Neuroblastoma - Knowledge (XXG)

1086: 3054: 3058: 867:), into low, intermediate, and high risk disease. A recent biology study (COG ANBL00B1) analyzed 2687 people with neuroblastoma and the spectrum of risk assignment was determined: 37% of neuroblastoma cases are low risk, 18% are intermediate risk, and 45% are high risk. (There is some evidence that the high- and low-risk types are caused by different mechanisms, and are not merely two different degrees of expression of the same mechanism.) 731:

met to review data for 8,800 people with neuroblastoma treated in Europe, Japan, USA, Canada, and Australia between 1990 and 2002. This task force has proposed the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system. Retrospective studies revealed the high survival rate of 12–18 month-old age group, previously categorized as high-risk, and prompted the decision to reclassify 12–18 month-old children without N-

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Those with favorable characteristics (tumor grade and response) received four cycles of chemotherapy, and those with unfavorable characteristics received eight cycles, with three-year event free survival and overall survival stable at 90% for the entire cohort. Future plans are to intensify treatment for those people with aberration of 1p36 or 11q23 chromosomes as well as for those who lack early response to treatment.

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reduction, thyroid function disorders, learning difficulties, and greater risk of secondary cancers affect survivors of high-risk disease. An estimated two of three survivors of childhood cancer will ultimately develop at least one chronic and sometimes life-threatening health problem within 20 to 30 years after the cancer diagnosis.

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in children with neuroblastoma whether another type of nuclear imaging, fluoro-deoxy-glucose – positron emission tomography, often termed "F-FDG-PET", might be useful. Evidence suggests that this might be advisable to use in children with neuroblastoma for which mIBG does not work, but more research is needed in this area.

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Recent focus has been to reduce therapy for low and intermediate risk neuroblastoma while maintaining survival rates at 90%. A study of 467 people that are at intermediate risk enrolled in A3961 from 1997 to 2005 confirmed the hypothesis that therapy could be successfully reduced for this risk group.

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understood the tumor to originate from primitive neural cells, and named it neuroblastoma. He also noted the circular clumps of cells in bone marrow samples which are now termed "Homer Wright rosettes". Of note, "Homer-Wright" with a hyphen is grammatically incorrect, as the eponym refers to just Dr.

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of 13 hours, I-123 is the preferred isotope for imaging sensitivity and quality. I-131 has a half-life of 8 days and at higher doses is an effective therapy as targeted radiation against relapsed and refractory neuroblastoma. As mIBG is not always taken up by neuroblastomas, researchers have explored

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People with low and intermediate risk disease have an excellent prognosis with cure rates above 90% for low risk and 70–90% for intermediate risk. In contrast, therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma the past two decades resulted in cures only about 30% of the time. The addition of antibody therapy has

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Although international agreement on staging (INSS) has been used, the need for an international consensus on risk assignment has also been recognized in order to compare similar cohorts in results of studies. Beginning in 2005, representatives of the major pediatric oncology cooperative groups have

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rate of neuroblastoma is 67%. Between 20% and 50% of high-risk cases do not respond adequately to induction high-dose chemotherapy and are progressive or refractory. Relapse after completion of frontline therapy is also common. Further treatment is available in phase I and phase II clinical trials

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By contrast, focus the past 20 years or more has been to intensify treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. Chemotherapy induction variations, timing of surgery, stem cell transplant regimens, various delivery schemes for radiation, and use of monoclonal antibodies and retinoids to treat minimal

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Biologic and genetic characteristics have been identified, which, when added to classic clinical staging, has allowed assignment to risk groups for planning treatment intensity. These criteria include the age of the person, extent of disease spread, microscopic appearance, and genetic features

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The most common location for neuroblastoma to originate (i.e., the primary tumor) is in the adrenal glands. This occurs in 40% of localized tumors and in 60% of cases of widespread disease. Neuroblastoma can also develop anywhere along the sympathetic nervous system chain from the neck to the

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can be performed on fresh or paraffin-embedded tumors to assess copy number at these loci. SNP array virtual karyotyping is preferred for tumor samples, including neuroblastomas, because they can detect copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (acquired uniparental disomy). Copy neutral LOH can be

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Most long-term survivors alive today had low or intermediate risk disease and milder courses of treatment compared to high-risk disease. The majority of survivors have long-term effects from the treatment. Survivors of intermediate and high-risk treatment often experience hearing loss, growth

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launched the Pediatric Cancer Data Commons. These two repositories contain data of electronic health records of thousands of patients that are available for scientific research, with prior authorization. In 2022, researchers released a new data repository of electronic health records called

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level can be elevated in pre-clinical neuroblastoma. Screening asymptomatic infants at three weeks, six months, and one year has been performed in Japan, Canada, Austria and Germany since the 1980s. Japan began screening six-month-olds for neuroblastoma via analysis of the levels of

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in 1984. Screening was halted in 2004 after studies in Canada and Germany showed no reduction in deaths due to neuroblastoma, but rather caused an increase in diagnoses that would have disappeared without treatment, subjecting those infants to unnecessary surgery and chemotherapy.

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raised survival rates for high-risk disease significantly. In March 2009, an early analysis of a Children's Oncology Group (COG) study with 226 people that are high-risk showed that two years after stem cell transplant 66% of the group randomized to receive ch14.18 antibody with

498:-deleted neuroblastoma cells, as opposed to other genetic subgroups of neuroblastoma, could potentially disrupt the regulation of genes associated with neuronal differentiation, thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma. Furthermore, it was noted that 1010:(GM-CSF) to treat people one year of age and older with high-risk neuroblastoma in bone or bone marrow whose tumor did not respond to or has come back after previous treatments and has shown a partial response, minor response, or stable disease to prior therapy. 250:. About one in every 7,000 children is affected at some time. About 90% of cases occur in children less than 5 years old, and it is rare in adults. Of cancer deaths in children, about 15% are due to neuroblastoma. The disease was first described in the 1800s. 2494:

Carter RL, al-Sams SZ, Corbett RP, Clinton S (May 1990). "A comparative study of immunohistochemical staining for neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5 and S-100 protein in neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and other round cell tumours in children".

923:. A meta analysis has found evidence that in children with high-risk neuroblastoma, treatment with myeloablative therapy improves event-free survival but may increase the risk of side effects such as kidney problems when compared to conventional chemotherapy. 533: 432:

amplification within the tumor is a common finding in neuroblastoma. The degree of amplification shows a bimodal distribution: either 3- to 10-fold, or 100- to 300-fold. The presence of this mutation is highly correlated to advanced stages of disease.

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The cause of neuroblastoma is not well understood. The great majority of cases are sporadic and nonfamilial. About 1–2% of cases run in families and have been linked to specific gene mutations. Familial neuroblastoma in some cases is caused by rare

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to distant organs. PDX models are more predictive of clinical outcome as compared to conventional cancer cell line xenografts. Neuroblastoma PDXs might thus serve as clinically relevant models to identify effective compounds against neuroblastoma.

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Schilling FH, Spix C, Berthold F, Erttmann R, Sander J, Treuner J, Michaelis J (July 2003). "Children may not benefit from neuroblastoma screening at 1 year of age. Updated results of the population based controlled trial in Germany".

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Neuroblastoma comprises 6–10% of all childhood cancers, and 15% of cancer deaths in children. The annual mortality rate is 10 per million children in the 0- to 4-year-old age group, and 4 per million in the 4- to 9-year old age group.

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Subtypes 2A and 2B: found in unfavorable widespread neuroblastoma, stages 3 and 4, with 11q loss and 17q gain without N-myc amplification (subtype 2A) or with N-myc amplification often together with 1p deletions and 17q gain (subtype

513:. Factors investigated have included occupation (i.e. exposure to chemicals in specific industries), smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medicinal drugs during pregnancy, and birth factors; however, results have been inconclusive. 698:

index (MKI). This pathology classification system (the Shimada system) describes "favorable" and "unfavorable" tumors by the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee (INPC) which was established in 1999 and revised in 2003.

1105:. The age range is broad, including older children and adults, but only 10% of cases occur in people older than 5 years of age. A large European study reported less than 2% of over 4000 neuroblastoma cases were over 18 years old. 4001:

Michels E, Vandesompele J, Hoebeeck J, Menten B, De Preter K, Laureys G, et al. (2006). "Genome wide measurement of DNA copy number changes in neuroblastoma: dissecting amplicons and mapping losses, gains and breakpoints".

652:(GFAP)–positive processes tapering off toward a blood vessel (thus a combination of the two). A variety of immunohistochemical stains are used by pathologists to distinguish neuroblastomas from histological mimics, such as 3405:"A phase III randomized trial of the chimeric anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18 with GM-CSF and IL2 as immunotherapy following dose intensive chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma: Childrens Oncology Group (COG) study ANBL0032" 3706:

Gurney JG, Tersak JM, Ness KK, Landier W, Matthay KK, Schmidt ML (November 2007). "Hearing loss, quality of life, and academic problems in long-term neuroblastoma survivors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group".

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Rothenberg AB, Berdon WE, D'Angio GJ, Yamashiro DJ, Cowles RA (February 2009). "Neuroblastoma-remembering the three physicians who described it a century ago: James Homer Wright, William Pepper, and Robert Hutchison".

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Stage 3: Tumor infiltrating across midline with or without regional lymph node involvement; or unilateral tumor with contralateral lymph node involvement; or midline tumor with bilateral lymph node involvement.

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and its classification remains controversial. However, since it is not a sympathetic nervous system malignancy, esthesioneuroblastoma is a distinct clinical entity and is not to be confused with neuroblastoma.

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Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP, et al. (August 1993). "Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment".

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Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Barrett A, Berthold F, Castleberry RP, D'Angio G, et al. (December 1988). "International criteria for diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment in patients with neuroblastoma".

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Stage 4S: Age <1 year old with localized primary tumor as defined in Stage 1 or 2, with dissemination limited to liver, skin, or bone marrow (less than 10 percent of nucleated bone marrow cells are tumors).

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Ceschel S, Casotto V, Valsecchi MG, Tamaro P, Jankovic M, Hanau G, et al. (October 2006). "Survival after relapse in children with solid tumors: a follow-up study from the Italian off-therapy registry".

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was the first to describe an abdominal tumor in a child as a "glioma". The characteristics of tumors from the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla were then noted in 1891 by German pathologist

239:. Low-risk disease in babies typically has a good outcome with surgery or simply observation. In high-risk disease, chances of long-term survival, however, are less than 40%, despite aggressive treatment. 3592:

Kushner BH, Kramer K, LaQuaglia MP, Modak S, Yataghene K, Cheung NK (December 2004). "Reduction from seven to five cycles of intensive induction chemotherapy in children with high-risk neuroblastoma".

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scan, which is taken up by 90 to 95% of all neuroblastomas, often termed "mIBG-avid". The mechanism is that mIBG is taken up by sympathetic neurons, and is a functioning analog of the neurotransmitter

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were alive and disease-free compared to only 46% in the group that did not receive the antibody. The randomization was stopped so all people enrolling on the trial would receive the antibody therapy.

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Chemotherapy agents used in combination have been found to be effective against neuroblastoma. Agents commonly used in induction and for stem cell transplant conditioning are platinum compounds (

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with neuroblastic cells intermixed or in nodules, to highly malignant neuroblastoma. This distinction in the pre-treatment tumor pathology is an important prognostic factor, along with age and

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Several international initiatives have been recently launched for the sharing of data of electronic health records of patients with neuroblastoma: these data in fact can be analyzed with

648:, not to be confused with a true rosettes, which are tumor cells around an empty lumen. They are also distinct from the pseudorosettes of an ependymoma which consist of tumor cells with 991:) in induction which have been found to be effective against recurrent disease. Although further research is needed, interventions currently under pre-clinical investigation include 2289:

Strenger V, Kerbl R, Dornbusch HJ, Ladenstein R, Ambros PF, Ambros IM, Urban C (May 2007). "Diagnostic and prognostic impact of urinary catecholamines in neuroblastoma patients".

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Stage 2B: Unilateral tumor with complete or incomplete gross resection; with ipsilateral lymph node positive for tumor; identifiable contralateral lymph node negative for tumor.

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Cermakova K, Tao L, Dejmek M, Sala M, Montierth MD, Chan YS, Patel I, Chambers C, Loeza Cabrera M, Hoffman D, Parchem RJ, Wang W, Nencka R, Barbieri E, Hodges HC (2023-11-23).

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The "International Neuroblastoma Staging System" (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma according to its anatomical presence at diagnosis:

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Chicco, D., Cerono, G., Cangelosi, D. (2022), "A survey on publicly available open datasets derived from electronic health records (EHRs) of patients with neuroblastoma",

3241:"Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group" 1652:

Rothenberg AB, Berdon WE, D'Angio GJ, Yamashiro DJ, Cowles RA (July 2009). "The association between neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: a historical review".

1208:, that is, donor cells derived from parents, is being studied in those with refractory or relapsing neuroblastoma as stem cells from the person themselves is not useful. 4096: 3629:"Response and toxicity to a dose-intensive multi-agent chemotherapy induction regimen for high risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB): A Children's Oncology Group (COG A3973) study" 505:

Several risk factors have been proposed and are the subject of ongoing research. Due to characteristic early onset, many studies have focused on parental factors around

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pelvis. Frequencies in different locations include: neck (1%), chest (19%), abdomen (30% nonadrenal), or pelvis (1%). In rare cases, no primary tumor can be discerned.

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biologically equivalent to a deletion and has been detected at key loci in neuroblastoma. ArrayCGH, FISH, or conventional cytogenetics cannot detect copy neutral LOH.

1007: 4694:"Differentiated expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in experimental models and clinical neuroblastoma: Expression of Somatostatin Receptors in Neuroblastoma" 1781:

Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (June 1984). "Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage".

4903:"Initial Experience With Gallium-68 DOTA-Octreotate PET/CT and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Refractory Metastatic Neuroblastoma" 2882: 2540:"Revision of the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification: confirmation of favorable and unfavorable prognostic subsets in ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular" 5287: 1357: 1065:

Subtype 1: favorable neuroblastoma with near triploidy and a predominance of numerical gains and losses, mostly representing non-metastatic NB stages 1, 2 and 4S.

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models to infer new knowledge about this disease. To this end, the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) recently released the INRG Data Commons, while

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is localized, it is generally curable. However, long-term survival for children with advanced disease older than 18 months of age is poor despite aggressive

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Morgenstern DA, Baruchel S, Irwin MS (July 2013). "Current and future strategies for relapsed neuroblastoma: challenges on the road to precision therapy".

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for researchers in neuroblastoma biology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, and conducts meetings every two years to exchange information among them.

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The new INRG risk assignment will classify neuroblastoma at diagnosis based on a new International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS):

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Neuroblastoma often spreads to other parts of the body before any symptoms are apparent, and 50 to 60% of all neuroblastoma cases present with

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that test new agents and combinations of agents against neuroblastoma, but the outcome remains very poor for relapsed high-risk disease.

6132: 6127: 5426: 5280: 5166: 2686:"Favorable prognosis for patients 12 to 18 months of age with stage 4 nonamplified MYCN neuroblastoma: a Children's Cancer Group Study" 2587: 5789: 4797:

Albers AR, O'Dorisio MS, Balster DA, Caprara M, Gosh P, Chen F, Hoeger C, Rivier J, Wenger GD, O'Dorisio TM, Qualman SJ (2000-03-17).

3378: 1133:. In 1901 the distinctive presentation of stage 4S in infants (liver but no bone metastases) was described by William Pepper. In 1910 3947:"Unequivocal delineation of clinicogenetic subgroups and development of a new model for improved outcome prediction in neuroblastoma" 2011:"Chromosome 1p status in neuroblastoma correlates with higher expression levels of miRNAs targeting neuronal differentiation pathway" 714:

Stage 2A: Unilateral tumor with incomplete gross resection; identifiable ipsilateral and contralateral lymph node negative for tumor.

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Stage 4: Dissemination of tumor to distant lymph nodes, bone marrow, bone, liver, or other organs except as defined by Stage 4S.

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Kreissman SG, Villablanca JG, Diller L, London WB, Maris JM, Park JR, Reynolds CP, von Allmen D, Cohn SL, Matthay KK (2007).

3404: 1310: 1224: 1216: 4336:"Neuroblastoma patient-derived orthotopic xenografts retain metastatic patterns and geno- and phenotypes of patient tumours" 3155:

Haase GM, Perez C, Atkinson JB (March 1999). "Current aspects of biology, risk assessment, and treatment of neuroblastoma".

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gene within neuroblastoma tumor cells have been shown to increase the risk of developing an aggressive form of the cancer.

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The new risk stratification will be based on the new INRGSS staging system, age (dichotomized at 18 months), tumor grade,

361: 353: 5593: 1171:. Neuroblastoma PDXs retain the genetic hallmarks of their corresponding tumors and PDXs display infiltrative growth and 544:, taking into account the clinical presentation, microscopic findings, and other laboratory tests. It may arise from any 6160: 6119: 5466: 5093: 4740: 3542: 3502: 3496: 1349: 1050:

Tumors presenting with any kind of segmental chromosome copy number changes were associated with a high risk of relapse.

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Olshan AF, Bunin GR (2000). "Epidemiology of Neuroblastoma". In Brodeur GM, Sawada T, Tsuchida Y, Voûte PP (eds.).

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Friedman GK, Castleberry RP (December 2007). "Changing trends of research and treatment in infant neuroblastoma".

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Within tumors showing segmental alterations, additional independent predictors of decreased overall survival were

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Yu AL, Gilman MF, Ozkaynak WB, London S, Kreissman HX, Chen KK, Matthay SL, Cohn JM, Maris JM, Sondel PM (2009).

3331:"High-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell rescue for children with high-risk neuroblastoma" 236: 112: 3130: 2165:

McCall EE, Olshan AF, Daniels JL (August 2005). "Maternal hair dye use and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring".

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Tumors presenting exclusively with whole chromosome copy number changes were associated with excellent survival.

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Based on a series of 493 neuroblastoma samples, it has been reported that overall genomic pattern, as tested by

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implantation of tumor samples into immunodeficient mice. PDX models have several advantages over conventional

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Treatment and outcomes depends on the risk group a person is in. Treatments may include observation, surgery,

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Heck JE, Ritz B, Hung RJ, Hashibe M, Boffetta P (March 2009). "The epidemiology of neuroblastoma: a review".

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Chemotherapy with topotecan and cyclophosphamide is frequently used in refractory setting and after relapse.

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with randomization have been carried out to answer these questions to improve survival of high-risk disease:

5939: 5296: 3571: 4176:"28 years of high-dose therapy and SCT for neuroblastoma in Europe: lessons from more than 4000 procedures" 3904:

Janoueix-Lerosey I, Schleiermacher G, Michels E, Mosseri V, Ribeiro A, Lequin D, et al. (March 2009).

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Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see

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Johnson E, Dean SM, Sondel PM (December 2007). "Antibody-based immunotherapy in high-risk neuroblastoma".

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for treatment of high-risk refractory/relapsed neuroblastoma have been conducted with promising results.

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Howman-Giles R, Shaw PJ, Uren RF, Chung DK (July 2007). "Neuroblastoma and other neuroendocrine tumors".

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Earlier publications categorized neuroblastomas into three major subtypes based on cytogenetic profiles:

6081: 5733: 5692: 5416: 5253: 2372:"MIBG and somatostatin receptor analogs in children: current concepts on diagnostic and therapeutic use" 2371: 1244: 1212: 584: 555: 474: 4798: 4651:

Illhardt T, Toporski J, Feuchtinger T, Turkiewicz D, Teltschik HM, Ebinger M, et al. (May 2018).

2727:"Update on the development of the international neuroblastoma risk group (INRG) classification schema" 6170: 6071: 5901: 5697: 5507: 3857:"Long-term outcomes in survivors of neuroblastoma: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study" 1965: 1837: 1790: 1737: 1220: 1205: 1130: 818: 687: 559: 541: 357: 283: 242:

Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after

42: 4741:"Immunohistochemical evaluation of molecular radiotherapy target expression in neuroblastoma tissue" 4545: 4334:

Braekeveldt N, Wigerup C, Gisselsson D, Mohlin S, Merselius M, Beckman S, et al. (March 2015).

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Brodeur GM, Hogarty MD, Mosse YP, Maris JM (1997). "Neuroblastoma". In Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds.).

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Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, Kawashima T, Hudson MM, Meadows AT, et al. (October 2006).

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Körber V, Stainczyk SA, Kurilov R, Henrich KO, Hero B, Brors B, Westermann F, Höfer T (April 2023).

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Ladenstein R, Pötschger U, Hartman O, Pearson AD, Klingebiel T, Castel V, et al. (June 2008).

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Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Seeger RC, Stram DO, Harris RE, Ramsay NK, et al. (October 1999).

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or their metabolites are found in the urine or blood. Catecholamines and their metabolites include

274:, and joint pain are common. Symptoms depend on primary tumor locations and metastases if present: 3081:"Distinct evolutionary mechanisms for genomic imbalances in high-risk and low-risk neuroblastomas" 5884: 5704: 5646: 4930: 4883: 4834: 4779: 4721: 4633: 4311: 4027: 3732: 3688: 2995: 2952: 2569: 2520: 2314: 2190: 1916: 1677: 1634: 1516: 1134: 802: 785: 413:

gene have been implicated in familial neuroblastoma, as well. Neuroblastoma is also a feature of

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Trahair TN, Vowels MR, Johnston K, Cohn RJ, Russell SJ, Neville KA, et al. (October 2007).

1423:"Neuroblastoma arises in early fetal development and its evolutionary duration predicts outcome" 1223:

that specifically targets the somatostatin receptors. Several early phase clinical trials using

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Microscopic view of a NB cell line (SH-SY5Y) used in preclinical research for testing new agents

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2010: 220:. The cancer is divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups based on a child's age, 6063: 5911: 5892: 5828: 5717: 5461: 5326: 5228: 5188: 4979: 4922: 4875: 4852:

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Laverdière C, Liu Q, Yasui Y, Nathan PC, Gurney JG, Stovall M, et al. (August 2009).

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Schulte JH, Horn S, Otto T, Samans B, Heukamp LC, Eilers UC, et al. (February 2008).

2910: 2265: 1700: 1190: 1023: 319: 3439:"Reactivation of the G1 enhancer landscape underlies core circuitry addiction to SWI/SNF" 2477: 2243: 675:(pNTs) that have similar origins and show a wide pattern of differentiation ranging from 665: 502:

primarily targeted the majority of mRNAs that are involved in neuronal differentiation.

4693: 3473: 3438: 1969: 1841: 1794: 1741: 1457: 1422: 6019: 5934: 5578: 5569: 5499: 5160: 4974: 4949: 4585: 4560: 4532: 4458: 4433: 4409: 4384: 4360: 4335: 4262: 4245: 4073: 4046: 3881: 3856: 3355: 3330: 3306: 3281: 3216: 3191: 3107: 3080: 2508: 2430: 2405: 2142: 2125: 2101: 2076: 1986: 1953: 1929: 1882: 1858: 1825: 1758: 1725: 1125: 1117: 679: 600: 572: 446: 369: 55: 33: 5149: 4814: 4432:

Tentler JJ, Tan AC, Weekes CD, Jimeno A, Leong S, Pitts TM, et al. (April 2012).

4246:"In Situ Neuroblastomas: A Contribution to the Natural History of Neural Crest Tumors" 3644: 2970:

Brodeur GM (March 2003). "Neuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma".

2815: 2742: 1504: 6154: 6053: 6011: 5999: 5573: 5489: 5078: 3523: 2348: 2221: 1824:

Wang K, Diskin SJ, Zhang H, Attiyeh EF, Winter C, Hou C, et al. (January 2011).

1520: 1090: 968: 960: 933: 920: 834: 776: 636:

On microscopy, the tumor cells are typically described as small, round and blue, and

506: 377: 205: 166: 93: 4934: 4901:

Kong G, Hofman MS, Murray WK, Wilson S, Wood P, Downie P, et al. (March 2016).

4887: 4838: 4783: 4725: 4315: 4031: 3736: 3692: 2956: 2573: 2318: 2194: 1681: 1638: 1584: 204:. Environmental factors have not been found to be involved. Diagnosis is based on a 6091: 5957: 5896: 5724: 5712: 5441: 5384: 5239: 4637: 3346: 2999: 2524: 2421: 909: 882: 826: 806: 695: 545: 499: 495: 373: 287: 247: 232: 221: 200:

occurring in the first trimester of pregnancy. Rarely, it may be due to a mutation

193:, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. 162: 108: 3416: 3282:"Anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin for neuroblastoma" 3055:"Translating Neuroblastoma Genomics to the Clinic—J. Maris presentation ASCO 2007" 532: 524:

early in life, use of hormones and fertility drugs, and maternal use of hair dye.

352:(tumor spinal cord compression, 5% of cases), treatment-resistant diarrhea (tumor 5182: 4918: 4621: 4400: 767:

into four pre-treatment risk groups: very low, low, intermediate, and high risk.

6109: 5916: 5842: 5583: 5545: 5411: 5379: 5331: 5265: 5223: 4653:"Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory/Relapsed Neuroblastoma" 4135:"Neuroblastoma in adults and adolescents: an indolent course with poor survival" 3257: 3240: 2855: 2838: 992: 980: 972: 944: 897: 845: 305: 5242: 4669: 4652: 2662: 2626: 2028: 1911: 1439: 615:

for diagnosis and monitoring of response to treatment for this disease. With a

5869: 5856: 5851: 5838: 5781: 5728: 5641: 5484: 5193: 5134: 4965: 4870: 4853: 4759: 4449: 4299: 4152:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970515)79:10<2028::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-V

2940: 2178: 1665: 1172: 1164: 1102: 988: 952: 349: 338: 217: 209: 4822: 4767: 4385:"One mouse, one patient paradigm: New avatars of personalized cancer therapy" 3922: 3905: 3464: 2406:"123I-MIBG scintigraphy and 18F-FDG-PET imaging for diagnosing neuroblastoma" 1920: 1726:"Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene" 1448: 1101:

The highest number of cases is in the first year of life, and some cases are

6099: 5847: 5403: 5351: 5234: 5199: 4063: 3965: 3605: 2702: 2685: 2482: 2248: 1802: 1261: 1146: 1113: 1003: 984: 976: 964: 956: 940: 913: 616: 521: 510: 213: 190: 119: 4983: 4926: 4879: 4830: 4775: 4717: 4678: 4629: 4594: 4541: 4467: 4434:"Patient-derived tumour xenografts as models for oncology drug development" 4418: 4369: 4307: 4271: 4201: 4082: 4023: 3973: 3931: 3890: 3841: 3777: 3768: 3751: 3728: 3720: 3684: 3613: 3482: 3455: 3364: 3315: 3266: 3225: 3207: 3116: 3097: 3040: 2991: 2948: 2864: 2823: 2787: 2711: 2565: 2439: 2387: 2356: 2310: 2229: 2186: 2151: 2110: 2036: 1995: 1938: 1867: 1767: 1673: 1630: 1512: 1466: 628: 494:

One study strongly indicates that miRNAs that are excessively expressed in

4576: 4523: 4160: 3872: 3297: 3176: 2725:

Cohn SL, London WB, Monclair T, Matthay KK, Ambros PF, Pearson AD (2007).

2670: 2634: 2516: 1810: 755:

Stage MS: Metastatic disease "special" where MS is equivalent to stage 4S.

5820: 5633: 5476: 5248: 5033: 3832: 3815: 2778: 2761: 2092: 864: 860: 661: 645: 608: 576: 429: 309: 243: 201: 4561:"Outcome after reduced chemotherapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma" 4508:"Outcome after reduced chemotherapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma" 4192: 4175: 1977: 1849: 1749: 1491:

Maris JM, Hogarty MD, Bagatell R, Cohn SL (June 2007). "Neuroblastoma".

5047: 3169:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199903)16:2<91::AID-SSU3>3.0.CO;2-1

2904:"Screen Alert: How an Ounce of RX Prevention can Cause a Pound of Hurt" 2556: 2539: 1019: 996: 889: 810: 691: 558:, also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is believed to arise from the 279: 259: 182: 5117: 4709: 4351: 4015: 3676: 3031: 3014: 2302: 1622: 1006:

was approved for medical use in the United States in combination with

870:

The therapies for these different risk categories are very different.

644:) may be seen. Homer Wright pseudorosettes are tumor cells around the 5874: 5865: 5561: 5394: 5129: 5097: 929: 916: 853: 798: 764: 676: 672: 479: 457: 403: 365: 330: 326: 158: 5007: 3906:"Overall genomic pattern is a predictor of outcome in neuroblastoma" 2983: 4854:"177Lu-DOTATATE molecular radiotherapy for childhood neuroblastoma" 2903: 2075:

Menegaux F, Olshan AF, Neglia JP, Pollock BH, Bondy ML (May 2004).

1120:: the first to describe an abdominal tumor in a child as a "glioma" 5204: 3816:"Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer" 1826:"Integrative genomics identifies LMO1 as a neuroblastoma oncogene" 1211:

It has been shown that neuroblastoma display a high expression of

1145: 1112: 1054: 857: 760: 627: 604: 531: 517: 409: 294: 271: 178: 4133:

Franks LM, Bollen A, Seeger RC, Stram DO, Matthay KK (May 1997).

3522:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1260:

The Advances in Neuroblastoma Research Association (ANRA) is the

5171: 4739:

Gains JE, Sebire NJ, Moroz V, Wheatley K, Gaze MN (2018-03-01).

912:

or Accutane) and antibody therapy usually administered with the

888:

High-risk neuroblastoma is treated with intensive chemotherapy,

736: 596: 467: 463: 451: 438: 425: 174: 170: 5785: 5269: 1954:"Copy number variation at 1q21.1 associated with neuroblastoma" 746:

Stage L1: Localized disease without image-defined risk factors.

536:

MRI showing orbital and skull vault metastatic NB in 2-year-old

5757:

WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system

838: 445:

Other genes might have a prognostic role in neuroblastoma. A

262:

of neuroblastoma are often vague, making diagnosis difficult.

3079:

Gisselsson D, Lundberg G, Ora I, Höglund M (September 2007).

1585:"Neuroblastoma: Pediatric Cancers: Merck Manual Professional" 1252:

where data can be downloaded freely without any restriction.

315:

Bone lesions in the legs and hips may cause pain and limping.

1250:

Neuroblastoma Electronic Health Records Open Data Repository

749:

Stage L2: Localized disease with image-defined risk factors.

2077:"Day care, childhood infections, and risk of neuroblastoma" 1189:

residual disease continue to be examined. Recent phase III

983:). Some newer regimens include topoisomerase I inhibitors ( 571:

In about 90% of cases of neuroblastoma, elevated levels of

4748:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

2762:"Screening of infants and mortality due to neuroblastoma" 1895:

as the most recurrent prognostic genes for neuroblastoma"

348:

Rare but characteristic presentations include transverse

4799:"Somatostatin receptor gene expression in neuroblastoma" 3793:"Childhood Cancer Survivors Face Increased Sarcoma Risk" 711:

Stage 1: Localized tumor confined to the area of origin.

380:

secretion or kidney artery compression, 1.3% of cases).

4996: 881:

Intermediate-risk disease is treated with surgery and

3015:"MYCN regulates oncogenic MicroRNAs in neuroblastoma" 16:

Genetically inherited cancer of certain nerve tissues

5107: 2370:

Pashankar FD, O'Dorisio MS, Menda Y (January 2005).

999:, which may complement existing retinoid therapies. 671:

Neuroblastoma is one of the peripheral neuroblastic

632:

Microscopic view of stroma-rich ganglioneuroblastoma

6118: 6090: 6062: 6010: 5925: 5883: 5819: 5749: 5677: 5655: 5632: 5602: 5558: 5528: 5498: 5475: 5452: 5402: 5393: 5373: 5364: 5340: 5312: 5303: 5214: 5111: 4482:"Neuroblastoma Committee—Current Focus of Research" 2588:"Neuroblastoma Treatment—National Cancer Institute" 140: 132: 118: 99: 87: 79: 71: 61: 49: 26: 4329: 4327: 4325: 3329:Yalçin B, Kremer LC, van Dalen EC (October 2015). 4095:Data and references for pie chart are located at 1389:. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.16. 1057:amplification, 1p and 11q deletions, and 1q gain. 41:Microscopic view of a typical neuroblastoma with 1537:The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography 1008:granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 516:Other studies have examined possible links with 2330: 2328: 739:) amplification to intermediate risk category. 216:. At diagnosis, the cancer has usually already 5052:Advances in Neuroblastoma Research Association 2454:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease 1881:Chicco D, Sanavia T, Jurman G (4 March 2023). 1043:, is a predictor of outcome in neuroblastoma: 763:amplification, unbalanced 11q aberration, and 470:might have a prognostic role in this disease. 5797: 5281: 4110:Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology 3192:"Stem cell transplantation for neuroblastoma" 2009:Altungoz O, Timer, Bagci (17 February 2023). 312:, thus an inability to stand, crawl, or walk. 208:. Occasionally, it may be found in a baby by 8: 4383:Malaney P, Nicosia SV, Davé V (March 2014). 2839:"A halt to neuroblastoma screening in Japan" 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 165:. It most frequently starts from one of the 128:~95% (< 1 year old), 68% (1–14 years old) 5620:Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes 4657:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 4097:file description page in Wikimedia Commons. 3335:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2410:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2399: 2397: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 595:Another way to detect neuroblastoma is the 449:study published in 2023 suggested that the 5804: 5790: 5782: 5399: 5390: 5370: 5309: 5288: 5274: 5266: 5108: 325:Infiltration of the bone marrow may cause 23: 5103:National Cancer Institute - Neuroblastoma 5032: 4973: 4869: 4668: 4584: 4531: 4457: 4408: 4359: 4261: 4191: 4150: 4072: 4062: 3921: 3880: 3831: 3767: 3472: 3454: 3381:. National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. 3354: 3305: 3256: 3215: 3133:. National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. 3106: 3096: 3030: 2881:. National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. 2854: 2777: 2701: 2555: 2429: 2141: 2100: 1985: 1928: 1910: 1857: 1757: 1456: 1438: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1215:and this enables potential therapy using 322:may cause distinct bruising and swelling. 196:Typically, neuroblastoma occurs due to a 5087:) is being considered for deletion. See 4907:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 4610:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 4244:Beckwith JB, Perrin EV (December 1963). 3861:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1084: 540:The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a 318:A tumor in the bones around the eyes or 5741:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 5665:Primary central nervous system lymphoma 5589:Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour 3803:from the original on September 8, 2015. 1273: 902:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 144:15% of deaths due to cancer in children 2054:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 33–9. 2210:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1883:"Signature literature review reveals 1573:from the original on October 5, 2015. 1360:from the original on 10 November 2016 1321:from the original on 10 November 2016 1197:Refractory and relapsed neuroblastoma 876:observed without any treatment at all 7: 2929:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 5427:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 4565:The New England Journal of Medicine 4512:The New England Journal of Medicine 3820:The New England Journal of Medicine 3286:The New England Journal of Medicine 3245:The New England Journal of Medicine 2843:The New England Journal of Medicine 2837:Tsubono Y, Hisamichi S (May 2004). 2766:The New England Journal of Medicine 904:, biological-based therapy with 13- 874:Low-risk disease can frequently be 3415:(15 Suppl): 10067z. Archived from 3190:Fish JD, Grupp SA (January 2008). 2509:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb01545.x 2143:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010101 603:. When it is radio-iodinated with 401:) gene. Germline mutations in the 224:, and what the cancer looks like. 14: 5091:to help reach a consensus. › 4438:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 4250:The American Journal of Pathology 3645:10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9505 3537:"Drug Approval Package: Danyelza" 3497:"Drugs Trials Snapshot: Danyelza" 2743:10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9503 995:therapies, such as inhibition of 473:Neuroblastoma has been linked to 360:(cervical tumor, 2.4% of cases), 5902:ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma 5615:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor 4219:. In Cheung NK, Cohn SL (eds.). 3517: 2349:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.02.009 2222:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00983.x 2130:American Journal of Epidemiology 2081:American Journal of Epidemiology 1554:from the original on 2017-09-10. 1161:patient derived tumor xenografts 1093:, with "neuronal tumor" at right 32: 6176:Dermal and subcutaneous growths 5834:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 4340:International Journal of Cancer 4004:Cytogenetic and Genome Research 3385:from the original on 2008-10-02 3137:from the original on 2008-05-03 3019:International Journal of Cancer 2885:from the original on 2008-10-01 2594:from the original on 2008-10-02 1591:from the original on 2007-12-18 1231:Electronic health records' data 863:amplification (N-myc regulates 833:-retinoic acid, and frequently 650:glial fibrillary acidic protein 161:that forms in certain types of 5907:GH-secreting pituitary adenoma 5709:Cranial and paraspinal nerves 3347:10.1002/14651858.cd006301.pub4 2456:(9 ed.). Elsevier. 2015. 2422:10.1002/14651858.cd009263.pub2 2016:In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal 735:(also commonly referred to as 1: 5422:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 5297:Tumours of the nervous system 5008:Pediatric Cancer Data Commons 4815:10.1016/S0167-0115(99)00121-4 4663:(5). Elsevier BV: 1005–1012. 3791:Mozes A (February 21, 2007). 3157:Seminars in Surgical Oncology 2816:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00077-6 1565:Wheeler K (January 1, 2013). 1505:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60983-0 607:or I-123 (radioactive iodine 362:opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome 354:vasoactive intestinal peptide 6166:Small-blue-round-cell tumors 5467:Anaplastic oligodendroglioma 4919:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000411 4698:Pediatric Blood & Cancer 4622:10.1097/MPH.0b013e318299d637 4401:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.010 4223:. Springer. pp. 63–85. 4215:Berthold F, Simon T (2006). 3954:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3910:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3665:Pediatric Blood & Cancer 3633:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3594:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3543:Food and Drug Administration 3503:Food and Drug Administration 3409:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2731:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2690:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2651:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2615:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2337:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 2291:Pediatric Blood & Cancer 1611:Pediatric Blood & Cancer 1163:(PDXs) have been created by 1089:Incidences and prognoses of 878:or cured with surgery alone. 752:Stage M: Metastatic disease. 169:but can also develop in the 5813:Tumours of endocrine glands 4954:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 4858:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 4180:Bone Marrow Transplantation 3756:Bone Marrow Transplantation 3258:10.1056/NEJM199910143411601 3196:Bone Marrow Transplantation 2917:magazine, November 28, 2006 2856:10.1056/NEJM200405063501922 2376:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2167:Cancer Causes & Control 1567:"Neuroblastoma in children" 842:monoclonal antibody therapy 642:Homer Wright pseudorosettes 489:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 483:gene, which results in the 436:Duplicated segments of the 419:Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 372:cause, 1.3% of cases), and 6197: 4670:10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.805 2663:10.1200/JCO.1993.11.8.1466 2627:10.1200/JCO.1988.6.12.1874 2029:10.1007/s11626-023-00750-w 1912:10.1186/s13040-023-00325-1 1440:10.1038/s41588-023-01332-y 550:sympathetic nervous system 395:anaplastic lymphoma kinase 5765: 4966:10.2967/jnumed.110.075226 4871:10.2967/jnumed.110.085100 4760:10.1007/s00259-017-3856-4 4450:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.61 4300:10.1007/s00247-008-1062-z 3379:"Neuroblastoma Treatment" 3131:"Neuroblastoma Treatment" 3085:Journal of Carcinogenesis 2941:10.1017/S1462399407000518 2879:"Neuroblastoma Screening" 2179:10.1007/s10552-005-1229-y 1666:10.1007/s00247-009-1282-x 1540:. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. 1354:National Cancer Institute 1350:"Neuroblastoma Treatment" 1315:National Cancer Institute 1311:"Neuroblastoma Treatment" 1124:In 1864 German physician 356:secretion, 4% of cases), 237:stem cell transplantation 113:stem cell transplantation 40: 31: 6030:Adrenocortical carcinoma 5594:Lhermitte–Duclos disease 5518:Choroid plexus carcinoma 5513:Choroid plexus papilloma 5089:templates for discussion 3923:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0630 3567:"Neuroblastoma overview" 1386:World Cancer Report 2014 1169:cancer cell lines (CCL)s 597:meta-iodobenzylguanidine 485:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 415:neurofibromatosis type 1 304:A tumor pressing on the 5987:Squamous-cell carcinoma 4217:"Clinical Presentation" 4064:10.1186/1471-2164-9-353 3966:10.1200/JCO.2005.06.104 3606:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.101 3572:Children with Cancer UK 2703:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.183 1803:10.1126/science.6719137 1041:array-based karyotyping 189:. Symptoms may include 6025:Adrenocortical adenoma 5437:Anaplastic astrocytoma 5432:Fibrillary astrocytoma 4186:(Suppl 2): S118–S127. 3769:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705809 3721:10.1542/peds.2007-0178 3443:Nucleic Acids Research 3208:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705929 3098:10.1186/1477-3163-6-15 2972:Nature Reviews. Cancer 1617:(7 Suppl): 1060–1065. 1213:somatostatin receptors 1151: 1121: 1094: 947:), alkylating agents ( 633: 537: 103:Observation, surgery, 5693:Esthesioneuroblastoma 5417:Pilocytic astrocytoma 4577:10.1056/NEJMoa1001527 4524:10.1056/NEJMoa1001527 4488:on September 25, 2006 3298:10.1056/NEJMoa0911123 2244:Esthesioneuroblastoma 2039:– via Springer. 1245:University of Chicago 1149: 1116: 1088: 631: 611:), it is a very good 585:vanillylmandelic acid 556:Esthesioneuroblastoma 535: 475:copy-number variation 6072:Parathyroid neoplasm 5698:Ganglioneuroblastoma 5603:CNS embryonal tumors 5508:Choroid plexus tumor 5034:10.5334/dsj-2022-017 5021:Data Science Journal 3833:10.1056/NEJMsa060185 3456:10.1093/nar/gkad1081 2779:10.1056/NEJMoa012387 2382:(Suppl 1): 55S–61S. 1221:radionuclide therapy 1206:stem cell transplant 1035:Cytogenetic profiles 819:stem cell transplant 688:ganglioneuroblastoma 560:olfactory epithelium 542:surgical pathologist 284:abdominal distension 282:, a tumor may cause 6161:Endocrine neoplasia 5965:Parafollicular cell 5541:Gliomatosis cerebri 4803:Regulatory Peptides 4288:Pediatric Radiology 4193:10.1038/bmt.2008.69 3873:10.1093/jnci/djp230 1978:10.1038/nature08035 1970:2009Natur.459..987D 1850:10.1038/nature09609 1842:2011Natur.469..216W 1795:1984Sci...224.1121B 1789:(4653): 1121–1124. 1750:10.1038/nature07261 1742:2008Natur.455..930M 1654:Pediatric Radiology 1499:(9579): 2106–2120. 1317:. 20 January 2016. 1230: 1142:Scientific research 1074:Virtual karyotyping 613:radiopharmaceutical 136:1 in 7,000 children 5705:Nerve sheath tumor 5647:Hemangiopericytoma 5215:External resources 3715:(5): e1229–e1236. 3639:(18 Suppl): 9505. 3547:. 22 December 2020 3507:. 25 November 2020 2909:2006-12-01 at the 2902:Darshak Sanghavi, 2737:(18 Suppl): 9503. 2557:10.1002/cncr.11773 2260:Cheung NK (2005). 2093:10.1093/aje/kwh111 1695:Cheung NK (2005). 1356:. 25 August 2016. 1155:Preclinical models 1152: 1135:James Homer Wright 1122: 1095: 1002:In November 2020, 803:multimodal therapy 786:vanilmandelic acid 634: 538: 391:germline mutations 299:breathing problems 254:Signs and symptoms 126:five-year survival 6181:Pediatric cancers 6146: 6145: 5912:Craniopharyngioma 5893:Pituitary adenoma 5829:Pancreatic cancer 5779: 5778: 5718:Neurofibromatosis 5673: 5672: 5628: 5627: 5554: 5553: 5462:Oligodendroglioma 5360: 5359: 5327:Craniopharyngioma 5263: 5262: 4997:INRG Data Commons 4960:(10): 1524–1531. 4710:10.1002/pbc.22913 4571:(14): 1313–1323. 4518:(14): 1313–1323. 4352:10.1002/ijc.29217 4230:978-3-540-26616-7 4145:(10): 2028–2035. 4119:978-1-60547-682-7 4016:10.1159/000095924 3960:(10): 2280–2299. 3867:(16): 1131–1140. 3826:(15): 1572–1582. 3677:10.1002/pbc.20726 3600:(24): 4888–4892. 3292:(14): 1324–1334. 3251:(16): 1165–1173. 3032:10.1002/ijc.23153 2849:(19): 2010–2011. 2772:(14): 1041–1046. 2696:(27): 6474–6480. 2621:(12): 1874–1881. 2550:(10): 2274–2281. 2463:978-1-4557-2613-4 2303:10.1002/pbc.20888 2275:978-3-540-40841-3 2061:978-0-444-50222-3 1964:(7249): 987–991. 1836:(7329): 216–220. 1736:(7215): 930–935. 1710:978-3-540-40841-3 1703:. pp. 66–7. 1623:10.1002/pbc.21354 1547:978-0-313-25889-3 1534:Olson JS (1989). 1396:978-92-832-0429-9 1204:A haploidentical 894:radiation therapy 815:radiation therapy 782:homovanillic acid 581:homovanillic acid 358:Horner's syndrome 148: 147: 89:Diagnostic method 75:Under 5 years old 21:Medical condition 6188: 6042:Pheochromocytoma 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5770:brain metastasis 5734:Acoustic neuroma 5536:Oligoastrocytoma 5529:Multiple/unknown 5400: 5391: 5371: 5345: 5320: 5310: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5267: 5109: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5016: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4864:(7): 1041–1047. 4849: 4843: 4842: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4544:. Archived from 4535: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4484:. Archived from 4478: 4472: 4471: 4461: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4346:(5): E252–E261. 4331: 4320: 4319: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4256:(6): 1089–1104. 4241: 4235: 4234: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4010:(3–4): 273–282. 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3976:. Archived from 3951: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3916:(7): 1026–1033. 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3647:. Archived from 3624: 3618: 3617: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3458: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3341:(10): CD006301. 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3100: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3057:. Archived from 3051: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2924: 2918: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2781: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2745:. Archived from 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2657:(8): 1466–1477. 2645: 2639: 2638: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2559: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2491: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2257: 2251: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1914: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1488: 1471: 1470: 1460: 1442: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1399:. Archived from 1381: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1346: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1307: 1237:machine learning 949:cyclophosphamide 908:-retinoic acid ( 654:rhabdomyosarcoma 520:and exposure to 268:loss of appetite 198:genetic mutation 83:Genetic mutation 67:Bone pain, lumps 36: 24: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6114: 6105:Pinealoblastoma 6086: 6058: 6006: 5995:Thyroid adenoma 5940:epithelial-cell 5921: 5879: 5861:Somatostatinoma 5815: 5810: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5761: 5745: 5669: 5651: 5624: 5610:Medulloblastoma 5598: 5560: 5550: 5524: 5494: 5471: 5454:Oligodendrocyte 5448: 5383: 5377: 5375:Neuroepithelial 5356: 5341: 5336: 5313: 5299: 5294: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5210: 5209: 5120: 5092: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5054:. 26 April 2014 5046: 5045: 5041: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2984:10.1038/nrc1014 2969: 2968: 2964: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911:Wayback Machine 2901: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2416:(9): CD009263. 2403: 2402: 2395: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2266:Springer-Verlag 2259: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2237: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1701:Springer-Verlag 1694: 1693: 1689: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1548: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1490: 1489: 1474: 1427:Nature Genetics 1420: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1348: 1347: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1275: 1270: 1258: 1233: 1217:177Lu-DOTA-TATE 1199: 1191:clinical trials 1182: 1157: 1144: 1111: 1083: 1037: 1024:5-year survival 1016: 829:also called 13- 823:differentiation 795: 773: 705: 658:Ewing's sarcoma 626: 593: 569: 548:element of the 530: 386: 293:A tumor in the 256: 157:) is a type of 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5951: 5935:Thyroid cancer 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5684: 5682: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:Retinoblastoma 5576: 5570:Ganglioneuroma 5566: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5504: 5502: 5500:Choroid plexus 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5245: 5231: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5196: 5185: 5174: 5163: 5152: 5137: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112:Classification 5106: 5105: 5100: 5076: 5072: 5071:External links 5069: 5066: 5065: 5039: 5011: 5000: 4989: 4940: 4893: 4844: 4789: 4754:(3): 402–411. 4731: 4704:(4): 584–589. 4684: 4643: 4616:(5): 337–347. 4600: 4551: 4548:on 2013-01-13. 4498: 4473: 4444:(6): 338–350. 4424: 4389:Cancer Letters 4375: 4321: 4294:(2): 155–160. 4277: 4236: 4229: 4207: 4166: 4125: 4118: 4100: 4088: 4037: 3993: 3937: 3896: 3847: 3806: 3783: 3762:(8): 741–746. 3742: 3698: 3671:(5): 560–566. 3654: 3651:on 2016-01-10. 3619: 3584: 3558: 3528: 3488: 3429: 3395: 3370: 3321: 3272: 3231: 3202:(2): 159–165. 3182: 3147: 3122: 3071: 3046: 3025:(3): 699–704. 3005: 2978:(3): 203–216. 2962: 2919: 2895: 2870: 2829: 2810:(1–2): 19–28. 2804:Cancer Letters 2793: 2752: 2749:on 2016-01-10. 2717: 2676: 2640: 2604: 2590:. 1980-01-01. 2579: 2530: 2503:(5): 461–467. 2497:Histopathology 2486: 2469: 2462: 2445: 2393: 2362: 2343:(4): 286–302. 2324: 2297:(5): 504–509. 2281: 2274: 2268:. p. 73. 2252: 2235: 2216:(2): 125–143. 2200: 2173:(6): 743–748. 2157: 2136:(9): 930–938. 2116: 2087:(9): 843–851. 2067: 2060: 2042: 2023:(2): 100–108. 2001: 1944: 1899:BioData Mining 1873: 1816: 1773: 1716: 1709: 1687: 1660:(7): 723–726. 1644: 1601: 1576: 1557: 1546: 1526: 1472: 1433:(4): 619–630. 1413: 1395: 1371: 1332: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1232: 1229: 1198: 1195: 1181: 1178: 1159:Neuroblastoma 1156: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1131:Felix Marchand 1126:Rudolf Virchow 1118:Rudolf Virchow 1110: 1107: 1091:adrenal tumors 1082: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1048: 1036: 1033: 1022:, the overall 1015: 1012: 963:II inhibitor ( 925: 924: 886: 879: 852:including DNA 794: 791: 772: 769: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 728: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 704: 701: 680:ganglioneuroma 625: 622: 601:norepinephrine 592: 589: 583:(HVA), and/or 573:catecholamines 568: 565: 529: 526: 447:bioinformatics 385: 382: 370:paraneoplastic 335: 334: 323: 316: 313: 302: 291: 255: 252: 167:adrenal glands 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 101: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 56:Neuro-oncology 53: 47: 46: 38: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6193: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6149: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6054:Paraganglioma 6052: 6048: 6047:Neuroblastoma 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6012:Adrenal tumor 6009: 6001: 6000:Struma ovarii 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5937:(malignant): 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5688:Neuroblastoma 5686: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5657:Hematopoietic 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:Ganglioglioma 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5490:Subependymoma 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5385:spinal tumors 5381: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094:Neuroblastoma 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221:Neuroblastoma 4218: 4211: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3994: 3983:on 2020-10-30 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3524:public domain 3506: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3419:on 2016-01-10 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163:(2): 91–104. 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3061:on 2009-01-02 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:Neuroblastoma 2256: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052:Neuroblastoma 2046: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Neuroblastoma 1691: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1569:. Macmillan. 1568: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1403:on 2016-09-19 1402: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1256:Organisations 1255: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018:By data from 1013: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 971:antibiotics ( 970: 969:anthracycline 966: 962: 961:topoisomerase 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 922: 918: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884: 880: 877: 873: 872: 871: 868: 866: 862: 859: 855: 849: 847: 843: 840: 836: 835:immunotherapy 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 790: 787: 783: 778: 777:catecholamine 770: 768: 766: 762: 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 743: 740: 738: 734: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 709: 708: 702: 700: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 630: 623: 621: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 566: 564: 561: 557: 553: 551: 547: 543: 534: 527: 525: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 481: 476: 471: 469: 466: 465: 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 443: 441: 440: 434: 431: 428: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 411: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 383: 381: 379: 378:catecholamine 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342: 340: 332: 328: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 253: 251: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:tissue biopsy 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151:Neuroblastoma 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 94:Tissue biopsy 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 57: 54: 52: 48: 44: 39: 35: 30: 27:Neuroblastoma 25: 19: 6148: 6092:Pineal gland 6046: 5958:Hurthle cell 5943: 5938: 5897:Prolactinoma 5767: 5725:Neurilemmoma 5713:Neurofibroma 5687: 5442:Glioblastoma 5380:brain tumors 5342: 5314: 5247: 5233: 5222: 5198: 5187: 5176: 5165: 5154: 5139: 5124: 5082: 5056:. Retrieved 5051: 5042: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5003: 4992: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4913:(2): 87–96. 4910: 4906: 4896: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4809:(1): 61–73. 4806: 4802: 4792: 4751: 4747: 4734: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4546:the original 4515: 4511: 4501: 4490:. Retrieved 4486:the original 4476: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4343: 4339: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4220: 4210: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4109: 4103: 4091: 4054: 4051:BMC Genomics 4050: 4040: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3985:. Retrieved 3978:the original 3957: 3953: 3940: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3786: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649:the original 3636: 3632: 3622: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3576:. Retrieved 3570: 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3540: 3531: 3509:. Retrieved 3500: 3491: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3421:. Retrieved 3417:the original 3412: 3408: 3398: 3387:. 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Retrieved 1353: 1323:. Retrieved 1314: 1259: 1249: 1234: 1225:Lu-DOTA-TATE 1219:, a type of 1210: 1203: 1200: 1187: 1183: 1158: 1123: 1100: 1096: 1081:Epidemiology 1072: 1060: 1038: 1029: 1017: 1001: 975:) and vinca 938: 926: 910:isotretinoin 905: 883:chemotherapy 869: 850: 830: 827:isotretinoin 807:chemotherapy 796: 774: 758: 741: 732: 729: 706: 696:karyorrhexis 670: 666:Wilms' tumor 635: 594: 570: 567:Biochemistry 554: 546:neural crest 539: 515: 504: 493: 478: 472: 462: 456: 450: 444: 437: 435: 424: 423: 408: 402: 398: 387: 374:hypertension 347: 343: 336: 288:constipation 257: 248:brain cancer 241: 233:chemotherapy 226: 222:cancer stage 195: 163:nerve tissue 154: 150: 149: 109:chemotherapy 18: 6171:Brain tumor 6110:Pineocytoma 6064:Parathyroid 5917:Pituicytoma 5843:Glucagonoma 5584:Neurocytoma 5546:Gliosarcoma 5412:Astrocytoma 5332:Pituicytoma 5224:MedlinePlus 5077:‹ The 4395:(1): 1–12. 3551:25 December 3511:25 December 3449:(1): 4–21. 1364:10 November 981:vincristine 973:doxorubicin 945:carboplatin 898:bone marrow 846:dinutuximab 805:(intensive 509:and during 477:within the 368:(suspected 306:spinal cord 72:Usual onset 6155:Categories 5977:Anaplastic 5954:Follicular 5870:Gastrinoma 5852:Insulinoma 5729:Schwannoma 5642:Meningioma 5485:Ependymoma 5189:DiseasesDB 4492:2008-01-13 3987:2019-11-18 3709:Pediatrics 3578:2020-07-01 3423:2015-09-10 3389:2008-07-30 3141:2008-02-02 3065:2008-01-13 2889:2008-07-30 2598:2008-07-30 2478:Ependymoma 1595:2008-01-01 1407:2016-11-10 1325:9 November 1268:References 1241:statistics 1180:Treatments 1173:metastasis 1165:orthotopic 1103:congenital 993:epigenetic 989:irinotecan 953:ifosfamide 837:with anti- 640:patterns ( 507:conception 350:myelopathy 339:metastases 308:may cause 297:may cause 258:The first 210:ultrasound 6100:Pinealoma 6082:Carcinoma 5970:Medullary 5949:Papillary 5944:carcinoma 5885:Pituitary 5404:Astrocyte 5352:Pinealoma 5305:Endocrine 5235:eMedicine 5205:432328008 5200:SNOMED CT 5027:(1): 17, 4823:0167-0115 4768:1619-7089 3797:HealthDay 3465:1362-4962 2483:eMedicine 2249:eMedicine 1921:1756-0381 1521:208790138 1449:1546-1718 1262:peak body 1014:Prognosis 1004:naxitamab 985:topotecan 977:alkaloids 965:etoposide 957:melphalan 941:cisplatin 914:cytokines 865:microRNAs 797:When the 793:Treatment 771:Screening 624:Histology 617:half-life 528:Diagnosis 522:infection 511:gestation 229:radiation 214:pregnancy 202:inherited 191:bone pain 133:Frequency 120:Prognosis 105:radiation 100:Treatment 51:Specialty 45:formation 5982:Lymphoma 5821:Pancreas 5634:Meninges 5477:Ependyma 5249:Orphanet 5243:ped/1570 5240:med/2836 5079:template 5058:11 April 4984:20847174 4935:25518501 4927:26296147 4888:38660848 4880:21680680 4839:11168638 4831:10706954 4784:30833979 4776:29043399 4726:33330859 4718:21298743 4679:29307718 4630:23703550 4595:20879880 4542:20879880 4468:22508028 4419:24157811 4370:25220031 4316:19611725 4308:19034443 4272:14099453 4202:18545256 4083:18664255 4032:14012430 4024:17124410 3974:15800319 3932:19171713 3891:19648511 3842:17035650 3801:Archived 3778:17724446 3737:10606999 3729:17974716 3693:31490896 3685:16395684 3614:15611504 3483:37993417 3474:10783513 3383:Archived 3365:26436598 3316:20879881 3267:10519894 3226:18037943 3135:Archived 3117:17897457 3041:17943719 2992:12612655 2957:32358612 2949:18081947 2907:Archived 2883:Archived 2865:15128908 2824:12880955 2788:11932470 2712:16116154 2592:Archived 2574:27081822 2566:14601099 2440:26417712 2388:15653652 2357:17544628 2319:34838939 2311:16732582 2230:19159399 2195:24323871 2187:16049813 2152:10547138 2111:15105177 2037:36800078 1996:19536264 1939:36870971 1905:(1): 7. 1868:21124317 1768:18724359 1682:24523263 1674:19430769 1639:37657305 1631:17943963 1589:Archived 1571:Archived 1552:Archived 1513:17586306 1467:36973454 1458:10101850 1358:Archived 1319:Archived 1138:Wright. 861:oncogene 662:lymphoma 646:neuropil 609:isotopes 577:dopamine 430:oncogene 417:and the 310:weakness 260:symptoms 244:leukemia 63:Symptoms 6077:Adenoma 6037:Medulla 5991:Benign 5927:Thyroid 5183:D009447 5161:M9500/3 5081:below ( 4975:3753801 4638:5529288 4586:2993160 4533:2993160 4459:3928688 4410:4092874 4361:4299502 4263:1949785 4161:9149032 4074:2527340 4057:: 353. 3882:2728747 3356:8783746 3307:3086629 3217:2892221 3177:9988866 3108:2042979 3000:6447457 2671:8336186 2635:3199170 2525:6461880 2517:2163356 2431:4621955 2102:2080646 1987:2755253 1966:Bibcode 1930:9985261 1859:3320515 1838:Bibcode 1811:6719137 1791:Bibcode 1783:Science 1759:2672043 1738:Bibcode 1109:History 1020:England 997:SWI/SNF 890:surgery 811:surgery 703:Staging 692:mitosis 638:rosette 591:Imaging 587:(VMA). 552:(SNS). 500:miR-495 393:in the 280:abdomen 278:In the 264:Fatigue 212:during 183:abdomen 43:rosette 6020:Cortex 5875:VIPoma 5562:neuron 5559:Mature 5395:Glioma 5343:Other: 5316:Sellar 5229:001408 5172:256700 5098:Curlie 5084:Curlie 5048:"Home" 4982: 4972: 4933: 4925: 4886: 4878: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4724: 4716: 4677: 4636: 4628: 4593: 4583: 4540: 4530: 4466: 4456: 4417: 4407: 4368: 4358: 4314: 4306: 4270: 4260: 4227: 4200: 4159: 4139:Cancer 4116: 4081: 4071: 4030: 4022: 3972: 3930: 3889: 3879: 3840: 3776: 3735: 3727: 3691: 3683: 3612: 3481: 3471: 3463: 3363: 3353: 3314: 3304: 3265: 3224: 3214: 3175: 3115: 3105: 3091:: 15. 3039: 2998: 2990: 2955: 2947: 2863: 2822: 2786: 2710: 2669: 2633: 2572: 2564: 2544:Cancer 2523: 2515: 2460: 2438: 2428: 2386: 2355: 2317: 2309: 2272: 2228: 2193: 2185: 2150: 2109: 2099: 2058: 2035: 1994: 1984: 1958:Nature 1937: 1927: 1919: 1891:, and 1889:DPYSL3 1866: 1856: 1830:Nature 1809: 1766: 1756: 1730:Nature 1707: 1680: 1672: 1637: 1629: 1544: 1519: 1511: 1493:Lancet 1465: 1455: 1447: 1393: 930:GM-CSF 917:GM-CSF 854:ploidy 825:agent 799:lesion 775:Urine 765:ploidy 686:-rich 684:stroma 677:benign 673:tumors 480:NBPF10 461:, and 458:DPYSL3 404:PHOX2B 366:ataxia 331:anemia 327:pallor 320:orbits 218:spread 159:cancer 141:Deaths 80:Causes 5750:Other 5156:ICD-O 5150:194.0 5135:C74.9 4931:S2CID 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Index