1342:. This idea that the mind essentially had control over the body, but the body could resist or even influence other behaviors, was a major turning point in the way many physiologists would look at the brain. The capabilities of the mind were observed to do much more than simply react, but also to be rational and function in organized, thoughtful ways – much more complex than he thought the animal world to be. These ideas, although disregarded by many and cast aside for years led the medical community to expand their own ideas of the brain and begin to understand in new ways just how intricate the workings of the brain really were, and the complete effects it had on daily life, as well as which treatments would be the most beneficial to helping those people living with a dysfunctional mind. The mind–body problem, spurred by René Descartes, continues to this day with many philosophical arguments both for and against his ideas. However controversial they were and remain today, the fresh and well-thought-out perspective Descartes presented has had long-lasting effects on the various disciplines of medicine, psychology, and much more, especially in putting an emphasis on separating the mind from the body in order to explain observable behaviors.
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an emotional or another (potentially) reversible cause or both. For example, a test might show that both patients X and Y are unable to name items that they have been previously exposed to within the past 20 minutes (indicating possible dementia). If patient Y can name some of them with further prompting (e.g. given a categorical clue such as being told that the item they could not name is a fruit), this allows a more specific diagnosis than simply dementia (Y appears to have the vascular type which is due to brain pathology but is usually at least somewhat reversible). Clinical neuropsychologists often work in hospital settings in an interdisciplinary medical team; others work in private practice and may provide expert input into medico-legal proceedings. Current research into biological science of memory bridges multiple scales, from the molecular to the neuropsychological (Moscovitch et al.,2016). Memory needs specific details on the specifics of synaptic dynamism and also requires an explanation of the comprehension procedures and memory structures having neurobiological capabilities
1382:. This new discipline looked at the brain as an organ of the mind, where the shape of the skull could ultimately determine one's intelligence and personality. This theory was like many circulating at the time, as many scientists were taking into account physical features of the face and body, head size, anatomical structure, and levels of intelligence; only Gall looked primarily at the brain. There was much debate over the validity of Gall's claims however, because he was often found to be wrong in his predictions. He was once sent a cast of René Descartes' skull, and through his method of phrenology claimed the subject must have had a limited capacity for reasoning and higher cognition. As controversial and false as many of Gall's claims were, his contributions to understanding cortical regions of the brain and localized activity continued to advance understanding of the brain, personality, and behavior. His work is considered crucial to having laid a firm foundation in the field of neuropsychology, which would flourish over the next few decades.
1601:, and the Controlled Oral Word Association. When interpreting neuropsychological testing it is important that the diagnosis is empirically informed in order to determine if the cognitive deficits presented are legitimate. Successful malingering and symptom exaggeration can result in substantial benefits for the individual including but not limited to significant financial compensation, injury litigation, disability claims, and criminal sentencing. Due to the nature of these potential benefits, it is imperative that malingering is identified in neuropsychological tests in order to avoid making an invalid diagnosis. The Slick, Sherman, and Iverson (1999) criteria for Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction (MND) has pioneered the ability to detect malingering in a variety of performance validity tests (PVT) and symptom validity tests (SVT) across multiple neuropsychological contexts and disorders. These tests detect malingering by identifying performance that is below the level of probability for neuropsychological dysfunction.
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beings capable of rational thought, Willis looked at specialized structures of the brain. He theorized that higher structures accounted for complex functions, whereas lower structures were responsible for functions similar to those seen in other animals, consisting mostly of reactions and automatic responses. He was particularly interested in people with manic disorders and hysteria. His research constituted some of the first times that psychiatry and neurology came together to study individuals. Through his in-depth study of the brain and behavior, Willis concluded that automated responses such as breathing, heartbeats, and other various motor activities were carried out within the lower region of the brain. Although much of his work has been made obsolete, his ideas presented the brain as more complex than previously imagined, and led the way for future pioneers to understand and build upon his theories, especially when it came to looking at disorders and dysfunctions in the brain.
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different regions of the brain based on sensory and motor function. In 1873, Wernicke observed a patient presenting with poor language comprehension despite maintaining intact speech and hearing following a severe stroke. Post-morbid analysis revealed a lesion near the auditory region of the brain in the parietal-temporal region of the left hemisphere. Originally named sensory aphasia, this region later became known as
Wernicke's area. Individuals with damage to this area present with fluent but receptive aphasia characterized by the inability to comprehend or express written or spoken language while maintaining intact speech and auditory processes. Along with Paul Broca, Wernicke's contributions greatly expanded the present knowledge of language development and localization of left hemispheric function.
1338:. Often Descartes's ideas were looked upon as overly philosophical and lacking in sufficient scientific foundation. Descartes focused much of his anatomical experimentation on the brain, paying special attention to the pineal gland – which he argued was the actual "seat of the soul." Still deeply rooted in a spiritual outlook towards the scientific world, the body was said to be mortal, and the soul immortal. The pineal gland was then thought to be the very place at which the mind would interact with the mortal and machine-like body. At the time, Descartes was convinced the mind had control over the behaviors of the body (controlling the person) – but also that the body could have influence over the mind, which is referred to as
1403:
the act of ones speech, a discovery that had stemmed from the research of Gall. He was also one of the first to use larger samples for research although it took many years for that method to be accepted. By looking at over a hundred different case studies, Bouillaud came to discover that it was through different areas of the brain that speech is completed and understood. By observing people with brain damage, his theory was made more concrete. Bouillaud, along with many other pioneers of the time made great advances within the field of neurology, especially when it came to localization of function. There are many arguable debates as to who deserves the most credit for such discoveries, and often, people remain unmentioned, but
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its actual functioning. However, by switching the attention of the medical community to the brain, his theory led to more scientific discovery of the organ responsible for our behaviors. For years to come, scientists were inspired to explore the functions of the body and to find concrete explanations for both normal and abnormal behaviors. Scientific discovery led them to believe that there were natural and organically occurring reasons to explain various functions of the body, and it could all be traced back to the brain. Hippocrates introduced the concept of the mind – which was widely seen as a separate function apart from the actual brain organ.
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animals. He found that while their brains were cold to the touch and that such contact did not trigger any movements, the heart was warm and active, accelerating and slowing dependent on mood. Such beliefs were upheld by many for years to come, persisting through the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance period until they began to falter in the 17th century due to further research. The influence of Aristotle in the development of neuropsychology is evident within language used in modern day, since we "follow our hearts" and "learn by the heart."
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recognizable and respected discipline. Armed with the understanding that specific, independent areas of the brain are responsible for articulation and understanding of speech, the brains abilities were finally being acknowledged as the complex and highly intricate organ that it is. Broca was essentially the first to fully break away from the ideas of phrenology and delve deeper into a more scientific and psychological view of the brain.
1589:, meaning that they have been administered to a specific group (or groups) of individuals before being used in individual clinical cases. The data resulting from standardization are known as normative data. After these data have been collected and analyzed, they are used as the comparative standard against which individual performances can be compared. Examples of neuropsychological tests include: the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), the
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is known as functional localization. This is based on the principle that if a specific cognitive problem can be found after an injury to a specific area of the brain, it is possible that this part of the brain is in some way involved. However, there may be reason to believe that the link between mental functions and neural regions is not so simple. An alternative model of the link between mind and brain, such as
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1244:, different theories were developed as to why the body functioned the way it did. Many times, bodily functions were approached from a religious point of view, and abnormalities were blamed on bad spirits and the gods. The brain has not always been considered the center of the functioning body. It has taken hundreds of years to develop our understanding of the brain and how it affects our behaviors.
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1521:, may have more explanatory power for the workings and dysfunction of the human brain. Yet another approach investigates how the pattern of errors produced by brain-damaged individuals can constrain our understanding of mental representations and processes without reference to the underlying neural structure. A more recent but related approach is
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to model specific cognitive processes using what are considered to be simplified but plausible models of how neurons operate. Once trained to perform a specific cognitive task these networks are often damaged or 'lesioned' to simulate brain injury or impairment in an attempt to understand and compare
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and he believed that it was a general rule that governed how brain tissue would respond, independent of the type of learning. But we know now that mass action was a misinterpretation of his empirical results, because in order to run a maze the rats required multiple cortical areas. Cutting into small
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is a relatively new development and has emerged as a distillation of the complementary approaches of both experimental and clinical neuropsychology. It seeks to understand the mind and brain by studying people with brain injuries or neurological illnesses. One model of neuropsychological functioning
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was an influential nineteenth century neuropsychiatrist specifically interested in understanding how abnormalities could be localized to specific brain regions. Previously held theories attributed brain function as one singular process but
Wernicke was one of the first to attribute brain function to
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Brain models based on mouse and monkey have been developed based on theoretical neuroscience involving working memory and attention, while mapping brain activity based on time constants validated by measurements of neuronal activity in various layers of the brain. These methods also map to decision
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problems. In particular they bring a psychological viewpoint to treatment, to understand how such illness and injury may affect and be affected by psychological factors. They also can offer an opinion as to whether a person is demonstrating difficulties due to brain pathology or as a consequence of
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expanded upon the ideas of Gall and took a closer look at the idea of distinct cortical regions of the brain each having their own independent function. Bouillaud was specifically interested in speech and wrote many publications on the anterior region of the brain being responsible for carrying out
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to uncover the relationship between the nervous system and cognitive function. The majority of work involves studying healthy humans in a laboratory setting, although a minority of researchers may conduct animal experiments. Human work in this area often takes advantage of specific features of our
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viewed the brain as the seat of the soul. He drew a connection between the brain and behaviors of the body, writing: "The brain exercises the greatest power in the man." Apart from moving the focus from the heart as the "seat of the soul" to the brain, Hippocrates did not go into much detail about
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Aristotle reinforced this focus on the heart which originated in Egypt. He believed the heart to be in control of mental processes, and looked on the brain, due to its inert nature, as a mechanism for cooling the heat generated by the heart. He drew his conclusions based on the empirical study of
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studied at Oxford
University and took a physiological approach to the brain and behavior. It was Willis who coined the words 'hemisphere' and 'lobe' when referring to the brain. He was one of the earliest to use the words 'neurology' and 'psychology'. Rejecting the idea that humans were the only
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committed much of his study to the phenomena of how speech is understood and produced. Through his study, it was discovered and expanded upon that we articulate via the left hemisphere. Broca's observations and methods are widely considered to be where neuropsychology really takes form as a
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Lashley's works and theories that follow are summarized in his book Brain
Mechanisms and Intelligence. Lashley's theory of the Engram was the driving force for much of his research. An engram was believed to be a part of the brain where a specific memory was stored. He continued to use the
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technologies to take readings from the brain, usually when a person is doing a particular task, in an attempt to understand how the activation of particular brain areas is related to the task. In particular, the growth of methodologies to employ cognitive testing within established
1462:. We know now that he was seeing evidence of plasticity in the brain: within certain constraints the brain has the ability for certain areas to take over the functions of other areas if those areas should fail or be removed - although not to the extent initially argued by Lashley.
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individual parts alone will not impair the rats' brains much, but taking large sections removes multiple cortical areas at one time, affecting various functions such as sight, motor coordination, and memory, making the animal unable to run a maze properly.
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to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common, either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures, or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas. Such technologies may include
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made major progress in understanding the brain. He theorized that personality was directly related to features and structures within the brain. However, Gall's major contribution within the field of neuroscience is his invention of
1256:. They took a more scientific approach to medicine and disease, describing the brain, trauma, abnormalities, and remedies for reference for future physicians. Despite this, Egyptians saw the heart, not the brain, as the
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training/ablation method that Franz had taught him. He would train a rat to learn a maze and then use systematic lesions and removed sections of cortical tissue to see if the rat forgot what it had learned.
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Towards the late 19th century, the belief that the size of ones skull could determine their level of intelligence was discarded as science and medicine moved forward. A physician by the name of
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It is both an experimental and clinical field of patient-focused psychology. Thus aiming to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain function. It is also concerned with the
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The use of electrophysiological measures designed to measure the activation of the brain by measuring the electrical or magnetic field produced by the nervous system. This may include
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Eadie MJ (March 2003). "A pathology of the animal spirits -- the clinical neurology of Thomas Willis (1621-1675). Part II -- disorders of intrinsically abnormal animal spirits".
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The use of designed experimental tasks, often controlled by computer and typically measuring reaction time and accuracy on a particular tasks thought to be related to a specific
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Lashley also proposed that a portion of a functional area could carry out the role of the entire area, even when the rest of the area has been removed. He called this phenomenon
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3049:"Computerized neuropsychological assessment devices: joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology"
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2896:"Practical guidelines in the use of symptom validity and other psychological tests to measure malingering and symptom exaggeration in traumatic brain injury cases"
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Through his research with the rats, he learned that forgetting was dependent on the amount of tissue removed and not where it was removed from. He called this
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In practice these approaches are not mutually exclusive and most neuropsychologists select the best approach or approaches for the task to be completed.
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2847:"Multidimensional Malingering Criteria for Neuropsychological Assessment: A 20-Year Update of the Malingered Neuropsychological Dysfunction Criteria"
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was thought useless and was often discarded during burial processes and autopsies. As the field of medicine developed its understanding of human
1232:, perhaps even earlier. There is much debate as to when societies started considering the functions of different organs. For many centuries, the
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in humans and animals. It has also been applied in efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher
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3000:"Inhibitory Control in the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Loop: Complex Regulation and Interplay with Memory and Decision Processes"
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Cubelli R, De
Bastiani P (February 2011). "150 years after Leborgne: why is Paul Broca so important in the history of neuropsychology?".
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is perhaps one of the most famous and well known contributors to neuropsychology – often referred to as "the father" of the discipline.
1122:. Professionals in this branch of psychology focus on how injuries or illnesses of the brain affect cognitive and behavioral functions.
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1559:) techniques to study brain-behavior relations is having a notable influence on neuropsychological research.
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and
Whishaw in 1980. However, the history of its development can be traced back to the Third Dynasty in
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It was in the mid-17th century that another major contributor to the field of neuropsychology emerged.
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and classical psychology is largely divorced from it, neuropsychology seeks to discover how the brain
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settings, often involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems), and
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Conception of the Soul and the Belief in Resurrection Among the Egyptians".
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of people who have experienced illness or injury (particularly to the brain) which has caused
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which seeks to understand the normal function of mind and brain by studying psychiatric or
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Posner MI, DiGirolamo GJ (November 2000). "Cognitive neuroscience: origins and promise".
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These tasks have been designed so the performance on the task can be linked to specific
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through the study of neurological patients. It thus shares concepts and concerns with
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Arráez-Aybar LA, Navia-Álvarez P, Fuentes-Redondo T, Bueno-López JL (March 2015).
2196:
Finger S (2005-03-03). "Thomas Willis: The
Functional Organization of the Brain".
3015:
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2096:
Benton AL, Sivan AB (March 2007). "Clinical neuropsychology: a brief history".
6368:
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4860:
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4198:
3994:
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3206:
1684:
1630:(CAT or CT), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which yields structural data.
1610:
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3234:
3064:
3047:
Bauer RM, Iverson GL, Cernich AN, Binder LM, Ruff RM, Naugle RI (May 2012).
2523:
Carmichael L (May 1959). "Karl
Spencer Lashley, experimental psychologist".
1980:
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nervous system (for example that visual information presented to a specific
1308:
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Study of the brain related to specific psychological processes and behaviors
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In practice, neuropsychologists tend to work in research settings such as (
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is the application of neuropsychological knowledge to the assessment (see
6482:
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5013:
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2368:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
1193:
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77:
1988:
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In ancient Egypt, writings on medicine date from the time of the priest
6383:
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1903:
Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and their discoveries
1253:
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129:
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expanded upon this idea and is most widely known for his work on the
1280:
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164:
2773:"Functional brain imaging in neuropsychology over the past 25 years"
2661:
4736:
2753:(Fall 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1470:
Experimental neuropsychology is an approach that uses methods from
1216:
Neuropsychology is a relatively new discipline within the field of
3121:
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1284:
1272:
1267:
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121:
2571:
Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences
2436:
Javed, Kinaan; Reddy, Vamsi; M Das, Joe; Wroten, Michael (2022),
1639:
states of behavior in simple tasks that involve binary outcomes.
4127:
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1204:
settings or industry (often as clinical-trial consultants where
1154:
961:
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4549:
3553:
3125:
1623:
3549:
1622:(PET), which yields data related to functioning, as well as
2712:
Hall J, O'Carroll RE, Frith CD (2010). "Neuropsychology".
2824:. Vol. 3: Psychological Assessment. London: SAGE.
1483:
hemisphere on the opposite side) to make links between
1540:
the results to the effects of brain injury in humans.
2949:
Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Field AS (July 2007).
1878:"The Great Canadian Psychology Website - Researchers"
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2573:. The University of Texas Medical School at Houston
1675:
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
2679:Stebbins GT (2007). "Neuropsychological Testing".
1933:
1900:
2820:Boyle GJ, Saklofske DH, Matthews G, eds. (2012).
1821:. New York/NY, US: Worth Publishers. p. 57.
2894:Etcoff, L. M.; Kampfer, K. M. (December 1996).
2444:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2155:Finger S (1994). "History of Neuropsychology".
5223:
4565:
3565:
3137:
1772:List of neurological conditions and disorders
1080:
478:
8:
5100:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
2716:(8th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 121–140.
2567:"Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7)"
2200:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–100.
1618:(functional magnetic resonance imaging) and
1177:(including some studies of human patients).
2637:"Clinical and experimental neuropsychology"
2326:History of Neuropsychology: Selected Papers
1819:Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior
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5216:
5208:
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2353:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context
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485:
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368:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
28:
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2870:
2796:
2257:
2206:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181821.003.0007
2035:
2004:"A History of the Association Psychology"
1220:. The first textbook defining the field,
383:Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
6394:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2951:"Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain"
2751:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2613:"What is Experimental Neuropsychology?"
1809:
1299:(similarity, contrast, and contiguity).
1133:of behavioral and cognitive effects of
504:
31:
2594:
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2142:
2130:
1817:Gluck MA, Mercado E, Myers CE (2016).
5886:Psychological effects of Internet use
2431:
2429:
2227:
2225:
1677:(CANTAB) or CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS).
1585:processes. These tests are typically
1571:Standardized neuropsychological tests
1553:functional magnetic resonance imaging
1222:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
7:
5190:
3499:
3053:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
2851:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
2091:
2089:
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2085:
2083:
2063:"History of Neuropsychology | BRAIN"
2057:
2055:
5866:Digital media use and mental health
2468:Lanczik, M.; Keil, G. (June 1991).
1673:process. An example of this is the
1479:is preferentially processed by the
5497:Automatic and controlled processes
2845:Sherman, Elisabeth (May 6, 2020).
2771:Roalf DR, Gur RC (November 2017).
2722:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3137-3.00007-3
2410:"Carl Wernicke | Encyclopedia.com"
2165:10.1016/b978-0-08-092668-1.50007-7
14:
5906:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
5080:Development of the nervous system
3469:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
1591:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
403:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
103:Neuropsychological rehabilitation
6557:
6544:
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5931:Mobile phones and driving safety
5189:
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3531:
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3498:
3487:
3486:
2998:Wei W, Wang XJ (December 2016).
2714:Companion to Psychiatric Studies
2689:10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10027-x
2355:(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
2283:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
1715:
1701:
1687:
1593:(WAIS), Boston Naming Test, the
1373:Neuroanatomist and physiologist
1291:. Impressions are stored in the
1054:
512:
451:
439:
427:
39:
5834:Computer-mediated communication
2110:10.1016/j.disamonth.2007.04.003
1948:from the original on 2022-01-12
6111:Empathising–systemising theory
5414:female intrasexual competition
5351:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2683:. Elsevier. pp. 539–557.
2681:Textbook of Clinical Neurology
1935:"How Imhotep gave us medicine"
1626:(magnetic resonance imaging),
1106:concerned with how a person's
19:For the academic journal, see
1:
6471:Standard social science model
5524:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
4921:Social cognitive neuroscience
3877:Industrial and organizational
3459:Mini–mental state examination
2822:SAGE Benchmarks in Psychology
2545:10.1126/science.129.3360.1410
2438:"Neuroanatomy, Wernicke Area"
2295:10.1016/S0967-5868(02)00164-9
1907:. New York: Oxford. pp.
1499:neuropsychological assessment
1224:, was initially published by
1188:, or research institutions),
797:Industrial and organizational
393:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
388:Mini–mental state examination
98:Neuropsychological assessment
6319:Missing heritability problem
5911:Social aspects of television
5534:Evolution of nervous systems
5502:Computational theory of mind
4896:Molecular cellular cognition
4118:Human factors and ergonomics
3424:Benton Visual Retention Test
3016:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.031
2617:www.allpsychologycareers.com
2380:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.004
1620:positron emission tomography
1599:Benton Visual Retention Test
1487:and psychological function.
952:Human factors and ergonomics
358:Benton Visual Retention Test
6565:Evolutionary biology portal
5115:Neurodevelopmental disorder
5090:Neural network (biological)
5085:Neural network (artificial)
3434:Continuous Performance Task
2159:. Elsevier. pp. 1–28.
1856:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.873
1767:Comparative neuropsychology
1595:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
413:Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
363:Continuous Performance Task
6603:
6526:Evolutionary psychologists
6399:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
6314:Human–animal communication
6026:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
5876:Imprinted brain hypothesis
5844:Human–computer interaction
4642:Computational neuroscience
2967:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011
2486:10.1177/0957154X9100200604
1646:
1574:
1537:artificial neural networks
1439:
1306:
18:
6520:
6446:Environmental determinism
6417:Cultural selection theory
6304:Evolutionary epistemology
6218:evolutionary neuroscience
5891:Rank theory of depression
5393:Parent–offspring conflict
5245:
5173:
5110:Neurodegenerative disease
4954:Evolutionary neuroscience
4733:
4587:
4504:
3807:Applied behavior analysis
3779:
3587:
3482:
3444:Hayling and Brixton tests
3114:Resources in your library
2014:(2750): 19–30, 259, 296.
1752:Cognitive neuropsychology
1747:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
1628:computed axial tomography
1523:cognitive neuropsychiatry
1514:Cognitive neuropsychology
727:Applied behavior analysis
373:Hayling and Brixton tests
68:Cognitive neuropsychology
6339:Cultural group selection
6223:Biocultural anthropology
5916:Societal impacts of cars
5849:Media naturalness theory
5539:Fight-or-flight response
5075:Brain–computer interface
5024:Neuromorphic engineering
4949:Educational neuroscience
4856:Nutritional neuroscience
4761:Clinical neurophysiology
4657:Integrative neuroscience
3429:Clinical Dementia Rating
3177:Clinical neuropsychology
3167:Brain–computer interface
1742:Clinical neuropsychology
1491:Clinical neuropsychology
1309:Aristotle § Thought
1208:function is a concern).
63:Clinical neuropsychology
6539:Evolutionary psychology
6503:Sociocultural evolution
6344:Dual inheritance theory
5801:Personality development
5262:Theoretical foundations
5239:Evolutionary psychology
4886:Behavioral neuroscience
4083:Behavioral neuroscience
3647:Behavioral neuroscience
1981:10.5840/monist190515326
1880:. University of Calgary
1659:magneto-encephalography
1577:Neuropsychological test
1544:Functional neuroimaging
1495:neuropsychological test
1472:experimental psychology
1400:Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
1394:Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
1386:Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
917:Behavioral neuroscience
574:Behavioral neuroscience
6461:Social constructionism
6456:Psychological nativism
6431:Biological determinism
6379:Recent human evolution
6374:Punctuated equilibrium
6197:Behavioral epigenetics
6192:evolutionary economics
6161:Variability hypothesis
6106:Emotional intelligence
5839:Engineering psychology
5529:Evolution of the brain
4881:Affective neuroscience
4662:Molecular neuroscience
4617:Behavioral epigenetics
4133:Psychology of religion
4073:Behavioral engineering
4010:Human subject research
3666:Cognitive neuroscience
3632:Affective neuroscience
3474:Wisconsin card sorting
3212:Traumatic brain injury
3182:Cognitive neuroscience
2900:Neuropsychology Review
2863:10.1093/arclin/acaa019
2198:Minds Behind the Brain
1844:Psychological Bulletin
1757:Cognitive neuroscience
1655:electroencephalography
1395:
1357:
1300:
1135:neurological disorders
967:Psychology of religion
907:Behavioral engineering
593:Cognitive neuroscience
559:Affective neuroscience
245:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
108:Traumatic brain injury
73:Cognitive neuroscience
6488:Multilineal evolution
6451:Nature versus nurture
6410:Theoretical positions
6258:Functional psychology
6253:Evolutionary medicine
6228:Biological psychiatry
5936:Texting while driving
5926:Lead–crime hypothesis
5786:Cognitive development
5771:Caregiver deprivation
5282:Gene selection theory
4944:Cultural neuroscience
4939:Consumer neuroscience
4781:Neurogastroenterology
4637:Cellular neuroscience
4509:Wiktionary definition
4045:Self-report inventory
4040:Quantitative research
3538:Psychology portal
3524:Philosophy portal
3454:Lexical decision task
3065:10.1093/arclin/acs027
2749:. In Zalta EN (ed.).
2474:History of Psychiatry
1737:Biological psychology
1393:
1353:
1271:
1165:in general. The term
1061:Psychology portal
446:Philosophy portal
434:Psychology portal
408:Wechsler Memory Scale
378:Lexical Decision Task
6441:Cultural determinism
6248:Evolutionary biology
6233:Cognitive psychology
6181:Academic disciplines
5829:Cognitive ergonomics
5796:Language acquisition
5776:Childhood attachment
5589:Wason selection task
5483:Behavioral modernity
5272:Cognitive revolution
5255:Evolutionary thought
4916:Sensory neuroscience
4756:Behavioral neurology
4727:Systems neuroscience
4035:Qualitative research
3990:Behavior epigenetics
3391:Roger Wolcott Sperry
3306:Arthur Lester Benton
2414:www.encyclopedia.com
1797:Psychiatric genetics
1762:Cognitive psychology
1732:Behavioral neurology
1634:Global Brain Project
1436:Karl Spencer Lashley
1169:has been applied to
1163:behavioral neurology
1137:. Whereas classical
1118:and the rest of the
6508:Unilineal evolution
6273:Population genetics
6058:Sexy son hypothesis
5996:Hormonal motivation
5976:Concealed ovulation
5517:Dual process theory
5388:Parental investment
5059:Social neuroscience
4959:Global neurosurgery
4836:Neurorehabilitation
4806:Neuro-ophthalmology
4791:Neurointensive care
4622:Behavioral genetics
4514:Wiktionary category
4078:Behavioral genetics
4050:Statistical surveys
3907:Occupational health
3642:Behavioral genetics
3419:Bender-Gestalt Test
3250:Executive functions
2537:1959Sci...129.1410C
2531:(3360): 1410–1412.
2020:1922Natur.110S..75.
1941:The Daily Telegraph
1782:Neuropsychoanalysis
1519:parallel processing
1501:), management, and
1297:Laws of Association
1289:Aristotle's biology
1114:are related to the
912:Behavioral genetics
827:Occupational health
569:Behavioral genetics
500:Part of a series on
458:Medicine portal
150:Executive functions
6466:Social determinism
6349:Fisher's principle
6309:Great ape language
6299:Cultural evolution
6268:Philosophy of mind
6101:Division of labour
6063:Westermarck effect
6011:Mating preferences
5921:Distracted driving
5655:Literary criticism
5512:Domain specificity
5492:modularity of mind
5135:Neuroimmune system
5029:Neurophenomenology
4969:Neural engineering
4692:Neuroendocrinology
4672:Neural engineering
4486:Schools of thought
4389:Richard E. Nisbett
4269:Donald T. Campbell
3947:Sport and exercise
3439:Glasgow Coma Scale
3265:Motor coordination
2912:10.1007/BF01874896
2789:10.1037/neu0000426
2238:Journal of Anatomy
1665:Experimental tasks
1396:
1358:
1301:
1293:seat of perception
1029:Schools of thought
867:Sport and exercise
713:Applied psychology
170:Motor coordination
6574:
6573:
6552:Psychology portal
6516:
6515:
6359:Hologenome theory
6329:Unit of selection
6324:Primate cognition
6238:Cognitive science
6169:
6168:
6040:Sexual attraction
6016:Mating strategies
5781:Cinderella effect
5711:Moral foundations
5615:Visual perception
5507:Domain generality
5476:Facial expression
5424:Sexual dimorphism
5383:Natural selection
5329:Hamiltonian spite
5205:
5204:
5054:Paleoneurobiology
4989:Neuroepistemology
4964:Neuroanthropology
4930:Interdisciplinary
4816:Neuropharmacology
4776:Neuroepidemiology
4547:
4546:
4524:Wikimedia Commons
4451:Counseling topics
4414:Ronald C. Kessler
4404:Shelley E. Taylor
4329:Lawrence Kohlberg
4304:Stanley Schachter
4103:Consumer behavior
3985:Archival research
3753:Psycholinguistics
3637:Affective science
3547:
3546:
3331:Elkhonon Goldberg
3100:Library resources
2955:Neurotherapeutics
2831:978-0-85702-270-7
2745:Garson J (2018).
2731:978-0-7020-3137-3
2698:978-1-4160-3618-0
2662:"Neuropsychology"
2324:Benton A (2000).
2250:10.1111/joa.12273
2215:978-0-08-092668-1
2174:978-0-08-092668-1
2069:. 31 January 2016
2037:2027/chi.65413836
2002:Warren H (1921).
1918:978-0-19-518182-1
1899:Finger S (2000).
1828:978-1-319-15405-9
1723:Psychology portal
1709:Philosophy portal
1649:Electrophysiology
1643:Electrophysiology
1566:Methods and tools
1375:Franz Joseph Gall
1369:Franz Joseph Gall
1336:mind–body problem
1190:clinical settings
1097:
1096:
994:Counseling topics
937:Consumer behavior
678:Psycholinguistics
564:Affective science
495:
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327:("H.M.", patient)
320:Hans-Lukas Teuber
240:Elkhonon Goldberg
6594:
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6178:
6174:Related subjects
5961:Adult attachment
5488:Cognitive module
5444:
5431:Social selection
5405:Costly signaling
5400:Sexual selection
5287:Modern synthesis
5232:
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5095:Detection theory
4979:Neurocriminology
4906:Neurolinguistics
4821:Neuroprosthetics
4739:
4702:Neuroinformatics
4652:Imaging genetics
4574:
4567:
4560:
4551:
4481:Research methods
4424:Richard Davidson
4419:Joseph E. LeDoux
4294:George A. Miller
4284:David McClelland
4279:Herbert A. Simon
4179:Edward Thorndike
4000:Content analysis
3785:
3758:Psychophysiology
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3270:Natural language
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1258:seat of the soul
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5140:Neuromanagement
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3371:Alexander Luria
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295:Karl H. Pribram
285:Alexander Luria
255:Kenneth Heilman
225:Antonio Damasio
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1535:is the use of
1527:mental illness
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1503:rehabilitation
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85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
49:
48:
45:
44:
36:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6599:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6493:Neo-Darwinism
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6478:Functionalism
6476:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6436:Connectionism
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6426:indeterminism
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:Schizophrenia
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Mental health
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Mate guarding
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Age disparity
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Schizophrenia
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5821:Mental health
5817:
5816:Human factors
5813:
5807:
5806:Socialization
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:paternal bond
5763:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5630:Naïve physics
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:Motor control
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5554:Ophidiophobia
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Arachnophobia
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Display rules
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Kin selection
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Adaptationism
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5198:
5197:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:Neurotheology
5047:
5045:
5044:Neurorobotics
5042:
5040:
5039:Neuropolitics
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Neuroethology
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Motor control
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Chronobiology
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Neurovirology
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Neurogenetics
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Brain-reading
4630:
4628:
4627:Brain mapping
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Psychologists
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Organizations
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:John Anderson
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Ulric Neisser
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Endel Tulving
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Robert Zajonc
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Jerome Bruner
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:B. F. Skinner
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Clark L. Hull
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Sigmund Freud
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:William James
4162:
4160:
4159:Wilhelm Wundt
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:Psychologists
4147:
4139:
4138:Psychometrics
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Consciousness
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Psychophysics
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3972:Methodologies
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Psychotherapy
3930:
3928:
3927:Psychometrics
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Developmental
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Stroop effect
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Johari window
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Brenda Milner
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Consciousness
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Brain regions
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2666:Dr Doug Cohen
2663:
2656:
2653:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2341:, p. 151
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:. US: Oxford.
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2067:brainaacn.org
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1943:
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1932:Highfield R.
1928:
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140:Consciousness
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6121:Intelligence
5667:Anthropology
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5605:Multitasking
5584:Flynn effect
5579:Intelligence
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5304:Evolutionary
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5125:Neurogenesis
5009:Neurohistory
4974:Neurobiotics
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4841:Neurosurgery
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4748:neuroscience
4717:Neurophysics
4707:Neurometrics
4682:Neurobiology
4677:Neuroanatomy
4647:Connectomics
4581:Neuroscience
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4379:Bruce McEwen
4374:Amos Tversky
4344:Jerome Kagan
4334:Noam Chomsky
4274:Hans Eysenck
4244:Harry Harlow
4224:Erik Erikson
4123:Intelligence
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655:Mathematical
650:Intelligence
640:Experimental
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270:Muriel Lezak
265:Edith Kaplan
230:Phineas Gage
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6334:Coevolution
6278:Primatology
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6021:Orientation
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5740:Development
5419:Mate choice
5346:By-products
5314:Adaptations
5277:Cognitivism
4999:Neuroethics
4846:Neurotology
4456:Disciplines
4429:Susan Fiske
4319:Roger Brown
4219:Carl Rogers
4204:Jean Piaget
4169:Ivan Pavlov
4025:Observation
4005:Experiments
3952:Suicidology
3847:Educational
3802:Anomalistic
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3748:Personality
3678:Comparative
3661:Cognitivism
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3187:Human brain
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2339:Finger 2000
2143:Finger 2000
2131:Finger 2000
1611:brain scans
1609:The use of
1605:Brain scans
1452:mass action
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999:Disciplines
872:Suicidology
767:Educational
722:Anomalistic
698:Theoretical
673:Personality
605:Comparative
588:Cognitivism
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398:Stroop Test
300:Pasko Rakic
260:Eric Kandel
83:Human brain
6369:Population
6364:Lamarckism
6210:behavioral
6188:Behavioral
6136:Narcissism
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5748:Attachment
5730:Universals
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5672:Biological
5660:Musicology
5650:Aesthetics
5549:Basophobia
5356:Exaptation
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4861:Psychiatry
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4199:Kurt Lewin
4093:Competence
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3995:Case study
3872:Humanistic
3852:Ergonomics
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3812:Assessment
3794:psychology
3743:Perception
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3619:psychology
3597:Philosophy
3581:Psychology
3311:David Bohm
3275:Perception
3207:Phrenology
2757:2018-09-25
2646:2018-09-25
2622:2018-09-25
2455:2022-04-21
2442:StatPearls
2419:2022-04-21
2073:2018-09-25
1969:The Monist
1804:References
1466:Approaches
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1411:Paul Broca
1405:Paul Broca
1380:phrenology
1277:perception
1242:physiology
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772:Ergonomics
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668:Perception
630:Ecological
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220:David Bohm
175:Perception
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2120:.
2108::
2076:.
2048:.
2034::
2026::
2018::
1991:.
1979::
1956:.
1921:.
1888:.
1866:.
1854::
1831:.
1555:(
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
586:/
486:e
479:t
472:v
26:.
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