1341:
towns and increase in nucleated settlements in the countryside, rather than scattered farms, was probably accelerated by the coming of the
Normans to England. The lifestyle of the peasantry probably did not greatly change in the decades after 1066. Although earlier historians argued that women became less free and lost rights with the conquest, current scholarship has mostly rejected this view. Little is known about women other than those in the landholding class, so no conclusions can be drawn about peasant women's status after 1066. Noblewomen appear to have continued to influence political life mainly through their kinship relationships. Both before and after 1066 aristocratic women could own land, and some women continued to have the ability to dispose of their property as they wished.
493:'s consent for the invasion, signified by a papal banner, along with diplomatic support from other European rulers. Although Alexander did give papal approval to the conquest after it succeeded, no other source claims papal support before the invasion. William's army assembled during the summer while an invasion fleet in Normandy was constructed. Although the army and fleet were ready by early August, adverse winds kept the ships in Normandy until late September. There were probably other reasons for William's delay, including intelligence reports from England revealing that Harold's forces were deployed along the coast. William would have preferred to delay the invasion until he could make an unopposed landing.
1123:
529:
he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London for about a week before reaching
Hastings, so it is likely that he took a second week to march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day, for the nearly 200 miles (320 kilometres) to London. Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle remain obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken up a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day
1366:, have seen the conquest as a critical turning point in history. Southern stated that "no country in Europe, between the rise of the barbarian kingdoms and the 20th century, has undergone so radical a change in so short a time as England experienced after 1066". Other historians, such as H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, believe that the transformation was less radical. In more general terms, Singman has called the conquest "the last echo of the national migrations that characterized the early Middle Ages". The debate over the impact of the conquest depends on how change after 1066 is measured. If
1304:
1025:, had finally arrived in England with a fleet of 200 ships, but he was too late as Norwich had already surrendered. The Danes then raided along the coast before returning home. William did not return to England until later in 1075, to deal with the Danish threat and the aftermath of the rebellion, celebrating Christmas at Winchester. Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. By that time William had returned to the continent, where Ralph was continuing the rebellion from Brittany.
915:
745:, the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria, led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. These rebellions rapidly collapsed as William moved against them, building castles and installing garrisons as he had already done in the south. Edwin and Morcar again submitted, while Gospatric fled to Scotland, as did Edgar the Γtheling and his family, who may have been involved in these revolts. Meanwhile, Harold's sons, who had taken refuge in Ireland, raided
943:, where he and Hereward were joined by exiled rebels who had sailed from Scotland. William arrived with an army and a fleet to finish off this last pocket of resistance. After some costly failures, the Normans managed to construct a pontoon to reach the Isle of Ely, defeated the rebels at the bridgehead and stormed the island, marking the effective end of English resistance. Morcar was imprisoned for the rest of his life; Hereward was pardoned and had his lands returned to him.
7744:
1034:
580:
453:. King Harold probably learned of the Norwegian invasion in mid-September and rushed north, gathering forces as he went. The royal forces probably took nine days to cover the distance from London to York, averaging almost 25 miles (40 kilometres) per day. At dawn on 25 September Harold's forces reached York, where he learned the location of the Norwegians. The English then marched on the invaders and took them by surprise, defeating them in the
1374:, castles or other changes in society, then the conquest, while important, did not represent radical reform. But the change was dramatic if measured by the elimination of the English nobility or the loss of Old English as a literary language. Nationalistic arguments have been made on both sides of the debate, with the Normans cast as either the persecutors of the English or the rescuers of the country from a decadent Anglo-Saxon nobility.
7768:
479:
150,000 men. Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of
William's forces: 7000β8000 men, 1000β2000 of them cavalry; 10,000β12,000 men; 10,000 men, 3000 of them cavalry; or 7500 men. The army would have consisted of a mix of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined. Although later lists of
42:
6398:
1170:
6388:
348:, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, succeeded to the English throne in 1042. This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable
768:
1291:
marriages are attested between Norman men and
English women during the years before 1100, but such marriages were uncommon. Most Normans continued to contract marriages with other Normans or other continental families rather than with the English. Within a century of the invasion, intermarriage between the native English and the Norman immigrants had become common. By the early 1160s,
1206:
502:
297:. In exchange for the land, the Norsemen under Rollo were expected to provide protection along the coast against further Viking invaders. Their settlement proved successful and the Vikings in the region became known as the "Northmen" which "Normandy" and "Normans" are derived from. The Normans quickly adopted the indigenous culture as they became assimilated by the French, renouncing
7756:
6408:
7796:
434:. Deserted by most of his followers, Tostig withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the summer recruiting fresh forces. King Harold spent the summer on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade, but the bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed them.
597:, tempting the English into pursuit, and allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly. The available sources are more confused about events in the afternoon, but it appears that the decisive event was the death of Harold, about which different stories are told. William of Jumieges claimed that Harold was killed by the duke. The
993:. Another earl, Waltheof, despite being one of William's favourites, was also involved, and some Breton lords were ready to offer support. Ralph also requested Danish aid. William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Roger was unable to leave his stronghold in Herefordshire because of efforts by
1355:, when discussing the death of William the Conqueror, denounced him and the conquest in verse, but the king's obituary notice from William of Poitiers, a Frenchman, was full of praise. Historians since then have argued over the facts of the matter and how to interpret them, with little agreement. The theory or myth of the "
255:
1359:" arose in the 17th century, the idea that Anglo-Saxon society had been freer and more equal than the society that emerged after the conquest. This theory owes more to the period in which it was developed than to historical facts, but it continues to be used to the present day in both political and popular thought.
457:. Harald of Norway and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such horrific losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory was costly, however, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state, and far from the English Channel.
1445:. After his family's eventual return to England and his father's death in 1057, Edgar had by far the strongest hereditary claim to the throne, but he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, and with little family to support him, his claim was passed over by the
1061:
To find the lands to compensate his Norman followers, William initially confiscated the estates of all the
English lords who had fought and died with Harold and redistributed part of their lands. These confiscations led to revolts, which resulted in more confiscations, a cycle that continued for five
798:
and other rebels who had taken refuge in
Scotland. The castellan of York, Robert fitzRichard, was defeated and killed, and the rebels besieged the Norman castle at York. William hurried north with an army, defeated the rebels outside York and pursued them into the city, massacring the inhabitants and
1290:
An estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in
England as a result of the conquest, although exact figures cannot be established. Some of these new residents intermarried with the native English, but the extent of this practice in the years immediately after Hastings is unclear. Several
1103:
Natives were also removed from high governmental and ecclesiastical offices. After 1075 all earldoms were held by
Normans, and Englishmen were only occasionally appointed as sheriffs. Likewise in the Church, senior English office-holders were either expelled from their positions or kept in place for
528:
Harold, after defeating his brother Tostig and Harald
Hardrada in the north, left much of his force there, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while
478:
and was ready to cross the
Channel by about 12 August. The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 726 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to
1193:
before William's conquest. One major reason for the strength of the English monarchy was the wealth of the kingdom, built on the English system of taxation that included a land tax, or the geld. English coinage was also superior to most of the other currencies in use in northwestern Europe, and the
1066:
pattern. Historian Robert Liddiard remarks that "to glance at the urban landscape of Norwich, Durham or Lincoln is to be forcibly reminded of the impact of the Norman invasion". William and his barons also exercised tighter control over inheritance of property by widows and daughters, often forcing
1049:
Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. They were few in number compared to the native English population; including those from other parts of France, historians estimate the number of Norman landholders at around 8000. William's followers expected
592:
along the ridge, and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. Some of William's Breton troops panicked and fled, and some of the English troops appear to have pursued the fleeing Bretons. Norman cavalry then attacked and killed the pursuing troops. While
1074:
of Normandy in 1204, William and his successors were largely absentee rulers. For example, after 1072, William spent more than 75 per cent of his time in France rather than England. While he needed to be personally present in Normandy to defend the realm from foreign invasion and put down internal
815:
arrived off the coast of England, sparking a new wave of rebellions across the country. After abortive raids in the south, the Danes joined forces with a new Northumbrian uprising, which was also joined by Edgar, Gospatric and the other exiles from Scotland as well as Waltheof. The combined Danish
601:
has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but this may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories that Harold had died from an arrow wound to the head. Other sources stated that no one knew how Harold died because the press of battle was so tight
587:
The battle began at about 9 am on 14 October 1066 and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is known, the exact events are obscured by contradictory accounts in the sources. Although the numbers on each side were probably about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many
536:
Contemporary sources do not give reliable data on the size and composition of Harold's army, although two Norman sources give figures of 1.2 million or 400,000 men. Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5000 and 13,000 for Harold's army at Hastings, but most agree on a range of
437:
Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Harald's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who threw his support behind the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians defeated a
1340:
Many of the free peasants of Anglo-Saxon society appear to have lost status and become indistinguishable from the non-free serfs. Whether this change was due entirely to the conquest is unclear, but the invasion and its after-effects probably accelerated a process already underway. The spread of
1278:. It is not known precisely how much English the Norman invaders learned, nor how much the knowledge of Norman French spread among the lower classes, but the demands of trade and basic communication probably meant that at least some of the Normans and native English were bilingual. Nevertheless,
965:
in which Malcolm expelled Edgar the Γtheling from Scotland and agreed to some degree of subordination to William. The exact status of this subordination was unclear β the treaty merely stated that Malcolm became William's man. Whether this meant only for Cumbria and Lothian or for the whole
938:
from William, and returned home. After the departure of the Danes the Fenland rebels remained at large, protected by the marshes, and early in 1071 there was a final outbreak of rebel activity in the area. Edwin and Morcar again turned against William, and although Edwin was quickly betrayed and
1221:
This sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the Normans and was the foundation of further developments. They kept the framework of government but made changes in the personnel, although at first the new king attempted to keep some natives in office. By the end of William's
1148:
Following the conquest, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. Members of King Harold Godwinson's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England. The largest single exodus
618:, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff.
1326:
in 1086, fewer than had been enumerated for 1066. In some places, such as Essex, the decline in slaves was 20 per cent for the 20 years. The main reasons for the decline in slaveholding appear to have been the disapproval of the Church and the cost of supporting slaves who, unlike
874:
In early 1070, having secured the submission of Waltheof and Gospatric, and driven Edgar and his remaining supporters back to Scotland, William returned to Mercia, where he based himself at Chester and crushed all remaining resistance in the area before returning to the south.
799:
bringing the revolt to an end. He built a second castle at York, strengthened Norman forces in Northumbria and then returned south. A subsequent local uprising was crushed by the garrison of York. Harold's sons launched a second raid from Ireland and were defeated at the
664:, before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgar's leading supporters lost their nerve, and the English leaders surrendered to William at
900:, one of William's chaplains, was installed at York. Some other bishoprics and abbeys also received new bishops and abbots and William confiscated some of the wealth of the English monasteries, which had served as repositories for the assets of the native nobles.
446:, the two earls may have distrusted Harold and feared that the king would replace Morcar with Tostig. The result was that their forces were devastated and unable to participate in the rest of the campaigns of 1066, although the two earls survived the battle.
879:
arrived and at Easter re-crowned William, which would have symbolically reasserted his right to the kingdom. William also oversaw a purge of prelates from the Church, most notably Stigand, who was deposed from Canterbury. The papal legates also imposed
525:, from which they raided the surrounding area. This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding.
380:. Harold was immediately challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this; King Harald III of Norway, commonly known as
7244:
1230:. The Domesday survey was an administrative catalogue of the landholdings of the kingdom, and was unique to medieval Europe. It was divided into sections based on the shires, and listed all the landholdings of each
867:. The Danes fled at his approach, and he occupied York. He bought off the Danes, who agreed to leave England in the spring, and during the winter of 1069β70 his forces systematically devastated Northumbria in the
1181:, with subdivisions; the royal court was the centre of government, and a justice system based on local and regional tribunals existed to secure the rights of free men. Shires were run by officials known as shire
859:. When the Danes attempted to return to Lincolnshire, the Norman forces there again drove them back across the Humber. William advanced into Northumbria, defeating an attempt to block his crossing of the swollen
1424:
in 1016 to claim the English throne and marry Γthelred's widow, Emma. After Harthacnut's death in 1042, Magnus began preparations for an invasion of England, which was only stopped by his own death in 1047.
246:, which may or may not have been linked to the invasion. There was little alteration in the structure of government, as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo-Saxon government.
1569:
The coronation was marred when the Norman troops stationed outside the abbey heard the sounds of those inside acclaiming the king and began burning nearby houses, thinking the noises were signs of a riot.
355:
When King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the
831:. In the southwest, rebels from Devon and Cornwall attacked the Norman garrison at Exeter but were repulsed by the defenders and scattered by a Norman relief force under Count Brian. Other rebels from
622:, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been buried there secretly. Later legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester.
230:
were confiscated; some of the elite fled into exile. To control his new kingdom, William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strong points throughout the land. The
1100:
was left in English hands. Even this tiny residue was further diminished in the decades that followed, the elimination of native landholding being most complete in southern parts of the country.
816:
and English forces defeated the Norman garrison at York, seized the castles and took control of Northumbria, although a raid into Lincolnshire led by Edgar was defeated by the Norman garrison of
557:. The English army does not appear to have had many archers, although some were present. The identities of few of the Englishmen at Hastings are known; the most important were Harold's brothers
5278:
741:
was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William's growing international stature. Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6861:
6856:
6851:
1420:
and Emma of Normandy, and thus was the half-brother of Edward the Confessor. He reigned from 1040 to 1042, and died without children. Harthacnut's father Cnut had defeated Γthelred's son
513:
The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. They landed at
5283:
1362:
In the 20th and 21st centuries, historians have focused less on the rightness or wrongness of the conquest itself, instead concentrating on the effects of the invasion. Some, such as
1153:. The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers, as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries. The English became the predominant element in the elite
1177:
Before the Normans arrived, Anglo-Saxon governmental systems were more sophisticated than their counterparts in Normandy. All of England was divided into administrative units called
5851:
1062:
years after the Battle of Hastings. To put down and prevent further rebellions the Normans constructed castles and fortifications in unprecedented numbers, initially mostly on the
226:
Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on the English throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting
6217:
610:
The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body. The bodies of the English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his
219:
in southern England. Harold marched south to oppose him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the
70:
242:
lands to be held directly from the king. More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life: the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of
1189:. Most medieval governments were always on the move, holding court wherever the weather and food or other matters were best at the moment; England had a permanent treasury at
392:, whereby if either died without an heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships to invade England.
317:. They intermarried with the local population and used the territory granted to them as a base to extend the frontiers of the duchy westward, annexing territory including the
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6353:
1050:
and received lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion, but William claimed ultimate possession of the land in England over which his armies had given him
449:
Hardrada moved on to York, which surrendered to him. After taking hostages from the leading men of the city, on 24 September the Norwegians moved east to the tiny village of
1534:
Of these named persons, eight died in the battle β Harold, Gyrth, Leofwine, Godric the sheriff, Thurkill of Berkshire, Breme, and someone known only as "son of Helloc".
1612:"the Wake" has been claimed to be derived from "the wakeful one", the first use of the epithet is from the mid-13th century, and is thus unlikely to have been contemporary.
4637:
1096:
of 1086 meticulously documents the impact of this colossal programme of expropriation, revealing that by that time only about 5 per cent of land in England south of the
684:. William remained in England until March 1067, when he returned to Normandy with English prisoners, including Stigand, Morcar, Edwin, Edgar the Γtheling, and Waltheof.
4521:
1157:, until then a largely Scandinavian unit, from which the emperor's bodyguard was drawn. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the
442:. The two earls had rushed to engage the Norwegian forces before Harold could arrive from the south. Although Harold Godwinson had married Edwin and Morcar's sister
5866:
1058:
in return for military service. A Norman lord typically had properties scattered piecemeal throughout England and Normandy, and not in a single geographic block.
1202:. Writs were either instructions to an official or group of officials, or notifications of royal actions such as appointments to office or a grant of some sort.
823:
At the same time resistance flared up again in western Mercia, where the forces of Eadric the Wild, together with his Welsh allies and further rebel forces from
6444:
5943:
1071:
851:. Meanwhile, William attacked the Danes, who had moored for the winter south of the Humber in Lincolnshire, and drove them back to the north bank. Leaving
5549:
1582:"the Wild" is relatively common, so despite suggestions that it arose from Eadric's participation in the northern uprisings of 1069, this is not certain.
697:
Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years. William left control of England in the hands of his half-brother
238:
and government, the introduction of a dialect of French as the language of the elites, and changes in the composition of the upper classes, as William
4263:
1512:
Of those 35, 5 are known to have died in the battle β Robert of Vitot, Engenulf of Laigle, Robert fitzErneis, Roger son of Turold, and Taillefer.
1122:
450:
63:
593:
the Bretons were fleeing, rumours swept the Norman forces that the duke had been killed, but William rallied his troops. Twice more the Normans made
234:, a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales, was completed by 1086. Other effects of the conquest included the
7861:
7846:
5014:
871:, subduing all resistance. As a symbol of his renewed authority over the north, William ceremonially wore his crown at York on Christmas Day 1069.
7467:
4831:
4413:
1441:. He was the son of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, and was born in Hungary, where his father had fled after the conquest of England by
978:
5062:
1018:
922:
In 1070 Sweyn II of Denmark arrived to take personal command of his fleet and renounced the earlier agreement to withdraw, sending troops into
1088:
A direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the
7856:
6518:
5821:
5437:
4206:
4146:
4124:
4074:
4055:
4036:
4014:
3992:
3938:
3919:
3897:
3878:
3859:
3833:
3807:
3788:
3769:
3750:
3731:
3712:
3693:
3651:
3613:
3591:
3572:
3553:
3531:
3509:
3487:
3468:
3446:
7851:
7462:
56:
443:
957:
William faced difficulties in his continental possessions in 1071, but in 1072 he returned to England and marched north to confront King
7821:
7784:
6277:
6252:
6192:
4745:
4735:
4418:
1275:
480:
1222:
reign, most of the officials of government and the royal household were Normans. The language of official documents also changed, from
483:
are extant, most are padded with extra names; only about 35 individuals can be reliably claimed to have been with William at Hastings.
7693:
6368:
5655:
4730:
737:, including Harold's mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town's surrender. In May, William's wife
602:
around the king that the soldiers could not see who struck the fatal blow. William of Poitiers gives no details about Harold's death.
5903:
4936:
4911:
4886:
794:, and several hundred soldiers accompanying him were massacred at Durham. The Northumbrian rebellion was joined by Edgar, Gospatric,
549:, or nobleman's personal troops, who usually also fought on foot. The main difference between the two types was in their armour; the
7433:
6814:
6411:
6373:
5672:
5391:
5133:
4623:
3632:
1398:
565:. About 18 other named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including two other relatives.
4916:
1318:
The impact of the conquest on the lower levels of English society is difficult to assess. The major change was the elimination of
1092:
in England. William systematically dispossessed English landowners and conferred their property on his continental followers. The
470:
William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and all over France, including large contingents from
7836:
7713:
6437:
5748:
4531:
1388:
1139:
909:
124:
31:
5273:
211:
on 25 September. Three days later on 28 September, William's invasion force of thousands of men and hundreds of ships landed at
6772:
6513:
5871:
5057:
4821:
989:. The exact reason for the rebellion is unclear, but it was launched at the wedding of Ralph to a relative of Roger's, held at
893:
884:
on William and those of his supporters who had taken part in Hastings and the subsequent campaigns. As well as Canterbury, the
192:, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law
7866:
6819:
6474:
6237:
6177:
6149:
5908:
5638:
5123:
1282:
never developed a working knowledge of English and for centuries afterwards English was not well understood by the nobility.
742:
294:
227:
6154:
4630:
1108:
in 1095, no bishopric was held by any Englishman, and English abbots became uncommon, especially in the larger monasteries.
1303:
7628:
6323:
5087:
4981:
4785:
4393:
4388:
4256:
4086:
1308:
1054:
control, and asserted the right to dispose of it as he saw fit. Henceforth, all land was "held" directly from the king in
1038:
808:
677:
7487:
6804:
6621:
5679:
5593:
5082:
5007:
4891:
4536:
4454:
1319:
634:
625:
After his victory at Hastings, William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders, but instead
365:
341:
243:
1254:
words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of
7683:
7643:
7608:
7530:
6760:
6643:
6469:
6430:
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had become vacant following the death of Ealdred in September 1069. Both sees were filled by men loyal to William:
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1465:'s attacks in early 1066 may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but after defeat at the hands of
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may possibly depict a papal banner carried by William's forces, but this is not named as such in the tapestry.
360:, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats. Harold was elected king by the
352:, and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.
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384:, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor,
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with limited Nordic influences, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English.
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1021:. Norwich was besieged and surrendered, and Ralph went into exile. Meanwhile, the Danish king's brother,
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1322:, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century. There were about 28,000 slaves listed in the
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to Latin. The forest laws were introduced, leading to the setting aside of large sections of England as
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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
1194:
ability to mint coins was a royal monopoly. The English kings had also developed the system of issuing
681:
660:, Berkshire; while there he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the
626:
676:. The new king attempted to conciliate the remaining English nobility by confirming Morcar, Edwin and
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revolts, he set up royal administrative structures that enabled him to rule England from a distance.
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Thomas, Hugh M. (April 2003). "The Significance and Fate of the Native English Landowners of 1086".
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archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few archers. The English soldiers formed up as a
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soon became common; female names changed more slowly. The Norman invasion had little impact on
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223:. William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement, and William became king.
204:
94:
705:. In 1067 rebels in Kent launched an unsuccessful attack on Dover Castle in combination with
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occurred in the 1070s, when a group of Anglo-Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the
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in late 1065. After King Edward sided with the rebels, Tostig went into exile in Flanders.
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in charge of Lincolnshire, he turned west and defeated the Mercian rebels in battle at
733:. These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067. In 1068 William
357:
197:
181:
162:
1173:
English counties in 1086 β most of these have a modern equivalent in the 21st century.
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158:
4069:. Critical Issues in History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
1551:, was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew.
1473:
and the desertion of most of his followers he threw his lot in with Harald Hardrada.
629:
was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar,
41:
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3817:
1227:
1210:
1169:
876:
637:, the Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced, marching around the coast of
423:
302:
4186:
3975:
3586:. Blackwell Classic Histories of England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
1560:Γtheling is the Anglo-Saxon term for a royal prince with some claim to the throne.
961:. This campaign, which included a land army supported by a fleet, resulted in the
537:
between 7000 and 8000 English troops. These men would have comprised a mix of the
30:
This article is about the Norman invasion of England in 1066. For other uses, see
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1002:
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419:
361:
235:
185:
3961:
1543:
A 12th-century tradition stated that Harold's face could not be recognised and
1437:, Edward the Confessor's great nephew who was a patrilineal descendant of King
1205:
767:
614:, were left on the battlefield, although some were removed by relatives later.
501:
7698:
7457:
5913:
5755:
5494:
4615:
4172:
4099:
3949:
3907:
1271:
1247:
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their lifetimes and replaced by foreigners when they died. After the death of
1097:
1070:
A measure of William's success in taking control is that, from 1072 until the
864:
860:
840:
828:
772:
710:
698:
545:
389:
306:
4160:
17:
6479:
6222:
5991:
5257:
5128:
4602:
1371:
1158:
844:
661:
373:
326:
310:
239:
3800:
The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages
1198:
to their officials, in addition to the normal medieval practice of issuing
3673:
1337:
from the reign of King Henry I continue to mention slaveholding as legal.
207:
on 20 September, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the
6836:
6257:
6134:
6011:
4490:
3548:. Issues in Historiography. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
935:
923:
889:
856:
824:
750:
746:
730:
522:
514:
471:
411:
298:
212:
1242:
One of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction of
1161:
coast and established towns with names such as New London and New York.
6653:
5898:
5799:
5534:
5113:
5023:
4439:
4107:
1609:
1579:
1312:
1267:
1199:
1186:
881:
718:
630:
369:
282:
254:
166:
154:
150:
3565:
Western Travellers to Constantinople: the West and Byzantium, 962β1204
6422:
4378:
1470:
1263:
990:
832:
726:
653:
518:
415:
318:
216:
203:
invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the
1595:, whom William had appointed in 1067. Copsi was murdered in 1068 by
1295:
was writing that intermarriage was common in all levels of society.
533:), about 6 miles (10 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.
438:
northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the
4992:
1370:
was already evolving before the invasion, with the introduction of
368:, although Norman propaganda claimed the ceremony was performed by
6735:
4241:
3502:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066β1284
1592:
1302:
1234:
of the king as well as who had held the land before the conquest.
1204:
1178:
1168:
1121:
1032:
913:
766:
722:
578:
558:
500:
286:
259:
253:
48:
40:
1013:
by the combined efforts of Odo of Bayeux, Geoffrey of Coutances,
418:. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in
6841:
3890:
Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500
1591:
Gospatric had bought the office from William after the death of
1328:
1195:
638:
539:
6426:
5803:
4996:
4619:
4606:
4245:
410:, raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in
52:
7703:
5728:
4236:
1045:, originally built by William the Conqueror to control London.
790:
Early in 1069 the newly installed Norman Earl of Northumbria,
7778:
3987:. Daily Life Through History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
309:
language of their new home and added features from their own
649:
he sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.
583:
Likely depiction of Harold's death from the Bayeux Tapestry
45:
Location of major events during the Norman Conquest in 1066
184:
derived from his familial relationship with the childless
3931:
1066: The Battles of York, Stamford Bridge & Hastings
1461:, but he did not make his bid for the throne until 1069.
1349:
Debate over the conquest started almost immediately. The
1130:, which had many English recruits, from the 12th-century
839:
but were defeated by a Norman army gathered from London,
4067:
The Norman Conquest: England after William the Conqueror
27:
11th-century invasion and conquest of England by Normans
4031:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3644:
From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England, 1066β1215
1433:
Other contenders later came to the fore. The first was
1307:
Modern-day reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon village at
5279:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979βpresent)
3623:
Crystal, David (2002). "The Story of Middle English".
426:, but he was driven back to his ships by the brothers
7732:
3850:; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
3824:; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
3666:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
811:. In August or September 1069 a large fleet sent by
7642:
7594:
7551:
7521:
7478:
7424:
6715:
6652:
6460:
6311:
6170:
6065:
5957:
5837:
5692:
5607:
5472:
5419:
5358:
5328:
5292:
5284:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979βpresent)
5266:
5233:
5175:
5144:
5096:
5040:
5031:
4804:
4653:
4560:
4504:
4473:
4427:
4346:
4310:
4279:
3625:
The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language
1453:, who had a claim to the throne as the grandson of
543:(militia mainly composed of foot soldiers) and the
3933:. Battleground Britain. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper.
149:) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of
4522:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
1274:, which had changed significantly after earlier
680:, in their lands as well as giving some land to
670:acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred
395:
3912:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500β1087
3272:
3270:
553:used better protecting armour than that of the
521:on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at
3852:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3826:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3703:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001).
3688:. Campaign. Vol. 13. Oxford, UK: Osprey.
3198:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2764:
2762:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2578:
2576:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2175:
2173:
1804:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1503:, is said to have been Tostig's sworn brother.
509:, depicting ships grounding and horses landing
6438:
5815:
5008:
4631:
4257:
4139:Γthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3288:
3286:
3111:
3109:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2892:
2890:
2876:
2874:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2651:
2649:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2488:
2486:
1917:
1915:
1137:
641:to London. He defeated an English force that
64:
8:
3798:Kaufman, J. E. & Kaufman, H. W. (2001).
3668:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3127:
3125:
2433:
2431:
2295:
2293:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2089:
2087:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1998:
1996:
4577:
4233:Normans β a background to the Conquest
3914:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3854:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 229β230.
3482:. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey.
3056:
3054:
934:. Sweyn soon accepted a further payment of
835:, Somerset and neighbouring areas besieged
6445:
6431:
6423:
5822:
5808:
5800:
5482:
5478:
5425:
5364:
5037:
5015:
5001:
4993:
4638:
4624:
4616:
4603:
4264:
4250:
4242:
3828:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 99β100.
2027:
2025:
1746:
1744:
926:to join forces with English rebels led by
71:
57:
49:
396:Tostig's raids and the Norwegian invasion
3686:Hastings 1066: The Fall of Saxon England
474:and Flanders. He mustered his forces at
406:In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother,
7791:
7739:
4165:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4050:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3954:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3762:The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction
2729:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2556:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1636:
1409:
827:and Shropshire, attacked the castle at
717:, in alliance with the Welsh rulers of
3892:. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press.
3707:(Second ed.). New York: Longman.
3627:(Second ed.). New York: Penguin.
1621:Malcolm, in 1069 or 1070, had married
803:in Devon by Norman forces under Count
3606:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
1599:, his rival for power in Northumbria.
1486:, was expelled from that office by a
966:Scottish kingdom was left ambiguous.
7:
985:, conspired to overthrow him in the
633:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and
6407:
5852:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
4736:Second War of Scottish Independence
4419:Companions of William the Conqueror
4199:The English and the Norman Conquest
4119:. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park.
3062:From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta
969:In 1075, during William's absence,
892:, abbot of William's foundation at
701:and one of his closest supporters,
481:companions of William the Conqueror
414:, later joined by other ships from
313:language, transforming it into the
153:by an army made up of thousands of
5944:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
4731:First War of Scottish Independence
4141:. London: Hambledon & London.
3608:. London: Hambledon & London.
3235:Crystal "Story of Middle English"
729:, fighting Norman forces based in
505:Arrival in England scene from the
489:states that William obtained Pope
25:
6374:Historiography in the Middle Ages
4161:"Eadric the Wild (fl. 1067β1072)"
3820:(2001). "Charters and Writs". In
3584:England and its Rulers: 1066β1307
3546:The Debate on the Norman Conquest
3117:Governance of Anglo-Saxon England
1399:Norman conquest of southern Italy
783:in York, on the west bank of the
678:Waltheof, the Earl of Northumbria
7794:
7766:
7754:
7742:
6406:
6397:
6396:
6386:
4117:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King
3802:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
3743:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England
3480:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest
2716:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest
2465:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest
2108:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest
2079:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest
1389:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
910:Danish attacks on Norman England
497:Landing and Harold's march south
388:, and the earlier English king,
32:Norman conquest (disambiguation)
7862:Succession to the British crown
7847:England in the High Middle Ages
6514:England in the late Middle Ages
5872:Christianity in the Middle Ages
5867:Decline of Hellenistic religion
3526:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
2754:English and the Norman Conquest
2690:English and the Norman Conquest
2670:English and the Norman Conquest
2657:English and the Norman Conquest
2641:English and the Norman Conquest
2628:English and the Norman Conquest
1625:, sister of Edgar the Γtheling.
1416:Harthacnut was the son of King
6150:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4201:. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press.
3567:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
3563:Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly (1996).
3524:Anglo-Norman England 1066β1166
466:Norman preparations and forces
364:of England and crowned by the
295:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
1:
6324:Disability in the Middle Ages
5997:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
5929:Rise of the Venetian Republic
4982:War of the Spanish Succession
4937:Anglo-Spanish War (1654β1660)
4912:Anglo-Spanish War (1625β1630)
4786:Stafford and Lovell rebellion
4087:The English Historical Review
3985:Daily Life in Medieval Europe
3724:Byzantine Armies AD 1118β1461
3642:Daniell, Christopher (2003).
1309:West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village
1286:Immigration and intermarriage
1140:Biblioteca Nacional de EspaΓ±a
725:, raised a revolt in western
668:, Hertfordshire. William was
656:valley to cross the river at
7857:Military history of Normandy
4917:Anglo-French War (1627β1629)
4187:UK public library membership
3983:Singman, Jeffrey L. (1999).
3976:UK public library membership
3871:The Battle of Hastings: 1066
3196:Keynes "Charters and Writs"
1791:Death of Anglo-Saxon England
1752:Death of Anglo-Saxon England
930:, at that time based on the
896:, received Canterbury while
645:, but being unable to storm
342:Richard II, Duke of Normandy
7852:Military history of England
5555:English language in England
5550:Innovations and discoveries
5274:Postwar Britain (1945β1979)
4746:Invasion of Scotland (1400)
4647:Military history of England
4580:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
4512:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
4167:. Oxford University Press.
4048:The English and the Normans
3956:. Oxford University Press.
3783:. London: Pearson/Longman.
2554:Williams "Eadric the Wild"
918:Coin of Sweyn II of Denmark
496:
432:Morcar, Earl of Northumbria
366:Archbishop of York, Ealdred
7883:
7822:Norman conquest of England
6519:Economy in the Middle Ages
6125:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
4922:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3950:"Hereward (fl. 1070β1071)"
3779:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
3760:Huscroft, Richard (2009).
1115:
1009:. Ralph was bottled up in
950:
907:
809:Eudes, Count of Penthièvre
760:
572:
399:
262:(top) and his descendants
258:13th-century depiction of
29:
6382:
6052:Mongol invasion of Europe
5768:
5485:
5481:
5428:
5367:
4907:Second Anglo-Powhatan War
4892:Nine Years' War (Ireland)
4613:
4608:Links to related articles
4323:Battle of Stamford Bridge
4224:Essential Norman Conquest
4009:. London: Edward Arnold.
3888:Liddiard, Robert (2005).
3846:(2001). "Harthacnut". In
3478:Bennett, Matthew (2001).
3015:English Historical Review
1138:
735:besieged rebels in Exeter
643:attacked him at Southwark
455:Battle of Stamford Bridge
402:Battle of Stamford Bridge
209:Battle of Stamford Bridge
90:
5634:The Football Association
4927:Third Anglo-Powhatan War
4902:First Anglo-Powhatan War
4822:Second Cornish rebellion
4046:Thomas, Hugh M. (2003).
3781:Ruling England 1042β1217
3705:Capetian France 987β1328
2853:Unification and Conquest
1881:Unification and Conquest
1736:Unification and Conquest
1449:. Another contender was
1394:Norman invasion of Wales
1246:, a northern dialect of
672:on 25 December 1066, in
378:Archbishop of Canterbury
7837:11th century in England
6583:Commonwealth of England
6007:Investiture Controversy
5977:Second Bulgarian Empire
5119:History of Anglo-Saxons
4832:Silken Thomas rebellion
4817:First Cornish rebellion
4552:Trial of Penenden Heath
4460:Malcolm III of Scotland
4100:10.1093/ehr/118.476.303
3582:Clanchy, M. T. (2006).
959:Malcolm III of Scotland
939:killed, Morcar reached
777:motte-and-bailey castle
180:William's claim to the
169:troops, all led by the
6364:Post-classical history
6120:Fall of Constantinople
6027:CapetβPlantagenet feud
5894:First Bulgarian Empire
5445:Elizabethan government
5310:Kingdom of East Anglia
5305:Kingdom of Northumbria
4942:Second Anglo-Dutch War
4872:Siege of Calais (1558)
4862:Third Cornish uprising
4781:Buckingham's rebellion
4706:Welsh uprising of 1211
4578:
4338:Siege of Exeter (1068)
3962:10.1093/ref:odnb/13074
3929:Marren, Peter (2004).
3873:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
3869:Lawson, M. K. (2002).
3745:. Stroud, UK: Sutton.
3463:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
3405:England and its Rulers
3353:England and its Rulers
3294:England and its Rulers
3013:Thomas "Significance"
1499:The King of Scotland,
1488:Northumbrian rebellion
1315:
1276:Scandinavian invasions
1218:
1174:
1145:
1118:New England (medieval)
1067:marriages to Normans.
1046:
919:
787:
707:Eustace II of Boulogne
584:
510:
476:Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
350:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
332:In 1002, English king
270:
46:
7867:William the Conqueror
5651:Rugby Football League
5134:Settlement of Britain
4952:Third Anglo-Dutch War
4932:First Anglo-Dutch War
4842:Amicable Grant Revolt
4771:Jack Cade's Rebellion
4726:Welsh Uprising (1282)
4537:Council of Winchester
4527:Harrying of the North
4517:Council of Lillebonne
4287:William the Conqueror
4173:10.1093/ref:odnb/8512
4065:Thomas, Hugh (2007).
3948:Roffe, David (2004).
3764:. New York: Longman.
3741:Higham, Nick (2000).
3646:. London: Routledge.
3504:. New York: Penguin.
3461:William the Conqueror
2842:p. 216 and footnote 4
2840:William the Conqueror
2827:William the Conqueror
2814:William the Conqueror
2796:William the Conqueror
2783:William the Conqueror
2741:William the Conqueror
2615:William the Conqueror
2543:William the Conqueror
2494:William the Conqueror
2478:William the Conqueror
2046:William the Conqueror
2033:William the Conqueror
1894:William the Conqueror
1778:William the Conqueror
1482:Tostig, who had been
1384:Ermenfrid Penitential
1352:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1306:
1280:William the Conqueror
1258:. Male names such as
1208:
1172:
1125:
1036:
917:
908:Further information:
869:Harrying of the North
849:Geoffrey of Coutances
781:William the Conqueror
770:
763:Harrying of the North
652:William moved up the
606:Aftermath of Hastings
582:
504:
428:Edwin, Earl of Mercia
268:Richard I of Normandy
257:
175:William the Conqueror
120:Harrying of the North
44:
7434:Anglo-Saxon military
6622:Overseas possessions
6344:Medieval reenactment
6140:Renaissance Humanism
6047:Medieval Warm Period
6017:Republic of Florence
5831:European Middle Ages
5668:Rugby Football Union
5336:House of Plantagenet
4435:Edward the Confessor
4333:Burning of Southwark
4115:Walker, Ian (2000).
3682:Gravett, Christopher
3439:Normandy Before 1066
2989:Struggle for Mastery
2976:Struggle for Mastery
2948:Kaufman and Kaufman
2937:Anglo-Norman England
2924:Struggle for Mastery
2911:Struggle for Mastery
2898:Struggle for Mastery
2882:Struggle for Mastery
2866:Struggle for Mastery
2340:Struggle for Mastery
2207:Struggle for Mastery
1802:Keynes "Harthacnut"
1710:Γthelred the Unready
1684:Normandy Before 1066
1671:Normandy Before 1066
1645:Normandy Before 1066
1165:Governmental systems
346:Edward the Confessor
334:Γthelred the Unready
190:Edward the Confessor
7749:Anglo-Saxon England
6848:Acts of Parliament:
6615:Union with Scotland
6610:Glorious Revolution
6556:Union of the Crowns
6546:English Renaissance
6534:English Reformation
6475:Anglo-Saxon England
6057:Kingdom of Portugal
5924:Old Church Slavonic
5909:Anglo-Saxon England
5220:Union with Scotland
5200:English Reformation
5195:English Renaissance
5124:Anglo-Saxon England
4877:Rising of the North
4847:Pilgrimage of Grace
4837:Anglo-Scottish Wars
4796:Yorkshire rebellion
4661:Battle of Aylesford
4592:William of Poitiers
4542:Revolt of the Earls
4486:Battle, East Sussex
4465:Matilda of Flanders
4394:Eustace of Boulogne
4302:Sweyn II of Denmark
4029:Anglo-Saxon England
3722:Heath, Ian (1995).
3441:. London: Longman.
3028:English and Normans
3002:English and Normans
1923:Anglo-Saxon England
1829:Anglo-Saxon England
1695:Hallam and Everard
1484:Earl of Northumbria
1451:Sweyn II of Denmark
1368:Anglo-Saxon England
1334:Leges Henrici Primi
1015:Richard fitzGilbert
999:Bishop of Worcester
987:Revolt of the Earls
963:Treaty of Abernethy
953:Revolt of the Earls
813:Sweyn II of Denmark
595:feigned withdrawals
531:Battle, East Sussex
487:William of Poitiers
305:. They adopted the
285:under their leader
281:allowed a group of
264:William I Longsword
130:Revolt of the Earls
6805:Secretary of State
6487:Kingdom of England
6454:Kingdom of England
6238:In popular culture
6203:Crusading movement
6075:Hundred Years' War
5934:Civitas Schinesghe
5919:Carolingian Empire
5904:Kingdom of Croatia
5857:Barbarian kingdoms
5749:Saint George's Day
5341:House of Lancaster
5152:Kingdom of England
5053:History of England
4967:Monmouth Rebellion
4962:Virginia rebellion
4741:Hundred Years' War
4721:Second Barons' War
4711:Battle of Bouvines
4671:Battle of Ellendun
4364:Leofwine Godwinson
4328:Battle of Hastings
3726:. London: Osprey.
3542:Chibnall, Marjorie
3520:Chibnall, Marjorie
3403:Quoted in Clanchy
3046:Western Travellers
2963:Castles in Context
2285:Battle of Hastings
2272:Battle of Hastings
2246:Battle of Hastings
2095:Battle of Hastings
1320:slavery in England
1316:
1293:Ailred of Rievaulx
1219:
1175:
1146:
1112:English emigration
1047:
1029:Control of England
1019:William de Warenne
920:
788:
703:William fitzOsbern
688:English resistance
682:Edgar the Γtheling
627:Edgar the Γtheling
585:
575:Battle of Hastings
511:
323:Cotentin Peninsula
301:and converting to
279:Charles the Simple
275:Carolingian French
271:
221:Battle of Hastings
47:
7842:Duchy of Normandy
7730:
7729:
7724:
7723:
7566:Church of England
6524:Wars of the Roses
6420:
6419:
6329:Basic topics list
6130:Swiss mercenaries
6080:Wars of the Roses
5987:Kingdom of Poland
5972:Holy Roman Empire
5839:Early Middle Ages
5797:
5796:
5764:
5763:
5688:
5687:
5594:Science education
5587:Church of England
5468:
5467:
5415:
5414:
5354:
5353:
5320:Kingdom of Sussex
5315:Kingdom of Mercia
5167:Wars of the Roses
4990:
4989:
4957:King Philip's War
4947:War of Devolution
4897:Eighty Years' War
4887:Anglo-Spanish War
4867:Wyatt's rebellion
4852:Bigod's rebellion
4827:Warbeck rebellion
4776:Wars of the Roses
4716:First Barons' War
4696:Revolt of 1173β74
4686:Rebellion of 1088
4600:
4599:
4547:Council of London
4428:Associated people
4414:Roger de Breteuil
4404:Robert of Mortain
4369:Hereward the Wake
4318:Battle of Fulford
4228:Osprey Publishing
4208:978-0-85115-708-5
4185:(subscription or
4148:978-1-85285-382-2
4126:978-0-905778-46-4
4076:978-0-7425-3840-5
4057:978-0-19-925123-0
4038:978-0-19-280139-5
4016:978-0-7131-6532-6
4003:Stafford, Pauline
3994:978-0-313-30273-2
3974:(subscription or
3940:978-0-85052-953-1
3921:978-0-8047-1217-0
3899:978-0-9545575-2-2
3880:978-0-7524-1998-5
3861:978-0-631-22492-1
3835:978-0-631-22492-1
3809:978-0-306-81358-0
3790:978-0-582-84882-5
3771:978-1-4058-1155-2
3752:978-0-7509-2469-6
3733:978-1-85532-347-6
3714:978-0-582-40428-1
3695:978-1-84176-133-6
3662:Douglas, David C.
3653:978-0-415-22216-7
3615:978-1-85285-595-6
3593:978-1-4051-0650-4
3574:978-90-04-10637-6
3555:978-0-7190-4913-2
3533:978-0-631-15439-6
3511:978-0-14-014824-4
3489:978-1-84176-228-9
3470:978-0-7524-1980-0
3448:978-0-582-48492-4
2950:Medieval Fortress
2727:Roffe "Hereward"
1256:Anglo-Saxon names
1126:Depiction of the
1084:Elite replacement
1072:Capetian conquest
979:Roger de Breteuil
928:Hereward the Wake
853:Robert of Mortain
801:Battle of Northam
792:Robert de Comines
674:Westminster Abbey
440:Battle of Fulford
205:Battle of Fulford
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
7874:
7807:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7787:
7771:
7770:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7684:Royal supporters
7531:English language
6778:Council of State
6768:King's Secretary
6761:House of Commons
6746:Magnum Concilium
6644:Maritime history
6605:Exclusion Crisis
6588:The Protectorate
6447:
6440:
6433:
6424:
6410:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6390:
6349:Medieval studies
6193:Church and State
6067:Late Middle Ages
5959:High Middle Ages
5877:Christianization
5847:Migration Period
5824:
5817:
5810:
5801:
5777:
5739:Royal supporters
5540:Landscape garden
5510:Country clothing
5483:
5479:
5426:
5365:
5300:Kingdom of Essex
5063:Local government
5038:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4994:
4977:Jacobite risings
4857:Kett's Rebellion
4791:Simnel rebellion
4766:Oldcastle Revolt
4761:Scrope rebellion
4676:Viking invasions
4640:
4633:
4626:
4617:
4604:
4583:
4292:Harold Godwinson
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4212:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4152:
4130:
4111:
4094:(476): 303β333.
4080:
4061:
4042:
4020:
3998:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3944:
3925:
3903:
3884:
3865:
3848:Lapidge, Michael
3839:
3822:Lapidge, Michael
3813:
3794:
3775:
3756:
3737:
3718:
3699:
3677:
3657:
3638:
3619:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3537:
3515:
3498:Carpenter, David
3493:
3474:
3452:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3237:English Language
3233:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3075:Byzantine Armies
3071:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2528:
2521:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2419:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1463:Tostig Godwinson
1431:
1425:
1414:
1364:Richard Southern
1209:Page describing
1151:Byzantine Empire
1143:
1142:
1133:Madrid Skylitzes
1064:motte-and-bailey
1007:Abbot of Evesham
983:Earl of Hereford
898:Thomas of Bayeux
837:Montacute Castle
693:First rebellions
408:Tostig Godwinson
340:, the sister of
338:Emma of Normandy
194:Harold Godwinson
171:Duke of Normandy
85:
83:
73:
66:
59:
50:
21:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7832:1060s conflicts
7827:1066 in England
7812:
7811:
7810:
7800:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7786:sister projects
7785:
7783:at Knowledge's
7781:Norman Conquest
7777:
7765:
7755:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7714:St George's Day
7689:Royal standards
7672:College of Arms
7638:
7590:
7547:
7517:
7474:
7420:
6729:
6711:
6648:
6595:The Restoration
6539:Elizabethan era
6492:Norman Conquest
6456:
6451:
6421:
6416:
6378:
6359:Neo-medievalism
6307:
6243:Itinerant court
6166:
6061:
5982:Georgian Empire
5967:Norman Conquest
5953:
5899:Frankish Empire
5833:
5828:
5798:
5793:
5780:
5773:
5760:
5734:Royal standards
5684:
5603:
5464:
5411:
5350:
5324:
5288:
5262:
5229:
5205:Elizabethan era
5171:
5157:Norman Conquest
5140:
5092:
5078:English society
5027:
5021:
4991:
4986:
4972:Nine Years' War
4800:
4756:Percy rebellion
4681:Norman Conquest
4666:Battle of Badon
4649:
4644:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4568:Bayeux Tapestry
4556:
4500:
4496:Tower of London
4469:
4423:
4399:Eadric the Wild
4354:Gyrth Godwinson
4342:
4306:
4297:Harald Hardrada
4275:
4273:Norman Conquest
4270:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4193:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4133:
4127:
4114:
4083:
4077:
4064:
4058:
4045:
4039:
4023:
4017:
4001:
3995:
3982:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3947:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3906:
3900:
3887:
3881:
3868:
3862:
3842:
3836:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3791:
3778:
3772:
3759:
3753:
3740:
3734:
3721:
3715:
3702:
3696:
3680:
3660:
3654:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3581:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3540:
3534:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3455:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3392:Norman Conquest
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3339:
3333:Norman Conquest
3330:
3326:
3320:Norman Conquest
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3284:
3278:Norman Conquest
3275:
3268:
3262:Norman Conquest
3259:
3255:
3249:Norman Conquest
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3224:Norman Conquest
3221:
3217:
3211:Norman Conquest
3208:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3185:Norman Conquest
3182:
3178:
3172:Norman Conquest
3169:
3165:
3159:Norman Conquest
3156:
3152:
3146:Norman Conquest
3143:
3139:
3133:Norman Conquest
3130:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3101:Norman Conquest
3098:
3094:
3088:Norman Conquest
3085:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2770:Norman Conquest
2767:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2703:Norman Conquest
2700:
2696:
2687:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2602:Norman Conquest
2599:
2590:
2584:Norman Conquest
2581:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2525:Norman Conquest
2522:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2423:Norman Conquest
2420:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2366:Norman Conquest
2363:
2359:
2353:Norman Conquest
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2327:Norman Conquest
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2233:Norman Conquest
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2181:Norman Conquest
2178:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1913:
1907:Norman Conquest
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1868:Norman Conquest
1865:
1861:
1855:Norman Conquest
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1816:Norman Conquest
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1697:Capetian France
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:common-law wife
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1523:Bayeux Tapestry
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1455:Sweyn Forkbeard
1439:Edmund Ironside
1432:
1428:
1422:Edmund Ironside
1415:
1411:
1407:
1380:
1347:
1301:
1288:
1240:
1232:tenant-in-chief
1167:
1155:Varangian Guard
1128:Varangian Guard
1120:
1114:
1090:Catholic Church
1086:
1081:
1043:Tower of London
1031:
975:Earl of Norfolk
955:
949:
947:Last resistance
912:
906:
904:Danish troubles
771:The remains of
765:
759:
757:Revolts of 1069
715:Eadric the Wild
695:
690:
608:
599:Bayeux Tapestry
577:
571:
507:Bayeux Tapestry
499:
468:
463:
461:Norman invasion
451:Stamford Bridge
404:
398:
386:Magnus the Good
382:Harald Hardrada
315:Norman language
293:as part of the
252:
201:Harald Hardrada
173:, later styled
143:Norman Conquest
139:
134:
100:Stamford Bridge
86:
82:Norman Conquest
81:
79:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7880:
7878:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7808:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7659:
7648:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7609:English Gothic
7606:
7600:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7536:English people
7533:
7527:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7484:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7451:New Model Army
7443:
7442:
7441:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6783:Lord Protector
6780:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6756:House of Lords
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6561:Gunpowder Plot
6558:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:Angevin Empire
6506:
6505:
6504:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6404:
6394:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6354:Misconceptions
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6162:Little Ice Age
6159:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6115:Western Schism
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5862:Late antiquity
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5562:
5560:Middle England
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5293:Prior Kingdoms
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:Angevin Empire
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5088:United Kingdom
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026: articles
5022:
5020:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:GlyndΕ΅r Rising
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Danish attacks
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4450:Edgar Γtheling
4447:
4445:Edith the Fair
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4230:
4219:
4218:External links
4216:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4191:
4153:
4147:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4081:
4075:
4062:
4056:
4043:
4037:
4025:Stenton, F. M.
4021:
4015:
3999:
3993:
3980:
3945:
3939:
3926:
3920:
3904:
3898:
3885:
3879:
3866:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3814:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3776:
3770:
3757:
3751:
3738:
3732:
3719:
3713:
3700:
3694:
3678:
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3633:
3620:
3614:
3598:
3592:
3579:
3573:
3560:
3554:
3538:
3532:
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3510:
3494:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3453:
3447:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3409:
3396:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3307:Ruling England
3298:
3282:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3228:
3215:
3202:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3121:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3050:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2915:
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2886:
2870:
2857:
2844:
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2818:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2674:
2661:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2588:
2572:
2559:
2547:
2529:
2511:
2498:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2427:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2169:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2083:
2070:
2050:
2037:
2021:
2008:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1859:
1846:
1842:Ruling England
1833:
1820:
1807:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1740:
1727:
1723:Ruling England
1714:
1701:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1584:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1545:Edith the Fair
1536:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1492:
1475:
1457:and nephew of
1435:Edgar Γtheling
1426:
1418:Cnut the Great
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1346:
1345:Historiography
1343:
1300:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1239:
1236:
1166:
1163:
1113:
1110:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1030:
1027:
1011:Norwich Castle
951:Main article:
948:
945:
905:
902:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
753:from the sea.
694:
691:
689:
686:
607:
604:
573:Main article:
570:
567:
498:
495:
467:
464:
462:
459:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
358:Earl of Wessex
251:
248:
198:Norwegian king
182:English throne
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
125:Danish attacks
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
88:
87:
78:
76:
75:
68:
61:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7879:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7805:
7804:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7740:
7736:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7652:National flag
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7586:Country dance
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6868:Temp. incert.
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Privy Council
6793:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6708:
6707:Orange-Nassau
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:Stuart period
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6497:Anglo-Normans
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6413:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Scholasticism
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Rise of Islam
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5717:national flag
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5673:national team
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5656:national team
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5639:national team
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5622:national team
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Afternoon tea
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5346:House of York
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Edwardian era
5251:
5249:
5248:Victorian era
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:Stuart period
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Roman Britain
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:British Isles
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Third Crusade
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4573:Domesday Book
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:Miscellaneous
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Ralph de Gael
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Odo of Bayeux
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:Williams, Ann
4192:
4188:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:Williams, Ann
4154:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:Williams, Ann
4132:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3844:Keynes, Simon
3841:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:Keynes, Simon
3815:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3634:0-14-100396-0
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:Crouch, David
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
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2607:
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2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
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2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
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2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
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2374:
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2354:
2348:
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2335:
2332:
2328:
2322:
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2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:Although the
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:Domesday Book
1321:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Norman French
1249:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1215:Domesday Book
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:Domesday Book
1091:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1056:feudal tenure
1053:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Ralph de Gael
967:
964:
960:
954:
946:
944:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
916:
911:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
877:Papal legates
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
786:
782:
778:
775:, the second
774:
769:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
647:London Bridge
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
620:Waltham Abbey
617:
613:
605:
603:
600:
596:
591:
581:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
542:
541:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
508:
503:
494:
492:
488:
484:
482:
477:
473:
465:
460:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:uncanonically
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:to settle in
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
261:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Domesday Book
229:
228:English elite
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
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160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
131:
128:
126:
123:
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118:
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108:
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103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
84:
74:
69:
67:
62:
60:
55:
54:
51:
43:
39:
37:
33:
19:
18:Normanization
7806:from Commons
7801:
7780:
7694:Crown Jewels
7679:Royal badges
7667:Coat of arms
7596:Architecture
7581:Morris dance
7523:Demographics
7446:English Army
7243:
6867:
6832:Star Chamber
6654:Royal Houses
6637:Protectorate
6566:Jacobean era
6529:Tudor period
6491:
6183:Architecture
6155:Great Famine
6145:Universities
6085:Hussite Wars
6002:Great Schism
5966:
5889:Papal States
5744:Saint George
5707:Coat of arms
5646:Rugby league
5599:Sunday Roast
5520:Demographics
5450:Independence
5267:Contemporary
5225:Georgian era
5210:Jacobean era
5185:Tudor period
5177:Early Modern
5156:
4882:Desmond Wars
4812:Italian Wars
4805:Early Modern
4680:
4481:Battle Abbey
4272:
4198:
4176:. Retrieved
4164:
4138:
4116:
4091:
4085:
4066:
4047:
4028:
4006:
3984:
3965:. Retrieved
3953:
3930:
3911:
3889:
3870:
3851:
3825:
3799:
3780:
3761:
3742:
3723:
3704:
3685:
3665:
3643:
3624:
3605:
3583:
3564:
3545:
3523:
3501:
3479:
3460:
3457:Bates, David
3438:
3435:Bates, David
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3277:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3116:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3045:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2881:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2583:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2524:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2422:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2164:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1617:
1604:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1539:
1530:
1517:
1508:
1495:
1478:
1429:
1412:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1289:
1244:Anglo-Norman
1241:
1228:royal forest
1220:
1211:Warwickshire
1176:
1147:
1131:
1102:
1087:
1079:Consequences
1069:
1060:
1051:
1048:
968:
956:
921:
873:
822:
789:
749:, Devon and
696:
651:
624:
611:
609:
586:
554:
550:
544:
538:
535:
527:
512:
491:Alexander II
485:
469:
448:
436:
424:Lincolnshire
405:
354:
344:. Their son
331:
303:Christianity
273:In 911, the
272:
225:
179:
147:the Conquest
146:
142:
140:
80:
38:
36:
7773:Middle Ages
7619:Elizabethan
7604:Anglo-Saxon
6825:Elizabethan
6815:Anglo-Saxon
6741:Curia regis
6682:Plantagenet
6632:Proprietary
6600:Popish Plot
6578:Interregnum
6502:The Anarchy
6412:WikiProject
6339:Medievalism
6178:Agriculture
6042:Manorialism
6037:Communalism
6032:Monasticism
5949:Reconquista
5939:Kievan Rus'
5663:Rugby union
5495:Anglophilia
5438:Middle Ages
5243:Regency era
5235:Late Modern
5145:Middle Ages
5104:Prehistoric
4691:The Anarchy
4587:Norman yoke
3908:Loyn, H. R.
3394:pp. 318β319
3335:pp. 281β283
3264:pp. 107β109
3251:pp. 321β322
3226:pp. 323β324
3213:pp. 200β201
3187:pp. 198β199
3161:pp. 194β195
3048:pp. 140β141
3030:pp. 202β208
3017:pp. 303β333
3004:pp. 105β137
2855:pp. 102β105
2829:pp. 181β182
2816:pp. 231β233
2785:pp. 225β226
2772:pp. 146β147
2743:pp. 221β222
2705:pp. 145β146
2617:pp. 214β215
2604:pp. 142β144
2586:pp. 140β141
2570:pp. 186β190
2527:pp. 138β139
2496:pp. 205β206
2480:pp. 204β205
2355:pp. 127β128
2287:pp. 130β133
2248:pp. 180β182
2183:pp. 120β123
2167:pp. 107β108
2149:pp. 108β109
2097:pp. 163β164
2006:pp. 158β165
1964:pp. 154β158
1951:pp. 144β150
1938:pp. 144β145
1925:pp. 578β580
1896:pp. 103β104
1870:pp. 132β133
1831:pp. 423β424
1793:pp. 188β190
1767:pp. 136β138
1754:pp. 167β181
1547:, Harold's
1501:Malcolm III
1447:Witenagemot
1357:Norman yoke
1224:Old English
1039:White Tower
932:Isle of Ely
886:see of York
807:, a son of
796:Siward Barn
666:Berkhamsted
658:Wallingford
590:shield wall
420:East Anglia
362:Witenagemot
186:Anglo-Saxon
7816:Categories
7699:Tudor rose
7629:Queen Anne
7458:Royal Navy
6810:Governance
6800:Ministries
6751:Parliament
6334:Land terms
6288:Technology
6268:Philosophy
6248:Literature
6213:Demography
5914:Viking Age
5756:Tudor rose
5460:Parliament
4347:Combatants
3427:References
3418:Daily Life
2987:Carpenter
2974:Carpenter
2922:Carpenter
2909:Carpenter
2896:Carpenter
2880:Carpenter
2864:Carpenter
2338:Carpenter
2261:pp. 99β100
2205:Carpenter
1272:placenames
1248:Old French
1191:Winchester
1116:See also:
865:Pontefract
861:River Aire
841:Winchester
829:Shrewsbury
785:River Ouse
773:Baile Hill
713:landowner
711:Shropshire
612:housecarls
551:housecarls
546:housecarls
390:Harthacnut
307:Old French
7709:St George
7480:Geography
7245:1642β1660
6894:1422β1460
6889:1413β1421
6884:1399β1411
6879:1377β1397
6874:1327β1376
6862:1308β1325
6857:1275β1307
6852:1225β1267
6687:Lancaster
6667:KnΓ½tlinga
6571:Civil War
6480:Heptarchy
6319:Dark Ages
6228:Household
6223:Hastilude
5992:Feudalism
5680:Wimbledon
5525:Education
5377:Districts
5360:Geography
5258:The Blitz
5215:Civil War
5129:Heptarchy
5058:Education
5041:Overviews
4474:Locations
4235:from the
4189:required)
3978:required)
3390:Huscroft
3377:Chibnall
3364:Chibnall
3355:pp. 31β35
3331:Huscroft
3318:Huscroft
3305:Huscroft
3276:Huscroft
3247:Huscroft
3222:Huscroft
3209:Huscroft
3183:Huscroft
3174:pp. 36β37
3170:Huscroft
3157:Huscroft
3144:Huscroft
3099:Huscroft
3064:pp. 13β14
2961:Liddiard
2939:pp. 11β13
2935:Chibnall
2926:pp. 75β76
2913:pp. 83β84
2884:pp. 79β80
2868:pp. 82β83
2851:Stafford
2768:Huscroft
2756:pp. 49β57
2752:Williams
2701:Huscroft
2692:pp. 35β41
2688:Williams
2668:Williams
2659:pp. 27β34
2655:Williams
2643:pp. 20β21
2639:Williams
2630:pp. 24β27
2626:Williams
2600:Huscroft
2582:Huscroft
2523:Huscroft
2421:Huscroft
2364:Huscroft
2351:Huscroft
2325:Huscroft
2303:pp. 28β34
2231:Huscroft
2179:Huscroft
2123:pp. 89β90
2068:pp. 20β21
2035:pp. 79β89
2019:pp. 74β75
1977:pp. 65β71
1909:pp. 33β34
1883:pp. 86β87
1879:Stafford
1866:Huscroft
1857:pp. 96β97
1853:Huscroft
1844:pp. 12β14
1840:Huscroft
1814:Huscroft
1780:pp. 73β77
1738:pp. 86β99
1734:Stafford
1721:Huscroft
1708:Williams
1686:pp. 20β21
1660:pp. 15β16
1632:Citations
1578:Eadric's
1372:feudalism
1159:Black Sea
1136:, in the
845:Salisbury
779:built by
743:Gospatric
662:Chilterns
327:Avranches
311:Old Norse
240:enfeoffed
110:Southwark
7704:Oak tree
7662:Heraldry
7634:Georgian
7624:Jacobean
7576:Folklore
7561:Religion
7488:Counties
7426:Military
6820:Medieval
6773:Monarchy
6720:Politics
6672:Normandy
6470:Timeline
6402:Category
6369:Timeline
6258:Minstrel
6253:Medicine
6135:Chivalry
6090:Burgundy
6012:Crusades
5784:Category
5729:Oak tree
5724:Heraldry
5629:Football
5582:Religion
5545:Identity
5530:Folklore
5455:Monarchy
5421:Politics
5392:Parishes
5372:Counties
5073:Military
5068:Maritime
5048:Timeline
4654:Medieval
4491:Pevensey
4389:Waltheof
4197:(2000).
4178:29 March
4159:(2004).
4137:(2003).
4027:(1971).
4005:(1989).
3967:29 March
3910:(1984).
3684:(1992).
3664:(1964).
3604:(2007).
3544:(1999).
3522:(1986).
3500:(2004).
3459:(2001).
3437:(1982).
3416:Singman
3351:Clanchy
3292:Clanchy
3060:Daniell
3044:Ciggaar
2838:Douglas
2812:Douglas
2794:Douglas
2781:Douglas
2739:Douglas
2714:Bennett
2613:Douglas
2541:Douglas
2507:Hastings
2505:Gravett
2492:Douglas
2476:Douglas
2463:Bennett
2439:Hastings
2437:Gravett
2405:Hastings
2403:Gravett
2392:Hastings
2390:Gravett
2301:Hastings
2299:Gravett
2134:Hastings
2132:Gravett
2106:Bennett
2077:Bennett
2066:Hastings
2064:Gravett
2044:Douglas
1921:Stenton
1827:Stenton
1647:pp. 8β10
1623:Margaret
1378:See also
1238:Language
1217:of 1086.
1200:charters
1187:sheriffs
1106:Wulfstan
1052:de facto
1003:Γthelwig
995:Wulfstan
936:Danegeld
924:the Fens
890:Lanfranc
882:penances
857:Stafford
825:Cheshire
751:Cornwall
747:Somerset
731:Hereford
569:Hastings
563:Leofwine
523:Hastings
515:Pevensey
472:Brittany
444:Ealdgyth
412:Flanders
376:elected
336:married
299:paganism
291:Normandy
213:Pevensey
105:Hastings
7761:England
7735:Portals
7644:Symbols
7571:Cuisine
7553:Culture
7513:Palaces
7508:Castles
7493:Islands
7468:History
7439:Warfare
6790:Peerage
6677:Angevin
6462:History
6312:Related
6298:Warfare
6293:Theatre
6283:Slavery
6278:Science
6233:Hunting
6198:Cuisine
6171:Culture
6110:Castile
6105:England
5775:Outline
5694:Symbols
5617:Cricket
5565:Museums
5515:Cuisine
5505:Castles
5474:Culture
5433:Economy
5402:Regions
5387:Islands
5382:Gardens
5329:Related
5114:Lloegyr
5097:Ancient
5033:History
5024:England
4455:Ealdred
4440:Stigand
4311:Battles
4280:Leaders
4108:3490123
3260:Thomas
3131:Thomas
3086:Thomas
3026:Thomas
3000:Thomas
2566:Walker
2450:Marren
2377:Marren
2312:Marren
2283:Lawson
2270:Lawson
2257:Marren
2244:Lawson
2218:Marren
2192:Marren
2163:Marren
2145:Marren
2119:Marren
2093:Lawson
2015:Marren
2002:Walker
1986:Marren
1973:Marren
1960:Walker
1947:Walker
1934:Walker
1905:Thomas
1789:Higham
1763:Walker
1750:Higham
1658:Normans
1656:Crouch
1610:epithet
1580:by-name
1313:Suffolk
1299:Society
1268:Richard
1260:William
1213:in the
1041:of the
818:Lincoln
739:Matilda
719:Gwynedd
635:Ealdred
631:Stigand
370:Stigand
283:Vikings
250:Origins
244:slavery
163:Flemish
151:England
95:Fulford
7498:Places
6842:Tories
6702:Stuart
6662:Wessex
6392:Portal
6273:Poetry
6100:France
5789:Portal
5702:Anthem
5570:People
5397:Places
4505:Events
4384:Tostig
4379:Morcar
4205:
4145:
4123:
4106:
4073:
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3991:
3937:
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3692:
3674:399137
3672:
3650:
3631:
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3590:
3571:
3552:
3530:
3508:
3486:
3467:
3445:
3379:Debate
3366:Debate
3322:p. 329
3280:p. 327
3200:p. 100
3119:p. 176
3103:p. 187
3073:Heath
2952:p. 110
2825:Bates
2798:p. 227
2568:Harold
2545:p. 212
2454:p. 146
2425:p. 131
2381:p. 137
2368:p. 129
2329:p. 126
2316:p. 105
2274:p. 128
2235:p. 124
2048:p. 192
2031:Bates
2004:Harold
1962:Harold
1949:Harold
1936:Harold
1892:Bates
1776:Bates
1765:Harold
1682:Bates
1669:Bates
1643:Bates
1471:Morcar
1266:, and
1264:Robert
1183:reeves
1179:shires
1017:, and
1005:, the
1001:, and
997:, the
991:Exning
977:, and
973:, the
847:under
833:Dorset
727:Mercia
709:. The
654:Thames
519:Sussex
430:, and
416:Orkney
372:, the
321:, the
319:Bessin
277:ruler
217:Sussex
196:. The
167:Breton
165:, and
159:French
155:Norman
115:Exeter
7803:Media
7614:Tudor
7503:Towns
7463:Ships
6837:Whigs
6736:Witan
6697:Tudor
6627:Crown
6303:Women
6263:Music
6218:Domes
6208:Dance
6095:Milan
5712:Flags
5609:Sport
5407:Towns
4374:Edwin
4226:from
4104:JSTOR
3420:p. xv
3407:p. 32
3381:p. 38
3309:p. 94
3296:p. 93
3148:p. 31
3135:p. 60
3115:Loyn
3090:p. 59
3077:p. 23
2991:p. 91
2978:p. 89
2965:p. 36
2900:p. 84
2718:p. 56
2672:p. 35
2509:p. 84
2467:p. 91
2441:p. 81
2407:p. 80
2394:p. 77
2342:p. 73
2222:p. 93
2209:p. 72
2196:p. 98
2136:p. 27
2110:p. 26
2081:p. 25
1990:p. 73
1818:p. 84
1712:p. 54
1699:p. 53
1673:p. 12
1597:Osulf
1593:Copsi
1467:Edwin
1405:Notes
1329:serfs
1196:writs
805:Brian
723:Powys
616:Gytha
559:Gyrth
287:Rollo
260:Rollo
236:court
188:king
7656:list
7541:list
7416:1706
7411:1705
7406:1704
7401:1703
7396:1702
7391:1701
7386:1700
7381:1698
7376:1697
7371:1696
7366:1695
7361:1694
7356:1693
7351:1692
7346:1691
7341:1690
7336:1689
7331:1688
7326:1685
7321:1680
7316:1679
7311:1678
7306:1677
7301:1675
7296:1672
7291:1670
7286:1667
7281:1666
7276:1665
7271:1664
7266:1663
7261:1662
7256:1661
7251:1660
7239:1640
7234:1627
7229:1625
7224:1623
7219:1620
7214:1609
7209:1606
7204:1605
7199:1603
7194:1601
7189:1597
7184:1592
7179:1588
7174:1586
7169:1584
7164:1580
7159:1575
7154:1572
7149:1571
7144:1566
7139:1562
7134:1558
7129:1557
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7119:1554
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7089:1546
7084:1545
7079:1543
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7069:1541
7064:1540
7059:1539
7054:1536
7049:1535
7044:1534
7039:1533
7034:1532
7029:1531
7024:1530
7019:1529
7014:1523
7009:1515
7004:1514
6999:1513
6994:1512
6989:1511
6984:1509
6979:1503
6974:1496
6969:1495
6964:1491
6959:1488
6954:1487
6949:1485
6944:1483
6939:1482
6934:1477
6929:1474
6924:1472
6919:1468
6914:1467
6909:1464
6904:1463
6899:1461
6692:York
5575:list
5535:FΓͺte
4203:ISBN
4180:2013
4143:ISBN
4121:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3969:2013
3935:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3875:ISBN
3856:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3670:OCLC
3648:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3368:p. 6
2452:1066
2379:1066
2314:1066
2259:1066
2220:1066
2194:1066
2165:1066
2147:1066
2121:1066
2017:1066
1988:1066
1975:1066
1725:p. 3
1521:The
1469:and
1459:Cnut
1443:Cnut
1098:Tees
1037:The
1023:Cnut
981:the
894:Caen
843:and
721:and
639:Kent
561:and
555:fyrd
540:fyrd
422:and
325:and
266:and
145:(or
141:The
6725:Law
6188:Art
5500:Art
4237:BBC
4169:doi
4096:doi
4092:118
3958:doi
1311:in
1185:or
941:Ely
863:at
699:Odo
517:in
215:in
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4102:.
4090:.
3952:.
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2514:^
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2430:^
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1995:^
1914:^
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