449:, Nkumbula capitulated. He signed a document called the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973 and announced that he was joining UNIP. The ANC ceased to exist after the dissolution of parliament in October 1973. Some have alleged that Kaunda "bought off" Nkumbula by offering him an emerald mine. However, the fact that the emerald mine did not enter his possession until 1975 suggests that this allegation is false. Nkumbula's last prominent political action was an ill-fated attempt, together with
436:(UFP). He then found himself in a bind after the ANC won seven seats and held the balance of power between UNIP and the UFP. Eventually Nkumbula chose to form a coalition with UNIP and was given the post of minister of African education. The UNIP/ANC alliance lasted until the pre-independence elections of January 1964, when UNIP won fifty-five seats to the ANC's ten seats. Nkumbula became leader of the opposition.
427:
in 1960–61, Nkumbula played only a secondary role. He suffered a further setback when he disappeared from the political scene for nine months (April 1961 – January 1962), while serving a prison sentence for causing death by dangerous driving. In the run-up to elections in
October 1962, Nkumbula made
444:
During the last days of the
Federation, the ANC had been largely confined to Nkumbula's regional base in the southern province. Although the party won seats in Western Province during the general elections of 1968, Nkumbula had little to offer the Zambian public. When Kaunda moved to convert Zambia
328:
In 1938 Nkumbula joined the
Northern Rhodesian government's teaching service and later worked in Kitwe and Mufulira on the Copperbelt. During World War II he became involved in African nationalist politics, like many other educated Africans of the day. For example, he held the position of Secretary
400:
In early 1955 Nkumbula and Kaunda were imprisoned together for two months (with hard labour) for distributing "subversive" literature. Such imprisonment and other forms of harassment were normal rites of passage for
African nationalist leaders. The experience of imprisonment had a moderating
397:, ignoring the black African majority's opposition. In the early months of 1954, Nkumbula and Kaunda organised a partially successful boycott of European-owned butcheries in Lusaka. However, Nkumbula, Kaunda, and the ANC found it difficult to mobilize their people against the Federation.
42:
384:
became secretary general of the ANC. When
Nkumbula called a national strike disguised as a "national day of prayer" in opposition to the Federation, the African population did not respond. This was due to the opposition of the president of the
416:(UNIP) was formed late in 1959. Once he came out of prison, Kaunda took over the presidency of UNIP, which became better organized and more militant than Nkumbula's ANC. Due to this, UNIP rapidly took the leading position in the struggle for
453:, to stand against Kaunda for Zambia's one-party presidential nomination in 1978. Both Nkumbula and Kapwepwe were outmaneuvered by Kaunda, who secured the nomination while the two of them disappeared from Zambia's political scene.
313:, as Zambia was known until the end of British rule in 1964. He was born in the village of Maala in the Namwala district of Zambia's southern province. He was the youngest of three children and the only son.
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influence on
Nkumbula, but it had a radicalizing influence on Kaunda. Nkumbula became increasingly influenced by white liberals and was seen as willing to compromise on the fundamental issue of
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360:. This collaboration prepared the two men for their subsequent struggles with the colonialists in their home countries. After his diploma, Nkumbula enrolled to study economics at the
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Nkumbula received his early formal education at
Methodist mission schools and in 1934 completed Standard VI at the Kafue Training Institute. He then taught in
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412:(ZANC) in October 1958. ZANC was banned in March 1959 and in June Kaunda was sentenced to nine months imprisonment. While Kaunda was still in prison, the
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Edited by York
Bradshaw and Stephen N. Ndegwa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 424, 29 tables. $ 54.95 cloth, $ 24.95 paper".
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Opposition to
Nkumbula's allegedly autocratic leadership of the ANC eventually resulted in a split with Kaunda, who went on to form the
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348:. In London, Nkumbula had the opportunity to meet other African nationalists who were galvanized after attending the 1945
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was also a politician. He was widely tipped to become the next president of Zambia until his death in a road accident.
340:, a pro-black British settler politician. From Makerere, Nkumbula went on to study for and received a diploma from the
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393:, who campaigned against the strike on the Copperbelt. In October 1953, the white colonial settlers formed the
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As a militant, articulate and uncompromising opponent of the
Federation, Nkumbula was elected president of the
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Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997
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but he failed his examinations and returned to Northern Rhodesia without a degree early in 1950.
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in drafting a document that expressed African opposition to the proposed white-dominated
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of the Mufulira Welfare Association and co-founded the Kitwe African Society.
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In 1946, from Chalimbana Teacher Training School, Nkumbula went to Kampala's
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Liberal Nationalism in Central Africa: A Biography of Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula
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544:(1st ed.). New York, NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 40–51.
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Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula : a biography of the old lion of Zambia /
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nationalist leader involved in the movement for the independence of
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College in Uganda. This was made possible by the support of Sir
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Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula: a biography of the 'old lion' of Zambia
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in Manchester, England. In 1949 he worked with Nyasaland's
650:(2–3). Boston University African Studies Center: 619–622.
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Members of the Legislative Council of Northern Rhodesia
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
599:. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 18 May 2006.
593:"Hugh Macmillan, Nkumbula, Harry Mwaanga (1917?–1983)"
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Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula's bio from daughter's narrative
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423:During independence constitutional talks in
292:Teacher, trade unionist, businessman, farmer
571:"Harry Nkumbula Dies; Led African Congress"
736:Members of the National Assembly of Zambia
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456:Nkumbula died on 8 October 1983, aged 67.
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640:The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa.
305:(15 January 1916 – 8 October 1983) was a
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376:in 1951. The party was soon renamed the
597:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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428:the mistake of accepting funding from
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604:Zambia: the politics of independence
395:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
711:20th-century Zambian businesspeople
374:Northern Rhodesian African Congress
526:. Lusaka: Multimedia Publications.
414:United National Independence Party
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410:Zambian African National Congress
540:Macola, Giacomo (January 2010).
625:Historical dictionary of Zambia
520:Mwangilwa, Goodwin B. (1982).
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342:Institute of Education
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420:, eclipsing the ANC.
368:Independence struggle
354:Hastings Kamuzu Banda
434:United Federal Party
350:Pan-African Congress
346:University of London
338:Stewart Gore-Browne
334:Makerere University
325:for several years.
97:Legislative Council
575:The New York Times
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484:2017-12-04 at the
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551:978-0-230-62274-6
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84:Succeeded by
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284:(1973–1978)
279:(1950–1973)
213:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
119:Preceded by
72:Preceded by
675:Categories
581:2020-05-30
467:References
289:Profession
230:Rex Natala
195:Monze West
207:1968–1978
203:In office
160:1964–1968
156:In office
113:1959–1964
109:In office
66:1962–1964
62:In office
482:Archived
459:His son
18:Nkumbula
664:3097702
445:into a
307:Zambian
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620:(1974)
606:(1967)
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425:London
660:JSTOR
251:Maala
148:Monze
546:ISBN
282:UNIP
277:ZANC
261:Died
245:Born
193:for
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