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stairwells were on fire, and few passengers were able to reach E-deck to escape down the gangplanks. Some passengers climbed down ropes to the pier. The scene was later described as one of great panic, with people jumping from the upper decks engulfed in flames and some falling to their deaths onto the pier below. Others were trampled to death in the mad rush in the corridors. Still others suffocated or were burned alive, unable to exit their cabins. The screams of the dying were said to be audible even over the sounds of whistles and
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522:, which he knew was in port. Williamson arrived to the sound of the ship's distress whistle, as the fire was quickly growing and people were frantically jumping into the lake. Spotting a large painters’ raft nearby, he released it and pushed it into a position near the ship's port bow. As people leapt from the burning ship, he pulled them from the water to the safety of the raft.
659:
department. Passengers had never been informed of evacuation routes or procedures. The design and construction of the 36-year-old ship were also found to be at fault; the interiors had been lined with oiled wood instead of fireproof material, exits were only located on one deck instead of all five, and none of the ship's fire extinguishers were in working order.
243:
503:, but were forced to retreat almost immediately by the spreading flames. To his dismay, O'Neil found the fire extinguishers to be out of order. Church rushed to his stateroom on D deck, and fled the ship with his wife and children. Meanwhile, O'Neil ran to the officers' quarters and notified Captain Taylor.
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An interesting feature of the "Charles A. Reed" was the fact it was a wooden craft and suffered damage when it was used to help fight the SS Noronic waterfront disaster in
September, 1949. The unsuitability of the "ancient" fireboat was used by several city councilors as they pursued the acquisition
595:
The fire was extinguished by 5:00 a.m., and the wreckage was allowed to cool for two hours before the recovery of bodies began. Searchers found a gruesome scene inside the burned-out hull. Firefighters reported finding charred, embracing skeletons in the corridors. Some deceased passengers were
289:
Hays did not approve of the proposed transfer of ownership and the deal with
Playfair fell through. However, Playfair then went to work to change his mind and managed to secure the GTR's approval. On February 6, Hays notified that, under the agreement with the two companies, Northern would provide a
639:. Some died from being trampled or from leaping off the upper decks onto the pier. Only one person drowned. To the anger of many, all 118 of those initially killed were passengers. (One crewmember, Louisa Dustin, later died of her injuries; she was the only Canadian victim, and the 119th fatality.)
567:
By this time, the entire ship was consumed in flames. Only fifteen crew members had been on the ship when the fire broke out, and they failed to make a sweep of the upper four decks to wake passengers; those who did wake up were awakened by screaming and running in the corridors. Most of the ship's
667:
inquiry into the disaster blamed both Taylor and Canada
Steamship Lines for failing to take adequate precautions against fire, and ordered Taylor's master's certificate suspended for one year. A witness made an accusation that Taylor had been under the influence of alcohol during the fire; Taylor
658:
The high death toll was blamed largely on the ineptitude and cowardice of the crew, too few of whom were on duty at the time the fire began and none of whom attempted to wake the passengers. Also, many crew members fled the ship at the first alarm, and no member of the crew ever called the fire
575:
The first rescue ladder was extended to B deck. It was immediately rushed by passengers, causing the ladder to snap in two. The passengers were sent tumbling into the harbour, where they were rescued by a waiting fireboat. Other ladders extended to C deck held firm throughout the rescue.
1204:
Medical examiners came in from other parts of Canada and from the US to help with the difficult task of identification. For the first time, dental records were used to identify the dead. The ID process went on for almost a year, as some of the victims were no more than piles of ash and
1275:
Even then, many of the bodies were burnt so badly they were unrecognizable. Entirely new techniques of x-ray identification had to be developed. It was one of the very first times that dental records were ever used forensically. Eventually, the death toll was pegged at 119
591:
severely toward the pier, causing firefighters to retreat. The ship then righted itself, and firefighters returned to their original positions. By the end, more than 1.7 million gallons (6.4 million litres) of water had been poured on the ship from 37 hoses.
682:, was retired and scrapped in 1950. By 1967, Canada Steamship Lines phased out its remaining passenger ships from the fleet due to new international regulations relating to ships containing wood and other flammable materials. Civil lawsuits for
560:
610:
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being reportedly used to identify remains for the first time. Glass had melted from every window, and even steel fittings had warped and twisted from the heat. Every stairwell had been completely destroyed, save for one near the bow.
487:
part of the starboard corridor on C deck. Church followed the smell of smoke to a small room off the port corridor, just forward of a women's washroom. Finding that the smoke was coming from a locked linen closet, he notified
537:, some on fire. A passenger alerted Anderson to those in the water and those on the decks, some in flames. Anderson stripped his uniform off, jumped into the frigid, oily water, and began to assist Williamson on the raft.
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646:
to investigate the accident. The fire was determined to have started in the linen closet on C deck, but the cause was never discovered. It was deemed likely that a cigarette was carelessly dropped by a member of the
278:, who in turn discussed the matter with his company's passenger and freight departments. Hays asked Sheppard if he would consider whether or not the business outlook would warrant the company to place an order for a
269:
made a bid to purchase the
Northern on behalf of himself and his associates. The offer was subject to approval by the GTR, concerning the previous operating agreement. Playfair's offer was to purchase the company at
662:
Captain Taylor was hailed as a hero in the weeks after the fire. During the fire, he broke windows, pulling trapped passengers from their rooms, and was among the last of the crew to leave the vessel. However, the
552:. A pumper truck, a hose wagon, a high-pressure truck, an aerial truck, a rescue squad, the deputy chief and a fireboat were dispatched to the scene. Ambulances and police were also dispatched. The first
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Crew members had to smash portholes to drag some passengers out of their cabins. Moments before the whistle sounded, the pier's night watchman noticed the flames coming from the ship and contacted the
496:’s office on D deck to retrieve the keys to the closet. Once the closet was opened, the fire exploded into the hallway; it spread quickly, fueled by the lemon-oil-polished wood paneling on the walls.
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new steamship within eighteen months. The new vessel would be ready no later than the opening of navigation in 1913, and would probably be 400 feet long. Hays' untimely death aboard the
674:, which settled to the bottom in shallow water, was partially taken apart at the scene. The upper decks were cut away, and the hull was re-floated on November 29, 1949. It was towed to
507:
Gerry Wood then sounded the ship's whistle to raise the alarm. It was 2:38 a.m., only eight minutes after the fire began, but already half of the ship's decks were ablaze.
1231:
708:, Toronto's wooden-hulled fireboat, was damaged by the fire's extreme heat, triggering city council to seek to replace her with a more powerful, modern, steel-hulled vessel.
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The disaster gave birth to the use of dental records being used to identify the dead. Medical examiners came in from other parts of Canada and the US to help ID the victims.
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351:. At maximum capacity, she could hold 600 passengers and 200 crew. One of Canada's largest and most beautiful passenger ships at the time, she was nicknamed the “
258:(GTR), for the construction of a new ship. While Northern did not immediately propose to build a new steamer at that time, the addition of new cabins for the
541:
joined the rescue operation, plucking others who jumped into the water from the ship. Among those officers was Jack Marks, who went on to become
Toronto's
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was carrying 524 passengers, all but twenty of whom were
American, and 171 crew members, all Canadian. The captain on the voyage was Capt. William Taylor.
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In 1910 the
Northern Navigation Company, a subsidiary of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company, engaged in an operating agreement with the
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1,250,000 for the C$ 1,000,000 worth of stock and other terms. Northern's president, W. J. Sheppard, communicated the offer to GTR president
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The death toll from the disaster was never precisely determined. Estimates range anywhere from 118 to 139 deaths. Most died from either
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in time to see the ship erupt in flames as high as the mast. Their cruiser was immediately surrounded by survivors, many in
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Twenty-seven-year-old Donald
Williamson was the first rescuer on the scene. After working a late shift at a nearby
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was white hot, and the decks began to buckle and collapse onto each other. After an hour of fighting the blaze,
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1218:"Last Surviving First Responder to Toronto's Greatest Disaster Marks the 65th Anniversary of the Noronic Fire"
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access to the dock. The only exits were located on the lowest deck, E deck. There were two gangplanks on the
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found still in their beds. Many skeletons were almost completely incinerated, resulting in
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Church, O'Neil, another bellboy, and another passenger attempted to fight the blaze with
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1392:"Meet the 'Iron Guppy': The past and future of Toronto's waterfront tugs and fireboats"
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1014:"The Canadian Steamship Line: Noronic, Huronic, and Hamonic – Zenith City Online"
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Shipwrecks and Lost
Treasures, Great Lakes: Legends and Lore, Pirates and More!
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1361:"THE WAY WE WERE: 119 tragically killed in SS Noronic inferno 70 years ago"
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denied this, and other witnesses testified that he was behaving normally.
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Earnest O'Neil of the fire. Without sounding the alarm, O'Neil ran to the
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s whistle is displayed in a nautical museum on
Toronto's Waterfront. The
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27:
Canadian passenger steamship; destroyed by fire in Toronto Harbour (1949)
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had five decks, was 362 feet (110 m) in length, and measured 6,095
242:
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placed a plaque near the site of the disaster on its 50th anniversary.
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1189:"The Noronic Fire – Toronto's Disaster with the Greatest Loss of Life"
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Ronald Anderson and Warren Shaddock turned their "accident" car onto
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Passenger decks were labelled A, B, C, and D, and none had direct
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1258:"Toronto's most deadly disaster: the nightmare on the SS Noronic"
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At 2:30 a.m., passenger Don Church noticed smoke in the
1320:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
1075:"682 Aboard Asleep When Disaster Hits Liner at Toronto Pier"
842:"S. S. Noronic Fire Worst Inland Marine Disaster in Century"
769:
Many a Midnight Ship: True Stories of Great Lakes Shipwrecks
296:
likely contributed to a delay to the start of construction.
250:
after launching on June 2, 1913 in Port Arthur, Ontario
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travelling through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, circa 1948
182:
1 × 3-cylinder triple expansion engine, single shaft, 1
339:
Built for passenger and package freight service on the
234:
in September 1949 with the loss of at least 118 lives.
965:
Varhola, Michael J.; Hoffman, Paul G. (October 2007).
678:, where it was scrapped. Her sister ship, the smaller
1713:
1488:
1163:turned Toronto's waterfront into a deadly inferno"
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772:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 145–153.
1318:Tales of Tragedy and Triumph: Canadian Shipwrecks
464:, where she would have remained over the winter.
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370:side, and only two were operational at a time.
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587:was so full of water from fire hoses that it
8:
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525:Responding to a "routine" box call, Toronto
452:, from where she was scheduled to travel to
967:"A Fiery Demise for the Queen of the Lakes"
436:embarked on a seven-day pleasure cruise of
265:In mid-January 1911, shipping entrepreneur
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1483:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1949
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686:were settled for just over C$ 2 million.
330:Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company
1289:"Owners, Pilot, Blamed For Ship Tragedy"
286:, to run in the line with that vessel.
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716:
282:of equal capacity and general style to
1896:September 1949 events in North America
1124:More Toronto Sketches: The Way We Were
820:. Toronto: Dundurn. pp. 177–179.
817:Toronto Sketches 11: "The Way We Were"
579:After about twenty minutes, the metal
556:arrived at the pier at 2:41 a.m.
31:
1157:Hauch, Valerie (September 17, 2015).
124:Destroyed by fire, September 17, 1949
95:Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co.
55:
7:
1230:. September 16, 2014. Archived from
1404:from the original on March 19, 2019
651:staff. Company officials suspected
1430:Javed, Noor (September 16, 2009).
166:28 ft 9 in (8.76 m)
25:
1359:Mike Filey (September 21, 2019).
924:Canadian Railway And Marine World
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1811:
665:Canadian Department of Transport
626:Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
57:
35:
1256:Adam Bunch (January 26, 2016).
1083:. September 17, 1949. p. 1
1051:. September 17, 1949. p. 1
262:was also under consideration.
1295:. November 22, 1949. p. 7
730:"Death of a Great Lakes Queen"
480:at 7:00 p.m. on September 16.
320:was launched June 2, 1913, in
230:that was destroyed by fire in
1:
1126:. Dundurn. pp. 155–156.
1043:Hit by Disaster on Last Trip"
642:An inquiry was formed by the
1911:20th-century fires in Canada
1901:1940s fires in North America
1338:. Lynx Images. p. 141.
1001:The Railway And Marine World
881:The Railway And Marine World
869:The Railway And Marine World
1330:Looker, Janet (2000). "The
697:Ontario Heritage Foundation
376:had eight fleetmate ships:
198:(30 km/h; 18 mph)
1927:
1871:Maritime incidents in 1949
1856:Shipwrecks of Lake Ontario
1846:Ships built in Thunder Bay
45:in Prescott, Ontario 1939.
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563:Passengers escape by rope
128:
50:
34:
472:docked for the night at
158:362 ft (110 m)
129:General characteristics
116:"The Queen of the Lakes"
1432:"Witness to a disaster"
871:magazine, December 1910
613:The burned-out hull of
550:Toronto Fire Department
518:deckhand wanted to see
432:On September 14, 1949,
328:. She was built by the
1891:Canada Steamship Lines
766:Bourrie, Mark (2005).
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617:
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334:Canada Steamship Lines
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85:Canada Steamship Lines
814:(November 10, 2012).
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276:Charles Melville Hays
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1881:Disasters in Ontario
1851:Steamships of Canada
883:magazine, March 1911
460:before returning to
366:side and two on the
1003:magazine, July 1911
740:on February 6, 2010
416:burned in 1945 and
349:gross register tons
256:Grand Trunk Railway
1876:History of Toronto
1415:of a new fireboat.
1159:"The day the S.S.
1114:(September 1993).
1080:The Ottawa Journal
1048:The Ottawa Journal
1018:Zenith City Online
926:magazine July 1913
904:Miramar Ship Index
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598:forensic dentistry
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514:plant, the former
501:fire extinguishers
353:Queen of the Lakes
314:
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1866:Great Lakes ships
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1390:(July 23, 2016).
850:. October 1, 1949
676:Hamilton, Ontario
527:police constables
454:Prescott, Ontario
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1444:November 25,
1442:. Retrieved
1437:Toronto Star
1435:
1413:
1406:. Retrieved
1395:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1364:
1354:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1313:
1303:– via
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1274:
1267:. Retrieved
1261:
1251:
1243:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1221:
1212:
1203:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1160:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1117:
1091:– via
1087:December 31,
1085:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1059:– via
1055:December 31,
1053:. Retrieved
1046:
1040:
1033:
1023:December 17,
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
1000:
996:
984:. Retrieved
970:
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896:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
852:. Retrieved
845:
836:
816:
783:. Retrieved
768:
744:November 25,
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
733:
704:
702:The hull of
701:
689:
688:
683:
679:
671:
670:
661:
657:
641:
630:
624:Memorial at
614:
594:
584:
578:
574:
566:
547:
531:Queen's Quay
524:
519:
509:
498:
482:
469:
465:
438:Lake Ontario
433:
431:
417:
413:
408:
402:
397:
393:
389:
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381:
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373:
372:
357:
344:
338:
317:
315:
309:
291:
288:
283:
264:
259:
253:
247:
238:Construction
222:
220:
219:
108:June 2, 1913
74:
42:
29:
1610:HMNZS
1397:Toronto Sun
1366:Toronto Sun
1238:January 24,
1223:Marketwired
1116:"Heroes of
1112:Filey, Mike
812:Filey, Mike
633:suffocation
341:Great Lakes
322:Port Arthur
300:Description
147:6,095
113:Nickname(s)
99:Port Arthur
1906:1949 fires
1861:Ship fires
1841:1913 ships
1835:Categories
1768:Black Swan
1724:Queen Mary
1693:Implacable
1601:Swan Point
1490:Shipwrecks
1388:Mike Filey
1299:January 1,
1172:January 4,
1139:January 1,
986:January 3,
909:January 8,
899:(1134014)"
785:January 1,
779:0472031368
712:References
554:fire truck
505:First Mate
456:, and the
179:Propulsion
1786:Yong Xing
1773:HMS
1766:HMS
1762:grounding
1755:HMS
1744:HMS
1740:grounding
1733:HMS
1691:HMS
1680:USS
1621:USS
1561:Magdalena
1531:Guararema
1440:. Toronto
1408:March 29,
1269:March 20,
1198:March 20,
1193:Reimagine
854:March 20,
605:Aftermath
539:Fireboats
446:Cleveland
424:in 1950.
368:starboard
360:gangplank
280:steamship
1793:19 Oct:
1757:Amethyst
1753:26 Apr:
1735:Amethyst
1731:20 Apr:
1682:Chehalis
1671:Fournier
1650:19 Sep:
1640:14 Sep:
1633:Chaksang
1619:26 Aug:
1612:Philomel
1598:31 Jul:
1588:21 Jun:
1578:20 Jun:
1558:25 Apr:
1548:30 Mar:
1538:17 Mar:
1521:Katowice
1498:27 Jan:
1402:Archived
1205:jewelry.
422:scrapped
394:Majestic
386:Germanic
203:Capacity
105:Launched
1796:Liberté
1782:1 May:
1746:Consort
1721:1 Jan:
1689:2 Dec:
1678:7 Oct:
1667:4 Oct:
1652:US FWS
1643:Noronic
1630:7 Sep:
1623:Cochino
1608:8 Aug:
1571:Norjerv
1568:3 Jun:
1541:Galatée
1528:4 Mar:
1518:1 Mar:
1511:Prenton
1508:9 Feb:
1501:Taiping
1334:Fire".
1332:Noronic
1228:Toronto
1161:Noronic
1118:Noronic
1041:Noronic
897:Noronic
690:Noronic
684:Noronic
680:Huronic
672:Noronic
649:laundry
615:Noronic
585:Noronic
520:Noronic
494:steward
490:bellboy
470:Noronic
466:Noronic
442:Detroit
434:Noronic
418:Huronic
414:Hamonic
409:Hamonic
403:Huronic
374:Noronic
345:Noronic
326:Ontario
318:Noronic
310:Noronic
293:Titanic
284:Hamonic
260:Huronic
248:Noronic
223:Noronic
144:Tonnage
91:Builder
75:Noronic
51:History
43:Noronic
18:Noronic
1775:London
1660:U-1105
1654:Scoter
1342:
1276:lives.
1130:
977:
824:
776:
589:listed
570:sirens
462:Sarnia
398:Waubic
155:Length
64:Canada
1784:ROCS
693:'
653:arson
637:burns
535:shock
476:9 in
440:from
390:Ionic
382:Doric
196:knots
191:Speed
184:screw
171:Decks
163:Depth
81:Owner
1822:1950
1809:1948
1669:ARA
1446:2012
1410:2017
1374:2019
1340:ISBN
1301:2016
1271:2019
1240:2021
1200:2019
1174:2016
1141:2016
1128:ISBN
1089:2015
1057:2015
1025:2014
988:2021
975:ISBN
911:2020
856:2019
822:ISBN
787:2016
774:ISBN
746:2012
581:hull
474:Pier
450:Ohio
428:Fire
406:and
364:port
332:for
211:Crew
134:Type
121:Fate
70:Name
1764:),
1742:),
1551:Dan
635:or
485:aft
355:."
316:SS
308:SS
272:C$
246:SS
221:SS
214:200
194:16
149:GRT
73:SS
41:SS
1837::
1771:,
1657:,
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174:5
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
