913:. In normal marketing, voters would use "detail, numbers, facts and figures to prove we were better off under the new governor". However, with neuromarketing, voters followed powerful advertisement visuals and used these visuals to convince themselves that Schwarzenegger was the better candidate. Now, with political neuromarketing, there exists a lot of controversy. The ethics behind political neuromarketing are debatable. Some argue that political neuromarketing will cause voters to make rash decisions while others argue that these messages are beneficial because they depict what the politicians can do. However, control over political decisions could make voters not see the reality of things. Voters may not look into the details of the reforms, personality, and morality each person brings to their political campaign and may be swayed by how powerful the advertisements seem to be. However, there are also people that may disagree with this idea. Darryl Howard, "a consultant to two Republican winners on November 2, says he crafted neuromarketing-based messages for TV, direct mail and speeches for Senate, Congressional and
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dictate the life and future of the patient. For example, defining death is an issue that comes with patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. The decision to withdraw life-sustaining care from these patients can be based on uncertain assessments about the individual's conscious awareness. Case reports have shown that these patients in a persistent vegetative state can recover unexpectedly. This raises the ethical question about the premature termination of care by physicians. The hope is that one day, neuroimaging technologies can help us to define these different states of consciousness and enable us to communicate with patients in vegetative states in a way that was never before possible. The clinical translation of these advanced technologies is of vital importance for the medical management of these challenging patients. In this situation, neuroscience has both revealed ethical issues and possible solutions.
938:. From a perspective of justice, priority should be given to those who are most seriously impaired and who will benefit most from the intervention. However, in a test group, scientists must select patients to secure a favorable risk-benefit ratio. Setting priority becomes more difficult when a patient's chance to benefit and the seriousness of their impairment do not go together. For example, many times an older patient will be excluded despite the seriousness of their disorder simply because they are not as strong or as likely to benefit from the treatment. The main ethical issue at the heart of neurological treatment research on human subjects is promoting high-quality scientific research in the interest of future patients, while at the same time respecting and guarding the rights and interests of the research subjects. This is particularly difficult in the field of
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personhood and autonomy? Some individuals believe that an embryo is in fact a person at the moment of conception and that using an embryo for anything other than creating a baby would essentially be killing a baby. On the other end of the spectrum, people argue that the small ball of cells at that point only has the potential to become a fetus, and that potentiality, even in natural conception, is far from guaranteed. According to a study done by developmental biologists, between 75β80% of embryos created through intercourse are naturally lost before they can become fetuses. This debate is not one that has a right or wrong answer, nor can it be clearly settled. Much of the ethical dilemma surrounding hESCs relies on individual beliefs about life and the potential for scientific advancement versus creating new human life.
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when a presumed healthy research subject is scanned for neuroscience research and the scan reveals an abnormality? How safe are the drugs used to enhance normal brain function? These are neuroethical issues with clear precedents in traditional bioethics. They are important issues, and luckily we can call upon society's experience with the relevant precedents to help determine the best courses of action in the present cases. In contrast, many neuroethical issues are at least partly novel, and this accounts for some of the intellectual fascination of neuroethics. These relatively newer issues force us to think about the relation between mind and brain and its ethical implications.
351:(originally the Neuroethics Society), an international group of scholars, scientists, clinicians, and other professionals who share an interest in the social, legal, ethical and policy implications of advances in neuroscience. The mission of the International Neuroethics Society "is to promote the development and responsible application of neuroscience through interdisciplinary and international research, education, outreach and public engagement for the benefit of people of all nations, ethnicities, and cultures". The first President of the INS was Steven Hyman (2006β2014), succeeded by
799:. This study, however, was not as successful as the Parkinson's treatment. In this case stem cells were used to treat animal models who had been injured in a way that mimicked CP. This brings up a neuroethical issue of animal models used in science. Since most of their "diseases" are inflicted and do not occur naturally, they can not always be reliable examples of how a person with the actual disease would respond to treatment. The stem cells used did survive implantation, but did not show significant nerve regeneration. However, studies are ongoing in this area.
885:, has argued that western medicine stands on the brink of a neuro-enhancement revolution in which people will be able to improve their memory and attention through pharmacological means. Jacob Appel, a Brown University bioethicist, has raised concerns about the possibility of employers mandating such enhancement for their workers. The ethical concerns regarding pharmacological enhancement are not limited to Europe and North America; indeed, there is increasing attention given to cultural and regulatory contexts for this phenomenon, around the globe.
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But, there can be the risk of those cells being programmed to induce MS. However, if the tissue is donated from another individual there is high risk of rejection leading to possibly fatal toxicity in the recipient's body. Considering that there are fairly good treatments for MS, the use of stem cells in this case may have a higher cost than the benefits they produce. However, as research continues perhaps stem cells will truly become a viable treatment for MS as well as other autoimmune diseases.
564:. There are numerous reasons for skepticism; for one, it may prevent us from coming to terms with traumatic experiences, it may tamper with our identities and lead us to an artificial sense of happiness, demean the genuineness of human life, and/or encourage some to forget memories they are morally obligated to keep. Whether or not it is ethical to fully or partially erase the memory of a patient, it is certainly becoming a more relevant topic as this technology improves in our society.
416:(Oxford University Press) and his reader, entitled Defining Right and Wrong in Brain Science (Dana Press). We should also here mention a book that was in many ways ahead of its time, Robert Blank's Brain Policy (published in 1999 by Georgetown University Press). The scholarly literature on neuroethics has grown so quickly that one cannot easily list all of the worthwhile articles, and several journals are now soliciting neuroethics submissions for publication, including the
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organoids may acquire human brain-like neural function subjective experience and consciousness may be feasible. Moreover, it may be possible that they acquire such upon transplantation into animals. A study notes that it may, in various cases, be morally permissible "to create self-conscious animals by engrafting human cerebral organoids, but in the case, the moral status of such animals should be carefully considered".
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1072:, is devoted to covering critical topics in the emerging field of neuroethics. The journal is a new avenue in bioethics and strives to present a forum in which to: foster international discourse on topics in neuroethics, provide a platform for debating current issues in neuroethics, and enable the incubation of new emerging priorities in neuroethics. AJOB-Neuroscience launched in 2007 as a section of the
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792:(iPSCs) can be used to aid in Parkinson's research and treatment. The cells can be used to study the progression of Parkinson's as well as used in regenerative treatment. Animal studies have shown that the use of iPSCs can improve motor skills and dopamine release of test subjects with Parkinson's. This study shows a positive outcome in the use of stem cells for neurological purposes.
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1016:, monetary considerations, and the fiscal and political interests of the state, rather than committed to placing the interest of the individual patient or experimental subject above all other considerations". For her part, Gutmann believes the next step is "to examine more deeply the ethical implications of neuroscience research and its effects on society".
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within 6 hours after the event occurs. This has begun the discussion of ethical implications, assuming the technology for memory erasure will only improve. Originally, propranolol was reserved for hypertension patients. However, doctors are permitted to use the drug for off-label purposesβleading to the question of whether they actually
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934:". Although this is a difficult ethical dilemma because there are no clear and undisputed definitions of personality, self, and identity, neurological treatments can result in patients losing parts of "themselves" such as memories or moods. Yet another ethical dispute in neurological treatment research is the
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These are just some examples of neurological diseases in which stem cell treatment has been researched. In general, the future looks promising for stem cell application in the field of neurology. However, possible complications lie in the overall ethics of stem cell use, possible recipient rejection,
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has been used to try and cure MS patients by essentially "reprogramming" their immune system. The main risk encountered with this form of treatment is the possibility of rejection of the stem cells. If the hematopoietic stem cells can be harvested from the individual, risk of rejection is much lower.
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Moreover, in some cases the human brain itself may be connected as a kind of "wetware" to other information technology systems which may also have large social and ethical implications, including issues related to intimate access to people's brains. For example, in 2021 Chile became the first country
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A related misconception is called neuro-realism: In its simplest form, this line of thought says that something is real because it can be measured with electronic equipment. A person who claims to have pain, or low libido, or unpleasant emotions is "really" sick if these symptoms are supported by a
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A recent writer on the history of psychosurgery as it relates to neuroethics concludes: "The lessons of history sagaciously reveal wherever the government has sought to alter medical ethics and enforce bureaucratic bioethics, the results have frequently vilified medical care and research. In the 20th
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technologies have given us a more direct way of viewing brain injuries, scholars have cautioned that this could lead to the inability to hold anyone criminally responsible for their actions. In this way, neuroimaging evidence could suggest that there is no free will and each action a person makes is
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of a blastophere, which is the beginning stage of an embryo. However, that mass of cells could have the potential to give rise to human life, and there in lies the problem. Often, this argument leads back to a similar moral debate held around abortion. The question is: when does a mass of cells gain
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While complete memory erasure is still an element of science-fiction, certain neurological drugs have been proven to dampen the strength and emotional association of a memory. Propranolol, an FDA-approved drug, has been suggested to effectively dull the painful effects of traumatic memories if taken
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Researchers are also finding brain imaging correlates of myriad psychological traits, including personality, intelligence, mental health vulnerabilities, attitudes toward particular ethnic groups, and predilection for violent crime. Unconscious racial attitudes may be manifest in brain activation.
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have changed the way we view vegetative patients. The images have shown that aspects of emotional processing, language comprehension, and even conscious awareness might be retained in patients whose behavior suggests a vegetative state. If this is the case, it is unethical to allow a third party to
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Patients in coma, vegetative, or minimally conscious state pose ethical challenges. The patients are unable to respond, therefore the assessment of their needs can only be approached by adopting a third person perspective. They are unable to communicate their pain levels, quality of life, or end of
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In general, cognitive diversity β or some "optimum range of diversity" β was found highly valuable. Science and technology such as gene editing technology may raise related ethical issues. There have also been speculations that cognitive enhancement technologies (CETs) may increase population-level
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established the
Neuroscience and Society Network linking scholars from several different institutions, and a group of scientists and funders from around the world began discussing ways to support international collaboration in neuroethics through what came to be called the International Neuroethics
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Revah, Omer; Gore, Felicity; Kelley, Kevin W.; Andersen, Jimena; Sakai, Noriaki; Chen, Xiaoyu; Li, Min-Yin; Birey, Fikri; Yang, Xiao; Saw, Nay L.; Baker, Samuel W.; Amin, Neal D.; Kulkarni, Shravanti; Mudipalli, Rachana; Cui, Bianxiao; Nishino, Seiji; Grant, Gerald A.; Knowles, Juliet K.; Shamloo,
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Rommelfanger, Karen S.; Jeong, Sung-Jin; Ema, Arisa; Fukushi, Tamami; Kasai, Kiyoto; Ramos, Khara M.; Salles, Arleen; Singh, Ilina; Amadio, Jordan; Bi, Guo-Qiang; Boshears, Paul
Frederick; Carter, Adrian; Devor, Anna; Doya, Kenji; Garden, Hermann; Illes, Judy; Johnson, L. Syd M.; Jorgenson, Lyric;
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Another ethical problem is that brain scans are often viewed as more accurate and objective than in fact they are. Many layers of signal processing, statistical analysis and interpretation separate imaged brain activity from the psychological traits and states inferred from it. There is a danger
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Neuroethics encompasses a wide range of issues, which can only be sampled here. Some have close ties to traditional biomedical ethics, in that different versions of these issues can arise in connection with organ systems other than the brain. For example, how should incidental findings be handled
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The books, articles and websites mentioned above are by no means a complete list of good neuroethics information sources. For example, readings and websites that focus on specific aspects of neuroethics, such as brain imaging or enhancement, are not included. Nor are more recent sources, such as
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Neuroethics also encompasses the ethical issues raised by neuroscience as it affects our understanding of the world and of ourselves in the world. For example, if everything we do is physically caused by our brains, which are in turn a product of our genes and our life experiences, how can we be
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in the brain are the same as any of the bioethical or purely ethical questions one will find regarding the use and research of stem cells. The field of stem cell research is a very new field that poses many ethical questions concerning the allocation of stem cells as well as their possible uses.
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Steps are being taken towards resolving the grey area such as a 2018 symposium at Oxford
University where experts in the field, philosophers and lawyers met to try to clear up the ethical concerns with the new technology. Similarly, projects such as Brainstorm from Case Western University aim to
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Biodigital technologies provide the basis for a new naturalism based on the growth of natural and synthetic organisms and systems, and a path-breaking science with very serious political, ethical and educational implications. The biologizing of information and computing is less obvious than the
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indicated that patients seemed "better than well", and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants.
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There is no doubt that people were thinking and writing about the ethical implications of neuroscience for many years before the field adopted the label "neuroethics", and some of this work remains of great relevance and value. However, the early 21st century saw a tremendous surge in interest
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is compatible with neuroscience ethics and the responsibility of neuroscientists to society and the state is a central one for neuroethics. However, there is some controversy over whether autonomy entails the concept of 'free will' or is a 'moral-political' principle separate from metaphysical
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It is an open question whether human cerebral organoids could develop a degree or form of consciousness. Whether or how it could acquire its moral status with related rights and limits may also be potential future questions. There is research on how consciousness could be detected. As cerebral
781:. In general, neuroethics revolves around a cost benefit approach to find techniques and technologies that are most beneficial to patients. There has been progress in certain fields that have been shown to be beneficial when using stem cells to treat certain neurodegenerative diseases such as
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In addition to the important issues of safety and incidental findings, mentioned above, some arise from the unprecedented and rapidly developing ability to correlate brain activation with psychological states and traits. One of the most widely discussed new applications of imaging is based on
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Neuroethics is an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to academic articles on the ethical, legal, political, social and philosophical issues provoked by research in the contemporary sciences of the mind, especially, but not only, neuroscience, psychiatry and psychology. The journal
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The ethics of neurocognitive enhancement, that is the use of drugs and other brain interventions to make normal people "better than well", is an example of a neuroethical issue with both familiar and novel aspects. On the one hand, we can be informed by previous bioethical work on physical
201:. Unprovoked "pathological" aggression persists, reminding us daily that civilization is a step away from relapsing into barbarism. Neuroscience ethics (neuroethics) must keep up with advances in neuroscience research and remain separate from state-imposed mandates to face this challenge.
308:, editor-in-chief of Science Magazine. Several overlapping networks of scientists and scholars began to coalesce around neuroethics-related projects and themes. For example, the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities established a Neuroethics Affinity Group, students at the
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made recommendations to the
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues as part of his $ 100 million Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. This Spring discussion resumed in a recent interview and article sponsored by
930:, the experiments prompt ethical questions. First, because the treatment is affecting the brain, the side effects can be unique and sometimes severe. A special kind of side effect that many subjects have claimed to experience in neurological treatment tests is changes in "
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Jun, Bang-Ook; Lee, Inyoung; Michie, Patricia; Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi; Nakazawa, Eisuke; Sakura, Osamu; Sarkissian, Hagop; Sullivan, Laura
Specker; Uh, Stepheni; Winickoff, David; Wolpe, Paul Root; Wu, Kevin Chien-Chang; Yasamura, Akira; Zheng, Jialin C. (October 2018).
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Neuroethics encompasses the myriad ways in which developments in basic and clinical neuroscience intersect with social and ethical issues. The field is so young that any attempt to define its scope and limits now will undoubtedly be proved wrong in the future, as
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Since 2017, neuroethics working groups across multiple organizations have published a spate of reports and guiding principles. In 2017, the Global
Neuroethics Summit Delegates prepared a set of ethical questions to guide research in brain science, published in
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which includes vows to be humble, respect privacy and doing no harm; and pursuing a path based on population-based ethics is just as dangerous as having no medical ethics at all". Why the danger of population-based bioethics? Faria asserts, "it is centered on
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Bell, Emily; Wallace, Tessa; Chouinard, Isabelle; Shevell, Michael; Racine, Eric (2011). "Responding to requests of families for unproven interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders: Hyperbaric oxygen 'treatment' and stem cell 'therapy' in cerebral palsy".
909:, he was double digits off in the voting in comparison to his Democratic opponent. However, Schwarzenegger's theme in this campaign was whether or not the voters would want to continue Schwarzenegger's reforms or go back to the days of the recalled governor,
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reminds us, permanent alteration of the brain cannot be undertaken lightly. Although nonpharmacologic brain interventions are exclusively aimed at therapeutic goals, the US military sponsors research in this general area (and more specifically in the use of
732:, and focus as neurobiological differences. This diversity falls on a spectrum of neurocognitive function. The neurodiversity paradigm argues that diversity in human cognition is normal and that some conditions generally classified as disorders, such as
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is widely credited with giving the word its current meaning in 2002, defining it as "the examination of what is right and wrong, good and bad about the treatment of, perfection of, or unwelcome invasion of and worrisome manipulation of the human brain".
595:. Currently it is unlikely given the simplicity of synthesised models compared to the complexity of a human brain; however, models have been shown to respond to light-based stimulation, so present models do have some scope of responding to some stimuli.
806:. Autoimmune diseases cause the body to "attack" its own cells and therefore destroys those cells as well as whatever functional purpose those cells have or contribute to. One form of an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system is
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Rodrigue, Catherine; Riopelle, Richard J.; Bernat, James L.; Racine, Eric (April 2013). "Perspectives and
Experience of Healthcare Professionals on Diagnosis, Prognosis, and End-of-Life Decision Making in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness".
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Rodrigue, Catherine; Riopelle, Richard J.; Bernat, James L.; Racine, Eric (April 2013). "Perspectives and
Experience of Healthcare Professionals on Diagnosis, Prognosis, and End-of-Life Decision Making in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness".
535:. For example, employers, marketers, and the government all have a strong interest in knowing the abilities, personality, truthfulness and other mental contents of certain people. This raises the question of whether, when, and how to ensure the
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that form myelin coats around the axons on neurons. This causes the nervous system to essentially "short circuit" and pass information very slowly. Stem cells therapy has been used to try to cure some of the damage caused by the body in MS.
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Bell, Emily; Isabelle
Chouinard; Michael Shevell; Eric Racine (2011). "Responding to requests of families for unproven interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders: hyperbaric oxygen "treatment" and stem cell "therapy" in cerebral palsy".
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The politics of neuromarketing is this idea of using advertisements to convince the mind of a voter to vote for a certain party. This has already been happening within the elections throughout the years. In the 2006 reelection of
Governor
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as well as over-proliferation of the cells causing possible brain tumors. Ongoing research will further contribute in the decision of whether stem cells should be used in the brain and whether their benefits truly outweigh their costs.
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458:. On the other hand, there are also some arguably novel ethical issues that arise in connection with brain enhancement, because these enhancements affect how people think and feel, thus raising the relatively new issues of "
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Greely, Henry T.; Grady, Christine; Ramos, Khara M.; Chiong, Winston; Eberwine, James; Farahany, Nita A.; Johnson, L. Syd M; Hyman, Bradley T.; Hyman, Steven E.; Rommelfanger, Karen S.; Serrano, Elba E. (12 December 2018).
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Neuroscience has led to a deeper understanding of the chemical imbalances present in a disordered brain. In turn, this has resulted in the creation of new treatments and medications to treat these disorders. When these new
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Pontius A. A. (1993). "Neuroethics vs neurophysiologically and neuropsychologically uninformed influences in child-rearing, education, emerging hunter-gatherers, and artificial intelligence models of the brain".
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develops and its implications continue to be revealed. At present, however, we can discern two general categories of neuroethical issue: those emerging from what we can do and those emerging from what we know.
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can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thought".
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confirmed a set of neuroethics principles and recommendations; now this interdisciplinary group is developing a toolkit for implementation, moving from the theoretical to the practical. In early 2020, the
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observe the progress of the field by monitoring labs working with brain organoids to try to begin the βbuilding of a philosophical frameworkβ that future guidelines and legislation could be built upon.
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methods. Research on brain-machine interfaces is primarily in a preclinical phase but promises to enable thought-based control of computers and robots by paralyzed patients. As the tragic history of
1427:"Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 3 - From deep brain stimulation to amygdalotomy for violent behavior, seizures, and pathological aggression in humans"
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is the study of both the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience concerns the ethical, legal, and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which
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correlates of intentional deception in laboratory tasks, and despite the skepticism of many experts, the technique has already been commercialized. A more feasible application of brain imaging is "
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More specifically the way that stem cell research has been involved in neuroscience is through the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. In these cases scientists are using
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Network. Stanford began publishing the monthly Stanford Neuroethics Newsletter, Penn developed the informational website neuroethics.upenn.edu, and the Neuroethics and Law Blog was launched.
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clients in 2010". He says that these advertisements that were presented, show honesty and continues to say how he and other politicians decide which advertisements are the most effective.
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Ethical concerns have been raised with using cerebral organoids as a model for disease due to the potential of them experiencing sensations such as pain or having the ability to develop a
519:. This means that scientists use brain imaging to look at certain parts of the brain during moments when a person is being deceptive. A number of different research groups have identified
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Over the next several years many centers for neurotics were established. A 2014 review of the field lists 31 centers and programs around the world; some of the longest-running include the
154:. In the second category are the ethical problems raised by our growing understanding of the neural bases of behavior, personality, consciousness, and states of spiritual transcendence.
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Chen, L W; F Kuang; L C Wei; Y X Ding; K K L Yung; Y S Chan (Jun 2011). "Potential application of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease".
1847:"Lost your libido? Let's try a little neuro-realism, madam: A study of women's libido raises questions about why brain imaging is used to make mental states 'real' for the public"
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publishes high-quality reflections on questions raised by the sciences of the mind, and on the ways in which the sciences of the mind illuminate longstanding debates in ethics.
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Barker, Roger A; Inez de Beaufort (November 2013). "Scientific and ethical issues related to stem cell research and interventions in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain".
104:. According to Racine (2010), the term was coined by the Harvard physician Anneliese A. Pontius in 1973 in a paper entitled "Neuro-ethics of 'walking' in the newborn" for the
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Chen LW, Kuang F, Wei LC, Ding YX, Yung KK, Chan YS (2011). "Potential application of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease".
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Additionally, the "humanization" of animal models has been raised as a topic of concern in transplantation of human stem cell derived organoids into other animal models.
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995:(AFP): "It is absolutely critical... to integrate ethics from the get-go into neuroscience research," and not "for the first time after something has gone wrong", said
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Barker Roger A; de Beaufort Inez (2013). "Scientific and ethical issues related to stem cell research and interventions in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain".
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As discussed, stem cells are used to treat degenerative diseases. One form of a degenerative disease that can occur in the brain as well as throughout the body is an
213:, medicine regressed after these authoritarian systems corrupted the ethics of the medical profession and forced it to descend to unprecedented barbarism. The Soviet
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Cosmetic neuro-pharmacology, the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, is highly controversial. Some case reports with the antidepressant
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life preferences. Neuroscience and brain imaging have allowed us to explore the brain activity of these patients more thoroughly. Recent findings from studies using
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believe that such drug usage is unethical and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism. Proponents, such as philosopher
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that the public (including judges and juries, employers, insurers, etc.) will ignore these complexities and treat brain images as a kind of indisputable truth.
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1007:, who was not involved in the Commission's work said, "any ethics approach must be based upon respect for the individual, as doctors pledge according to the
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50:. Others are unique to neuroethics because the brain, as the organ of the mind, has implications for broader philosophical problems, such as the nature of
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Lavazza, Andrea (1 January 2021). "Potential ethical problems with human cerebral organoids: Consciousness and moral status of future brains in a dish".
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societies for the most part lacked a system of neuroethics to guide them in facing the problems of mental illness and violence as civilization advanced.
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1358:"Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 2 - From the limbic system and cingulotomy to deep brain stimulation"
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4415:"Manufacturing neurons from human embryonic stem cells: biological and regulatory aspects to develop a safe cellular product for stroke cell therapy"
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research and psychosurgery advanced in the first half of the 20th century in tandem, but neuroscience ethics was left behind science and technology.
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Safire, W. Visions for a New Field of "Neuroethics" Neuroethics Mapping the Field Conference Proceedings. May 13β14, 2002. San Francisco, California
229:", at the expense of their individual patients." This must be kept in mind when establishing new guidelines in neuroscience research and bioethics.
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Aggarwal, Neil Krishan; Ford, Elizabeth (November 2013). "The Neuroethics and Neurolaw of Brain Injury: Neuroethics and neurolaw of brain Injury".
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Aggarwal, Neil Krishan; Ford, Elizabeth (November 2013). "The Neuroethics and Neurolaw of Brain Injury: Neuroethics and neurolaw of brain Injury".
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digitization of science and so far only in very early stages and yet it heralds a coming hybridization and interface that may be revolutionary.
877:, state that it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) right to determine whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes.
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Henry, Stuart; Plemmons, Dena (September 2012). "Neuroscience, Neuropolitics and Neuroethics: The Complex Case of Crime, Deception and fMRI".
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for the treatment of medication refractory mental illnesses and promising new therapies for neurological and psychiatric illnesses based on
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Vaccarino, Flora M.; Stevens, Hanna E.; Kocabas, Arif; Palejev, Dean; Szekely, Anna; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Weissman, Sherman (June 2011).
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Vaccarino, Flora M.; Stevens, Hanna E.; Kocabas, Arif; Palejev, Dean; Szekely, Anna; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Weissman, Sherman (June 2011).
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432:. The web now has many sites, blogs, and portals offering information about neuroethics. A list can be found at the end of this entry.
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Since most stem cell research is still in its preliminary phase, most of the neuroethical issues surrounding stem cells are the same as
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in everyday life raises a number of ethical issues, for example the influence of drug marketing on our conceptions of mental health and
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is the current President, who like Hyman and Sahakian, was also a pioneer in the field of neuroethics and a founder member of the INS.
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1566:"A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: part 1: overview and reviews β defining and describing the field and its practices"
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concerning the ethics of neuroscience, as evidenced by numerous meetings, publications, and organizations dedicated to this topic.
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Dubljevic, V. (1 August 2015). "Neurostimulation Devices for Cognitive Enhancement: Toward a Comprehensive Regulatory Framework".
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simply the product of past actions and biological impulses that are out of our control. The question of whether and how personal
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Conrad, E. C.; De Vries, R. (2012). "Interpreting the short history of neuroethics". In Pickersgill, M.; Van Keulen, I. (eds.).
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These capabilities of brain imaging, actual and potential, raise a number of ethical issues. The most obvious concern involves
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Nonpharmacologic methods of altering brain function are currently enjoying a period of rapid development, with a resurgence of
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developed a neuroethical framework to facilitate the development of guidelines for engineers working on new neurotechnologies.
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had used the term (see Cranford 1989). Illes (2003) records uses, from the scientific literature, from 1989 and 1991. Writer
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Thereafter, the number of neuroethics meetings, symposia, and publications continued to grow. The over 38,000 members of the
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proposed incorporating Neuroethics Guiding Principles into the research advanced by the Initiative. In December 2019, the
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The origin of the term "neuroethics" has occupied some writers. Rees and Rose (as cited in "References" on page 9) claim
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5741:
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1321:
Robison, RA; Taghva A; Liu CY; Apuzzo ML (2012). "Surgery of the mind, mood and conscious state: an idea in evolution".
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Silani, Vincenzo; Lidia Cova (15 February 2008). "Stem cell transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis: Safety and Ethics".
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619:
For example, potential future concerns of this type were described when human brain tissue organoids were transplanted
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112:, often wrongly mentioned as the first title containing the word "neuroethics". Before 1993, the American neurologist
623:, appearing to be highly functional, to mature and to integrate with the rat brain. Such models can be used to model
4333:
Anderson, James A.; Eijkholt, Marleen; Illes, Judy (2013). "Neuroethical issues in clinical neuroscience research".
1260:"Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 - From trephination to lobotomy"
6780:
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6038:
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882:
379:
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252:
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In 2002, there were several meetings that drew together neuroscientists and ethicists to discuss neuroethics: the
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Cranford RE (1989). "The neurologist as ethics consultant and as a member of the institutional ethics committee".
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304:
recognized the importance of neuroethics by inaugurating an annual "special lecture" on the topic, first given by
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The concept of artificial insects may raise substantial ethical questions, including questions related to the
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published the article "Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience". Further articles appeared on neuroethics in
6728:
6701:
6282:
5993:
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4626:, website of the Neuroethics Research Unit in Montreal, Canada with further links and relevant publications
4329:
Neuroscience, Neuropolitics and Neuroethics: The Complex Case of Crime, Deception and fMRI - Springer, n.d.
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Silani Vincenzo; Cova Lidia (2008). "Stem cell transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis: Safety and Ethics".
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782:
628:
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Sawai, Tsutomu; Sakaguchi, Hideya; Thomas, Elizabeth; Takahashi, Jun; Fujita, Misao (10 September 2019).
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906:
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20:
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Bruno, Marie-AurΓ©lie; Laureys, Steven; Demertzi, Athena (2013). "Coma and disorders of consciousness".
2921:
Bruno, Marie-AurΓ©lie; Laureys, Steven; Demertzi, Athena (2013). "Coma and disorders of consciousness".
527:", whereby people's conscious or unconscious reaction to certain products can purportedly be measured.
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3520:"The road being paved to neuroethics: A path leading to bioethics or to neuroscience medical ethics?"
3127:
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1996:
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86:
55:
4134:"Induced pluripotent stem cells: A new tool to confront the challenge of neuropsychiatric disorders"
3754:
2668:"Induced pluripotent stem cells: A new tool to confront the challenge of neuropsychiatric disorders"
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function that recognizes the diversity within sensory processing, motor abilities, social comfort,
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3163:"When the boss turns pusher: a proposal for employee protections in the age of cosmetic neurology"
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The primary ethical dilemma that is brought up in stem cell research is concerning the source of
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222:
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because damage to the brain is often permanent and will change a patient's way of life forever.
745:
cognitive diversity, e.g. as different people will choose to enhance different aspects of their
4564:
2079:"Transplantation of Human Brain Organoids: Revisiting the Science and Ethics of Brain Chimeras"
1878:"Can criminals use propranolol to erase crime-related memories? A response to McGorrery (2017)"
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2219:
2108:
2022:
1983:
Quadrato G, Nguyen T, Macosko EZ, Sherwood JL, Min Yang S, Berger DR, et al. (May 2017).
1965:
1922:
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1639:
1597:
1497:
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831:(hESCs). As the name states, hESCs come from embryos. To be more specific, they come from the
750:
701:
585:
471:
459:
321:
162:
63:
3428:
DubljeviΔ, Veljko (October 2013). "Autonomy in Neuroethics: Political and Not Metaphysical".
547:
brain scan, and healthy or normal if correlates cannot be found in a brain scan. The case of
390:. In December 2018, The Neuroethics Working Group of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
370:
at the University of British Columbia in 2007, the Center for Neurotechnology Studies of the
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2012:
2004:
1955:
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and, as demonstrated, to investigate diseases (and their potential therapies) but could be
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113:
39:
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2000:
1618:"Neuroethics Questions to Guide Ethical Research in the International Brain Initiatives"
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Judy Illes (2002). "Brain and Cognition: Ethical Challenges in Advanced Neuroimaging".
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2596:
2564:"Great minds think different: Preserving cognitive diversity in an age of gene editing"
2563:
2504:
2471:
2347:"Brain surgeries are opening windows for neuroscientists, but ethical questions abound"
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2017:
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59:
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National Core for Neuroethics at the University of British Columbia publications page
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Some neuroethics problems are not fundamentally different from those encountered in
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31:
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1960:
1943:
318:
Hard Science, Hard Choices: Facts, Ethics and Policies Guiding Brain Science Today
316:
Several relevant books were published during this time as well: Sandra Ackerman's
3441:
2487:
2127:"Human brain cells transplanted into baby rats' brains grow and form connections"
1634:
1617:
6684:
6242:
5569:
5373:
5150:
4811:
4729:
4687:
4581:
4538:"Anthropological and Ethical Dilemmas in the recent Development of Neuroscience"
2178:
Mehrdad; Huguenard, John R.; Deisseroth, Karl; PaΘca, Sergiu P. (October 2022).
996:
811:
725:
392:
Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative
271:, edited by Steven J. Marcus and published by Dana Press. That same year, the
226:
138:
In the first category are the ethical problems raised by advances in functional
101:
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2094:
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5524:
5435:
5293:
5236:
5196:
5191:
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4884:
4380:"Neuroethics, Neuroimaging, and Disorders of Consciousness: Promise or Peril?"
4314:
4247:
3929:
3891:
3582:
3398:
3353:
3224:"Macleans.ca - Canada's national current affairs and news magazine since 1905"
3095:
3078:
3000:"Neuroethics, Neuroimaging, and Disorders of Consciousness: Promise or Peril?"
2976:
2799:
2636:
2538:
2077:
Chen HI, Wolf JA, Blue R, Song MM, Moreno JD, Ming GL, Song H (October 2019).
1798:
973:
evaluations have become more commonly used in the criminal justice system and
962:
910:
356:
218:
186:
166:
27:
4594:
Further links, research papers and news can be found on the background pages.
4582:
Public access journal articles on neuroethics from University of Pennsylvania
4430:
3971:
3536:
2644:
2587:
2495:
2440:
2274:
2180:"Maturation and circuit integration of transplanted human cortical organoids"
1985:"Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids"
1894:
1877:
1443:
1374:
1276:
6679:
6501:
6192:
5845:
5757:
5489:
5469:
5368:
5278:
5251:
5231:
5176:
5045:
4854:
4605:
This blog is not active any more, but offers a good bibliography up to 2008.
3179:
3162:
2472:"The Ethics of Cerebral Organoid Research: Being Conscious of Consciousness"
939:
762:
746:
729:
693:
669:
that establishes rights to personal identity, free will and mental privacy.
654:
650:
516:
189:
despite the announced social "progress"; and ethics continues to lag behind
85:
that emerged only at the beginning of the 21st century, largely through the
82:
51:
47:
4537:
4528:
4477:
4448:
4405:
4370:
4292:
4255:
4226:
4197:
4167:
4116:
4052:
4016:
3999:
3990:
3808:
3771:
3740:
Farah Martha J (2005). "Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical".
3732:
3675:
3590:
3555:
3493:"Medical Ethics of Hippocrates or Population-Based Bioethics β A Symposium"
3406:
3371:
3196:
3147:
3063:
3025:
2948:
2907:
2850:
2807:
2772:
2736:
2701:
2652:
2605:
2562:
Anomaly, Jonathan; Gyngell, Christopher; Savulescu, Julian (January 2020).
2513:
2448:
2325:
2223:
2112:
2026:
1969:
1701:
1643:
1601:
1501:
1462:
1393:
1342:
1295:
1149:
4629:
4081:
3937:
3899:
2369:"In the face of neurotechnology advances, Chile passes 'neuro rights' law"
1582:
1078:
and became an independent journal in 2010, publishing four issues a year.
275:
ran a cover story entitled "Open Your Mind: The Ethics of Brain Science",
6410:
5875:
5840:
5474:
5459:
5383:
5378:
5343:
5333:
5246:
5181:
5155:
1716:"OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology - OECD"
1092:
979:
966:
666:
198:
97:
6604:
4619:
Neuroscience: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues - Third Annual Conference
4591:
4089:
Bongso, Ariff; Fong, Chui-Yee; Gauthaman, Kalamegam (15 December 2008).
3188:
2008:
1493:
1053:
5499:
5388:
5353:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5211:
5201:
4623:
2579:
2265:
532:
190:
90:
4107:
4090:
502:) that is presumably aimed at enhancing the capabilities of soldiers.
181:
in modern societies even in democratic governments, not to mention in
5484:
5425:
5358:
5283:
5160:
4770:
4692:
4649:
4614:
Capital Consortium for Neuroscience: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues
4510:
4284:
4189:
3055:
2889:
2764:
935:
865:
733:
151:
4634:
4384:
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
3714:
3004:
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
2237:
Peters, Michael A.; JandriΔ, Petar; Hayes, Sarah (15 January 2021).
2152:"Human neurons transplanted into rats to help study brain disorders"
6133:
4725:
Neuroethics Studies Program at Georgetown University Medical Center
4720:
National Core for Neuroethics at the University of British Columbia
4709:
4602:
4337:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 118. pp. 335β343.
4029:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 118. pp. 205β213.
2925:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 118. pp. 205β213.
5464:
5454:
4704:
4644:
3998:
Schlindwein-Zanini, Rachel; Junior, Bruno Schlemper (1 May 2013).
3878:
Pontius A. A. (1973). "Neuro-ethics of 'walking' in the newborn".
1564:
Buniak, Liana; Darragh, Martina; Giordano, James (20 April 2014).
1003:, a Professor of Neurosurgery and an Associate Editor in Chief of
999:, Bioethics Commission Chair." But no consensus has been reached.
958:
709:
66:. Examples of neuroethics topics are given later in this article (
4667:
Virtual Mentor Ethics Journal of the American Medical Association
4609:
Center for Neuroscience & Society, University of Pennsylvania
4587:
The Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania
4570:
1944:"Cerebral organoids: ethical issues and consciousness assessment"
1224:
Farah Martha J., Neuroethics: An Introduction with Readings, 2010
217:' and Nazi doctors' dark descent into barbarism was a product of
5504:
5420:
5266:
5261:
5221:
4719:
4710:
Neuroethics Imaging Group, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics
4608:
4576:
1535:"Neurogaming: What's Neuroscience and Ethics Got To Do With It?"
520:
395:
366:
at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), the
206:
6608:
5950:
5946:
4743:
1824:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 256β262.
330:
Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice and Policy
5430:
4654:
2395:"Lego Robot with an Organic 'Brain' Learns to Navigate a Maze"
1409:
Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society
515:. Intentional deception can be thought of in the context of a
512:
267:. This last meeting was the largest, and resulted in a book,
4536:
Amaya, JosΓ© Manuel GimΓ©nez; SΓ‘nchez-MigallΓ³n, Sergio (2010).
1668:"Neuroethics Guiding Principles for the NIH BRAIN Initiative"
653:
implications, for instance related to possible potentials to
396:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
158:
Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics
4597:
2302:"Ethical and Social Challenges of Brain-Computer Interfaces"
736:, are differences and disabilities that are not necessarily
5726:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
19:
This article is about the discipline. For the journal, see
4613:
108:. The author reproposed the term in 1993 in her paper for
4739:
4618:
643:
Wetware computer Β§ Ethical and philosophical implications
4586:
1822:
Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives in Neuroethics
401:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
4639:
3118:
Caplan, Arthur L. (September 2003). "Is Better Best?".
795:
In another study done in 2011 used stem cells to treat
378:; and the Center for Neuroscience & Society at the
16:
Ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics
4705:
Wellcome Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford
3470:"U.S. Experts urge focus on ethics in brain research"
456:
human growth hormone for normal boys of short stature
4592:
Neuroscience, Identity and Society Seminar Series UK
3342:
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
3248:
Jotterand, Fabrice; Dubljevic, Veljko, eds. (2016).
3079:"Cognitive Enhancement and the Threat of Inequality"
777:
to regenerate tissue and to be used as carriers for
6642:
6464:
6326:
6266:
6141:
6002:
5833:
5678:
5444:
5169:
5098:
4960:
4835:
4777:
4091:"Taking stem cells to the clinic: Major challenges"
2239:"Postdigital-biodigital: An emerging configuration"
1247:. New York: Hafner Publishing; 1967. pp. 1β50.
243:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2530:Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement
4640:The American Society for Bioethics and Humanities
4495:"The bioethics of stem cell research and therapy"
4413:Daadi, Marcel M; Steinberg, Gary K (March 2009).
2874:"The bioethics of stem cell research and therapy"
3472:. Yahoo News. May 14, 2014, Agence France Presse
3037:
3035:
2041:"Human Brain Organoids: the Science, the Ethics"
574:Human intelligence Β§ Non-human intelligence
3336:Mohamed, Ahmed D.; Barbara J. Sahakian (2012).
2619:Gyngell, Chris; Easteal, Simon (January 2015).
1539:The Center for Ethics in Science and Technology
1173:Neuroethics: Agency in the Age of Brain Science
1068:AJOB Neuroscience, the official journal of the
340:(Cambridge University Press) and Steven Rose's
1921:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 97β8.
1570:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
717:depicting the natural diversity of human minds
6620:
5962:
4755:
4207:CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
3614:Sociological Reflections on the Neurosciences
3217:Jason Kirby. Going to Work on Smart Drugs.
2717:CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
551:demonstrate the inadequacy of this approach.
374:, the Wellcome Centre for Neuroethics at the
185:ones, has not kept pace with the advances of
8:
6497:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
5702:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
418:American Journal of Bioethics β Neuroscience
338:The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects
4178:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
3338:"The ethics of elective psychopharmacology"
2753:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
2621:"Cognitive Diversity and Moral Enhancement"
6804:
6627:
6613:
6605:
5969:
5955:
5947:
4762:
4748:
4740:
3955:"Ethical issues in deep brain stimulation"
3650:"Neuroethics in a new era of neuroimaging"
1420:
1418:
1054:American Journal of BioethicsβNeuroscience
761:Most of the issues concerning the uses of
724:paradigm is a framework for understanding
470:, and the increasingly malleable sense of
4518:
4438:
4395:
4360:
4157:
4106:
4015:
3980:
3970:
3841:
3753:
3722:
3665:
3545:
3535:
3361:
3258:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199396818.001.0001
3178:
3094:
3015:
2897:
2691:
2595:
2503:
2318:10.1001/virtualmentor.2007.9.2.msoc1-0702
2264:
2254:
2213:
2203:
2102:
2016:
1959:
1942:Lavazza A, Massimini M (September 2018).
1919:Neuroethics: an introduction withreadings
1893:
1691:
1633:
1591:
1581:
1478:"Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience"
1452:
1442:
1383:
1373:
1285:
1275:
1139:
328:(Dana Press), Judy Illes' edited volume,
3697:Racine E.; Bar-Ilan O; Illes J. (2005).
3684:New brain sciences: perils and prospects
2625:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
1876:Elsey, James; Kindt, Merel (June 2018).
1820:Gordijn Bert; Giordano James J. (2010).
511:correlations between brain activity and
5734:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
1114:
817:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
810:. In this disease the body attacks the
649:Wetware computers may have substantial
500:transcranial direct current stimulation
349:International Neuroethics Society (INS)
6660:Differential technological development
3463:
3461:
3459:
2060:"A human brain model in a petri dish?"
1770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1763:
586:Cerebral organoid Β§ Sentient organoids
478:called "cosmetic psychopharmacology".
4499:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
4335:Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
4027:Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
3959:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
2923:Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
2878:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1175:. New York: Oxford University Press.
957:held responsible for our actions? A
847:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
6587:
4735:Emory University Neuroethics Program
4683:The President's Council on Bioethics
4573:Academic journal, editor: Neil Levy.
4236:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
3569:Illes, Judy (2009). "Neurologisms".
2788:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
372:Potomac Institute for Policy Studies
6749:Future-oriented technology analysis
5750:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1124:"Neuroethics for the New Millenium"
698:Human intelligence Β§ Improving
4678:Neuroscience for Kids: Neuroethics
4343:10.1016/b978-0-444-53501-6.00028-7
4035:10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00017-2
3654:American Journal of Neuroradiology
3491:Faria, Miguel A; Sheridan, Kerry.
3308:"Upper Playground - darryl-howard"
3140:10.1038/scientificamerican0903-104
2931:10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00017-2
2300:Wolpe, Paul R. (1 February 2007).
1065:, North Carolina State University
489:as well as relatively noninvasive
225:, purportedly in the name of the "
169:led through a tortuous course to "
14:
6477:Development of the nervous system
4650:International Neuroethics Society
4635:The American Journal of Bioethics
4273:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
3571:The American Journal of Bioethics
3288:from the original on 13 July 2015
3044:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
2243:Educational Philosophy and Theory
2045:International Neuroethics Society
1857:from the original on 7 March 2016
1845:Goldacre, Ben (30 October 2010).
1245:A history of neurological surgery
1070:International Neuroethics Society
961:in the United States requires a "
928:treatments are first being tested
788:A study done in 2011 showed that
426:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
6837:Ethics of science and technology
6803:
6586:
6575:
6574:
6132:
5931:
5930:
4655:Bioethics Resources from the NIH
4150:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.021
4095:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
3682:Rees, D. & Rose, S. (2004).
3499:from the original on 18 May 2014
3083:Journal of Cognitive Enhancement
2684:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.021
1302:from the original on 25 May 2015
1005:Surgical Neurology International
753:is also a topic in neuroethics.
641:This section is an excerpt from
584:This section is an excerpt from
347:2006 marked the founding of the
336:and Steven Rose's edited volume
332:(both Oxford University Press),
4470:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.003
3318:from the original on 2015-05-20
2843:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.003
1753:from the original on 2021-02-27
1722:from the original on 2020-08-13
1516:from the original on 2017-11-21
1207:from the original on 2020-05-30
221:willingly cooperating with the
193:in dealing with the problem of
69:
5718:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
5088:Value monism β Value pluralism
4645:Cognitive Neuroscience Society
3843:10.1046/j.1468-1331.10.s1.12.x
3387:Science and Engineering Ethics
2872:Hyun, Insoo (4 January 2010).
2433:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147146
1684:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2077-18.2018
1203:. McCombs School of Business.
790:induced pluripotent stem cells
269:Neuroethics: Mapping the Field
205:century in both the communist
1:
6776:Technology in science fiction
6318:Social cognitive neuroscience
4074:10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30384-0
3830:European Journal of Neurology
3801:10.1016/s0278-2626(02)00522-5
3693:. Oxford University Press USA
3686:. Cambridge University Press.
3282:"The power of neuromarketing"
2256:10.1080/00131857.2020.1867108
1961:10.1136/medethics-2017-104555
1141:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00763-8
1075:American Journal of Bioethics
674:decline in insect populations
452:doping for strength in sports
368:National Core for Neuroethics
233:Important activity since 2002
6293:Molecular cellular cognition
5782:On the Genealogy of Morality
5742:Critique of Practical Reason
3742:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3442:10.1080/21507740.2013.819390
3161:Appel, J M (1 August 2008).
2488:10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.003
1635:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.021
986:In late 2013 U.S. President
694:Education Β§ Development
6512:Neurodevelopmental disorder
6487:Neural network (biological)
6482:Neural network (artificial)
4000:"NeuroΓ©tica e neurociΓͺncia"
3880:Perceptual and Motor Skills
3703:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1672:The Journal of Neuroscience
1411:. New York: Harper and Row.
854:Pharmacological enhancement
636:Ethics of cognitive wetware
344:(Oxford University Press).
106:Perceptual and Motor Skills
70:"Key issues in neuroethics"
67:
6858:
6781:Technology readiness level
6717:Technological unemployment
6039:Computational neuroscience
5710:A Treatise of Human Nature
4730:Johns Hopkins PEBS Program
4598:Neuroethics & Law Blog
4219:10.2174/187152711795563994
3953:Schermer, Maartje (2011).
3874:. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
3764:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.001
3616:. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald.
2729:10.2174/187152711795563994
2205:10.1038/s41586-022-05277-w
2095:10.1016/j.stem.2019.09.002
1335:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.005
1039:, Monash University &
949:
946:Neuroscience and free will
892:
883:University of Pennsylvania
857:
840:Disorders of consciousness
687:
640:
600:Guidelines and legislation
583:
571:
380:University of Pennsylvania
310:London School of Economics
253:University of Pennsylvania
197:in association with human
125:Two categories of problems
18:
6799:
6764:Technological singularity
6724:Technological convergence
6570:
6507:Neurodegenerative disease
6351:Evolutionary neuroscience
6130:
5984:
5926:
4715:Neuroethics Research Unit
4688:Johns Hopkins Neuroethics
4624:Neuroethics Research Unit
4315:10.1007/s12152-011-9142-4
4248:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.010
3930:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.451
3892:10.2466/pms.1973.37.1.235
3648:Illes, J (October 2003).
3640:Gazzaniga, M. S. (2005).
3583:10.1080/15265160903192557
3399:10.1007/s11948-012-9393-4
3354:10.1017/s146114571100037x
3167:Journal of Medical Ethics
3096:10.1007/s41465-018-0108-x
2977:10.1007/s12152-011-9142-4
2800:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.010
2637:10.1017/S0963180114000310
2539:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0
1948:Journal of Medical Ethics
1799:10.1007/s12152-014-9225-0
952:Neuroscience of free will
661:and dual-use technology.
568:Ethics of brain organoids
364:Neuroethics Research Unit
6472:Brainβcomputer interface
6421:Neuromorphic engineering
6346:Educational neuroscience
6253:Nutritional neuroscience
6158:Clinical neurophysiology
6054:Integrative neuroscience
5061:Universal prescriptivism
4458:Progress in Neurobiology
4431:10.2217/17460751.4.2.251
4378:Fins, Joseph J. (2011).
3972:10.3389/fnint.2011.00017
3699:"fMRI in the public eye"
3537:10.4103/2152-7806.142323
3530:(October 7, 2014): 146.
3312:news.upperplayground.com
2998:Fins, Joseph J. (2011).
2831:Progress in Neurobiology
2058:Gogol A (October 2018).
1895:10.1177/1037969X18765204
1444:10.4103/2152-7806.115162
1425:Faria, Miguel A (2013).
1375:10.4103/2152-7806.112825
1356:Faria, Miguel A (2013).
1277:10.4103/2152-7806.110146
1258:Faria, Miguel A (2013).
900:Political neuromarketing
537:privacy of our own minds
491:transcranial stimulation
462:". The growing role of
302:Society for Neuroscience
152:brain-machine interfaces
6729:Technological evolution
6702:Exploratory engineering
6283:Behavioral neuroscience
4850:Artificial intelligence
4673:Issues in Neuroscience
3691:Bioethics and the Brain
3495:. Hacienda Publishing.
3180:10.1136/jme.2007.022723
1882:Alternative Law Journal
1476:Farah Martha J (2002).
921:Neurological treatments
881:, a neurologist at the
625:human brain development
474:that results from what
414:Bioethics and the Brain
342:The Future of the Brain
6739:Technology forecasting
6734:Technological paradigm
6707:Proactionary principle
6278:Affective neuroscience
6059:Molecular neuroscience
6014:Behavioral epigenetics
4017:10.4013/ctc.2013.61.07
1917:Farah, Martha (2010).
1407:Delgado, Jose (1986).
1043:, Elmhurst University
718:
487:deep brain stimulation
412:Walter Glannon's book
407:Sources of information
6665:Disruptive innovation
6636:Emerging technologies
6341:Cultural neuroscience
6336:Consumer neuroscience
6178:Neurogastroenterology
6034:Cellular neuroscience
5774:The Methods of Ethics
5012:Divine command theory
5007:Ideal observer theory
4577:Neuroethics.upenn.edu
4419:Regenerative Medicine
3872:Pragmatic Neuroethics
3250:Cognitive Enhancement
3221:. October 1, 2008.
3077:Veit, Walter (2018).
2527:Kapp SK, ed. (2020).
2306:AMA Journal of Ethics
2131:MIT Technology Review
1583:10.1186/1747-5341-9-9
907:Arnold Schwarzenegger
871:cosmetic pharmacology
713:
513:intentional deception
450:enhancements such as
21:Neuroethics (journal)
6712:Technological change
6655:Collingridge dilemma
6313:Sensory neuroscience
6153:Behavioral neurology
6124:Systems neuroscience
5891:Political philosophy
4693:The Neuroethics Blog
4669:Theme Issue: Ethical
993:Agence France-Presse
829:embryonic stem cells
376:University of Oxford
110:Psychological Report
56:moral responsibility
6769:Technology scouting
6744:Accelerating change
6456:Social neuroscience
6356:Global neurosurgery
6233:Neurorehabilitation
6203:Neuro-ophthalmology
6188:Neurointensive care
6019:Behavioral genetics
5861:Evolutionary ethics
5822:Reasons and Persons
5798:A Theory of Justice
4952:Uncertain sentience
4493:Hyun Insoo (2010).
3789:Brain and Cognition
3689:Glannon, W. (2006).
3132:2003SciAm.289c.104C
3120:Scientific American
2399:Scientific American
2196:2022Natur.610..319R
2009:10.1038/nature22047
2001:2017Natur.545...48Q
1678:(50): 10586β10588.
1494:10.1038/nn1102-1123
1482:Nature Neuroscience
783:Parkinson's disease
684:Cognitive diversity
445:Brain interventions
294:Brain and Cognition
284:Nature Neuroscience
261:Stanford University
6786:Technology roadmap
6532:Neuroimmune system
6426:Neurophenomenology
6366:Neural engineering
6089:Neuroendocrinology
6069:Neural engineering
5856:Ethics in religion
5851:Descriptive ethics
5686:Nicomachean Ethics
4660:2008-05-09 at the
4144:(7β8): 1355β1363.
4004:Contextos ClΓnicos
3870:Racine E. (2010).
3518:Faria, MA (2014).
3284:. 19 August 2014.
2678:(7β8): 1355β1363.
2580:10.1111/bioe.12585
1243:Walker, AE (ed.).
1122:Roskies A (2002).
936:choice of patients
808:multiple sclerosis
804:autoimmune disease
719:
579:Sentient organoids
464:psychopharmacology
223:totalitarian state
144:psychopharmacology
6819:
6818:
6602:
6601:
6451:Paleoneurobiology
6386:Neuroepistemology
6361:Neuroanthropology
6327:Interdisciplinary
6213:Neuropharmacology
6173:Neuroepidemiology
5944:
5943:
5911:Social philosophy
5896:Population ethics
5886:Philosophy of law
5866:History of ethics
5349:Political freedom
5026:Euthyphro dilemma
4817:Suffering-focused
4352:978-0-444-53501-6
4138:Neuropharmacology
4108:10.1002/jcb.21957
4044:978-0-444-53501-6
3644:. The Dana Press.
3642:The Ethical Brain
3468:Sheridan, Kerry.
3430:AJOB Neuroscience
3267:978-0-19-939681-8
2940:978-0-444-53501-6
2672:Neuropharmacology
2548:978-981-13-8436-3
2476:Stem Cell Reports
2393:Bolakhe, Saugat.
2190:(7931): 319β326.
2158:. 12 October 2022
1831:978-0-521-70303-1
1020:Academic journals
932:personal identity
775:neural stem cells
757:Stem cell therapy
751:Moral enhancement
702:Human variability
611:Humanized animals
472:personal identity
460:cognitive liberty
326:The Ethical Brain
322:Michael Gazzaniga
245:with the journal
64:personal identity
6849:
6807:
6806:
6754:Horizon scanning
6670:Ephemeralization
6629:
6622:
6615:
6606:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6577:
6492:Detection theory
6376:Neurocriminology
6303:Neurolinguistics
6218:Neuroprosthetics
6136:
6099:Neuroinformatics
6049:Imaging genetics
5971:
5964:
5957:
5948:
5934:
5933:
5881:Moral psychology
5826:
5818:
5810:
5806:Practical Ethics
5802:
5794:
5790:Principia Ethica
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5694:Ethics (Spinoza)
5690:
5329:Moral imperative
4787:Consequentialism
4764:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4603:BrainEthics Blog
4549:
4532:
4522:
4511:10.1172/jci40435
4489:
4452:
4442:
4409:
4399:
4374:
4364:
4326:
4296:
4285:10.1002/bsl.2086
4267:
4242:(1β2): 116β121.
4230:
4201:
4190:10.1002/ddrr.134
4171:
4161:
4128:
4110:
4101:(6): 1352β1360.
4085:
4056:
4021:
4019:
3994:
3984:
3974:
3949:
3911:
3867:
3860:"Open your mind"
3855:
3845:
3820:
3783:
3757:
3736:
3726:
3679:
3669:
3660:(9): 1739β1741.
3628:
3627:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3465:
3454:
3453:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3215:
3209:
3208:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3056:10.1002/bsl.2086
3039:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2890:10.1172/jci40435
2869:
2863:
2862:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2794:(1β2): 116β121.
2783:
2777:
2776:
2765:10.1002/ddrr.134
2747:
2741:
2740:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:on 9 August 2014
1541:. Archived from
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1488:(11): 1123β129.
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1329:(5β6): 662β686.
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1289:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1201:Ethics Unwrapped
1193:
1187:
1186:
1171:May, J. (2023).
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1119:
1103:Moral psychology
1088:Bodily integrity
1063:Veljko Dubljevic
1009:Hippocratic Oath
879:Anjan Chatterjee
860:Neuroenhancement
768:stem cell ethics
555:Memory dampening
495:frontal lobotomy
353:Barbara Sahakian
73:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6842:Neurophilosophy
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6795:
6638:
6633:
6603:
6598:
6566:
6552:Neurotechnology
6547:Neuroplasticity
6542:Neuromodulation
6537:Neuromanagement
6460:
6431:Neurophilosophy
6328:
6322:
6308:Neuropsychology
6269:
6262:
6223:Neuropsychiatry
6183:Neuroimmunology
6168:Neurocardiology
6144:
6137:
6128:
6119:Neurophysiology
6109:Neuromorphology
6064:Neural decoding
6005:
5998:
5980:
5975:
5945:
5940:
5922:
5829:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5674:
5447:
5440:
5364:Self-discipline
5324:Moral hierarchy
5272:Problem of evil
5217:Double standard
5207:Culture of life
5165:
5094:
5041:Non-cognitivism
4956:
4831:
4773:
4768:
4662:Wayback Machine
4560:"NeuroPolitics"
4556:
4535:
4492:
4455:
4412:
4377:
4353:
4332:
4299:
4270:
4233:
4204:
4174:
4131:
4088:
4059:
4045:
4024:
3997:
3952:
3914:
3877:
3858:
3824:Riis P (2003).
3823:
3786:
3755:10.1.1.728.9513
3739:
3715:10.1038/nrn1609
3696:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3524:Surg Neurol Int
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3457:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3041:
3040:
3033:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2941:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
1995:(7652): 48β53.
1982:
1981:
1977:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:"Archived copy"
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1431:Surg Neurol Int
1424:
1423:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1362:Surg Neurol Int
1355:
1354:
1350:
1323:World Neurosurg
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1264:Surg Neurol Int
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1084:
1041:Katrina Sifferd
1022:
971:neuropsychiatry
954:
948:
923:
902:
897:
891:
862:
856:
842:
833:inner cell mass
759:
742:
741:
704:
686:
681:
680:
646:
638:
633:
632:
613:
608:
607:
602:
597:
596:
589:
581:
576:
570:
557:
508:
476:Peter D. Kramer
454:and the use of
447:
438:
409:
265:Dana Foundation
235:
227:collective good
160:
127:
114:Ronald Cranford
40:neurotechnology
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6855:
6853:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6584:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6562:Self-awareness
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6517:Neurodiversity
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Neuromarketing
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6391:Neuroesthetics
6388:
6383:
6381:Neuroeconomics
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6228:Neuroradiology
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Neuropathology
6205:
6200:
6198:Neuro-oncology
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6084:Neurochemistry
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5906:Secular ethics
5903:
5901:Rehabilitation
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5766:Utilitarianism
5763:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Existentialist
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Constructivism
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4995:Non-naturalism
4992:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4822:Utilitarianism
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4562:, an entry on
4555:
4554:External links
4552:
4551:
4550:
4533:
4490:
4453:
4425:(2): 251β263.
4410:
4375:
4351:
4330:
4327:
4297:
4279:(6): 789β802.
4268:
4231:
4213:(4): 449β458.
4202:
4172:
4129:
4086:
4068:(4): 697β713.
4057:
4043:
4022:
3995:
3950:
3924:(2): 451β458.
3912:
3886:(1): 235β245.
3875:
3868:
3866:. 23 May 2002.
3856:
3821:
3795:(3): 341β344.
3784:
3737:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3645:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3623:978-1780526324
3622:
3604:
3561:
3510:
3483:
3455:
3420:
3393:(3): 573β591.
3377:
3348:(4): 559β571.
3328:
3299:
3273:
3266:
3240:
3210:
3173:(8): 616β618.
3153:
3126:(3): 104β105.
3110:
3089:(4): 404β410.
3069:
3050:(6): 789β802.
3031:
2990:
2954:
2939:
2913:
2864:
2821:
2778:
2742:
2723:(4): 449β458.
2707:
2658:
2611:
2554:
2547:
2519:
2482:(3): 440β447.
2462:
2421:Brain Research
2411:
2385:
2373:techxplore.com
2360:
2338:
2312:(2): 128β131.
2292:
2229:
2169:
2143:
2118:
2089:(4): 462β472.
2083:Cell Stem Cell
2069:
2050:
2032:
1975:
1954:(9): 606β610.
1934:
1927:
1909:
1888:(2): 136β138.
1868:
1837:
1830:
1812:
1793:(2): 115β126.
1777:
1732:
1707:
1657:
1607:
1556:
1526:
1468:
1414:
1399:
1348:
1313:
1250:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1188:
1181:
1163:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1014:utilitarianism
947:
944:
922:
919:
901:
898:
895:Neuromarketing
890:
889:Neuromarketing
887:
858:Main article:
855:
852:
841:
838:
797:cerebral palsy
758:
755:
722:neurodiversity
706:
705:
685:
682:
647:
639:
637:
634:
621:into baby rats
615:
614:
612:
609:
604:
603:
601:
598:
590:
582:
580:
577:
569:
566:
556:
553:
525:neuromarketing
507:
504:
446:
443:
437:
434:
408:
405:
320:(Dana Press),
306:Donald Kennedy
234:
231:
195:mental illness
179:Medical ethics
159:
156:
148:brain implants
126:
123:
118:William Safire
94:communications
60:self-deception
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6854:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6812:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6792:
6791:Transhumanism
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6595:
6594:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6446:Neurotheology
6444:
6442:
6441:Neurorobotics
6439:
6437:
6436:Neuropolitics
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Neuroethology
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6298:Motor control
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:Chronobiology
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Neurovirology
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Neurogenetics
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Brain-reading
6027:
6025:
6024:Brain mapping
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Moral courage
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:Good and evil
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Family values
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Quasi-realism
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:Environmental
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Particularism
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4548:(3): 179β186.
4547:
4543:
4542:Imago Hominis
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:The Economist
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:"Neuroethics"
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:(2): 159β64.
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3230:on 2012-02-22
3229:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:9780262062695
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:"Neuroethics"
1192:
1189:
1184:
1182:9780197648087
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:Neurosecurity
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1061:Main Editor:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:Adrian Carter
1035:Main Editor:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
920:
918:
916:
915:Gubernatorial
912:
908:
899:
896:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:Arthur Caplan
872:
869:Opponents of
867:
861:
853:
851:
848:
839:
837:
834:
830:
825:
821:
818:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Neurogenetics
683:
677:
675:
670:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
635:
630:
629:controversial
626:
622:
618:
610:
599:
594:
593:consciousness
587:
578:
575:
567:
565:
563:
554:
552:
550:
549:phantom limbs
544:
540:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:Brain imaging
505:
503:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:psychosurgery
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
444:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
406:
404:
402:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
355:(2014β2016).
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Royal Society
254:
250:
249:
244:
239:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:psychiatrists
212:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:authoritarian
180:
176:
172:
171:psychosurgery
168:
164:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
133:
124:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6808:
6695:Robot ethics
6689:
6591:
6579:
6527:Neuroimaging
6522:Neurogenesis
6406:Neurohistory
6395:
6371:Neurobiotics
6270:neuroscience
6238:Neurosurgery
6163:Epileptology
6145:neuroscience
6114:Neurophysics
6104:Neurometrics
6079:Neurobiology
6074:Neuroanatomy
6044:Connectomics
5978:Neuroscience
5915:
5871:Human rights
5814:After Virtue
5540:Schopenhauer
5314:Moral agency
5187:Common sense
5083:Universalism
5051:Expressivism
5031:Intuitionism
5002:Subjectivism
4947:Terraforming
4922:Professional
4672:
4563:
4545:
4541:
4505:(1): 71β75.
4502:
4498:
4461:
4457:
4422:
4418:
4387:
4383:
4334:
4309:(1): 25β36.
4306:
4302:
4276:
4272:
4239:
4235:
4210:
4206:
4184:(1): 19β26.
4181:
4177:
4141:
4137:
4098:
4094:
4065:
4061:
4026:
4010:(1): 58β61.
4007:
4003:
3962:
3958:
3921:
3917:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3833:
3829:
3792:
3788:
3748:(1): 34β40.
3745:
3741:
3706:
3702:
3690:
3683:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3613:
3607:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3436:(4): 44β51.
3433:
3429:
3423:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3320:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3276:
3249:
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3218:
3213:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3047:
3043:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2971:(1): 25β36.
2968:
2964:
2957:
2922:
2916:
2884:(1): 71β75.
2881:
2877:
2867:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2759:(1): 19β26.
2756:
2752:
2745:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2631:(1): 66β74.
2628:
2624:
2614:
2574:(1): 81β89.
2571:
2567:
2557:
2529:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2309:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:The Guardian
2155:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2063:
2053:
2047:. June 2018.
2044:
2035:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1851:The Guardian
1850:
1840:
1821:
1815:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1755:. Retrieved
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1710:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1628:(1): 19β36.
1625:
1621:
1610:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1549:28 September
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1538:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1485:
1481:
1471:
1434:
1430:
1408:
1402:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1267:
1263:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1134:(1): 21β23.
1131:
1127:
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2353:26 January
2331:26 January
1757:2020-09-08
1726:2020-09-08
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963:guilty act
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5379:Sympathy
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5334:Morality
5247:Fidelity
5227:Equality
5182:Autonomy
5170:Concepts
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5825:(1984)
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