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Nociceptive threshold testing deliberately applies a noxious stimulus to a human or animal subject to study pain. In animals, the technique is often used to study the efficacy of analgesic drugs and to establish dosing levels and period of effect. After establishing a baseline, the drug under test is
285:
TRP channels that detect noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain) relay that information to nociceptors that generate an action potential. Mechanical TRP channels react to depression of their cells (like touch), thermal TRPs change shape in different temperatures, and chemical TRPs
281:
Thermoception refers to stimuli of moderate temperatures 24–28 °C (75–82 °F), as anything beyond that range is considered pain and moderated by nociceptors. TRP and potassium channels each respond to different temperatures (among other stimuli), which create action potentials in nerves
167:
Nociceptive pain consists of an adaptive alarm system. Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal. Once this threshold is reached, a signal is passed along the axon of the neuron into the spinal cord.
172:
given and the elevation in threshold recorded at specified times. When the drug wears off, the threshold should return to the baseline (pretreatment) value. In some conditions, excitation of pain fibers becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading to a condition called
1374:
Benevento, Louis A.; Standage, Gregg P. (1 July 1983). "The organization of projections of the retinorecipient and nonretinorecipient nuclei of the pretectal complex and layers of the superior colliculus to the lateral pulvinar and medial pulvinar in the macaque monkey".
500:, including leeches, nematode worms, sea slugs, and fruit flies. As in mammals, nociceptive neurons in these species are typically characterized by responding preferentially to high temperature (40 °C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage.
239:
This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for pain, proprioception, thermoception, and chemoception to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge.
737:
Dhandapani, Rahul; Arokiaraj, Cynthia Mary; Taberner, Francisco J.; Pacifico, Paola; Raja, Sruthi; Nocchi, Linda; Portulano, Carla; Franciosa, Federica; Maffei, Mariano; Hussain, Ahmad Fawzi; de Castro Reis, Fernanda (2018-04-24).
1420:"Expectation of Pain Enhances Responses to Nonpainful Somatosensory Stimulation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Parietal Operculum/Posterior Insula: an Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"
235:
990:
Noël, Jacques; Zimmermann, Katharina; Busserolles, Jérome; Deval, Emanuel; Alloui, Abdelkrim; Diochot, Sylvie; Guy, Nicolas; Borsotto, Marc; Reeh, Peter; Eschalier, Alain; Lazdunski, Michel (12 March 2009).
1208:
Bajo, Victoria M.; Merchán, Miguel A.; Malmierca, Manuel S.; Nodal, Fernando R.; Bjaalie, Jan G. (10 May 1999). "Topographic organization of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the cat".
475:
decodes nociceptor info to determine the exact location of pain and is where proprioception is brought into consciousness; inferior cerebellar peduncle is all unconscious proprioception.
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164:
which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. After nerve injury it is possible for touch fibres that normally carry non-noxious stimuli to be perceived as noxious.
101:. Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to protect the organism against an aggression, and usually results in a subjective experience, or
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Sawamoto, Nobukatsu; Honda, Manabu; Okada, Tomohisa; Hanakawa, Takashi; Kanda, Masutaro; Fukuyama, Hidenao; Konishi, Junji; Shibasaki, Hiroshi (1 October 2000).
449:. The peduncle is not part of the lateral-spinothalamic-tract-pathway; the medulla receives the info and passes it onto the peduncle from elsewhere (see
282:
that join the mechano (touch) system in the posterolateral tract. Thermoception, like proprioception, is then covered by the somatosensory system.
1890:
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586:
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271:
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Feinstein, B.; Langton, J. N. K.; Jameson, R. M.; Schiller, F. (October 1954). "Experiments on pain referred from deep somatic tissues".
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Potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the
1573:
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receives IC's input, integrates visual orienting info, and uses the balance topographical map to orient the body to the pain stimuli.
66:
stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response.
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1518:
Shackman, Alexander J.; Salomons, Tim V.; Slagter, Heleen A.; Fox, Andrew S.; Winter, Jameel J.; Davidson, Richard J. (March 2011).
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integrates taste and pain info, then relays it. Parabrachial checks if the pain is being received in normal temperatures and if the
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to distinguish the physiological process (nervous activity) from pain (a subjective experience). It is derived from the Latin verb
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613:
Definition of Pain and
Distress and Reporting Requirements for Laboratory Animals: Proceedings of the Workshop Held June 22, 2000
313:
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330:, which begins the suppression of pain via neural and hormonal inhibition. Lamina 1 receive input from thermoreceptors via the
319:
299:
1286:"Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior Colliculus. I. Topography and Manipulation of Stimulation Parameters"
316:, unmyelinated spinal grey matter. Substantia receives input from nucleus proprius and conveys intense, poorly localized pain.
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740:"Control of mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mice through ligand-targeted photoablation of TrkB-positive sensory neurons"
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Pastor, J.; Soria, B.; Belmonte, C. (1996). "Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion".
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that aid in the perception of pain and alertness towards it. Fibers cross over (left becomes right) via the spinal
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signals for the release of hormones that make pain suppression more effective; some of these are sex hormones.
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May, Paul J. (2006). "The mammalian superior colliculus: Laminar structure and connections".
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Doan, Ryan A.; Monk, Kelly R. (16 August 2019). "Glia in the skin activate pain responses".
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2148:
2095:
993:"The mechano-activated K+ channels TRAAK and TREK-1 control both warm and cold perception"
534:
216:
141:
1863:
1710:
1520:"The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex"
948:
933:"Subunit composition of mammalian transient receptor potential channels in living cells"
755:
691:
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2126:
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1944:
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1569:"Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system"
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1446:
1436:
1419:
1185:
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1158:
1083:
Braz, Joao M.; Nassar, Mohammed A.; Wood, John N.; Basbaum, Allan I. (September 2005).
1017:
992:
782:
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245:
82:
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62:. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a
43:
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967:
932:
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Hofmann, Thomas; Schaefer, Michael; Schultz, Günter; Gudermann, Thomas (28 May 2002).
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Nociception has been documented in other animals, including fish and a wide range of
388:
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Tracey, W.Daniel; Wilson, Rachel I; Laurent, Gilles; Benzer, Seymour (April 2003).
1319:
1118:
1085:"Parallel 'Pain' Pathways Arise from Subpopulations of Primary Afferent Nociceptor"
374:
309:
212:
173:
81:), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of
74:
1134:
Organization in the Spinal Cord: The
Anatomy and Physiology of Identified Neurones
1101:
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1471:"Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function"
367:
208:
94:
90:
1251:
Oliver, Douglas L. (2005). "Neuronal
Organization in the Inferior Colliculus".
764:
649:
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334:. Marginal nucleus of the spinal cord are the only unsuppressible pain signals.
117:
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1719:
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Scholz, Joachim; Woolf, Clifford J. (November 2002). "Can we conquer pain?".
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1992:
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468:, allowing certain intensities through to the cerebrum and rejecting others.
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Proprioception is determined by using standard mechanoreceptors (especially
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990510)407:3<349::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-5
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judges the intensity of the pain and provides the ability to imagine pain.
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2883:
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2863:
2802:
2675:
2532:
2330:
1284:
Corneil, Brian D.; Olivier, Etienne; Munoz, Douglas P. (1 October 2002).
1159:"Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord"
537: – Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain
457:
414:
363:
352:
224:
204:
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2906:
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2820:
2724:
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1997:
356:
252:, chemoception, and nociception, as they are all integrally connected.
2593:
2311:
2301:
2007:
609:"Assessing Pain and Distress: A Veterinary Behaviorist's Perspective"
220:
200:
1758:
siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization"
1535:
899:
Kaplan
Medical Anatomy Flashcards: Clearly Labeled, Full-Color Cards
290:, signalling if their receptors bond to certain elements/chemicals.
156:. Others are specialised structures in the skin such as nociceptive
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2339:
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1931:
1906:
1053:
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is active; if both are so the pain is assumed to be due to poison.
234:
137:
116:
98:
464:; it also aids in pain suppression and modulation, acting like a
3144:
3072:
2825:
427:
is the first point of integration of sound and pain information.
274:(TRP channels). Proprioception is completely covered within the
161:
129:
63:
51:
3117:
1879:
1337:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 151. pp. 321–378.
2052:
370:
create and encode the memory and emotion due to pain stimuli.
1567:
Sneddon, L. U.; Braithwaite, V. A.; Gentle, M. J. (2003).
3339:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
549: – Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
27:
How an organism receives and responds to painful stimuli
3113:
530:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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2029:
2020:
1968:
1930:
1917:
383:(with hypothalamic hormone aid) hormonally signals
567:Portenoy, Russell K.; Brennan, Michael J. (1994).
445:integrates proprioceptive info and outputs to the
199:before or without reaching consciousness to cause
3334:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
528: – Biological electricity-related abilities
89:produces a signal that travels along a chain of
937:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
543: – Sensation and perception of temperature
160:. Nociceptors are categorized according to the
1469:Menon, Vinod; Uddin, Lucina Q. (29 May 2010).
3129:
1891:
921:Albertine, Kurt. Barron's Anatomy Flash Cards
571:. In Good, David C.; Couch, James R. (eds.).
433:(IC) aids in sound orienting to pain stimuli.
8:
1865:The Integrative Action of the Nervous System
805:Woolf, Clifford J.; Ma, Qiufu (2007-08-02).
615:. National Academies Press. pp. 13–21.
460:is where pain is thought to be brought into
3155:
3136:
3122:
3114:
2638:
2454:
2335:
2035:
2026:
1927:
1898:
1884:
1876:
1693:: an approach to the study of nociception"
487:is presumed to be the memory hub for pain.
1830:
1781:
1728:
1718:
1594:
1543:
1494:
1445:
1435:
1301:
1184:
1174:
1157:van den Pol, Anthony N. (15 April 1999).
1136:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1100:
1016:
966:
956:
822:
807:"Nociceptors--noxious stimulus detectors"
781:
763:
1624:Institute for Laboratory Animals Journal
278:, as the brain processes them together.
148:that have their cell bodies outside the
69:In nociception, intense chemical (e.g.,
1687:Wittenburg, N.; Baumeister, R. (1999).
864:The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
629:from the original on September 13, 2019
559:
195:Nociception can also cause generalized
1752:Illich, P. A.; Walters, E. T. (1997).
2116:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
1620:"A Question of Pain in Invertebrates"
1335:Neuroanatomy of the Oculomotor System
508:The term "nociception" was coined by
272:transient receptor potential channels
144:. Some nociceptors are unspecialized
7:
2101:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1754:"Mechanosensory neurons innervating
1377:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1210:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
132:, on internal surfaces such as the
2096:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1868:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1774:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997
1574:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1437:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07438.2000
1176:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-03171.1999
395:that inhibits laminae pain nuclei.
25:
2111:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2106:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
351:synapse on laminae 1 and 5 while
3329:Congenital insensitivity to pain
3289:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
2363:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
876:10.2106/00004623-195436050-00007
359:exclusively synapse on lamina 2.
314:substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
2091:Visual system (sense of vision)
1815:Gene Essential for Nociception"
1634:from the original on 2011-10-08
660:from the original on 2020-08-14
589:from the original on 2020-10-24
573:Handbook of Neurorehabilitation
413:are merely relay tracts to the
140:surfaces, and in some internal
1:
2233:Auditory perception (hearing)
1832:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00272-1
1343:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)51011-2
403:aids in localization of pain.
121:Mechanism of nociception via
2879:Olfactory reference syndrome
2656:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1475:Brain Structure and Function
1102:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.015
824:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016
652:. In Sunderland, MA. (ed.).
443:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
355:synapses on 1, 3, 5, and C.
113:Detection of noxious stimuli
3078:Sensory processing disorder
2248:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2238:Equilibrioception (balance)
1524:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1424:The Journal of Neuroscience
1163:The Journal of Neuroscience
401:Lateral spinothalamic tract
3586:
3032:Supernumerary phantom limb
2368:Infrared sensing in snakes
2228:Visual perception (vision)
1654:Journal of Neurophysiology
1290:Journal of Neurophysiology
897:McCann, Stephanie (2017).
765:10.1038/s41467-018-04049-3
259:
183:
38:(/ˌnəʊsɪˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/), also
2783:Microwave auditory effect
1950:Transduction (physiology)
1666:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268
1487:10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0
1303:10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1980
569:"Chronic Pain Management"
516:, which means "to harm".
510:Charles Scott Sherrington
419:anterior white commissure
322:primarily project to the
2788:Music-specific disorders
2144:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1862:Sherrington, C. (1906).
1720:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477
244:This overview discusses
3450:Posteromarginal nucleus
3385:Measurement and testing
2768:Auditory verbal agnosia
2622:Juxtacapillary receptor
1762:Journal of Neuroscience
1261:10.1007/0-387-27083-3_2
1253:The Inferior Colliculus
700:10.1126/science.aay6144
607:Bayne, Kathryn (2000).
58:'s process of encoding
2763:Auditory hallucination
2373:Surface wave detection
1978:Multimodal integration
1691:Caenorhabditis elegans
1689:"Thermal avoidance in
1618:Jane A. Smith (1991).
1587:10.1098/rspb.2003.2349
958:10.1073/pnas.102596199
656:. Sinauer Associates.
575:. Informa Healthcare.
306:in spinal grey matter.
241:
125:
56:sensory nervous system
3534:Drug-seeking behavior
3422:Visual analogue scale
3022:Phantom limb syndrome
2970:Tactile hallucination
2159:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1960:Active sensory system
1389:10.1002/cne.902170307
1132:Brown, A. G. (2012).
1009:10.1038/emboj.2009.57
744:Nature Communications
238:
120:
3445:Anterolateral system
2831:Labyrinthine fistula
2798:Spatial hearing loss
2497:Campaniform sensilla
2212:Somatosensory cortex
473:somatosensory cortex
451:somatosensory system
332:posterolateral tract
276:somatosensory system
2617:Nociceptin receptor
2487:Merkel nerve ending
2472:Mechanotransduction
1711:1999PNAS...9610477W
1705:(18): 10477–10482.
1581:(1520): 1115–1121.
1255:. pp. 69–114.
1042:Nature Neuroscience
949:2002PNAS...99.7461H
756:2018NatCo...9.1640D
692:2019Sci...365..641D
648:Purves, D. (2001).
447:vestibulocerebellum
437:Superior colliculus
431:Inferior colliculus
385:reticular formation
381:Periaqueductal grey
328:periaqueductal grey
197:autonomic responses
154:dorsal-root ganglia
3524:Philosophy of pain
3199:Respiratory system
2979:Nociception (pain)
2571:Olfactory receptor
2523:Photoreceptor cell
2477:Lamellar corpuscle
2401:Photomorphogenesis
2263:nociception (pain)
1955:Sensory processing
411:spinotectal tracts
268:ruffini corpuscles
242:
146:free nerve endings
126:
3542:
3541:
3397:Cold pressor test
3380:
3379:
3111:
3110:
3096:Biases and errors
3091:
3090:
3027:Somatoparaphrenia
2996:Pain dissociation
2841:Ménière's disease
2773:Cortical deafness
2651:Visual impairment
2630:
2629:
2492:Bulbous corpuscle
2482:Tactile corpuscle
2450:sensory receptors
2442:
2441:
2325:
2324:
2278:
2277:
2243:Olfaction (smell)
2197:Vestibular cortex
2179:Cerebral cortices
2016:
2015:
2003:Motion perception
1430:(19): 7438–7445.
1143:978-1-4471-1305-8
1048:(11): 1062–1067.
943:(11): 7461–7466.
908:978-1-5062-2353-7
686:(6454): 641–642.
622:978-0-309-17128-1
582:978-0-8247-8822-3
425:Lateral lemniscus
339:parabrachial area
324:parabrachial area
123:sensory afferents
16:(Redirected from
3577:
3497:Related concepts
3488:Pain eradication
3246:
3233:
3184:
3156:
3152:By region/system
3138:
3131:
3124:
3115:
2758:Auditory agnosia
2690:Optic neuropathy
2639:
2507:Stretch receptor
2455:
2353:Magnetoreception
2348:Electroreception
2336:
2258:mechanoreception
2207:Gustatory cortex
2202:Olfactory cortex
2036:
2027:
1945:Sensory receptor
1928:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1834:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1660:(6): 2268–2279.
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1481:(5–6): 655–667.
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1296:(4): 1980–1999.
1281:
1275:
1274:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1169:(8): 3171–3182.
1154:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1003:(9): 1308–1318.
997:The EMBO Journal
987:
981:
980:
970:
960:
928:
922:
919:
913:
912:
894:
888:
887:
859:
853:
852:
826:
802:
796:
795:
785:
767:
734:
728:
727:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
604:
598:
597:
595:
594:
564:
531:
526:Electroreception
485:Cingulate cortex
343:gustatory system
304:nucleus proprius
262:Neuropathic pain
21:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3565:Sensory systems
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3492:
3459:
3432:Pathophysiology
3426:
3417:Tail flick test
3376:
3345:
3260:
3244:
3231:
3222:Musculoskeletal
3216:
3193:
3182:
3147:
3142:
3112:
3107:
3087:
3036:
3005:
2974:
2926:
2893:
2845:
2807:
2739:
2730:Stereoblindness
2671:Color blindness
2626:
2603:
2580:
2552:
2511:
2459:Mechanoreceptor
2448:
2438:
2434:Machine hearing
2429:Computer vision
2424:Robotic sensing
2410:
2387:
2321:
2274:
2216:
2192:Auditory cortex
2173:
2120:
2083:Sensory systems
2077:
2012:
1964:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1536:10.1038/nrn2994
1517:
1516:
1512:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1039:
1038:
1034:
989:
988:
984:
930:
929:
925:
920:
916:
909:
896:
895:
891:
861:
860:
856:
804:
803:
799:
736:
735:
731:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
647:
646:
642:
632:
630:
623:
606:
605:
601:
592:
590:
583:
566:
565:
561:
556:
535:Mechanoreceptor
529:
522:
506:
504:History of term
494:
296:
264:
258:
233:
231:System overview
217:lightheadedness
193:
188:
182:
115:
83:sensory neurons
60:noxious stimuli
54:/hurt') is the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Pain tolerance
3506:
3504:Pain threshold
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Hot plate test
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Pain asymbolia
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3010:Proprioception
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2586:Thermoreceptor
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Taste receptor
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Proprioception
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:Trigeminal (V)
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2040:Sensory organs
2033:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1854:
1825:(2): 261–273.
1797:
1768:(1): 459–469.
1744:
1679:
1644:
1610:
1559:
1530:(3): 154–167.
1510:
1461:
1410:
1383:(3): 307–336.
1366:
1351:
1325:
1276:
1269:
1243:
1216:(3): 349–366.
1200:
1149:
1142:
1124:
1095:(6): 787–793.
1075:
1032:
982:
923:
914:
907:
889:
870:(5): 981–997.
854:
817:(3): 353–364.
797:
729:
670:
640:
621:
599:
581:
558:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:Proprioception
544:
538:
532:
521:
518:
505:
502:
493:
492:In non-mammals
490:
489:
488:
482:
476:
469:
454:
440:
434:
428:
422:
407:Spinoreticular
404:
398:
396:
378:
371:
360:
346:
335:
317:
307:
295:
292:
270:(stretch) and
257:
254:
246:proprioception
232:
229:
192:
189:
184:Main article:
181:
178:
114:
111:
79:cayenne pepper
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Grimace scale
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3372:Low back pain
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Referred pain
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Pain disorder
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3256:Delayed-onset
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:Head and neck
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Hallucination
3066:
3064:
3063:Derealization
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Asomatognosia
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Hyperesthesia
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Astereognosis
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Labyrinthitis
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:Chemoreceptor
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:Photoreceptor
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Slit sensilla
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2317:Visceral pain
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2268:thermoception
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Visual cortex
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Olfactory (I)
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2131:spinal nerves
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Consciousness
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
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186:Pain theories
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158:schwann cells
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150:spinal column
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3439:
3319:Phantom pain
3304:Hyperalgesia
3299:Chronic pain
3183:(swallowing)
3181:Odynophagia
3001:Phantom pain
2986:Hyperalgesia
2960:Hypoesthesia
2778:Hearing loss
2599:TRP channels
2576:Osmoreceptor
2543:Photopigment
2467:Baroreceptor
2406:Gravitropism
2378:Frog hearing
2358:Echolocation
2262:
2154:Facial (VII)
1864:
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654:Neuroscience
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631:. Retrieved
612:
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591:. Retrieved
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389:raphe nuclei
375:hypothalamus
284:
280:
265:
243:
213:hypertension
194:
191:Consequences
174:hyperalgesia
170:
166:
127:
91:nerve fibers
75:chili pepper
68:
47:
40:nocioception
39:
35:
29:
3555:Nociception
3529:Cancer pain
3455:Substance P
3440:Nociception
3402:Dolorimeter
3357:Pelvic pain
3314:Hyperpathia
3309:Hypoalgesia
3230:Arthralgia
3212:Pleurodynia
3207:Sore throat
3083:Synesthesia
2991:Hypoalgesia
2965:Paresthesia
2950:Formication
2945:CMT disease
2912:Hypergeusia
2735:Visual snow
2710:Photophobia
2705:Papilledema
2695:Oscillopsia
2681:Hemeralopia
2548:Aureochrome
2383:Toad vision
2307:Suffocation
2221:Perceptions
750:(1): 1640.
391:to produce
368:hippocampus
300:Laminae 3-5
209:tachycardia
95:spinal cord
87:nociceptors
73:present in
42:; from
36:nociception
18:Nociceptive
3570:Acute pain
3549:Categories
3478:Anesthesia
3465:Management
3392:Pain scale
3362:Proctalgia
3266:Neurologic
3166:Eye strain
3103:Pareidolia
3058:Allochiria
3041:Multimodal
2922:Parageusia
2917:Hypogeusia
2889:Phantosmia
2869:Hyperosmia
2813:Vestibular
2793:Palinopsia
2753:Amblyaudia
2700:Palinopsia
2685:Nyctalopia
2609:Nociceptor
2416:Artificial
2139:Optic (II)
1970:Perception
1919:Processes
1911:perception
1813:Drosophila
1638:2011-06-02
901:. KAPLAN.
664:2017-09-06
593:2017-09-06
554:References
462:perception
288:taste buds
260:See also:
256:Mechanical
134:periosteum
103:perception
50: 'to
32:physiology
3514:Suffering
3483:Cordotomy
3473:Analgesia
3294:Allodynia
3274:Neuralgia
3238:Bone pain
3189:Toothache
2899:Gustatory
2851:Olfactory
2715:Photopsia
2661:Amaurosis
2635:Disorders
2528:Cone cell
2447:Types of
2058:Inner ear
1993:Cognition
1983:Awareness
1932:Sensation
1907:Sensation
833:0896-6273
774:2041-1723
724:201015745
708:1095-9203
393:serotonin
349:Ao fibers
312:makes up
286:act like
71:capsaicin
3519:SOCRATES
3245:(muscle)
3243:Myalgia
3171:Headache
2884:Parosmia
2874:Hyposmia
2864:Dysosmia
2803:Tinnitus
2745:Auditory
2720:Polyopia
2676:Diplopia
2533:Rod cell
2331:Nonhuman
2284:Internal
2125:Sensory
2031:External
1940:Stimulus
1923:concepts
1841:12705873
1809:painless
1739:10468634
1632:Archived
1605:12816648
1554:21331082
1505:20512370
1456:11007903
1405:44794002
1361:16221594
1312:12364523
1238:25724084
1230:10320216
1195:10191330
1111:16157274
1070:15781811
1062:12403987
1027:19279663
977:12032305
884:13211692
849:13576368
841:17678850
792:29691410
716:31416950
658:Archived
627:Archived
587:Archived
520:See also
458:thalamus
415:thalamus
364:amygdala
357:C fibers
320:Lamina 1
310:Lamina 2
302:make up
225:fainting
205:sweating
109:beings.
107:sentient
93:via the
3232:(joint)
3053:Agnosia
2932:Tactile
2907:Ageusia
2859:Anosmia
2821:Vertigo
2725:Scotoma
2666:Anopsia
2127:cranial
1998:Feeling
1849:1424315
1792:8987770
1783:6793714
1756:Aplysia
1707:Bibcode
1674:8793740
1630:(1–2).
1596:1691351
1545:3044650
1496:2899886
1447:6772793
1397:6886056
1320:2969333
1186:6782271
1119:2402859
1018:2683043
945:Bibcode
783:5915601
752:Bibcode
688:Bibcode
680:Science
633:May 17,
466:bouncer
152:in the
97:to the
85:called
64:painful
2643:Visual
2594:Cilium
2340:Animal
2312:Nausea
2302:Thirst
2297:Hunger
2169:Spinal
2008:Qualia
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514:nocēre
479:Insula
294:Neural
223:, and
221:nausea
201:pallor
180:Theory
142:organs
48:nocere
3350:Other
3251:Acute
2538:ipRGC
2393:Plant
2253:Touch
2068:Mouth
2022:Human
1845:S2CID
1730:17914
1401:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1234:S2CID
1115:S2CID
1066:S2CID
845:S2CID
720:S2CID
162:axons
138:joint
99:brain
46:
44:Latin
3560:Pain
3367:Back
3176:Neck
3145:Pain
3073:HSAN
3048:Aura
2826:BPPV
2683:and
2129:and
2073:Skin
2063:Nose
2053:Ears
2048:Eyes
1921:and
1909:and
1837:PMID
1819:Cell
1811:, a
1788:PMID
1735:PMID
1698:PNAS
1670:PMID
1601:PMID
1550:PMID
1501:PMID
1452:PMID
1393:PMID
1357:PMID
1347:ISBN
1308:PMID
1265:ISBN
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1191:PMID
1138:ISBN
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1023:PMID
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903:ISBN
880:PMID
837:PMID
829:ISSN
788:PMID
770:ISSN
712:PMID
704:ISSN
635:2020
617:ISBN
577:ISBN
471:The
456:The
409:and
373:The
366:and
362:The
337:The
326:and
130:skin
52:harm
1827:doi
1823:113
1778:PMC
1770:doi
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1591:PMC
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1540:PMC
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