692:. Sixteen countries (Australia, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States), and the EU Commission established the legal basis for the INCF and Programme in International Neuroinformatics (PIN). To date, eighteen countries (Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States) are members of the INCF. Membership is pending for several other countries. The goal of the INCF is to coordinate and promote international activities in neuroinformatics. The INCF contributes to the development and maintenance of database and computational infrastructure and support mechanisms for neuroscience applications. The system is expected to provide access to all freely accessible human brain data and resources to the international research community. The more general task of INCF is to provide conditions for developing convenient and flexible applications for neuroscience laboratories in order to improve our knowledge about the human brain and its disorders.
146:
error bounds are ill-defined, but the relative merit of the different models of a particular subsystem can be compared according to how closely they reproduce real-world behaviors or respond to specific input signals. In the closely related field of computational neuroethology, the practice is to include the environment in the model in such a way that the loop is closed. In the cases where competing models are unavailable, or where only gross responses have been measured or quantified, a clearly formulated model can guide the scientist in designing experiments to probe biochemical mechanisms or network connectivity.
804:
leading international institutions to develop highly skilled human resource in the related field. This lab facilitates neuroscientists and computer scientists in
Pakistan to conduct their experiments and analysis on the data collected using state of the art research methodologies without investing in establishing the experimental neuroscience facilities. The key goal of this lab is to provide state of the art experimental and simulation facilities, to all beneficiaries including higher education institutes, medical researchers/practitioners, and technology industry.
402:
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structural, cellular, networks, systems and behavioural level, in all species and preparations in both the normal and disordered states. In the recent decade, as vast amounts of diverse data about the brain were gathered by many research groups, the problem was raised of how to integrate the data from thousands of publications in order to enable efficient tools for further research. The biological and neuroscience data are highly interconnected and complex, and by itself, integration represents a great challenge for scientists.
332:
621:
Biological
Working Group issued a report supporting a global neuroinformatics effort. Koslow, working with the NIH and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to establishing a new Neuroinformatics working group to develop specific recommendation to support the more general recommendations of the first report. The Global Science Forum (GSF; renamed from MSF) of the OECD supported this recommendation.
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receptor for the neurotransmitter, glutamate, which is required for processes of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP). Many of the techniques used are high-throughout in nature, and integrating the various data sources, along with guiding the experiments has raised numerous informatics questions. The program is primarily run by
Professor
902:
network studies relating gene variants to differences in mRNA and protein expression and to differences in CNS structure and behavior. The great majority of data are open access. GeneNetwork has a companion neuroimaging web site—the Mouse Brain
Library—that contains high resolution images for thousands of genetically defined strains of mice.
525:, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains. According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are currently under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility.
328:, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains. According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are currently under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility.
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behaviour, and related motivations and higher-level cognition grounded on it, on the basis of embodied computational models; (b) transferring the acquired knowledge to building innovative controllers for autonomous humanoid robots capable of learning in an open-ended fashion on the basis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.
688:
developed a business plan for the operation, support and establishment of the INCF which was supported and approved by the GSF Science
Ministers at its 2004 meeting. In 2006 the INCF was created and its central office established and set into operation at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden under the leadership of
915:
The
Cognitive Atlas is a project developing a shared knowledge base in cognitive science and neuroscience. This comprises two basic kinds of knowledge: tasks and concepts, providing definitions and properties thereof, and also relationships between them. An important feature of the site is ability to
901:
started as component of the NIH Human Brain
Project in 1999 with a focus on the genetic analysis of brain structure and function. This international program consists of tightly integrated genome and phenome data sets for human, mouse, and rat that are designed specifically for large-scale systems and
861:
Genes to
Cognition Project, a neuroscience research programme that studies genes, the brain and behaviour in an integrated manner. It is engaged in a large-scale investigation of the function of molecules found at the synapse. This is mainly focused on proteins that interact with the NMDA receptor, a
803:
Establishment of the Neuro-Informatics Lab at SEECS-NUST has enabled
Pakistani researchers and members of the faculty to actively participate in such efforts, thereby becoming an active part of the above-mentioned experimentation, simulation, and visualization processes. The lab collaborates with the
763:
This group, part of the
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council (ISTC-CNR) in Rome and founded in 2006 is currently led by Gianluca Baldassarre. It has two objectives: (a) understanding the brain mechanisms underlying learning and expression of sensorimotor
728:
Established April 1998 at the Department of Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark. Besides pursuing independent research goals, the THOR Center hosts a number of related projects concerning neural networks, functional neuroimaging, multimedia signal processing, and biomedical signal
471:
supercomputer by the University of Nevada's research team in 2007. Each second of simulated time took ten seconds of computer time. The researchers claimed to observe "biologically consistent" nerve impulses that flowed through the virtual cortex. However, the simulation lacked the structures seen in
281:
supercomputer by the University of Nevada's research team in 2007. Each second of simulated time took ten seconds of computer time. The researchers claimed to observe "biologically consistent" nerve impulses that flowed through the virtual cortex. However, the simulation lacked the structures seen in
687:
This scheme should eliminate national and disciplinary barriers and provide a most efficient approach to global collaborative research and data sharing. In this new scheme, each country will be expected to fund the participating researchers from their country. The GSF neuroinformatics committee then
602:
from NSF. Within the mandate of this committee, of which Koslow was a member the United States European Commission Committee on Neuroinformatics was established and co-chaired by Koslow from the United States. This committee resulted in the European Commission initiating support for neuroinformatics
620:
and presented at the OECD MSF by Edwards and Koslow. An MSF committee was established on Biological Informatics with two subcommittees: 1. Biodiversity (Chair, James Edwards, NSF), and 2. Neuroinformatics (Chair, Stephen Koslow, NIH). At the end of two years the Neuroinformatics subcommittee of the
611:
requested that agencies in the federal government meet at NIH to decide if cooperation were needed that would be of global benefit. The NIH held a series of meetings in which proposals from different agencies were discussed. The proposal recommendation from the U.S. for the MSF was a combination of
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An international organization with the mission to develop, evaluate, and endorse standards and best practices that embrace the principles of open, fair, and citable neuroscience. As of October 2019, the INCF has active nodes in 18 countries. This committee presented 3 recommendations to the member
908:
NTSA Workbench is a set of tools, techniques and standards designed to meet the needs of neuroscientists who work with neuronal time series data. The goal of this project is to develop information system that will make the storage, organization, retrieval, analysis and sharing of experimental and
852:
The mission of the Blue Brain Project is to understand mammalian brain function and dysfunction through detailed simulations. The Blue Brain Project will invite researchers to build their own models of different brain regions in different species and at different levels of detail using Blue Brain
585:
with funds to undertake a careful analysis and study of the need to introduce computational techniques to brain research. The positive recommendations were reported in 1991. This positive report enabled NIMH, now directed by Allan Leshner, to create the "Human Brain Project" (HBP), with the first
231:
that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform
715:
Led by Alan Evans, MCIN conducts computationally-intensive brain research using innovative mathematical and statistical approaches to integrate clinical, psychological and brain imaging data with genetics. MCIN researchers and staff also develop infrastructure and software tools in the areas of
145:
Models of neural computation are attempts to elucidate, in an abstract and mathematical fashion, the core principles that underlie information processing in biological nervous systems, or functional components thereof. Due to the complexity of nervous system behavior, the associated experimental
123:
Cognitive Informatics (CI) as a transdisciplinary enquiry of computer science, information sciences, cognitive science, and intelligence science. CI investigates into the internal information processing mechanisms and processes of the brain and natural intelligence, as well as their engineering
560:
function. In the INCF context, this field refers to scientific information about primary experimental data, ontology, metadata, analytical tools, and computational models of the nervous system. The primary data includes experiments and experimental conditions concerning the genomic, molecular,
737:
The project is part of a larger effort to enhance the exchange of neuroscience data, data-analysis tools, and modeling software. The portal is supported from many members of the OECD Working Group on Neuroinformatics. The Portal Pilot is promoted by the German Ministry for Science and
606:
A second opportunity for globalization of neuroinformatics occurred when the participating governments of the Mega Science Forum (MSF) of the OECD were asked if they had any new scientific initiatives to bring forward for scientific cooperation around the globe. The
754:
Active in the field of Artificial Neural Networks since 1989. Current research programmes within the group are focused on the improvement of man-machine-interfaces, robot-force-control, eye-tracking experiments, machine vision, virtual reality and distributed
889:
The main goal of the group is to build realistic models of neuronal function at various levels, from the synapse to the micro-circuit, based on the precise knowledge of molecule functions and interactions (Systems Biology). Led by Nicolas Le
772:
The Visiome Platform is the Neuroinformatics Search Service that provides access to mathematical models, experimental data, analysis libraries and related resources. An online portal for neurophysiological data sharing is also available at
853:
Software for simulation on Blue Gene. These models will be deposited in an internet database from which Blue Brain software can extract and connect models together to build brain regions and begin the first whole brain simulations.
675:
National neuroinformatics programs should be continued or initiated in each country should have a national node to both provide research resources nationally and to serve as the contact for national and international
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An International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility should be established. The INCF will coordinate the implementation of a global neuroinformatics network through integration of national neuroinformatics
637:
and ETH Zurich at the end of 1995. The mission of the Institute is to discover the key principles by which brains work and to implement these in artificial systems that interact intelligently with the real
787:
The target of Laboratory for Mathematical Neuroscience is to establish mathematical foundations of brain-style computations toward construction of a new type of information science. Led by Shun-ichi Amari.
778:
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in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron that receives a signal then processes it and can signal neurons connected to it. The "signal" at a connection is a
883:
to enable experimental neuroscientists to archive their datasets in a structured database, making them widely accessible for further research, and for modellers and algorithm developers to exploit.
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Led by Hanchuan Peng, this group has focused on using large-scale imaging computing and data analysis techniques to reconstruct single neuron models and mapping them in brains of different animals.
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different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer), to the last layer (the output layer), possibly after traversing the layers multiple times.
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simulated neuronal data easier. The ultimate aim is to develop a set of tools, techniques and standards in order to satisfy the needs of neuroscientists who work with neuronal data.
707:
Institute scientists utilize brain imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, to reveal the organization of brain networks involved in human thought. Led by Gary Egan.
1220:"Design and Implementation of Cloud Analytics-Assisted Smart Power Meters Considering Advanced Artificial Intelligence as Edge Analytics in Demand-Side Management for Smart Homes"
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463:). In November 2007, the project reported the end of its first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column. An
273:). In November 2007, the project reported the end of its first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column. An
459:. The neocortex is the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher-order functions like conscious thought, and contains 10,000 neurons in the rat brain (and 10
269:. The neocortex is the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher-order functions like conscious thought, and contains 10,000 neurons in the rat brain (and 10
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552:) is also devoted to the development of neurobiology knowledge with computational models and analytical tools for sharing, integration, and analysis of experimental
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720:, collaborates with a broad range of researchers and increasingly focuses on open data sharing and open science, including for the Montreal Neurological Institute.
654:
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Neuroinformatics is the scientific study of information flow and processing in the nervous system. Institute scientists utilize brain imaging techniques, such as
3439:
847:: iterations between large-scale simulations of neocortical microcircuits and experiments in order to verify the computational model and explore predictions.
1622:. St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom: The International Conference on Digital Image and Signal Processing (DISP'19). Archived from
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513:. Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers,
316:. Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers,
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INCF, neuroinformatics is a research field devoted to the development of neuroscience data and knowledge bases together with computational models.
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2162:"Neuro-Informatics Lab @ SEECS, NUST - School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences & Technology"
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The two related initiatives were combined to form the United States proposal on "Biological Informatics". This initiative was supported by the
841:: a simulation environment for large-scale simulations of morphologically complex neurons on 8000 processors of IBM's Blue Gene supercomputer.
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of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a
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of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a
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The main activity of the group is development of computational tools and models, and using them to understand brain structure and function.
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cite literature for assertions (e.g. "The Stroop task measures executive control") and to discuss their validity. It contributes to
413:, to reveal the organization of brain networks involved in human thought. Brain simulation is the concept of creating a functioning
101:
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Started in the light of the international OECD Global Science Forum which aim is to create a worldwide program in Neuroinformatics.
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This group focuses on computational neurobiology, in particular on the dynamics and signal processing capabilities of systems with
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Ascoli, Giorgio A.; De Schutter, Erik; Kennedy, David N. (March 2003). "An information science infrastructure for neuroscience".
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829:: 3D reconstructed model neurons, synapses, synaptic pathways, microcircuit statistics, computer model neurons, virtual neurons.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs), are computing systems vaguely inspired by the
3766:
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221:, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called
835:: microcircuit builder and simulation results visualizator, 2D, 3D and immersive visualization systems are being developed.
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as interdisciplinary domain that focuses on human information processing, mechanisms and processes within the context of
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the development of tools and databases for management and sharing of patients brain data in healthcare institutions.
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83:), among others disciplines. Neuroinformatics doesn't deal with matter or energy, so it can be seen as a branch of
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is the concept of creating a functioning computational model of a brain or part of a brain. In December 2006, the
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the development of tools and databases for management and sharing of neuroscience data at all levels of analysis.
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the NSF and NIH proposals. Jim Edwards of NSF supported databases and data-sharing in the area of biodiversity.
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The CARMEN project is a multi-site (11 universities in the United Kingdom) research project aimed at using
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grants awarded in 1993. Next, Koslow pursued the globalization of the HPG and neuroinformatics through the
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820:/L supercomputer developed by IBM. At the time, this was one of the fastest supercomputers in the world.
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of a brain or part of a brain. There are three main directions where neuroinformatics has to be applied:
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2137:"Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience - Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies"
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Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing
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Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing
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image processing, databasing, and high performance computing. The MCIN community, together with the
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in Framework 5 and it has continued to support activities in neuroinformatics research and training.
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Mapping the Brain and Its Functions: Integrating Enabling Technologies into Neuroscience Research
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The first was the existence of the US/European Commission Biotechnology Task force co-chaired by
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Chen, Yung-Yao; Lin, Yu-Hsiu; Kung, Chia-Ching; Chung, Ming-Han; Yen, I.-Hsuan (January 2019).
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of the mental state (including long-term memory and "self") and copying it to a computer in a
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of the mental state (including long-term memory and "self") and copying it to a computer in a
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Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh
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the development of tools for analyzing data from devices for neurological diagnostic devices,
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real mice brains, and they intend to improve the accuracy of the neuron and synapse models.
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389:(Relaxed, Neutral, Concentrating) mental emotional states (Negative, Neutral, Positive) and
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365:. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression
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real mice brains, and they intend to improve the accuracy of the neuron and synapse models.
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Beltrame, F.; Koslow, S.H. (September 1999). "Neuroinformatics as a megascience issue".
1944:"What is Neuroinformatics | INCF - International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility"
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Laboratory for Mathematical Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (Wako, Saitama)
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described as being "as big and as complex as half of a mouse brain" was run on an IBM
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described as being "as big and as complex as half of a mouse brain" was run on an IBM
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Neuroimaging & Neuroinformatics, Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne
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Brain Big Data research group at the Allen Institute for Brain Science (Seattle, WA)
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Mental Emotional Sentiment Classification with an EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface
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Bird, Jordan J.; Ekart, Aniko; Buckingham, Christopher D.; Faria, Diego R. (2019).
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the development of computational models of the nervous system and neural processes;
37:. Neuroinformatics is related with neuroscience data and information processing by
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Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine
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41:. There are three main directions where neuroinformatics has to be applied:
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1183:"Cognitive Informatics in Year 10 and Beyond: summary of the plenary panel"
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455:. The neocortical column is considered the smallest functional unit of the
335:
Diagram of the BCI developed by Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues for use on
265:. The neocortical column is considered the smallest functional unit of the
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the development of tools for analyzing and modeling neuroscience data; and
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Sterratt, David; Graham, Bruce; Gillies, Andrew; Willshaw, David (2011).
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Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology
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International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence
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594:(OECD), Paris, France. Two particular opportunities occurred in 1996.
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205:. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called
2544:. International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility. 8 July 2008.
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2596:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 401. Totowa, NJ: Humana.
873:, but there are many other teams of collaborators across the world.
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1980:
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924:, allows programmatic access to the database, and is built around
405:
Schematic illustration of digital tracing of a neuron's morphology
400:
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330:
202:
2487:. Progress in neuroinformatics research. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
2444:(September 2004). "A gateway to the future of Neuroinformatics".
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2005:
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a physical structure of the brain accurately enough to create an
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a physical structure of the brain accurately enough to create an
253:
is the concept of creating a functioning computational model and
4379:
1444:"Coalescing minds: brain uploading-related group mind scenarios"
553:
510:
313:
4056:
3551:
2893:
2889:
353:
Research on brain–computer interface began in the 1970s at the
1380:"A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind's substrate"
2194:
816:
Project was founded in May 2005, and uses an 8000 processor
741:
Computational Neuroscience, ITB, Humboldt-University Berlin
2404:
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
2289:
Adee, Sally (June 2008). "Reverse Engineering the Brain".
2259:
2020:"Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics | InfWeb"
1886:
Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL (March 2008).
1647:"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by machine learning"
1476:
Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL (March 2008).
2711:. Health Informatics (4th ed.). New York: Springer.
2219:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Archived from
760:
Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience (LOCEN)
717:
683:
A new international funding scheme should be established.
633:
The Institute of Neuroinformatics was established at the
2485:
Neuroinformatics: An overview of the Human Brain Project
666:
The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility
2321:"Annual Report FY2006: Navigating a changing landscape"
1967:
Pechura, Constance M.; Martin, Joseph B., eds. (1991).
1109:
Patel, Vimla L.; Kannampallil, Thomas G. (2015-02-01).
774:
2623:. Progress in Neuroinformatics Research. Vol. 2.
2510:
Koslow, Steven H.; Subramaniam, Shankar, eds. (2005).
1888:"Identifying natural images from human brain activity"
1478:"Identifying natural images from human brain activity"
1412:
Goertzel, BEN; Ikle', Matthew (2012). "Introduction".
781:
Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences (SRPBS).
377:
with statistical temporal features extracted from the
2619:
Koslow, Stephen H.; Huerta, Michael F., eds. (2000).
2483:
Koslow, Stephen H.; Huerta, Michael F., eds. (1997).
2006:"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich"
1111:"Cognitive informatics in biomedicine and healthcare"
647:
Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Group
385:
data has shown high levels of success in classifying
257:
of a brain or part of a brain. In December 2006, the
2736:
Principles of Computational Modeling in Neuroscience
2335:
Arbib, Michael A.; Grethe, Jeffrey S., eds. (2001).
718:
Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health
649:
in Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation of
130:
Neuroinformatics in neuropsychology and neurobiology
4498:
4472:
4446:
4406:
4367:
4329:
4320:
4267:
4236:
4210:
4203:
4153:
4097:
4090:
3873:
3792:
3592:
3585:
3407:
3269:
3209:
3084:
2945:
2771:
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
630:
Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich
618:
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
609:
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
2565:Computational Neuroanatomy: Principles and Methods
886:EBI Computational Neurobiology, EMBL-EBI (Hinxton)
712:Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
124:applications in cognitive computing. According to
581:(NSF) provided the National Academy of Sciences
213:in a biological brain. Each connection, like the
2804:Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems
2337:Computing the Brain, A Guide to Neuroinformatics
592:Office for Economic Co-operation and Development
1645:Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (March 2018).
1437:
1435:
670:governments of GSF. These recommendations were:
369:in scientific literature. Recently, studies in
1861:International Journal of Machine Consciousness
1539:Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering
1451:International Journal of Machine Consciousness
1414:International Journal of Machine Consciousness
1387:International Journal of Machine Consciousness
4068:
3563:
2905:
2514:. Neuroinformatics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.
792:Netherlands state program in neuroinformatics
8:
3440:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
2512:Databasing the Brain: From Data to Knowledge
1704:"A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience"
1576:"Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG"
1535:"Toward direct brain–computer communication"
1373:
1371:
1859:Goertzel B, Ikle M (2012). "Introduction".
4326:
4207:
4094:
4075:
4061:
4053:
4035:
3589:
3570:
3556:
3548:
2912:
2898:
2890:
1971:(Consensus study report). Washington, DC:
1159:"Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek"
451:project completed a simulation of a rat's
261:project completed a simulation of a rat's
121:was introduced the following description:
2738:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2648:Neuroscience Databases: A Practical Guide
1919:
1737:
1719:
1678:
1550:
1509:
1253:
1243:
1126:
109:and computing applications. According to
4228:society as information processing system
4223:humans as information processing systems
2673:Mitra, Partha P.; Bokil, Hemant (2008).
905:The Neuronal Time Series Analysis (NTSA)
800:NUST-SEECS Neuroinformatics Research Lab
769:Japan national neuroinformatics resource
534:Data analysis and knowledge organisation
3665:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
3623:Applications of artificial intelligence
1018:
751:The Neuroinformatics Group in Bielefeld
397:Neuroengineering & Neuroinformatics
3891:Differential technological development
2590:Crasto, Chiquito Joaquim, ed. (2007).
2094:"Governing and Associate Nodes | INCF"
556:and advancement of theories about the
529:Auxiliary sciences of neuroinformatics
113:, neuroinformatics is synonymous with
4464:philosophy of artificial intelligence
2811:Journal of Computational Neuroscience
355:University of California, Los Angeles
225:. Neurons and edges typically have a
7:
3784:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
3530:
1815:"Supercomputer Mimics Mouse's Brain"
1331:"Supercomputer Mimics Mouse's Brain"
725:The THOR Center for Neuroinformatics
29:is the emergent field that combines
4154:information processing abstractions
3980:Future-oriented technology analysis
3643:Progress in artificial intelligence
2818:Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
2677:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2621:Electronic Collaboration in Science
1840:"Mouse brain simulated on computer"
1552:10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105
1356:"Mouse brain simulated on computer"
571:National Institute of Mental Health
95:seems to be used synonymously with
2068:Hagstrom, Stephanie (2014-09-03).
922:Neuroscience Information Framework
236:Brain emulation and mind uploading
14:
4098:information processes by function
3420:Development of the nervous system
2854:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
2339:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
2004:ETH, Zurich (11 September 2023).
1702:Fan, Xue; Markram, Henry (2019).
1442:Sotala K, Valpola H (June 2012).
1201:"What is Neuroinformatics | INCF"
1115:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
734:The Neuroinformatics Portal Pilot
102:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
4218:nature as information processing
4034:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3075:
575:National Institute of Drug Abuse
548:Neuroinformatics (in context of
87:that studies various aspects of
16:For the scientific journal, see
3680:Fourth-generation optical discs
1027:"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"
956:List of neuroscience databases
361:, followed by a contract from
1:
4563:Computational fields of study
4375:information processing theory
4007:Technology in science fiction
3261:Social cognitive neuroscience
2845:Neural Information Processing
2797:Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
2563:Ascoli, Giorgio, ed. (2002).
2538:"Strategy Overview 2008–2010"
1708:Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
69:information processing theory
55:Neuroinformatics encompasses
4454:computational theory of mind
3236:Molecular cellular cognition
1786:"News and Media information"
1302:"News and Media information"
440:Brain mapping and simulation
141:Models of neural computation
135:Models of neural computation
61:computational theory of mind
3455:Neurodevelopmental disorder
3430:Neural network (biological)
3425:Neural network (artificial)
1062:Wang, Yingxu (2003-08-01).
845:Simulations and experiments
579:National Science Foundation
391:thalamocortical dysrhythmia
373:through the application of
359:National Science Foundation
172:Neurocomputing technologies
4579:
4553:Computational neuroscience
4355:computational neuroscience
4259:human–computer interaction
4012:Technology readiness level
3948:Technological unemployment
2982:Computational neuroscience
2876:PLoS Computational Biology
2305:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4531462
2260:"Hanchuan Peng's Homepage"
2070:"The FAIR Data Principles"
1671:10.1038/s41467-018-02820-0
1064:"On Cognitive Informatics"
966:Computational neuroscience
946:Outline of the human brain
858:Genes to Cognition Project
537:
411:magnetic resonance imaging
371:Human-computer interaction
346:
239:
209:, which loosely model the
199:biological neural networks
189:Artificial neural networks
186:
183:Artificial neural networks
175:
163:Computational neuroscience
148:
138:
39:artificial neural networks
18:Neuroinformatics (journal)
15:
4459:philosophy of information
4030:
3995:Technological singularity
3955:Technological convergence
3513:
3450:Neurodegenerative disease
3294:Evolutionary neuroscience
3073:
2927:
1873:10.1142/S1793843012020015
1463:10.1142/S1793843012400173
1426:10.1142/S1793843012020015
1399:10.1142/S1793843012400021
1128:10.1016/j.jbi.2014.12.007
895:Neurogenetics GeneNetwork
748:. Led by Andreas VM Herz.
519:brain–computer interfaces
465:artificial neural network
322:brain–computer interfaces
275:artificial neural network
4249:brain–computer interface
3807:Brain–computer interface
3690:Holographic data storage
3415:Brain–computer interface
3364:Neuromorphic engineering
3289:Educational neuroscience
3196:Nutritional neuroscience
3101:Clinical neurophysiology
2997:Integrative neuroscience
2832:Journal of Web Semantics
2763:Journals and conferences
2650:. Boston, MA: Springer.
2328:Society for neuroscience
1721:10.3389/fninf.2019.00032
951:Outline of brain mapping
367:brain–computer interface
349:Brain–computer interface
343:Brain–computer interface
4438:artificial intelligence
4368:in cognitive psychology
4321:Information processing
3960:Technological evolution
3933:Exploratory engineering
3685:3D optical data storage
3618:Artificial intelligence
3226:Behavioral neuroscience
2825:Journal of Neuroscience
2675:Observed Brain Dynamics
2166:neuro.seecs.nust.edu.pk
1595:10.1109/PROC.1977.10542
1583:Proceedings of the IEEE
1378:Bamford S (June 2012).
1080:10.1023/A:1025401527570
1045:"Working groups | INCF"
651:University of Edinburgh
357:under a grant from the
201:that constitute animal
111:German National Library
4433:computational circuits
4428:information structures
4284:bio-inspired computing
4204:Information processors
4084:Information processing
3970:Technology forecasting
3965:Technological paradigm
3938:Proactionary principle
3812:Electroencephalography
3779:Software-defined radio
3221:Affective neuroscience
3002:Molecular neuroscience
2957:Behavioral epigenetics
2783:Biological Cybernetics
2567:. Totowa, NJ: Humana.
2239:www.cognitiveatlas.org
1973:National Academy Press
823:The project involves:
809:The Blue Brain Project
406:
339:
178:Bio-inspired computing
81:bio-inspired computing
4517:Decoding the Universe
4389:cognitive informatics
4323:theories and concepts
4091:Information processes
3896:Disruptive innovation
3579:Emerging technologies
3284:Cultural neuroscience
3279:Consumer neuroscience
3121:Neurogastroenterology
2977:Cellular neuroscience
2701:Shortliffe, Edward H.
2646:Kötter, Rolf (2003).
1651:Nature Communications
971:Computational anatomy
659:processes information
655:School of Informatics
583:Institute of Medicine
429:and neural processes,
404:
334:
155:Cognitive informatics
97:cognitive informatics
4523:information overload
4398:behavior informatics
4289:ubiquitous computing
3943:Technological change
3886:Collingridge dilemma
3606:Ambient intelligence
3256:Sensory neuroscience
3096:Behavioral neurology
3067:Systems neuroscience
1762:"Project Milestones"
1278:"Project Milestones"
976:Systems neuroscience
657:study how the brain
635:University of Zurich
423:computational models
159:Cognitive psychology
4407:in computer science
4346:genetic informatics
4000:Technology scouting
3975:Accelerating change
3628:Machine translation
3399:Social neuroscience
3299:Global neurosurgery
3176:Neurorehabilitation
3146:Neuro-ophthalmology
3131:Neurointensive care
2962:Behavioral genetics
2442:Shepherd, Gordon M.
2417:10.1109/4233.788587
2187:"Welcome to CARMEN"
1912:10.1038/nature06713
1904:2008Natur.452..352K
1663:2018NatCo...9.1103V
1502:10.1038/nature06713
1494:2008Natur.452..352K
1236:2019Senso..19.2047C
1031:www.frontiersin.org
991:Human Brain Project
912:The Cognitive Atlas
421:the development of
4480:information theory
4419:computation theory
4414:neural computation
4350:cellular computing
4254:physical computing
4017:Technology roadmap
3653:Speech recognition
3638:Mobile translation
3611:Internet of things
3475:Neuroimmune system
3369:Neurophenomenology
3309:Neural engineering
3032:Neuroendocrinology
3012:Neural engineering
2839:Neural Computation
2460:10.1385/NI:2:3:271
2378:10.1385/NI:1:1:001
2197:on 30 October 2019
1626:on 3 December 2018
1533:Vidal, JJ (1973).
876:The CARMEN project
569:The United States
483:is the process of
453:neocortical column
407:
340:
286:is the process of
263:neocortical column
207:artificial neurons
193:Neural computation
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4473:interdisciplinary
4316:
4315:
4199:
4198:
4181:stream processing
4171:signal processing
4166:sign processesing
4050:
4049:
3869:
3868:
3854:Visual prosthesis
3762:Optical computing
3545:
3544:
3394:Paleoneurobiology
3329:Neuroepistemology
3304:Neuroanthropology
3270:Interdisciplinary
3156:Neuropharmacology
3116:Neuroepidemiology
2790:Brain Informatics
2745:978-1-139-04255-0
2718:978-1-4471-4474-8
2684:978-0-19-517808-1
2657:978-1-4615-1079-6
2630:978-1-138-00318-7
2603:978-1-58829-720-4
2574:978-1-58829-000-7
2521:978-0-471-30921-5
2494:978-0-8058-2099-7
2440:Gardner, Daniel;
2346:978-0-12-059781-9
2235:"Cognitive Atlas"
2191:Welcome to CARMEN
2026:. 5 November 2020
1990:978-0-309-04497-4
1574:J. Vidal (1977).
1245:10.3390/s19092047
499:would then run a
302:would then run a
151:Cognitive science
77:natural computing
23:Field of research
4570:
4548:Neuroinformatics
4393:neuroinformatics
4327:
4294:artificial brain
4208:
4191:state processing
4186:agent processing
4161:event processing
4095:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4038:
4037:
3985:Horizon scanning
3901:Ephemeralization
3834:Neuroprosthetics
3827:Neuroinformatics
3802:Artificial brain
3740:Racetrack memory
3675:Extended reality
3670:Cybermethodology
3590:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3520:
3435:Detection theory
3319:Neurocriminology
3246:Neurolinguistics
3161:Neuroprosthetics
3079:
3042:Neuroinformatics
2992:Imaging genetics
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2862:Neuroinformatics
2757:
2730:
2705:Cimino, James J.
2696:
2669:
2642:
2615:
2593:Neuroinformatics
2586:
2545:
2533:
2506:
2479:
2447:Neuroinformatics
2436:
2397:
2365:Neuroinformatics
2358:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2264:home.penglab.com
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2223:on 21 July 2006.
2217:"NTSA Workbench"
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2193:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:en.nencki.gov.pl
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2045:"Mission | INCF"
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:web.inf.ed.ac.uk
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:. 27 April 2007.
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1792:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1723:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1523:
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1473:
1467:
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1439:
1430:
1429:
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1403:
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1384:
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1366:
1365:
1364:. 27 April 2007.
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
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1149:
1148:
1130:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1023:
961:Brain simulation
871:Sanger Institute
445:Brain simulation
375:machine learning
93:neuroinformatics
73:computer science
27:Neuroinformatics
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4494:
4485:decision theory
4468:
4442:
4402:
4363:
4341:systems biology
4322:
4312:
4303:virtual reality
4263:
4232:
4195:
4176:data processing
4149:
4145:decision-making
4086:
4081:
4051:
4046:
4026:
3865:
3861:Neurotechnology
3849:Retinal implant
3788:
3599:
3596:
3595:Information and
3581:
3576:
3546:
3541:
3509:
3495:Neurotechnology
3490:Neuroplasticity
3485:Neuromodulation
3480:Neuromanagement
3403:
3374:Neurophilosophy
3271:
3265:
3251:Neuropsychology
3212:
3205:
3166:Neuropsychiatry
3126:Neuroimmunology
3111:Neurocardiology
3087:
3080:
3071:
3062:Neurophysiology
3052:Neuromorphology
3007:Neural decoding
2948:
2941:
2923:
2918:
2888:
2765:
2760:
2746:
2733:
2719:
2707:, eds. (2013).
2699:
2685:
2672:
2658:
2645:
2631:
2618:
2604:
2589:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:Further reading
2548:
2536:
2522:
2509:
2495:
2482:
2439:
2400:
2361:
2347:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2258:
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2253:
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2241:
2233:
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2228:
2215:
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2210:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
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2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2141:www.istc.cnr.it
2135:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2111:
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2100:
2092:
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2087:
2078:
2076:
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2038:
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2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1898:(7185): 352–5.
1885:
1884:
1880:
1858:
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1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
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1615:
1614:
1610:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1488:(7185): 352–5.
1475:
1474:
1470:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1335:Huffington Post
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
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1176:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
941:
777:as part of the
746:spiking neurons
627:
577:(NIDA) and the
567:
550:library science
546:
544:Library science
538:Main articles:
536:
531:
515:virtual reality
478:
442:
399:
351:
345:
318:virtual reality
251:Brain emulation
248:
242:Brain emulation
240:Main articles:
238:
195:
187:Main articles:
185:
180:
174:
169:
143:
137:
132:
99:, described by
89:nervous systems
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4558:Bioinformatics
4555:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4490:systems theory
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4359:neurocomputing
4352:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:mind uploading
4291:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3817:Mind uploading
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:Machine vision
3630:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3600:
3597:communications
3593:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3527:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3505:Self-awareness
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Neurodiversity
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Neuromarketing
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Neuroesthetics
3331:
3326:
3324:Neuroeconomics
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Neuroradiology
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Neuropathology
3148:
3143:
3141:Neuro-oncology
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Neurochemistry
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2744:
2731:
2717:
2697:
2683:
2670:
2656:
2643:
2629:
2616:
2602:
2587:
2573:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2520:
2507:
2493:
2480:
2454:(3): 271–274.
2437:
2398:
2372:(1): 001–002.
2359:
2345:
2332:
2317:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2251:
2226:
2208:
2178:
2153:
2128:
2109:
2085:
2060:
2036:
2011:
1996:
1989:
1959:
1935:
1878:
1851:
1831:
1806:
1777:
1753:
1694:
1637:
1608:
1589:(5): 633–641.
1566:
1525:
1468:
1457:(1): 293–312.
1431:
1404:
1367:
1347:
1322:
1293:
1269:
1210:
1192:
1174:
1150:
1101:
1074:(2): 151–167.
1068:Brain and Mind
1054:
1036:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Vision science
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
929:
913:
910:
906:
903:
896:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:GRID computing
877:
874:
868:Wellcome Trust
859:
855:
854:
850:
849:
848:
842:
836:
830:
821:
810:
806:
805:
801:
797:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
770:
766:
765:
761:
757:
756:
752:
749:
742:
739:
735:
731:
730:
726:
722:
721:
713:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
685:
684:
681:
677:
672:
671:
667:
663:
662:
644:
639:
631:
626:
623:
614:
613:
604:
588:European Union
566:
563:
558:nervous system
535:
532:
530:
527:
481:Mind uploading
477:
476:Mind uploading
474:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:nervous system
415:computer model
398:
395:
347:Main article:
344:
341:
337:rhesus monkeys
284:Mind uploading
246:Mind uploading
237:
234:
184:
181:
176:Main article:
173:
170:
139:Main article:
136:
133:
131:
128:
115:neurocomputing
53:
52:
49:
46:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4575:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:in philosophy
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:computational
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4309:
4308:virtual world
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:mixed reality
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:communication
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4043:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4022:Transhumanism
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Brain implant
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Brain-reading
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:Chipless RFID
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Neurotheology
3387:
3385:
3384:Neurorobotics
3382:
3380:
3379:Neuropolitics
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Neuroethology
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Motor control
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Chronobiology
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Neurovirology
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Neurogenetics
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Brain-reading
2970:
2968:
2967:Brain mapping
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:(3): 239–40.
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2292:IEEE Spectrum
2287:
2286:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:10.17226/1816
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1796:on 2008-09-19
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1545:(1): 157–80.
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1326:
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1800:2008-08-11
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