590:, with the alternation of contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles. To move forward, the anterior portion of the worm is extended forward by the contraction of the circular muscles, while the portion just behind this is made shorter and fatter by the contraction of longitudinal muscles. Next the anterior circular muscles relax, and a wave of circular contraction moves backwards along the worm. At the same time, the cheatae expand to grip the ground as the body shortens and are retracted as it lengthens. The steps are typically 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) long and the worm moves at the rate of seven to ten steps per minute. The worm is able to reverse its direction of travel with the tail leading. Aquatic species use a similar means of locomotion to work their way through sediment and massed vegetation, but the tiny
139:
1439:
112:
463:, of oligochaetes is usually a smooth lobe or cone without sensory organs, although it is sometimes extended to form a tentacle. The remaining segments have no appendages, but they do have a small number of bristles, or chaetae. These tend to be longer in aquatic forms than in the burrowing earthworms, and can have a variety of shapes.
431:. They have a requirement for moist surroundings and the larger species create burrows that may go down several metres (yards) while young individuals and smaller species are restricted to the top few centimetres of soil. The largest numbers are found in humus-rich soils and acid soils. A few species are found in trees, among damp
442:
The majority of aquatic oligochaetes are small, slender worms, whose organs can be seen through the transparent body wall. They burrow into the sediment or live among the vegetation mostly in shallow, freshwater environments. Some are transitional between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, inhabiting
1113:
Blakemore, Robert J., Csaba Csuzdi, Masamichi T. Ito, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Maurizio G. Paoletti, Sergei E. Spiridonov, Tomoko Uchida & Beverley D. Van Praagh (2007). Megascolex (Promegascolex) mekongianus
Cognetti, 1922: its extent, ecology and allocation to Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae).
544:
The vascular system consists of two main vessels connected by lateral vessels in each segment. Blood is carried forward in the dorsal vessel (in the upper part of the body) and back through the ventral vessel (underneath), before passing into a sinus surrounding the intestine. Some of the smaller
618:
or cocoon. However there are exceptions to this, with some polychaetes inhabiting non-marine environments and a few species of oligochaetes being marine. Development of the offspring also differs between the two subclasses. The eggs of polychaetes are deposited in the sea where they develop into
1415:
Siddall, M. E., Apakupakul, K, Burreson, E. M., Coates, K. A., Erséus, C, Gelder, S. R., Källersjö, M, & Trapido-Rosenthal, H. (2001). Validating
Livanow's Hypothesis: Molecular Data Agree that Leeches, Branchiobdellidans and Acanthobdella peledina form a Monophyletic Group of Oligochaetes.
466:
Each segment has four bundles of chaetae, with two on the underside, and the others on the sides. The bundles can contain one to 25 chaetae, and include muscles to pull them in and out of the body. This enables the worm to gain a grip on the soil or mud as it burrows into the substrate. When
676:
of
Kentucky, United States. Another species placed in the same genus was found in Herefordshire, England, but it is unclear whether these worms are in fact oligochaetes. Stephenson postulated in 1930 that the common ancestor of oligochaetes came from the primitive aquatic family
601:
as it passes through the gut, being used to plaster the tunnel walls, forming a lining. Excess material is extruded on the ground surface, forming a faecal casting. The burrow may have two entrances and several vertical and horizontal tunnels.
573:
Oligochaetes occur in every continent in the world occupying terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Of the 1700 known aquatic species, about 600 are marine and 100 inhabit groundwater. Aquatic oligochaetes occur in most groups, with the
556:
The nervous system consists of two ventral nerve cords, which are usually fused into a single structure, and three or four pairs of smaller nerves per body segment. Only a few aquatic oligochaetes have eyes, and even then they are only simply
502:
immediately behind the mouth cavity. In many species, the pharynx simply helps the worm suck in food, but in many aquatic species, it can be turned inside out and placed over food like a suction cup before being pulled back in.
697:
may have evolved later than the other families. Because of its ability to colonise new areas and become dominant, the
Lumbricidae has followed humans round the world and displaced many native species of earthworm.
597:
Burrowing is performed by forcing the front end of the worm into a crevice and widening the gap by body expansion. Large quantities of soil are swallowed in the process. This is mixed with
561:. Nonetheless, their skin has several individual photoreceptors, allowing the worm to sense the presence of light, and burrow away from it. Oligochaetes can taste their surroundings using
701:
An early but now outdated classification system was to divide the oligochaetes into "Megadrili", the larger terrestrial species, and "Microdili", the smaller, mostly aquatic ones.
529:
or similar structures, and simply breathe through their moist skin. The few exceptions generally have simple, filamentous gills. Excretion is through small ducts known as
610:
Whereas in general, polychaetes are marine and have separate sexes, external sperm transfer and external fertilisation, oligochaetes live on land or in fresh water, are
1159:
1606:
506:
The remainder of the digestive tract may include a crop for storage of food, and a gizzard for grinding it up, although these are not present in all species. The
1632:
565:
located in tubercles across their body, and their skin is also supplied with numerous free nerve endings that presumably contribute to their sense of touch.
1354:– 2nd Edition (2006). Eds.: N. Kaneko & M. T. Ito. COE Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM Publication. Website:
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646:, in which the body breaks into two pieces after the "pregeneration" of certain anterior structures by the posterior portion. Other species undergo
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1411:
1316:
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1221:
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411:
Terrestrial oligochaetes are commonly known as earthworms and burrow into the soil. The four main families with large numbers of species are
392:. They range in length from less than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) up to 2 to 3 metres (6.6 to 9.8 ft) in the 'giant' species such as the
1387:
474:
A number of segments in the forward part of the body are modified by the presence of numerous secretory glands. Together, they form the
545:
vessels are muscular, effectively forming hearts; from one to five pairs of such hearts is typical. The blood of oligochaetes contains
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1355:
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surround the intestine and the dorsal blood vessel, forming a tissue that functions in a similar fashion to the vertebrate
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1352:
A Series of
Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World
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and in the debris that accumulates in leaf axils and crevices; some others make their homes in the rosettes of
1096:
1443:
638:
reproduction is common in some genera, especially among aquatic species. Members of the
Naididae reproduce
1455:
943:
886:
781:
757:
451:; these are found largely in the tidal and shallow subtidal zones, but a few are found at abyssal depths.
350:
443:
swamps, mud or the borders of water bodies. About two hundred species are marine, mostly in the families
1403:
631:
eggs of oligochaetes do not have a larval stage and develop directly into juvenile worms in the cocoon.
498:. The digestive tract is essentially a tube running the length of the body, but has a powerful muscular
522:. Some of these cells also float freely in the body cavity, where they are referred to as "eleocytes".
1647:
1528:
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http://mail2web.com/cgi-bin/redir.asp?lid=0&newsite=https://archive.org/details/oligochaeta10mich
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Erséus, C.; Källersjö, M. (2003). "18S rDNA phylogeny of basal groups of
Clitellata (Annelida)".
1339:. Eds. A. A. & V. V. Pop. Proceedings IOTM2, Cluj University Press. Romania. Pp. 63–84.
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494:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080105055856/http://bio-eco.eis.ynu.ac.jp/eng/database/earthworm/
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https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182537/http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/Octochaetidae5.pdf
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earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), and freshwater or semiterrestrial
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The Study of Trace
Fossils: A Synthesis of Principles, Problems, and Procedures in Ichnology
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includes "calciferous glands" that maintain calcium balance by excreting indigestible
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Most oligochaetes are detritus feeders, although some genera are predaceous, such as
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Blakemore, R. J. (2005). Whither
Octochaetidae? – its family status reviewed. In:
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With around 10,000 known species, the
Oligochaeta make up about half of the phylum
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With their soft bodies, earthworms do not fossilize well, though they may form
1401:, earlier accredited to the composite Microchaetidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta).
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1386:. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin. Pp. xxix+575, figs. 1-13. Online here:
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Blakemore, R. J. (2006). Revised Key to Earthworm Families (Ch. 9). In:
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was given to a genus of segmented worms without bristles found in the
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1186:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 528–547.
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This article is about the group of worms. For the plant genus, see
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471:, alternately contracting and stretching to push itself forward.
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Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
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Plisko, J.D. (2013). A new family Tritogeniidae for the genera
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Oligochaetes are well-segmented worms and most have a spacious
368:(chaetae) or "bristles" on their outer body surfaces, and lack
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Reproduction among oligochaetes is mainly by sexual means but
283:
427:. Earthworms are found in all parts of the world except for
317:, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial
1281:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 432–433.
1210:
Balian, E.V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008).
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in all but the smallest of species, which have no need of
262:
1311:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 30–37.
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271:
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325:. Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial
1216:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 119.
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Movement and burrowing of earthworms is performed by
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259:
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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21: 346-351.
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http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/Octochaetidae5.pdf
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265:
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1418:http://research.amnh.org/~siddall/pub/livanow.pdf
594:swim by means of the cilia on their prostomia.
8:
1158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1114:Opuscula Zoologica. 36: 19-30 (Aug. 2007)
541:, which dissolves rapidly into the water.
537:, but the aquatic forms typically secrete
110:
27:
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1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
357:) and several interstitial marine worms.
16:Subclass of annelids including earthworms
1427:. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Pp. 978.
1305:Edwards, Clive A.; Bohlen, P.J. (1996).
1205:
1203:
1250:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1237:
1235:
1233:
1077:
1213:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
1151:
1138:. Cengage Learning. pp. 459–471.
478:, which is important in reproduction.
1384:Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta
681:. The more advanced families such as
7:
1648:a6152807-8eba-440a-8dc2-791698776e02
1573:14a07904-6f9f-420b-8e0f-88438afee413
1246:An Introduction to the Invertebrates
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
623:larvae that disperse as part of the
514:into the gut. A number of yellowish
533:. Terrestrial oligochaetes secrete
14:
1337:Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy II
1308:Biology and Ecology of Earthworms
1136:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
1437:
1376:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00146.x
255:
137:
917:Fender & McKey-Fender, 1990
845:Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971
764:Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971
364:. These worms usually have few
321:, including all of the various
310:of soft-bodied animals in the
1:
654:also occurs in some species.
1025:Erséus & Strehlow, 1986
1710:
1182:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
855:(including Diporodrilinae
730:(including Komarekionidae
717:(including Diplocardiinae
525:Most oligochaetes have no
467:burrowing, the body moves
18:
907:(including Pontodrilinae
578:being the most speciose.
394:giant Gippsland earthworm
227:
222:
134:Scientific classification
132:
118:
109:
30:
969:(including Malabariinae
762:(including Biwadrilidae
569:Distribution and habitat
1423:Stephenson, J. (1930).
1382:Michaelsen, W. (1900).
1097:Oxford University Press
1041:Smith & Green, 1919
982:(including Benhamiinae
865:Omodeo & Rota, 1989
869:Qiu & Bouché, 1998
863:; Spermophorodrilinae
826:(including Vignysinae
658:Evolution and taxonomy
459:The first segment, or
398:Megascolides australis
1404:African Invertebrates
1242:Moore, Janet (2001).
1093:UK English Dictionary
333:forms, including the
1568:Fauna Europaea (new)
1446:at Wikimedia Commons
1184:Invertebrate Zoology
948:(including Naidinae
551:respiratory pigments
406:Amynthas mekongianus
125:Lumbricus terrestris
1275:Frey, R.W. (2012).
915:and Argilophilinae
871:; Allolobophorinae
388:(coelom) used as a
21:Oligochaeta (plant)
984:Michaelsen, 1895/7
1671:
1670:
1456:Taxon identifiers
1442:Media related to
1364:Zoologica Scripta
1318:978-0-412-56160-3
1288:978-3-642-65923-2
1261:978-0-521-77914-2
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482:Internal anatomy
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712:Acanthodrilidae
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1193:0-03-056747-5
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:"Oligochaeta"
1081:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1054:Tritogeniidae
1052:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:Beddard, 1891
1007:
1006:Phreodrilidae
1004:
999:
998:Parvidrilidae
996:
991:
988:
978:
977:Octochaetidae
975:
967:Beddard, 1891
965:
962:
957:
954:
945:
940:
937:
932:
929:
924:
921:
903:
900:
897:McMahan, 1978
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:Lumbriculidae
881:
859:; Eiseniinae
851:
848:
843:
840:
835:
822:
819:
814:
811:
806:
803:
798:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
778:Enchytraeidae
776:
771:
768:
759:
755:
752:
749:Duboscq, 1902
747:
744:
739:
736:
726:
723:
713:
710:
709:
704:
702:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Lumbriculidae
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:trace fossils
657:
655:
653:
649:
648:fragmentation
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
605:
603:
600:
595:
593:
592:Aeolosomatids
589:
581:
579:
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568:
566:
564:
560:
554:
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548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
531:metanephridia
528:
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445:Enchytraeidae
440:
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399:
395:
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390:hydroskeleton
387:
379:
377:
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371:
367:
363:
358:
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355:Lumbriculidae
352:
348:
347:Enchytraeidae
344:
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328:
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252:
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29:
26:
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1463:
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1383:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1336:
1330:Bibliography
1307:
1277:
1270:
1245:
1212:
1183:
1135:
1109:
1101:the original
1089:
1080:
1057:Plisko, 2013
1046:Tiguassuidae
1022:Randiellidae
1017:Coates, 1986
1001:Erséus, 1999
894:Lutodrilidae
861:Omodeo, 1956
857:Bouché, 1970
833:
830:and Xaninae
828:Bouché, 1970
813:Haplotaxidae
770:Dorydrilidae
754:Criodrilidae
738:Alluroididae
728:Bouché, 1969
700:
667:
661:
633:
627:, while the
609:
606:Reproduction
596:
585:
572:
555:
543:
524:
505:
493:
487:
485:
473:
465:
458:
441:
410:
405:
397:
383:
359:
250:
249:
236:Lumbriculida
216:
190:
177:
123:
25:
1594:iNaturalist
1521:Oligochaeta
1508:Oligochaeta
1494:Oligochaeta
1488:Wikispecies
1464:Oligochaeta
1444:Oligochaeta
1410:(1): 69–92.
1065:Righi, 1995
1014:Propappidae
971:Gates, 1966
959:Righi, 1983
934:Claus, 1880
853:Claus, 1876
850:Lumbricidae
832:Diaz Cosin
792:Claus, 1880
732:Gates, 1974
715:Claus, 1880
691:Lumbricidae
669:Protoscolex
666:. The name
621:trochophore
588:peristalsis
547:haemoglobin
495:Phagodrilus
489:Agriodrilus
417:Lumbricidae
402:Mekong worm
386:body cavity
251:Oligochaeta
231:Haplotaxida
217:Oligochaeta
31:Oligochaeta
1694:Clitellata
1684:Composting
1678:Categories
1399:Michalakus
1395:Tritogenia
1072:References
905:Rosa, 1891
789:Eudrilidae
773:Cook, 1971
582:Locomotion
508:oesophagus
461:prostomium
437:bromeliads
400:) and the
374:polychaeta
351:blackworms
335:tubificids
331:microdrile
323:earthworms
213:Subclass:
207:Clitellata
197:Sedentaria
1154:cite book
1062:Tumakidae
956:Narapidae
944:Vejdovsky
887:Vejdovsky
842:Kynotidae
782:Vejdovsky
758:Vejdovsky
640:asexually
616:clitellum
476:clitellum
380:Diversity
372:, unlike
370:parapodia
343:ice worms
339:pot worms
327:megadrile
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
120:Earthworm
1689:Annelids
1534:58853855
1473:Wikidata
1343: ;
939:Naididae
705:Families
644:paratomy
625:plankton
576:Naididae
449:Naididae
362:Annelida
315:Annelida
308:subclass
171:Annelida
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
40:– recent
38:Triassic
1586:8166676
1479:Q193006
797:Exxidae
746:Almidae
539:ammonia
500:pharynx
455:Anatomy
429:deserts
306:) is a
223:Orders
203:Class:
1645:NZOR:
1547:1OLIGC
1315:
1285:
1258:
1254:–124.
1220:
1190:
1142:
1091:Lexico
946:, 1884
889:, 1884
836:, 1989
834:et al.
784:, 1879
760:, 1884
636:clonal
559:ocelli
312:phylum
1656:WoRMS
1625:68422
1607:IRMNG
1599:84842
1560:11851
629:yolky
599:mucus
527:gills
520:liver
366:setae
319:worms
191:Clade
178:Clade
1661:2036
1638:6381
1633:NCBI
1620:ITIS
1612:1213
1581:GBIF
1542:EPPO
1397:and
1313:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1160:link
1140:ISBN
693:and
535:urea
492:and
447:and
433:moss
423:and
341:and
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1503:ADW
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