:Wang Zhenping 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1166: 1161: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Cang Mountain 1124: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056:(also called 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1001: 993: 987: 983: 978: 971: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 936:and northern 935: 931: 927: 919:Southern Zhao 907: 899: 895: 886: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 842: 840: 836: 831: 827: 823: 821: 817: 809: 807: 803: 798: 788: 786: 782: 778: 772: 770: 766: 761: 749: 747: 743: 738: 734: 728: 726: 722: 717: 705: 703: 699: 691: 689: 685: 682: 678: 673: 669: 661: 659: 655: 647: 645: 641: 636: 632: 627: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 603:Today part of 601: 585: 583: 580: 579: 571: 569: 566: 565: 562: 556: 553: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 521: 517: 507: 493: 489: 485: 481: 478: 475: 471: 468: 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 441: 437: 433: 429: 422: 417: 403: 392: 381: 370: 359: 350: 348: 339: 337: 328: 326: 317: 315: 306: 304: 295: 293: 284: 275: 264: 255: 253: 244: 242: 231: 229: 220: 218: 209: 207: 198: 189: 178: 167: 156: 145: 134: 123: 112: 103: 94: 84: 77: 68: 63: 53: 40: 29: 26: 22: 5639: 5627: 5576: 5567:Shiping tofu 5554: 5547: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5477: 5354:Dianchi Lake 5349:Honghe River 5236: 5213: 5197: 5178: 5169: 5156: 5143: 5133:. 中国社会科学出版社. 5130: 5121: 5102: 5083: 5064: 5055: 5036: 5014: 5005: 4987: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4932: 4912: 4902: 4893: 4874: 4870: 4848: 4839: 4821: 4812: 4793: 4784: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4673: 4670:Hall, D.G.E. 4650: 4630: 4620: 4599: 4592:(paperback). 4571: 4557: 4538: 4530: 4521: 4513: 4504: 4490:(2): 47–61. 4487: 4483: 4474: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4413: 4403:Bibliography 4392: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4321:the original 4311: 4287: 4278: 4243: 4223: 4195: 4185: 4166: 4147: 4143: 4129: 4117: 4084: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4013:Harrell 1995 4008: 4001:Skutsch 2005 3996: 3991:, p. 6. 3967: 3934: 3928: 3923:, p. 7. 3916: 3902: 3888: 3874: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3737: 3728: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3672:Schafer 1967 3645: 3639: 3595: 3573:Kiernan 2019 3568: 3526: 3514: 3502:. 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Retrieved 2950: 2943: 2923: 2916: 2892: 2887: 2600:Yimouxun 異牟尋 2140: 2117: 2113:Jianxiong Ma 2106: 2100: 2093:Tang dynasty 2078: 2073: 2046: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1968: 1959:Qiang people 1954: 1951:Dali Kingdom 1927:Yuan dynasty 1924: 1888: 1882:in medieval 1868:Bamar people 1861: 1852:Huang Caiwen 1845: 1840:Huang Caiwen 1809: 1805: 1785:Ming dynasty 1777:Yuan dynasty 1770: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1743: 1735: 1724: 1708: 1695: 1691:Bai language 1687:Dali Kingdom 1684: 1680:Qing dynasty 1648: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1606:Dali Kingdom 1585: 1583: 1568: 1562: 1533: 1511: 1495: 1487: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1426: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1338: 1320: 1303:(one of the 1297: 1277: 1261: 1245: 1241:Dali kingdom 1221: 1205: 1196: 1174: 1170:M. Blackmore 1163: 1148: 1139:Tang dynasty 1119: 1110: 1093: 1070: 1066:Bai language 1057: 1039: 1033: 1021: 965: 961: 957: 942:Tang dynasty 929: 905: 893: 892: 719:Tibetan name 688:Hanyu Pinyin 638:Chinese name 582:Dali Kingdom 537:Succeeded by 536: 531: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 291: 251: 238: 227: 216: 205: 161: 25: 5572:Xuanwei ham 5394:Pearl River 5379:Yilong Lake 5359:Fuxian Lake 4963:, Routledge 4334:Bryson 2016 4304:Bryson 2016 4171:Skutch 2005 4122:Bryson 2016 3989:Bryson 2013 3921:Bryson 2013 3853:Bryson 2016 3841:Bryson 2019 3757:Herman 2007 3699:Taylor 1983 3687:Taylor 1983 3632:Taylor 1983 3617:Taylor 1983 3600:Taylor 2013 3588:Walker 2012 3561:Herman 2007 3546:Herman 2007 3479:Herman 2007 3467:Herman 2007 3455:Coedès 1968 3395:Herman 2009 3359:Herman 2007 2814:Longshun 隆舜 2393:Luosheng 邏盛 2356:Xinuluo 細奴邏 2163:Pala Empire 1755:pronounced 1620:Section of 1602:Duan Siping 1288:Du Yuanying 1081:Sui dynasty 1048:") and the 926:Yi language 532:Preceded by 5657:Categories 5389:Yuan River 5364:Erhai Lake 5237:Boxun News 5093:0892641371 4641:0415239559 4346:Huang 2020 4044:Huang 2020 4032:Huang 2020 3504:30 January 3383:Huang 2020 3344:Huang 2020 2880:References 2763:Shilong 世隆 2497:b.697-d748 1931:Bai people 1781:Bai script 1717:in modern 1715:Bai people 1705:Bai and Yi 1637:Government 1594:Datianxing 1571:Huang Chao 1515:Dadu River 1413:Halong Bay 1192:Changjiang 1175:Two other 1123:Erhai Lake 1042:Bai people 1003:Figure of 982:Erhai Lake 775:Nam Chiếu 769:Vietnamese 702:Wade–Giles 483:Government 121:PRATIHARAS 5688:Vajrayana 5578:Zhe'ergen 5538:Pu'er tea 5533:Mushrooms 5414:Education 5399:Red River 5369:Lugu Lake 5326:Geography 4103:cite book 3953:cite book 3829:Wang 2013 3817:Wang 2013 3805:Wang 2013 3793:Wang 2013 3781:Wang 2013 3769:Wang 2013 3742:Wang 2013 3731:(Report). 3711:Wang 2013 3531:Wang 2013 3519:Wang 2013 3443:Wang 2013 3431:Wang 2013 3407:Wang 2013 3305:Wang 2013 3269:Wang 2013 3230:Wang 2013 3043:Wang 2004 2903:(cloth); 2358:Duluo 獨羅 2081:Jianchuan 2070:Tengchong 1988:known as 1978:Yi people 1935:Benzhuism 1921:Benzhuism 1819:man 摩些蠻, 1711:Yi people 1699:Yongchang 1676:Yi people 1590:Dachanghe 1579:Tong Pass 1490:Qiongzhou 1385:Wa people 1186:based in 1090:Yi people 1050:Yi people 966:Dafengmin 954:Dali City 800:Thai name 752:ljang yul 568:Dachanghe 473:Religion 448:Dali City 377:BYZANTINE 368:KHAGANATE 282:SRIVIJAYA 5629:Category 5468:Barbeque 5384:Xi River 5311:Politics 4896:. Brill. 4869:(1986). 4672:(1960). 4568:(1999). 4560:. Brill. 4507:. Brill. 4412:(2016). 4156:Archived 3192:: 17–19. 2457:Yangé 炎閣 2151:Mahākāla 2124:Sanskrit 2120:Tantrism 2111:— 2089:Amitabha 2085:Maitreya 2035:Buddhism 1893:Religion 1850:— 1838:— 1747:— 1729:— 1644:Chang'an 1612:Military 1598:Dayining 1538:— 1500:— 1481:— 1435:and the 1429:Gao Pian 1409:Shandong 1397:Haiphong 1381:Wangjuzi 1373:Songping 1362:Yongzhou 1354:Songping 1314:— 1284:governor 1275:in 832. 1212:An Zixiu 1210:— 1168:— 1135:Chang'an 1116:Founding 1102:Thailand 930:Mashynzy 833:Lao name 812:น่านเจ้า 708:Nan-chao 486:Monarchy 477:Buddhism 314:Samoyeds 217:Jurchens 130:RASHTRA- 119:GURJARA- 58:Mashynzy 5683:Nanzhao 5641:Commons 5527:Mi xian 5500:Hot pot 5460:Cuisine 5437:Culture 5316:Economy 5306:History 5298:General 5289:capital 5285:Kunming 3168:方言与中国文化 2493:Piluoge 2147:Guanyin 2066:tantric 2057:acharya 1986:priests 1976:of the 1972:is the 1970:Bimoism 1965:Bimoism 1915:Bimoism 1884:Myanmar 1872:Qinghai 1831:羅羅 and 1575:Luoyang 1553:Decline 1524:Guizhou 1437:Tanguts 1405:Hạ Long 1301:Biaoguo 1280:Chengdu 1265:Myanmar 1252:Kunming 1229:Xiaguan 1225:Sichuan 1188:Chengdu 1184:Sichuan 1150:Piluoge 1073:Cuanman 1012:Origins 1005:Guanyin 972:History 928:: ꂷꏂꌅ, 913: 906:Nanchao 898:Chinese 894:Nanzhao 826:Nanchao 785:Chữ Hán 730:འཇང་ཡུལ 725:Tibetan 694:Nánzhào 629:Nanzhao 619:Vietnam 615:Myanmar 555:Cuanman 491:History 439:Capital 434:Kingdom 399:TIBETAN 347:Shatuos 336:Tanguts 292:Kyrgyzs 206:Khitans 187:DYNASTY 65:738–902 39:Chinese 32:Nanzhao 5556:Rushan 5549:Rubing 5520:Mi gan 5479:Erkuai 5334:Cities 5277:topics 5275:Yunnan 5220: 5185: 5109: 5090: 5071: 5043: 5021: 4994: 4976: 4939: 4920: 4881: 4855: 4828: 4800: 4772: 4733: 4680: 4657: 4638: 4608: 4584: 4545: 4462: 4420: 4231: 4091: 3941: 3652: 3213: 3156: 3023:15 May 3014: 2967:15 May 2958: 2931: 2907: 2899: 2062:Heqing 2053:Heqing 2049:Azhali 1982:Shaman 1953:. The 1947:bronze 1939:Yunnan 1833:Echang 1829:Luoluo 1825:Baiman 1719:Yunnan 1541:Lu Xie 1528:Shanxi 1520:Bozhou 1461:Xizhou 1417:Fujian 1366:Hainan 1358:Bozhou 1349:Bozhou 1292:Yizhou 1233:Mu'ege 1121:ruled 986:Yunnan 958:Dameng 946:Yunnan 900:: 777:Đại Lễ 494: 431:Status 401:EMPIRE 390:YABGUS 388:OGHUZ- 379:EMPIRE 366:KHAZAR 325:Kimeks 271:DVARA- 262:CHENLA 252:Tatars 241:YABGHU 239:KARLUK 228:Tungus 176:SHAHIS 143:EMPIRE 5495:Honey 5485:Ferns 5445:Music 4674:Burma 4270:(PDF) 3880:"全历史" 3498:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 2911:(pbk) 2459:?-712 1876:Gansu 1858:Bamar 1821:Lisuo 1817:Mosuo 1813:Boren 1586:buxie 1565:(899) 1547:, 880 1433:Türks 1341:Annan 1309:Prome 1178:zhaos 1156:zhaos 1086:Erhai 1054:Nuosu 1036:(899) 1024:(899) 950:China 746:Wylie 607:China 459:Nuosu 196:SILLA 152:CHAM- 132:KUTAS 5513:Lufu 5218:ISBN 5183:ISBN 5107:ISBN 5088:ISBN 5069:ISBN 5041:ISBN 5019:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4937:ISBN 4918:ISBN 4879:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4826:ISBN 4798:ISBN 4770:ISBN 4731:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4636:ISBN 4606:ISBN 4582:ISBN 4543:ISBN 4460:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4229:ISBN 4177:help 4135:"圖片" 4109:link 4089:ISBN 4019:help 3959:link 3939:ISBN 3650:ISBN 3506:2023 3211:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3135:help 3025:2011 3012:ISBN 2991:help 2969:2011 2956:ISBN 2929:ISBN 2905:ISBN 2897:ISBN 2495:皮邏閣 2149:and 2087:and 2022:bimo 2018:suni 2014:suni 2010:bimo 2006:suni 2002:bimo 1998:suni 1994:bimo 1990:bimo 1901:The 1874:and 1827:白蠻, 1815:僰人, 1779:. 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