861:
area to larger ones. When males approach females, they are often feeding, allowing the males to get closer without an aggressive response and also meaning the female is not moving. On approach, the male makes himself known by tapping on a web strand to ensure the female is amenable before proceeding to mate. When met with aggression, males stop approaching and remain in the same location until the female relaxes or they retreat. Females engage in multiple mating, but no benefit to the offspring occurs as a result of this; however, the energy cost of repelling a male is higher than that of allowing him to copulate. As a result of this, sperm competition occurs through males altering the duration and frequency of mating, with longer mating being proportional to a greater likelihood of success.
684:
836:
669:
113:
765:, and an unknown compound may also aid in the color. Experimental evidence suggests that the silk's color may serve a dual purpose: sunlit webs ensnare bees that are attracted to the bright yellow strands, whereas in shady spots, the yellow blends in with background foliage to act as a camouflage. The spider is able to adjust pigment intensity relative to background light levels and color; the range of spectral reflectance is specifically adapted to insect vision.
137:
1025:, occurs through the formation of a soft exoskeleton inside the current one. Once the old exoskeleton is shed, the new, larger one begins to harden. Ecdysis occurs when the spider's mass becomes too great for the current exoskeleton to support. Male spiders seek out females for copulation and live on their webs. When mating season arrives, both males and females stop molting and remain the same size for the remainder of their lives.
392:. Species from Taiwan have been known to reach over 130 mm (5.1 in), legspan included, in mountainous country. In 2014, a study discovered that golden orb-weavers living in urban areas, particularly areas of a high socioeconomic status, grew larger and carried more eggs than those in their native habitats. A number of possible explanations were suggested, such as increased food supplies due to artificial light or lack of
2277:
1071:
2291:
799:
web" may function as a kind of early-warning system for incoming prey or against spider-hunting predators, or as a shield against windblown leaves; it may also be remnants of the owner's previous web. At least one reference explains the suspended debris-chain as a cue for birds to avoid blundering into and destroying the web.
903:
due to a loss of hydrostatic pressure. Conversely, as temperatures cool down, the spiders position themselves perpendicular to the sun to retain as much heat energy as possible. When ambient temperatures reach extreme highs (above 40 °C), they may leave their webs and seek shade in the surrounding environment.
380:, most of them have striped legs specialized for weaving (where their tips point inward, rather than outward as is the case with many wandering spiders). Their contrast of dark brown/black and green/yellow allows warning and repelling of potential predators to which their venom might be of little danger.
879:
Females produce an egg sac in the surrounding environs of the web to protect their eggs. The eggs are deposited on a silk platform, then are covered in loose silk to form a sac, which is firmly attached to surrounding vegetation so that it is hidden from the view of predators. It is reported that egg
860:
When males are fully mature, they leave their webs to search for a suitable female, often using web characteristics to identify potential mates. Often, multiple males attempt to court the same female, thus competition for territory on the web occurs, but is rarely physical, as smaller males surrender
851:
spiders display large sexual dimorphism in size, with females being greatly larger than males. Debate exists as to whether this is a result of male dwarfism or female gigantism. Smaller males may be selected for due to the presence of competition for mating. Smaller males are quicker and more nimble,
807:
The golden silk orb-weaver targets many different organisms as prey, ranging from small flies and beetles to larger cicadas and locusts. As a result of their strong web structure, small birds and bats can also become trapped and fed upon. Whilst most of the captured prey is relatively small compared
1053:
do not seem to form either beneficial or harmful relationships with humans. Females often construct their webs using human structures as a base for support strands due to their stability. Individuals are often found in urban and suburban environments due to the protection from predation and greater
902:
spiders change their body positioning relative to the sun to maintain internal temperatures at an optimal level. As ambient temperatures increase, the spiders position themselves so the abdomen shades the cephalothorax from the sun. Spiders may also hang from their hind legs as a result of the heat
798:
Adjacent to one face of the main orb, a rather extensive and haphazard-looking network of guard-strands may be suspended a few centimeters distant across a free space. This network is often decorated with a lumpy string or two of plant detritus and insect carcasses clumped with silk. This "barrier
772:
spiders are complex, with a fine-meshed orb suspended in a maze of non-sticky barrier webs. As with many weavers of sticky spirals, the orb is renewed regularly if not daily, apparently because the stickiness of the orb declines with age. When weather is good (and no rain has damaged the orb web),
773:
subadults and adults often rebuild only a portion of the web. The spider removes and consumes the portion to be replaced, builds new radial elements, then spins the new spirals. This partial orb renewal is distinct from other orb-weaving spiders that usually replace the entire orb web. The web of
725:
is large, many habitat similarities are seen between these locations. A warm and reasonably wet climate is generally preferred, as these are some of the environmental cues that induce spiderling hatching. Locally, spiders look for relatively dense vegetation where webs can be set up in areas that
821:
species also create caches of food for storage, which can be found above the hub of the web and contain up to 15 prey items. These items are arranged in a line vertically and are wrapped in silk to reduce dehydration. Caches are created and grow when prey is readily available and more biomass is
782:
Typically, the golden orb-weaver first weaves a nonsticky spiral with space for two to 20 more spirals in between (the density of sticky spiral strands decreases with increasing spider size). When she has completed the coarse weaving, she returns and fills in the gaps. Whereas most orb-weaving
856:
upon copulation. Larger individuals reduce the success of these plugs, allowing for multiple mating and reducing the risk of genital mutilation. Gigantism in females is also associated with fecundity, as larger individuals can produce more eggs and therefore increase reproductive success.
1090:. In 2004 a textile designer, Simon Peers, and an entrepreneur, Nicholas Godley managed in three years' work and using 1.2 million Golden silk orb-weavers (collected in the wild and released some 30 minutes later after they produced the silk) to produce a shawl that was exhibited at the
1000:
species build vertical, elliptical orbs that are incomplete (missing the portion of the orb over the hub, the center where the spider sits). The latter seem to prefer more open habitat such as second-growth scrub or forest edges. Fences or building overhangs often do just as nicely.
869:
as a result of male mating behaviours. By copulating when females are immobile after molting or inactive due to feeding, the males increase their chances of survival. Males also approach from the side of the web opposite the female, increasing the odds of a successful approach. Male
383:
Golden orb-weavers reach sizes of 4.8–5.1 cm (1.5–2 in) in females, not including legspan, with males being usually two-thirds smaller (less than 2.5 cm, 1 in). In 2012, a large individual was photographed killing and consuming a 0.5-m-long
826:
species may also respond to food shortages by moving their webs, but this is a response to longer periods of prey scarcity than cache creation. Web moving is seen as a result of environmental change, whereas caches occur from environmental fluctuation.
852:
allowing them to be able to catch the females more easily, as well as to escape when threatened. Larger males may have to wait for the female to come close due to their slower speed. Larger females may have been selected for as a result of males using
1121:
silk is an excellent scaffold material thanks to its biocompatibility, mechanical strengths, and its property to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. In particular, the silk acts as a suitable guiding material for peripheral nerve regrowth.
890:
species. They lay eggs in small pits on the ground to avoid parasitism. These sacs can contain from 300 to 3000 eggs, depending on mating success and particular species. Once hatched, the spiderlings inhabit a communal web to begin their lives.
974:
spiderlings leave the egg sac as a result of environmental cues, often warmer and wetter conditions in spring. They then live on a communal web, eating dead siblings and web debris for around a week before dispersing to make individual webs.
812:, the majority of biomass consumed comes from larger, rarer prey. Prey larger than 66% of the captor's size accounts for just 16.5% of prey captured, but 85% of prey consumed, indicating the spider is selective in its feeding habits.
1042:, so any bite can cause some mechanical damage, but only of short-term localised effect for humans. However, further studies of the venom components are needed to better understand pathways associated with any toxicity.
1037:
is one of several genera where the venom "must be considered as more or less ineffectual in human beings". That said, the potentially large size of several members of the genus means that they possess relatively strong
710:. Spiderlings can be carried by the wind over long distances, and each year, a small number of female golden orb web spiders are found in New Zealand (where they are not endemic) after having been blown across the
794:
In relation to the ground, the webs of adults may be woven from eye-level upwards high into the tree canopy. The orb web is usually truncated by a top horizontal support strand, giving it an incomplete look.
2249:[Peripheral nervous tissue engineering with spider silk] (in German). Hannover: Klinik fĂĽr Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover. Archived from
1054:
prey availability. As they weave their webs in bushes and near flowers, they might present a nuisance for gardeners or flower pickers. Some nests near fruits may repel or destroy known pests, such as
822:
available for consumption than is required by the spider. The purpose of caches is to have a backup food source when prey is scarce and occasionally to provide bait to attract more prey to the web.
915:
species is relatively uncommon; when it does occur, the main group affected are the juvenile individuals. The major predators are birds, but wasps and damselflies also prey upon smaller juveniles.
815:
Spiders are notified that potential prey has been caught in the web through vibrations along strands, and these can be followed to the prey location on the web and be used to estimate prey size.
1033:
The venom of the golden silk orb-weaver is effective in action on prey, but has not been reported to be of any notable consequence for humans if accidentally bitten. In the literature,
876:
is reported to have a mate binding behavior to avoid sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism does still occur, but generally is more common with larger males, and from older females.
984:) in general color and shape (both genera sport silver stripes or patches on their abdomens, described in some references as a form of heat control). The best distinction between
1182:
Cameron, H. D. (2005). "Chapter 73: An etymological dictionary of North
American spider genus names". In Ubick, Darrell; Paquin, Pierre; Cushing, Paula E.; et al. (eds.).
2499:
2538:
1866:
Kuntner, Matjaž; Kralj-Fišer, S.; Schneider, Jutta; Li, Daiqin (2009). "Mate
Plugging Via Genital Mutilation In Nephilid Spiders: An Evolutionary Hypothesis".
2200:
1357:"On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae, Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus"
2630:
1977:
Humphreys, W. F. (1993). Criteria for identifying thermal behaviour in spiders: a low technology approach. Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum 33, 543–550.
791:" effect when the orb is seen in the sun: groups of sticky spirals reflecting light with "gaps" where the nonsticky spiral does not reflect the light.
2473:
2525:
683:
1216:
726:
insects will regularly fly through. Urban environments are also attractive due to the large prey concentrations and lower levels of predation.
311:
consists of numerous species found in warmer regions around the world, although some species formerly included in the genus have been moved to
1274:
958:
Egg sacs generally remain free from both predation and parasitism, often due to the close proximity of the mother and how well it is hidden.
746:
species remain in their webs permanently, so have a higher predation risk. The golden silk orb-weaver is named for the yellow color of the
1301:"Golden Orbweavers Ignore Biological Rules: Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses Unravel a Complex Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism"
2135:
1091:
978:
Young spiders do not generally build yellow-colored silk, and the young themselves can be easily mistaken for young orchard spiders (
1692:
668:
1552:
1191:
702:
Golden silk orb-weavers are widespread in warmer regions throughout the world, with species in
Australia, Asia, Africa (including
1114:
2023:
1094:
in 2009. By 2012 they managed to produce a second, bigger garment, a cape, that, together with the shawl, were exhibited at the
2530:
1013:
spiders inhabit their individual webs, then begin their growth by the molting process. The time between molts is called an
2640:
2246:
2635:
1756:
Champion; de
Crespigny, F.; Herberstein, M.; Elgar, M. (2001). "Food caching in orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)".
835:
642:, as he considered it unlikely that the amber was actually Burmese in origin. Though largely ambiguous, the origins of
2512:
2408:
2385:
2314:
1410:
1095:
1075:
2225:
2543:
1129:
webs and form them into a ball, which is thrown into the water. There it unfolds and is used to catch bait fish.
136:
443:
2038:
592:
477:(or "red-legged golden orb-weaver spider") found most commonly in southern and East Africa, transferred from
566:
112:
2325:
484:
473:
462:
451:
389:
544:
2602:
2561:
2019:
1087:
519:
20:
2413:
2579:
508:
2597:
2553:
2447:
2372:
1832:
1765:
1507:
1300:
1224:
603:
496:
235:
2625:
935:
web to feed from the host spider's captured prey. The frequent rebuilding or abandoning of webs by
775:
555:
2171:
2080:
1102:
made of this spider silk were included in an exhibition of curios from the natural world in 2021.
2149:
1914:
1848:
1789:
1738:
1533:
1476:
1384:
1110:
862:
131:
2566:
2303:
1411:"Molecular evidence that Trichonephila antipodiana and Nephila laurinae may be the same species"
2504:
2434:
1781:
1673:
1632:
1525:
1468:
1376:
1330:
1197:
1187:
1086:
silk although none commercially viable. These include two bed hangings that were shown at the
655:
2589:
1650:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Justyn, Nicholas M.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Shawkey, Matthew D. (2017-06-01).
1958:
1906:
1875:
1840:
1823:
Coddington, Jonathan; Hormiga, G; Scharff, N (1997). "Giant female or dwarf male spiders?".
1773:
1730:
1663:
1624:
1515:
1460:
1422:
1368:
1320:
1312:
944:
928:
788:
758:
524:
385:
2172:"Spider silk at the V&A: A tangled (and exquisite) web they wove | The Economist"
2110:
2081:"Spider silk at the V&A: A tangled (and exquisite) web they wove | The Economist"
1099:
882:
872:
840:
639:
577:
533:
252:
122:
1426:
1836:
1769:
1511:
372:
spiders vary from reddish to greenish yellow in color with distinctive whiteness on the
1325:
427:
1987:
2619:
2363:
2281:
1879:
1537:
1388:
1356:
627:
414:
373:
346:
313:
208:
70:
1918:
1809:
Robinson, M. and
Robinson, B. (1973). Ecology and behavior of the giant wood spider
1793:
1742:
1480:
742:
spiders produce large asymmetric orb webs up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter.
466:(or "banana spider") found widely in warmer parts of the Americas, transferred from
2439:
1852:
715:
585:
276:
244:
1894:
1718:
1448:
2295:
1932:
499:
does not accept all of these changes, listing the following species in the genus
2486:
2377:
2357:
1813:(Fabricius) in New Guinea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, (149), pp.1-76.
1059:
1055:
1022:
853:
747:
659:
301:
178:
45:
2390:
2276:
2250:
1496:"Biogeographical history of golden orbweavers: Chronology of a global conquest"
1372:
1070:
447:("Batik Golden Web Spider"), found most commonly in the Philippines and Vietnam
2308:
2201:"Eight years and 2m arachnids later, spider silk fabrics go on show in London"
2139:
1587:
1039:
754:
711:
703:
623:
377:
218:
90:
55:
2348:
1636:
1529:
1494:
Turk, Eva; Čandek, Klemen; Kralj-Fišer, Simona; Kuntner, Matjaž (June 2020).
1472:
1201:
2460:
1963:
1946:
1557:
1316:
923:
168:
148:
95:
2517:
1947:"Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider"
1785:
1677:
1380:
1334:
1247:
2400:
2290:
1777:
996:
species tend to build horizontal orbs that form a perfect circle, whereas
2421:
2342:
1464:
1062:. Spiders may bite humans if provoked but more often flee if confronted.
980:
707:
647:
615:
397:
393:
188:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
24:
2478:
1893:
Kuntner, MatjaĹľ; Zhang, Shichang; GregoriÄŤ, MatjaĹľ; Li, Daiqin (2012).
1734:
1668:
1651:
1018:
762:
488:(or "tiger spider") found most commonly in Australia, transferred from
455:, found most commonly in South Africa and Madagascar, transferred from
376:
and the beginning of the abdomen. Like many species of the superfamily
100:
75:
2426:
2188:
Simon Peers, a textile designer, and
Nicholas Godley, an entrepreneur,
1520:
1495:
1248:"Giant 'gentle spiders' collected in Taiwan for study at U-M-Dearborn"
1217:"Cairns man Ant Hadleigh snaps incredible pics of snake-eating spider"
2491:
1910:
1844:
1608:
1082:
There have been several efforts in the past to produce garments from
1014:
783:
spiders remove the nonsticky spiral when spinning the sticky spiral,
651:
304:
198:
158:
2319:
2006:
Venomous
Animals and Their Venoms: Volume III Venomous Invertebrates
1719:"Prey capture in orb weaving spiders: are we using the best metric?"
1628:
1299:
Matjaz, Kuntner; Hamilton, Chris A.; Cheng, Ren-Chung (2018-12-04).
1153:
1017:
and seven to 12 of these can occur depending on food availability.
434:. Species whose placement has been changed by some sources include:
2465:
2574:
1069:
834:
297:
1895:"Nephila Female Gigantism Attained through Post-maturity Molting"
2226:"Biocompatible matrix for tissue engineering and wound dressing"
880:
sacs are mostly under leaves and other coverings. However, only
2323:
2452:
1652:"Spiders have rich pigmentary and structural colour palettes"
2310:
A Golden Spider-Silk
Textile at the Art Institute of Chicago
1933:
Sperm
Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating systems
1805:
1803:
588:) – India to China, Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, Australia
927:, a genus of very small black-and-silver spiders that are
1125:
Fishermen on the coasts of the Indo-Pacific ocean remove
1074:
Cape made from Madagascar golden orb-weaver spider silk,
753:
Yellow threads of their web shine like gold in sunlight.
1607:
Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007).
2247:"Tissue Engineering peripherer Nerven mit Spinnenseide"
779:
contains ant-repellent chemicals to protect the web.
23:. For the race mentioned in the Book of Genesis, see
1275:"Friendly Neighborhood Spiders Get Bigger in Cities"
757:
are the main contributors to this yellow color, but
2332:
2111:"1 Million Spiders Make Golden Silk for Rare Cloth"
1098:in London. Two shawls and a traditional Madagascan
349:, meaning "fond of spinning", from the words νεῖν (
1184:Spiders of North America: An identification manual
1613:(Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region"
1609:"The systematics and biology of the spider genus
2066:Heimer, S. (1988). Wunderbare Welt der Spinnen.
1693:"Golden orb web spider spins ant-repellent silk"
931:. As many as a few dozen may infest a single
614:Additional fossil species are known from the
8:
1447:Selden, Paul A.; Ren, Dong (November 2017).
1588:http://www.uvm.edu/~lehiggin/LifeCycle.html
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
2320:
2039:"Spider silk cape goes on show at V&A"
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1578:
1576:
307:noted for the impressive webs they weave.
111:
31:
2062:
2060:
1962:
1667:
1519:
1409:Yuan, Tao; Zhang, Zhisheng (2020-12-04).
1324:
1691:Phillips, Campbell (23 November 2011).
1138:
664:
921:species are frequently parasitized by
721:Whilst the geographic distribution of
2109:Leggett, Hadley (23 September 2009).
1449:"A review of Burmese amber arachnids"
7:
2580:737187FF-FF9D-983E-B4FF-FC75FA95D9DA
2554:d52570da-df62-439e-960a-cf544309be71
1945:Fromhage, L.; Schneider, J. (2004).
1586:Life Cycle. Uvm.edu. Available at:
1427:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9628.2020.02.010
714:; the spiders usually end up in the
19:For the use in Aramaic culture, see
2304:Pictures of golden silk orb-weavers
2141:Rare Spider Silk on Exhibit at AMNH
2004:BĂĽcherl, W.; Buckley, E.E. (1971).
1273:Thompson, Helen (August 20, 2014).
1186:. American Arachnological Society.
787:spiders leave it. This produces a "
2136:American Museum of Natural History
1553:"Giant spider feast for moreport?"
1551:Sivignon, Cherie (19 March 2016).
1092:American Museum of Natural History
650:. With the prime candidates being
441:was considered to be a synonym of
14:
2631:Extant Jurassic first appearances
2037:Kennedy, Maev (24 January 2012).
1215:Serenc, Michael (19 April 2012).
2603:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01397
2289:
2275:
2024:"Spiders in the city are bigger"
1880:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00533.x
1355:Sankaran, Pradeep (2020-06-04).
1115:Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
939:may be a tactic for controlling
682:
667:
135:
2152:from the original on 2021-12-21
1935:. 1st ed. Elsevier, pp.223-250.
1656:Journal of Experimental Biology
2008:. Academic Press. p. 562.
750:used to construct these webs.
630:, Wunderlich 2015 synonymised
1:
1164:. Natural History Museum Bern
412:species were reclassified as
1994:. The University of Vermont.
1252:The University Record Online
992:juveniles is web structure:
283:
1988:"Summer: Growth by Molting"
495:As of April 2024, the
426:) considered in 2020 to be
317:. They are commonly called
126:, Agumbe Rainforest, India
2657:
1373:10.11646/zootaxa.4786.4.11
1096:Victoria and Albert Museum
1076:Victoria and Albert Museum
1058:, without the need to use
735:Web spinning and structure
18:
951:also inhabit the webs of
549:Biswas & Biswas, 2006
444:Trichonephila antipodiana
282:
275:
268:
263:
250:
243:
132:Scientific classification
130:
119:
110:
34:
1617:Invertebrate Systematics
1254:. University of Michigan
1105:Another possible use of
1009:Once they are juvenile,
907:Predation and parasitism
886:is different than other
803:Prey capture and feeding
698:Distribution and habitat
610:– Indonesia, Fiji, Tonga
357:νήμα "thread") + φίλος (
353:) = to spin (related to
1500:Journal of Biogeography
1367:(4: 4 Jun. 2020): 594.
1117:reports that processed
1046:Interaction with humans
831:Mating and reproduction
622:was described from the
620:Geratonephila burmanica
593:Nephila tetragnathoides
571:Ghafoor & Beg, 2002
319:golden silk orb-weavers
1899:Journal of Arachnology
1723:Journal of Arachnology
1717:Blackledge, T (2011).
1453:Journal of Arachnology
1079:
1021:, the shedding of the
845:
844:female with many males
567:Nephila pakistaniensis
562:– Myanmar to Indonesia
485:Trichonephila plumipes
474:Trichonephila inaurata
463:Trichonephila clavipes
390:Freshwater, Queensland
35:Golden silk orb-weaver
2562:Paleobiology Database
2138:(24 September 2009).
2097:1900 Paris Exhibition
2020:Australian Geographic
1964:10.1093/beheco/ari011
1778:10.1007/s001140000194
1697:Australian Geographic
1317:10.1093/sysbio/syy082
1088:1900 Paris Exhibition
1073:
1056:Tephritid fruit flies
947:spiders of the genus
838:
21:Orion (constellation)
2641:Araneomorphae genera
2300:at Wikimedia Commons
1986:Higgins, L. (2017).
1582:Higgins, L. (2017).
1465:10.1636/JoA-S-17-029
1162:World Spider Catalog
955:as kleptoparasites.
497:World Spider Catalog
452:Trichonephila komaci
418:, with another two (
2636:Pantropical spiders
1837:1997Natur.385..687C
1770:2001NW.....88...42C
1758:Naturwissenschaften
1512:2020JBiog..47.1333T
1113:. A study from the
776:Nephila antipodiana
638:a species from the
599:– Fiji, Tonga, Niue
545:Nephila dirangensis
2253:on 3 December 2012
1951:Behavioral Ecology
1931:Smith, R. (1984).
1868:Journal of Zoology
1735:10.1636/chi10-52.1
1669:10.1242/jeb.156083
1305:Systematic Biology
1246:Gallagher, Terry.
1111:tissue engineering
1080:
1005:Molting and growth
863:Sexual cannibalism
846:
608:(Walckenaer, 1847)
597:(Walckenaer, 1841)
560:(Doleschall, 1859)
520:Nephila constricta
515:– Comoros, Mayotte
327:giant wood spiders
323:golden orb-weavers
2613:
2612:
2326:Taxon identifiers
2294:Media related to
2178:. 25 January 2012
2087:. 25 January 2012
1831:(6618): 687–688.
1662:(11): 1975–1983.
1521:10.1111/jbi.13838
768:The webs of most
609:
598:
583:
582:(Fabricius, 1793)
572:
561:
550:
539:
529:– Tropical Africa
528:
514:
289:
288:
258:(Fabricius, 1793)
239:
2648:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2321:
2311:
2293:
2280:Data related to
2279:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1911:10.1636/b12-03.1
1890:
1884:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1845:10.1038/385687a0
1820:
1814:
1811:Nephila maculata
1807:
1798:
1797:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1604:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1506:(6): 1333–1344.
1491:
1485:
1484:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1328:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:on 21 April 2012
1223:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1150:
945:Spiny orb-weaver
895:Thermoregulation
789:manuscript paper
759:xanthurenic acid
686:
671:
646:are undoubtedly
636:Nephilia tenuis,
607:
596:
581:
570:
559:
548:
537:
523:
512:
509:Nephila comorana
490:Nephila plumipes
479:Nephila inaurata
468:Nephila clavipes
439:Nephila laurinae
408:In 2018, twelve
386:brown tree snake
345:is derived from
234:
140:
139:
120:Ventral side of
115:
105:
42:
41:Ypresian–present
38:Temporal range:
32:
16:Genus of spiders
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2309:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:(August 2014).
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1629:10.1071/is05016
1606:
1605:
1594:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1221:The Cairns Post
1214:
1213:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1135:
1068:
1048:
1031:
1007:
969:
964:
929:kleptoparasitic
909:
897:
883:Nephila pilipes
873:Nephila pilipes
865:is uncommon in
833:
805:
737:
732:
700:
693:
687:
678:
672:
640:Dominican Amber
604:Nephila vitiana
578:Nephila pilipes
534:Nephila cornuta
428:junior synonyms
406:
367:
341:The genus name
339:
259:
256:
233:
134:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2354:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2301:
2287:
2286:at Wikispecies
2271:
2270:External links
2268:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2217:
2192:
2163:
2127:
2101:
2072:
2056:
2029:
2011:
1996:
1979:
1970:
1957:(2): 377–382.
1937:
1924:
1905:(3): 345–347.
1885:
1874:(4): 257–266.
1858:
1815:
1799:
1748:
1729:(2): 205–210.
1709:
1683:
1642:
1592:
1572:
1543:
1486:
1459:(3): 324–343.
1439:
1415:Acta Arachnida
1401:
1347:
1311:(4): 555–572.
1291:
1265:
1238:
1207:
1192:
1174:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1067:
1064:
1047:
1044:
1030:
1027:
1006:
1003:
968:
965:
963:
960:
908:
905:
896:
893:
832:
829:
804:
801:
736:
733:
731:
728:
699:
696:
695:
694:
688:
681:
679:
673:
666:
632:Geratonephilia
612:
611:
600:
589:
574:
563:
552:
541:
538:(Pallas, 1772)
530:
516:
493:
492:
481:
470:
459:
457:Nephila komaci
448:
405:
402:
366:
363:
338:
335:
331:banana spiders
287:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:Aranea pilipes
248:
247:
241:
240:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2176:economist.com
2173:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2115:Wired Science
2112:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2085:economist.com
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1561:. p. A18
1560:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:9780977143900
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:silk lies in
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
976:
973:
966:
961:
959:
956:
954:
950:
949:Gasteracantha
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
914:
911:Predation of
906:
904:
901:
894:
892:
889:
885:
884:
877:
875:
874:
868:
864:
858:
855:
850:
843:
842:
837:
830:
828:
825:
820:
816:
813:
811:
802:
800:
796:
792:
790:
786:
780:
778:
777:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
734:
729:
727:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
691:
685:
680:
676:
670:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Burmese amber
625:
621:
617:
606:
605:
601:
595:
594:
590:
587:
580:
579:
575:
569:
568:
564:
558:
557:
556:Nephila kuhli
553:
547:
546:
542:
536:
535:
531:
526:
522:
521:
517:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
502:
498:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
476:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
446:
445:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
415:Trichonephila
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
379:
375:
374:cephalothorax
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Ancient Greek
344:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:Trichonephila
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
294:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
262:
255:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
232:
231:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:Araneomorphae
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2333:
2296:
2282:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2228:. 2010-07-19
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2207:. 2021-09-06
2205:the Guardian
2204:
2195:
2187:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2140:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:
2096:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2067:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:The Guardian
2042:
2032:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1764:(1): 42–45.
1761:
1757:
1751:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1583:
1563:. Retrieved
1556:
1546:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1418:
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1364:
1360:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1308:
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1251:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1220:
1210:
1183:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1161:
1158:Leach, 1815"
1155:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1106:
1104:
1083:
1081:
1060:insecticides
1050:
1049:
1034:
1032:
1010:
1008:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
977:
971:
970:
957:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
922:
918:
917:
912:
910:
899:
898:
887:
881:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:mating plugs
848:
847:
839:
823:
818:
817:
814:
809:
806:
797:
793:
784:
781:
774:
769:
767:
752:
743:
739:
738:
722:
720:
716:North Island
701:
692:ventral side
689:
674:
643:
635:
631:
619:
613:
602:
591:
576:
565:
554:
543:
532:
518:
513:Strand, 1916
507:
500:
494:
489:
483:
478:
472:
467:
461:
456:
450:
442:
438:
431:
423:
419:
413:
409:
407:
382:
369:
368:
361:) = "love".
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
308:
292:
291:
290:
269:
251:
245:Type species
229:
228:
205:Infraorder:
121:
29:
2487:iNaturalist
2358:Wikispecies
2146:YouTube.com
1279:Smithsonian
1066:Golden silk
1023:exoskeleton
967:Spiderlings
755:Carotenoids
748:spider silk
706:), and the
677:dorsal side
660:Australasia
365:Description
302:araneomorph
179:Chelicerata
175:Subphylum:
2626:Nephilidae
2620:Categories
2232:2011-02-23
2211:2021-09-21
1623:(5): 407.
1432:23 October
1421:(2): 120.
1394:23 October
1340:23 October
1284:August 21,
1168:2017-05-13
1133:References
1040:chelicerae
962:Life cycle
841:N. pilipes
712:Tasman Sea
704:Madagascar
656:Indomalaya
648:Gondowanan
624:Cenomanian
618:. In 2012
573:– Pakistan
432:N. pilipes
424:N. robusta
378:Araneoidea
284:11 species
219:Nephilidae
169:Arthropoda
123:N. pilipes
2257:17 August
2182:18 August
2156:17 August
2120:17 August
2091:18 August
2049:17 August
1702:16 August
1637:1445-5226
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1202:502287303
941:Argyrodes
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398:parasites
394:predators
337:Etymology
277:Diversity
270:See text
189:Arachnida
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2343:Wikidata
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1794:21994595
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