1033:
Rehabilitation science Isra
University campus Islamabad (PIRS), College of Ophthalmology & Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS) Lahore and Al-Shifa Institute of Ophthalmology Islamabad. After graduation, the optometrists can join a four-tiered service delivery level (Centre of Excellence, Tertiary/Teaching, District headquarter and sub-district /Tehsil headquarters). M.Phil. in Optometry is also available at select institutions such as King Edward Medical University, Lahore Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore started bridging programmes for Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors to become Doctor of Optometry OD, Post Professional Doctor of Optometry(PP-OD), Transitional Doctor of Optometry(t-OD). Optometry is not yet a regulated field in Pakistan as there is no professional licensing board or authority responsible for issuing practise licenses to qualified optometrists. This creates difficulty for Pakistani optometrists who wish to register abroad. The University of Lahore has recently launched Doctor of optometry (OD). Imam Hussain Medical University also has launched Doctor of Optometry Program. Chairman Imam Hussain Medical University Sabir Hussain Babachan has vowed to regulate OD curriculum according to international standard.
1547:
and during internships. Training may take place in colleges of
Optometry, hospitals, clinics and private practices. In many instances Optometry students and Ophthalmology residents will co-manage medical cases. Instructors may be Optometrists, professors or physicians. The program includes extensive classroom and clinical training in geometric, physical, physiological and ophthalmic optics, specialty contact lens evaluation, general anatomy, ocular anatomy, ocular disease, pharmacology, ocular pharmacology, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the visual system, pediatric visual development, gerontology, binocular vision, color vision, form, space, movement and vision perception, systemic disease, histology, microbiology, sensory and perceptual psychology, biochemistry, statistics and epidemiology.
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trained to diagnose and manage any eye disease and their associations with systemic health. Optometrists are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye-related conditions (including bacterial/viral infections, inflammation, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy). They can prescribe all topical medications (eye drops) and most oral medications (taken by mouth), including scheduled controlled substances. They may also remove ocular foreign bodies and order blood panels or imaging studies such as CT or MRI. Optometrists do not perform invasive surgery, however In
Oklahoma and Louisiana, Optometrists may perform superficial surgeries within the anterior segment of the eye. Legislation permits Optometrists in Oklahoma and Kentucky to perform certain laser procedures.
1291:, optometrists have to complete a 4 year undergraduate honours degree followed by a minimum of a one-year "pre-registration period", (internship), where they complete clinical practice under the supervision of a qualified and experienced practitioner. During this year the pre-registration candidate is given a number of quarterly assessments, often including temporary posting at a hospital, and on successfully passing all of these assessments, a final one-day set of examinations (details correct for candidates from 2006 onwards). Following successful completion of these assessments and having completed one year's supervised practice, the candidate is eligible to register as an optometrist with the
325:
1434:
1238:, optometry education has been accredited by the Federal Agency of Health and Social Development. There are only two educational institutions that teach optometry in Russia: Saint Petersburg Medical Technical College, formerly known as St. Petersburg College of Medical Electronics and Optics, and The Helmholtz Research Institute for Eye Diseases. They both belong and are regulated by the Ministry of Health. The optometry program is a four-year program. It includes one to two science foundation years, one yer focused on clinical and proficiency skills, and one year of clinical rotations in hospitals. Graduates take college/state
1213:, Florence, Naples and Rome, as three years course (like a BSc) of "Scienze e tecnologie fisiche" as a sector of the Physics Department. Additionally, courses are available at some private institutions (as at Vinci Institute near Firenze) that offer advanced professional education for already qualified opticians (most of the Italian optometrists are also qualified opticians, i.e. "ottico abilitato"). In the last thirty years several verdicts from High Court (Cassazione) proof that optometry is a free practice and has truly education path.
961:
the 2nd 5-year plan the government offered diplomas in optometry courses of two years duration conferred by State
Medical Faculties which is empowered under the INDIAN MEDICAL DEGREE ACT,1916 (as per Government of India Notification Department of Education, Health and Lands No,1964 dated 16 December 1926 with effect from 15th November 1929) and first two schools of optometry were established, one at Gandhi Eye Hospital (The first Schcool of Optometry Started By Prof.(Dr) Mohan Lal), Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh, and another one at
801:, contact lenses, ocular photography or ocular neurology; 2) BCs in ophthalmic technology, requiring 4 years of training; and BCs in the optical dispensary, achieved in 4 years. The FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in optometry. The FOVS is the only institute of its kind in Sudan and was the first institution of higher education in Optometry in the Middle East and Africa. In 2010, Alneelain University Eye Hospital was established as part of the FOVS to expand training capacity and to serve broader Sudanese community.
1020:. Other public universities that provide this course are University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), and International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). There is also a private university that provides this course such as Management and Science University (MSU) and SeGi University. After completing the study in Degree in Optometry, the optometrist who practices in Malaysia must register under the Malaysian Optical Council (MOC) which is the organization under the Ministry of Health.
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is awarded after a six-year training at one of the accredited universities in Edo, Imo, Edo, Kano, Kwara and Abia states. Optometry in
Nigeria started with the Prestigious University of Benin offering th course initially as a 4-year Bachelor degree in 1970 and counts as the first Optometry school in West Africa. Later Current Abia State University started the Programme but as a 6-year course some years later. University of Benin later upgraded to a Doctor of Optometry degree starting from 1990.
1108:, "there exists a strong movement, headed by the Association of European Schools and Colleges of Optometry (AESCO), to unify the profession by creating a European-wide examination for optometry" and presumably also standardized practice and education guidelines within EU countries. The first examinations of the new European Diploma in Optometry were held in 1998 and this was a landmark event for optometry in continental Europe.
1671:), represents Brazilian optometrists. In conjunction with organizations representative weight of Brazilian companies, including the National Commerce Confederation for goods, services and tourism (CNC), through the CBÓptica/CNC, its defence arm of the optometric and optical industry, are defending the right of free and independent practice of optometrists, even if it is against the interests of ophthalmologists.
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University of
Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Dayeh University, and Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology; where as associate degrees in Optometry can be obtained from Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, and Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management.
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year in high school (following US education model). These programs offer "Doctor of
Optometry" degree to graduates from the program that will take six years to complete the courses. Practising optometrists will also be required to pass licensing examination (three parts examinations) that is administrated through a committee under the Ministry of Public Health.
40:
984:) established in 1998 was the first to offer a degree four-year course and conferring Bachelor of Clinical Optometry and University offered a pathroot for diploma holders to upgrade their Diploma education to Degree of Optometry through a lateral entry program. Also, the first 2 years of the Masters of Optometry course were started here in the year 2003.
879:. This institute offers a four years Bachelor of Science in optometry (B.Optom) course. Currently, there are 200 Graduated Optometrists in Bangladesh. The association which controls the quality of Optometry practice all over the country is named as 'Optometrists Association of Bangladesh' which is also a country member of World Council of Optometry(WCO).
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hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree. But the date of King
Bhuvanekabahu is decades after the mention of spectacles in the Venetian guild regulations and after the 1306 sermon by Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa, where da Pisa said the invention of spectacles was both recent and that he had personally met the inventor
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Netraliya (Elite of school of
Optometry and first Principal was Dr. E. Vaithilingam) instead of any University or state Government Authority etc after that B.S. in Optometry (under off- cumpus mode) was affiliated with Bitis Pilani University -Rajasthan and now the same course re-affiliate with new University of State of Tamilnadu-India.
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911:. Those who have a Higher Certificate in Optometry or have passed the Board's optometry examination may be registered to Part II, thereby restricted in their use of diagnostic agents, but may otherwise practice freely. Part I optometrists may practice without restrictions and generally hold a bachelor's degree or a Professional Diploma.
687:(OCT) is a medical technological platform used to assess ocular structures. The information is then used by eye doctors to assess staging of pathological processes and confirm clinical diagnoses. Subsequent OCT scans are used to assess the efficacy of managing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma
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Optometrists typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four years of
Optometry school. Some complete a 5th year of training. Their program is highly specific to the eyes and related structures. Optometrists receive their medical eye training while enrolled in Optometry school
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more well-trained optometrists are required in India. The definition of optometry differs considerably in different countries. India needs more optometry schools offering four-year degree courses with a syllabus similar to that in force in those countries where to practice of optometry is statutorily
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In Sri Lanka, it is well-documented that during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with a natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsmen still live and practice in the original
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The A.O.I. runs a comprehensive continuing education and professional development program on behalf of Irish optometrists. The legislation governing optometry was drafted in 1956. Some feel that the legislation restricts optometrists from using their full range of skills, training and equipment for
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Nowadays, the number of practising optometrists in Thailand is still less than one hundred (2015). However, it has projected that the number of practising optometrists in Thailand will greatly increase within the next ten years. In the theoretical scenario, the number of optometrists should be able
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The education of Optometry in Taiwan commenced in 1982 at Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management. Currently, Bcahelor degrees in Optometry can be obtained from seven universities (North to South): University of Kang Ning, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Asia University, Central Taiwan
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Optometry is regulated by the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines. To be eligible for licensing, each candidate must have satisfactorily completed a doctor of optometry course at an accredited institution and demonstrate good moral character with no previous record of professional
960:
After the independence of India then ,The Directorate General Of Health Services (DGHS) Govt of India in 1958, Introduced the first (by the Central Govt of india) Optometry education in the form of a Diploma in Optometry with the collaboration of UP State Medical Faculty Govt Of Utter Pradesh under
897:
In China, optometric education only began in 1988 at the Wenzhou Medical University. Since that time, the discipline and the profession have emerged as a five-year, medically based program within the medical education system of China. Students in the program receive the highest level of training in
861:
established under the Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians (Registration etc.) Act of 1989 (Cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004). The Board publishes from time to time lists of approved qualifications and training institutions in the federal government gazette. The Doctor of Optometry degree
314:
Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis
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degree. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions, in addition to providing refractive (optical) eye care. Within their scope of practice, optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance(s) (example: Medicare) accordingly. In the United Kingdom,
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In Brazilian law, however, there is an explicit recommendation that the one prescribing corrective lenses are prohibited to sell them. This restricting rule to the ophthalmologists has to keep the optic shops away from Hospitals and Eye Care Clinics since 1930, and it has to be reviewed before any
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Optometrists in Canada are trained and licensed to be primary eye care providers. They provide optical and medical eye care. They are able to diagnose and treat most eye diseases and can prescribe both topical and oral medications. They can also undertake further qualifications in order to perform
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provides free sight tests and spectacle vouchers for children and those on very low incomes. The elderly and those with some chronic conditions like diabetes get free periodic tests. Treatment for eye conditions such as glaucoma and cataracts is free and checked for during normal eye examinations.
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changed the names of the departments to "Optics and Optometry" and included lessons in both optics and optometry. Optometrists-Opticians have to complete a 4-year undergraduate honours degree. Then the graduates can be admitted to postgraduate courses in Optometry at universities around the world.
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The Law of Optometrists was established in Taiwan in 2015, since then, Optometry students after obtaining Optometry degrees need to pass the National Optometry Examination of Taiwan to be registered as Optometrists. Currently, there are approximately 4,000 Optometrists in Taiwan (2020), and around
999:
Optometrists across India are encouraged to register their names in the NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR ALLIED AND HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT, 2021 which has been enforced by the Parliament of India in the year 2021 and DOA (Delhi Optometrists Association) endorsed all updates about optometry education in
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In 2010, it was estimated that India needed 115,000 optometrists. In contrast, India has approximately 15,000 optometrists Bachelor of Optometry (4-year trained as per University Grant Commission Notification 5 July 2014 ) and 50,000 Diploma in Optometry (2-year trained diploma conferred By State
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In 1907, Laufer stated in his history of spectacles 'the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe'. However, as already mentioned, Joseph Needham showed that the references Laufer cited were
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Since late 1990, Thailand has set a goal to provide more than 600 optometrists to meet the minimal public demands and international standards in vision care. There are more than three university degree programs in Thailand. Each program accepts students that have completed grade 12th or the third
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5. AIIMS -Delhi introduced a two-year Diploma in Clinical Technology -Optometry (D.C.T in Optometry) in the year 1973 and then upgraded the Diploma course to a 3year B.sc (H) in Ophthalmic Technique) in 1975 after that now the Nomenclature to Degree and course of duration changed from B, Sc(H) to
906:
The Optometrists Board of the Supplementary Medical Professions Council regulates the profession in Hong Kong. Optometrists are listed in separate parts of the register based on their training and ability. Registrants are subject to restrictions depending on the part they are listed in. Those who
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meaning, "eye." Like most healthcare professions, the education and certification of optometrists are regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other healthcare professionals, and the community to deliver eye and
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Optometrists provide optical and medical eye care. They prescribe corrective lenses to aid refractive errors (e.g. myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, double vision). They manage vision development in children including amblyopia diagnosis/treatment. Some perform vision therapy. They are
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In 1990, a survey of the opinions of British medical practitioners regarding the services provided by British optometrists was carried out by Agarwal at City, University of London. A majority of respondents were in favour of optometrists extending their professional role by treating external eye
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3. The Elite School of Optometry (ESO) was established in 1985 in Chennai (The first Schcool of Optometry/college Started By Prof.(Dr) S. Badrinath ) and was the first to offer a four-year degree course Baccularrte of Science in Optometry B.S. Optometry degree was conferred only by the Shanker
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In July 2014, the Medicines Amendment Act 2013 and Misuse of Drugs Amendment Regulations 2014 came into effect. Among other things, the changes to the Act name optometrists as authorised prescribers. This change enables optometrists with a therapeutic pharmaceutical agent (TPA) endorsement to
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Optometrists or Optometry Doctors usually function as primary eye care providers - they have a degree in eye care. They provide comprehensive optical and medical eye care, but usually not surgery. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions - prescribe topical
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Sudan's major institution for the training of optometrists is the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences (FOVS), originally established in 1954 as the Institute of Optometry in Khartoum; the Institute joined with the Ministry of Higher Education in 1986 as the High Institute of Optometry, and
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Hellenic Ministry of Education founded the first department of Optometry at Technological Educational Institute of Patras in 2007. After protests from the department of Optics at Technological Educational Institute of Athens (the only department of Optics in Greece, until 2006), the Government
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6. Now at present, there are more than fifty schools of optometry and colleges existing in India and more than 100 Universities conferring Bachelor Of Optometry (B.Optom) and Master of Optometry (M.Optom) professional degrees and Doctor of Philosophy in Optometry are awarded in India by the
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Optometry is taught as a five/four-year Doctor/ Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors course at many institutions notable among which are Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology (PICO) Peshawar, Pakistan institute of
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The scope of practice for optometrists in Russia includes refraction, contact lens fitting, spectacles construction and lens fitting (dispensing), low vision aids, foreign body removal, referrals to other specialists after clinical condition diagnoses (management of diseases in the eye).
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Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions. Most have regulations concerning education and practice. Optometrists, like many other healthcare professionals, are required to participate in ongoing continuing education courses to stay current on the latest standards of care.
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from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated "It is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses". Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Needham stated spectacles were first made shortly after 1286.
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In Bangladesh, Optometrists perform primary eye care like Diagnosis and primary management of some ocular diseases, Prescribe Eye Glasses, Low vision rehabilitation, provide vision therapy, contact lens practice and all type of Orthoptic evaluations and vision therapies.
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In Canada, Doctors of Optometry typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four to five years of optometry studies, accredited by the Accreditation Council on Optometric Education. There are two such schools of optometry located in Canada — the
515:
by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that "optometry" began to be used to describe the profession. By the early twenty-first century, however, marking the distinction with dispensing
817:. After the six-year training at any of the two universities offering the course, the O.D degree is awarded. The new optometrist must write a qualifying exam, after which the optometrist is admitted as a member of the GOA, leading to the award of the title MGOA.
1691:, optometry education has been accredited by the Ministry of Health. The last official revision to the laws regarding healthcare standards in the country was issued in 1992 through the Law 30. Currently there are eight official universities that are entitled by
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optometrists may also provide some medical care (e.g. prescribe some medications) for eye related conditions in addition to providing refractive care. The Doctor of Optometry title can also be used in the UK for those that hold the postgraduate O.D. degree.
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opened its first Faculty of Optometry after a recommendation from a group of professionals. At present optometrists are encouraged to keep up with new technologies through congresses and scholarships granted by the government or the private sector (such as
361:
The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optical science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years as evidence of the existence of lenses for
232:
Many optometrists participate in academic research for eye-related conditions and diseases. Optometrists receive training in refraction and monitoring of common uncomplicated eye conditions. They are not trained in any forms of surgery or laser procedures.
1193:. Following successful completion of the degree, an optometrist must then complete professional qualifying examinations to enter the register of the Opticians Board . Optometrists must be registered with the Board to practice in the Republic of Ireland.
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prescribe all medicines appropriate to their scope of practice, rather than limiting them to a list of medicines specified in the regulation; this recognises the safe and appropriate prescribing practice of optometrists over the previous nine years.
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Since 2009, optometrists in the UK have been able to undertake additional postgraduate training and qualifications that allow them to prescribe medications to treat and manage eye conditions. There are currently three registerable specialities:
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Supplementary prescribing speciality - to manage a patient's clinical condition and prescribe medicines according to a clinical management plan set up in conjunction with an independent prescriber, such as a GP or ophthalmologist or qualified
392:. Per Needham, the paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. Early Chinese sources mention the eyeglasses were imported.
1221:
In Norway, the optometric profession has been regulated as a healthcare profession since 1988. After a three-year bachelor program, one can practice basic optometry. At least one year in clinical practice qualify for a post-degree half-year
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Optometrist education takes 4 years in the medical universities in Hungary, and they will get a Bachelor of Science degree. They work in networks and retail stores and private optics, very few are located in the Health Care care system as
898:
Optometry and are provided with the credentials needed to assume positions of leadership in China's medical education and health care systems. In 2000, the Ministry of Health formally accepted Optometry as a subspecialty of medicine.
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Optometrists must complete all course work and graduate from an accredited College of Optometry. This includes passage of all parts of the national board examinations as well as local jurisprudence examinations, which vary by state.
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In Canada, Doctors of Optometry must write national written and practical board exams. Additionally, optometrists are required to become licensed in the province in which they wish to practice. Regulation of professions is within
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1. In the beginning optometry education started in India during British rule in 1927, the first college was established in West Bengal with the name The Indian College of Optics and the certification was diploma in optometry.
1147:
The Institute of Vision and Optics (IVO) of the University of Crete focuses on the sciences of vision and is active in the fields of research, training, technology development and provision of medical services. Professor
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The Federal Supreme Court (STF), the Brazilian Court of Justice and the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), another important National Court, ruled several processes granting inquestionable victories to ophthalmologists.
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2. Subsequently, four more schools were opened across India situated at Sitapur Eye Hospital, Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh, Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu, Bengalooru (formerly Bangalore) in Karnataka and
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Independent prescribing specialty - to take responsibility for the clinical assessment of a patient, establish a diagnosis and determine the clinical management required, including prescribing where necessary.
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The Association of Malaysian Optometrist (AMO) is the only body that represents the Malaysian optometrist profession. All of the members are either local or overseas graduates in the field of Optometry.
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It takes four years to complete a degree in optometry. Today, optometry courses are well received by citizens. More universities and higher education studies are about to implement the courses, e.g.,
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ultimately was annexed into Alneelain University in 1997 when it was renamed to the FOVS. Currently, the FOVS has the following programs: 1) BSc optometry in 5 years with sub-specialization in either
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misconduct. Professional organizations of optometry in the Philippines include Optometric Association of the Philippines and Integrated Philippine Association of Optometrists, Inc. (IPAO).
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Page 423 from "A treatise on the eye, the manner and phaenomena of vision" by William Porterfield, Published 1759 in Edinburgh. In this book the word "optometer" appears for the first time.
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1630:. Of these, approximately 2300 were registered with the scheduled medicines endorsement, which enables them to prescribe some medicines for the treatment of conditions of the eye. The
788:. Ethiopia started in 2002 at UoG. There are currently two universities (MMUST & Kaimosi Friends University) offering Bachelor of Science in Optometry and Vision Sciences in Kenya.
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Benito Daza de Valdes published the first full book on opticians in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and
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In Saudi Arabia, optometrists must complete a five-year doctor of optometry degree from Qassim University and King Saud University also they must complete a one-year residency.
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are medical doctors and surgeons who typically hold a four-year college degree, a four-year medical degree, and at least four years of residency training after medical school.
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medications (prescription eye drops), oral medications as well as administer diagnostic agents. In some states, optometrists may also be licensed to perform certain types of
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in contact lens fitting, which is regulated as a healthcare speciality. A separate regulation for the use of diagnostic drugs in optometric practice was introduced in 2004.
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Agarwal, R. K. (1985), Optometry in the Indian sub-continent, Optometry Today, Volume 25, No. 14, page 475 (published by the Association of Optometrists, London, England)
1477:. Therefore, regulation of optometry is unique to individual provinces and territories. In Ontario, optometrists are licensed by the College of Optometrists of Ontario.
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Optometrists in the United Kingdom are able to diagnose and manage most ocular diseases, and may also undertake further training to perform certain surgical procedures.
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Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille, Mitteilungen Zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, no. 23, vi Bd., no.4, Leipzig,1907, pages 379-385
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and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the
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Australia currently has six recognized courses in optometry, and one course seeking to obtain accreditation with the Optometry council of Australia and New Zealand:
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Additional supply speciality - to write orders for, and supply in an emergency, a range of drugs in addition to those ordered or supplied by a normal optometrist.
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As of July 2003, there was no regulatory framework and optometrists were sometimes trained by completing an apprenticeship at an ophthalmologists' private office.
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under the Opticians Act 1989 and distinguished from medical practitioners. Registration with the GOC is mandatory to practice optometry in the UK. Members of the
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There are around 2000 optometrists registered in Hong Kong, 1000 of which are Part I. There is one Part I optometrist to about 8000 members of the public. The
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1489:. In the province of Ontario, the Ontario Association of Optometrists is the designated representative of optometrists to the provincial government.
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and about 75 optometry organizations from over 40 countries have adopted the following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist.
1246:. This diploma is valid for only five years and must be renewed every five years after receiving additional training at state-accredited programs.
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From 2010 Optometry was first introduced in Bangladesh in Institute of Community Ophthalmology Under Medicine Faculty of University of Chittagong
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The Association of Regulatory Boards of Optometry (ARBO) assists these state board licensing agencies in regulating the practice of optometry.
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In 2015, it was reported that optometrists need to be more involved in providing core optometry services like binocular vision and low vision.
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pass the examination on refraction conducted by the Board may be registered to Part III, thereby restricted to practice only work related to
388:. He suggested that the occasional claim that spectacles were invented in China may have come from a paper by German-American anthropologist
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Bachelor of Optometry four year duration as per UGC Notification 2014 in the year new first batch of student passed out in the year 2019
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are supporting partners. As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students had graduated with optometry degrees from UniLúrio (34 male and 27 female).
265:; "something used to measure", "measure", "rule"). The word entered the language when the instrument for measuring vision was called an
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Agarwal, R. (1996), British optometry: medical practitioner's opinion survey, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 4(2), 50-52.
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449 and 1291, the Colombian Government officially set the rules for the formation of professionals in the field of optometry. In 1966
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Anon (2011), Eyecare for 11 million vision impaired children in India, Optometry and Vision Science, Volume 88, Number 12, page 1532.
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Thite N, Jaggernath J, Chinanayi F, Bharadwaj S, Kunjeer G (2015). "Pattern of optometry practice and range of services in India".
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the benefit of the Irish public. The amendment to the Act in 2003 addressed one of the most significant restrictions: the use of
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Optometrists are required to obtain continuing education credit hours to maintain licensure - number of hours varies by state.
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Research by David A. Goss in the United States shows they may have originated in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a
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is a specialized health care profession that involves examining the eyes and related structures for defects or abnormalities.
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Hamakiotes DS, Thal LS (December 1991). "The unification of European optometry: how the profession will change after 1992".
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Thompson et al. 2019. Addressing avoidable vision impairment in Mozambique and the Africa region. Development in Practice.
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Since 2015, a Master of Science (MSc) course in Optometry is offered by the Technological Educational Institute of Athens.
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refractive error, ocular disease, medical therapeutics, binocular vision, sports vision, vision therapy, contact lenses
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Agarwal, R. (2000), Optometry as an international profession, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 8(4), 120.
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Olivelle, Patrick (2006), Between the Empires, Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE, page 463, Oxford University Press.
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The profession of Optometry has been represented for over a century by the Association of Optometrists, Ireland . In
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to grant the optometrist certification. The first optometrists arrived in the country from North America and Europe
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Within their scope of practice optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance plans accordingly.
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In the year 2018, Chittagong Medical University formed and the Bsc. in Optometry course shifted to this university.
257:
3299:
1733:
1668:
1647:
1316:
962:
724:
508:
and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included sphero-cylindrical lens.
303:
717:
3248:
2873:
2601:
2333:
1553:
Optometrists prescribing schedule controlled substances are required to renew their DEA license every few years.
1461:
1386:
In 2008 the UK moved forward to offer the Doctor of Optometry postgraduate program. This became available at the
696:
307:
218:
3006:
2131:
1340:
1328:
1300:
557:
2485:
Agarwal, R. (1995), A Royal Charter for optometrists, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 3 (3), 100
1406:
conditions and prescribing broad-spectrum topical antibiotics through additional training and certification.
2933:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1268:
1264:
2979:
1595:
1457:
1387:
1332:
1308:
1209:
In Italy Optometry is an unregulated profession. It is taught at seven universities: Padua, Turin, Milan,
2473:
2400:
Agarwal, R. (1998), European Diploma in Optometry, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 6(3), 84.
247:
3334:
3259:
3040:
2828:
2263:
Agarwal, R. K. (1970), Optometry in India, The Optician, 3 July, page 18 (published in London, England).
1748:
1728:
1441:
Optometry Clinic measures the intraocular pressure of a patient with a handheld tonometer, July 7, 2015.
1271:(incorporated by a Royal Charter granted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II) may use the suffix MCOptom.
1210:
1062:
355:
2443:"Facolta di Scienze MM.FF.NN. :: Corso di Laurea in Ottica ed Optometria - Università del Salento"
2839:
http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2012;volume=60;issue=5;spage=401;epage=405;aulast=De
3349:
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2273:
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1743:
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1068:
838:
631:
562:
552:
98:
82:
1859:
1626:
in 2016, almost 5000 optometrists in general practice were licensed with their regulatory body, the
3399:
3364:
3284:
3168:
3145:
3130:
2814:
2429:"A látszerész- és az optometrista-képzés aktuális helyzete Magyarországon - Optikai Magazin Online"
2414:
1763:
1577:
830:
2105:
1363:
Parts of this article (those related to list of universities appears very inaccurate) need to be
3430:
3072:
2508:
Agarwal, R. (2008), Integrating theory with practice, Optician, Volume 236, number 6167, page 12.
2246:
1787:
1526:
Optometrists in the United States are regulated by state boards, which vary from state to state.
1312:
1149:
814:
673:
348:
2997:
1623:
provides clinical placements to undergraduate students from Australian Universities and abroad.
404:
not in the older and best versions of the document Laufer used, leaving his claims unsupported.
315:
and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.
2757:
2117:
1976:
3389:
3314:
3279:
3269:
3164:
2928:
2623:
2383:
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2042:
1795:
1571:
996:, a statutory body responsible for the maintenance of standards of higher education in India.
928:
663:
658:
501:
343:
111:
2843:
1833:"Science and Civilization in China—Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1: Physics
3374:
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3194:
3150:
3067:
2923:
2442:
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2193:
2183:
1815:
1716:
1395:
1304:
627:
567:
537:
90:
2718:
2356:
2321:
1394:. The Doctor of Optometry postgraduate degree is also offered at one other UK institution.
3324:
3264:
3189:
3173:
3135:
3120:
3087:
2897:
2818:
2665:"Louisiana Governor Jindal Signs Law Permitting Optometrists to Perform Certain Surgeries"
2651:
1839:
1438:
1223:
1174:
1125:
908:
620:
572:
389:
363:
44:
2743:
2517:
Agarwal, R. (2014), Developing the doctorate, Optician, volume 247, number 6439, page 26.
2170:
Gogate P, Mukhopadhyaya D, Mahadik A, Naduvilath TJ, Sane S, Shinde A, Holden B (2013).
1369:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3159:
3115:
2965:
2198:
2171:
1828:
1288:
1105:
374:
336:
115:
74:
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2172:"Spectacle compliance amongst rural secondary school children in Pune district, India"
1667:
The CBOO (Brazilian Council of Optics and Optometry), which is affiliated to the WCO (
3424:
3384:
3339:
3319:
2136:
1758:
1605:
1153:
1013:
653:
489:
234:
2250:
889:
Registration from Government’s health Ministry is still pending for Unknown reason.
606:
3394:
3369:
3344:
3304:
3077:
2141:"Hong Kong's eye doctors question the vision of training so few in the profession."
1239:
781:
668:
542:
2644:
1152:
has received numerous awards and recognitions for the institute's contribution to
918:
runs the only optometry school. It produces around 35 Part I optometrists a year.
339:(related areas of medicine, microbiology, neurology, physiology, psychology, etc.)
2833:
2234:
2001:
1582:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Clinical Optometry (BVisSc MClinOptom),
1058:
Tertiary education for optometrists takes 3 years at the following institutions.
768:
In 1993 there were five countries in Africa with optometric teaching institutes:
3404:
3140:
2715:
2093:
1508:
1198:
706:
505:
381:, reported the earliest mention of spectacles was in Venetian guild regulations
2081:
3379:
2094:
section 29: Optometrists (Registration and Disciplinary Procedure) Regulation.
1703:
826:
798:
636:
577:
396:
370:
202:
157:
2456:
2031:
Penisten, DK (October 1993). "Optometric education and optometry in Africa".
3359:
3294:
3274:
3217:
3035:
2865:
2188:
2116:
Supplementary Medical Professions Council of Hong Kong, Optometrists Board,
2104:
Supplementary Medical Professions Council of Hong Kong, Optometrists Board,
1161:
932:
regulated and well established with an internationally accepted definition.
648:
598:
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532:
295:
270:
60:
48:
2242:
2207:
981:
290:
17:
2387:
2046:
39:
1688:
1129:
785:
547:
517:
504:. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of
416:
194:
86:
78:
1958:
980:
4. The School of Optometry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (
3309:
1243:
1186:
834:
777:
731: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
587:
439:
2605:
1576:
Bachelor of Medical Science (Vision Science) and Master of Optometry,
1189:
an optometrist must first complete a four-year degree in optometry at
3125:
3092:
3082:
3011:
2829:
https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065719/http://washington.aoa.org/
2322:"Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management"
1707:
1570:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry (BVisSci MOptom),
1235:
642:
497:
493:
198:
94:
2575:. Canadian Association of Optometrists. January 2016. Archived from
1627:
528:
A partial list of the common diseases optometrists diagnose/manage:
224:
In the United States and Canada, optometrists are those that hold a
1959:"beryl | Etymology, origin and meaning of beryl by etymonline"
859:
Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians Registration Board of Nigeria
2848:
2308:
2061:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2018.1521786
1692:
1432:
1295:(GOC) and, should they so wish, are entitled to membership of the
1157:
773:
769:
619:
Following are examples of examination methods performed during an
427:
323:
289:
2806:
182:
Doctor of Optometry / Master of Optometry / Bachelor of Optometry
2411:"ESCRS - European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons"
942:
941:
that poor spectacle compliance amongst school children in rural
3221:
2869:
1642:
New Zealand currently has one recognised course in optometry:
1349:
700:
1634:
works to protect the interests of optometrists in Australia.
1464:. Canada also recognizes degrees from the twenty US schools.
2294:
2844:
https://www2.aston.ac.uk/study/courses/doctor-of-optometry
1816:"WCO's Concept of Optometry - World Council of Optometry"
691:
Training, licensing, representation and scope of practice
513:
A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision
1939:, Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 5
1926:, Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 9
1263:
Optometrists in the United Kingdom are regulated by the
837:. The course is part of the Mozambique Eyecare Project.
2823:
2811:
1096:
to meet minimal public demands around 2030 or earlier.
971:
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram
2082:
cap. 359: Supplementary Medical Professions Ordinance.
1842:. Monoskop.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. pages 118 - 120
610:
Fundoscopy by using 90 diopter lens with the slit lamp
511:
Although the term optometer appeared in the 1759 book
294:
An optometrist examining the eyes of a patient with a
1083:
400 new Optometrists register annunally (2018-2020).
1907:
Agarwal R.K. (1971), Origin of Spectacles in India,
1594:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry,
1588:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry,
876:
3182:
3101:
3060:
3053:
3025:
2987:
2978:
2950:
2913:
2904:
927:Medical Faculty). In order to prevent blindness or
520:, it had become the internationally accepted term.
186:
176:
168:
163:
151:
141:
133:
128:
104:
67:
55:
1299:. Twelve universities offer Optometry in the UK:
332:Optometric history is tied to the development of
1937:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
1924:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
1702:. These professionals specialized in optics and
1485:In Canada, the profession is represented by the
277:is a shortened form derived from the Greek word
245:The term "optometry" comes from the Greek words
2309:"Optometry Update - Optometry News And Updates"
373:were made. The British scientist and historian
312:
3203:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
2834:http://www.njsop.org/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/home_page
2034:Journal of the American Optometric Association
366:has been found in Greece and the Netherlands.
221:who typically provide comprehensive eye care.
3233:
2881:
1061:Singapore Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry
465:was also applied to eyeglasses, hence German
8:
1067:Ngee Ann Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry
123:
32:
2744:"Optometry Board of Australia - Statistics"
2570:"Optometic scope of practice across Canada"
1800:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3240:
3226:
3218:
3057:
2984:
2910:
2888:
2874:
2866:
857:In Nigeria, optometry is regulated by the
2496:"Free NHS eye tests and optical vouchers"
2197:
2187:
2071:cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004
1679:further regulation for the optometrists.
1128:and professionally trained and certified
1018:The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital
1010:National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences
747:Learn how and when to remove this message
982:https://optometry.bharatividyapeeth.edu/
605:
597:
27:Field of medicine treating eye disorders
1774:
952:History of Optometry Education in India
453:, of Dravidian origin from the city of
286:Definition of optometry and optometrist
273:or refractor were used). The root word
2295:"Association of Malaysian Optometrist"
1793:
122:
31:
2556:"Therapeutic Prescribing specialties"
1632:Optometrists Association of Australia
945:resulted in significant vision loss.
7:
2461:SOPTI - Società Optometrica Italiana
1487:Canadian Association of Optometrists
994:University Grants Commission (India)
729:adding citations to reliable sources
1590:Queensland University of Technology
2779:"Consejo Nacional de Acreditación"
1885:Science and Civilization in China:
1124:Optometric tasks are performed by
1016:whereby it is the academic arm of
25:
2691:"Course - University of Canberra"
1754:Least distance of distinct vision
1345:University of the West of England
1156:. In 1989 he performed the first
973:(formerly Trivandrum) in Kerala.
379:Science and Civilization in China
2106:Qualifications for Registration.
1910:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1646:Bachelor of Optometry (BOptom),
1354:
935:In 2013, it was reported in the
813:(GOA) regulates the practice of
705:
137:Doctor of Optometry, Optometrist
38:
2942:Certificate of Higher Education
2849:https://ispyjobs.com/optometry/
2120:, List of Registrants, Summary.
1621:Australian College of Optometry
1613:University of Western Australia
938:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
716:needs additional citations for
2807:http://www.oregonoptometry.org
1390:in London in partnership with
1337:Ulster University at Coleraine
1242:and then receive a specialist
1191:Dublin Institute of Technology
843:Dublin Institute of Technology
825:The first optometry course in
1:
2645:University of California 2004
2092:Law of Hong Kong, cap. 359F,
1739:American Academy of Optometry
1696:
1619:To support these courses the
1584:University of New South Wales
847:Brien Holden Vision Institute
492:where he stated his ideas on
415:(eyeglasses) is derived from
382:
369:It is unknown when the first
2620:"Oglethorpe University 2012"
2235:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000587
1628:Optometry Board of Australia
1392:London South Bank University
811:Ghana Optometric Association
685:Optical coherence tomography
2938:Diploma of Higher Education
2541:The College of Optometrists
2334:"List of Optometry Schools"
1201:drugs to examine children.
1104:Since the formation of the
992:universities recognized by
3452:
3300:Emergency medical services
2345:"專門職業及技術人員高等暨普通考試驗光人員考試規則"
1734:World Council of Optometry
1669:World Council of Optometry
1648:The University of Auckland
1498:some surgical procedures.
965:, Hyderabad in Telangana,
963:Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital
694:
481:, altered from old French
469:, from Middle High German
304:World Council of Optometry
3255:
3249:Allied health professions
2537:"Independent Prescribing"
697:List of optometry schools
308:World Health Organization
219:health care professionals
37:
3340:Music and arts therapist
2132:South China Morning Post
1935:Ilardi, Vincent (2007),
1922:Ilardi, Vincent (2007),
1341:University of Portsmouth
558:Hypertensive retinopathy
3305:Hemodialysis technician
2934:Higher National Diploma
2817:4 November 2013 at the
2457:"OPTOMETRIA IN SINTESI"
2189:10.4103/0301-4738.99996
1475:provincial jurisdiction
1297:College of Optometrists
1293:General Optical Council
1276:National Health Service
1269:College of Optometrists
1265:General Optical Council
829:was started in 2009 at
623:that enables diagnosis
3350:Occupational therapist
2498:. NHS. 14 August 2018.
2357:"驗光師及格率/驗光生及格率與及格人數統計"
1977:"History of Optometry"
1853:"History of Optometry"
1838:23 August 2016 at the
1596:University of Canberra
1542:Education and Training
1462:Université de Montreal
1458:University of Waterloo
1442:
1388:Institute of Optometry
1333:University of Plymouth
916:Polytechnic University
611:
603:
329:
317:
299:
3400:Respiratory therapist
3335:Medical transcription
3285:Clinical psychologist
3260:Anesthesia technician
3041:Candidate of Sciences
2719:"Doctor of Optometry"
1749:Eyeglass prescription
1729:Eye care professional
1611:Doctor of Optometry,
1600:Doctor of Optometry,
1436:
1063:Singapore Polytechnic
649:Slit lamp examination
609:
601:
327:
293:
3330:Medical technologist
3280:Cardiac physiologist
3111:Academic certificate
3003:Postgraduate diploma
2824:http://idaho.aoa.org
2812:http://oaop.org/oaop
2785:on 11 September 2004
1744:Behavioral optometry
1602:Melbourne University
1069:Ngee Ann Polytechnic
839:University of Ulster
725:improve this article
632:intraocular pressure
563:Macular degeneration
553:Diabetic retinopathy
356:eye care professions
351:, imaging techniques
269:, (before the terms
99:diabetic retinopathy
83:macular degeneration
3436:Rehabilitation team
3390:Radiation therapist
3365:Pharmacy technician
3146:Professional degree
2861:DMOZ optometry page
2695:www.canberra.edu.au
2650:13 May 2012 at the
2176:Indian J Ophthalmol
1865:on 14 February 2019
1790:on 2 February 2017.
1764:Visual neuroscience
1712:La Salle University
1578:Flinders University
500:in the eye creates
349:optical instruments
226:Doctor of Optometry
125:
34:
3073:Doctor of Sciences
2474:Opticians Act 1989
2139:: 3 October 2013.
2080:Law of Hong Kong,
1963:www.etymonline.com
1829:Sir Joseph Needham
1782:Developer, Pixl8.
1443:
1321:Glasgow Caledonian
1150:Ioannis Pallikaris
831:Universidade Lurio
815:Optometry in Ghana
674:Corneal Topography
612:
604:
461:). Medieval Latin
422:. Etymologically,
375:Sir Joseph Needham
330:
300:
178:Education required
47:with the aid of a
3418:
3417:
3325:Medical physicist
3315:Medical assistant
3310:Massage therapist
3265:Aquatic therapist
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3165:Specialist degree
3049:
3048:
3017:Engineer's degree
2974:
2973:
2961:Bachelor's degree
2929:Foundation degree
2431:. 1 October 2015.
2332:Knowledge (XXG),
1887:Volume 4, Part 1.
1717:Bausch & Lomb
1706:. In 1933, under
1572:Deakin University
1515:Scope of practice
1493:Scope of Practice
1401:Scope of Practice
1384:
1383:
1177:as an assistant.
929:visual impairment
877:http://icoedu.org
757:
756:
749:
680:Specialized tests
664:Visual field test
659:Color vision test
568:Refractive errors
208:
207:
147:Health Profession
121:
120:
112:Visual field test
95:retinal disorders
16:(Redirected from
3443:
3410:Speech therapist
3290:Dental hygienist
3270:Athletic trainer
3242:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3151:Graduate diploma
3068:Higher doctorate
3058:
2985:
2924:Associate degree
2911:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:. Archived from
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:on 10 April 2016
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
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2545:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
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2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:on 7 April 2007.
2413:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2376:J Am Optom Assoc
2371:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1913:, 55(2), 128-29.
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1858:. Archived from
1857:
1849:
1843:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1818:. 7 August 2020.
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1786:. Archived from
1779:
1701:
1698:
1437:A technician at
1396:Aston University
1379:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1175:ophthalmologists
1126:ophthalmologists
752:
745:
741:
738:
732:
709:
701:
628:Ocular tonometry
538:Dry Eye Syndrome
449:, from Sanskrit
426:is derived from
411:The German word
387:
384:
235:Ophthalmologists
153:Activity sectors
126:
108:
91:refractive error
71:
42:
35:
21:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3375:Physiotherapist
3251:
3246:
3216:
3207:
3190:Honorary degree
3178:
3174:Terminal degree
3136:Magister degree
3121:External degree
3103:
3097:
3045:
3021:
2998:Master's degree
2970:
2946:
2900:
2898:academic degree
2894:
2857:
2819:Wayback Machine
2803:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2652:Wayback Machine
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2608:on 14 May 2012.
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
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2293:
2292:
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2283:. October 2009.
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2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2041:(10): 726–729.
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
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1906:
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1840:Wayback Machine
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1792:
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1615:(post-graduate)
1564:
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1544:
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1504:
1495:
1483:
1470:
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1448:
1439:Aviano Air Base
1431:
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1371:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1285:
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1224:sandwich course
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1160:procedure on a
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742:
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722:
710:
699:
693:
682:
621:eye examination
617:
615:Eye examination
596:
573:Corneal disease
526:
390:Berthold Laufer
385:
322:
288:
243:
191:
189:
179:
154:
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143:Occupation type
106:
69:
51:
45:Eye examination
28:
23:
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11:
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3162:
3160:Higher diploma
3157:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Artist diploma
3113:
3107:
3105:
3104:classification
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2966:Honours degree
2963:
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2855:External links
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2626:on 13 May 2012
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2002:"Thomas Young"
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602:Retinal camera
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116:ophthalmoscopy
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75:Blurred vision
72:
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57:
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43:
26:
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14:
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4:
3:
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3408:
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3405:Social worker
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3385:Public health
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3320:Medical coder
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3059:
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3052:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Diplom degree
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
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2932:
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2912:
2909:
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2906:Undergraduate
2903:
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2879:
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2724:
2720:
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2711:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2671:. 4 June 2014
2670:
2669:Vision Monday
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2602:"We're sorry"
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2323:
2318:
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2304:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:www.ugc.ac.in
2275:
2269:
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2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:(5): 615–22.
2228:
2224:
2223:Optom Vis Sci
2217:
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2209:
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2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
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2173:
2166:
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2157:
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2134:
2133:
2129:Tam, Johnny.
2126:
2123:
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2110:
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2036:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1982:
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1960:
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1759:Ophthalmology
1757:
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1658:South America
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1606:post-graduate
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1502:United States
1501:
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1463:
1459:
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1429:North America
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1398:
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1352:
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1325:Hertfordshire
1322:
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1302:
1301:Anglia Ruskin
1298:
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1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:ophthalmology
1151:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1099:
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1080:
1073:
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1045:
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1021:
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1015:
1014:Petaling Jaya
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989:
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787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
761:
751:
748:
740:
730:
726:
720:
719:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
702:
698:
690:
688:
686:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Visual acuity
652:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
633:
630:to determine
629:
626:
625:
624:
622:
614:
608:
600:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
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559:
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551:
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541:
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531:
530:
529:
523:
521:
519:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
473:, and French
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468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:, from Greek
433:
429:
425:
421:
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414:
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405:
401:
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393:
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372:
367:
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350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
335:
334:
333:
326:
319:
316:
311:
309:
305:
298:biomicroscope
297:
292:
285:
283:
282:vision care.
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
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185:
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73:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3395:Radiographer
3370:Phlebotomist
3354:
3345:Nutritionist
3195:
3078:Habilitation
3061:Postdoctoral
2980:Postgraduate
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2752:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2614:
2606:the original
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2564:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2490:
2481:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2437:
2423:
2415:the original
2405:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2340:
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2280:
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2165:
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2130:
2125:
2118:Registration
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2067:
2055:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1847:
1824:
1810:
1788:the original
1784:"Case study"
1777:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1652:
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1418:optometrist.
1408:
1404:
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1372:
1364:
1286:
1273:
1262:
1248:
1240:examinations
1233:
1220:
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1195:
1184:
1171:
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1139:
1123:
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1103:
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1060:
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1046:Saudi Arabia
1040:
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1022:
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884:
881:
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795:
782:South Africa
767:
758:
743:
737:January 2017
734:
723:Please help
718:verification
715:
683:
669:Dry eye test
618:
527:
512:
510:
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344:optical aids
331:
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215:Optometrists
214:
210:
209:
169:Competencies
105:Significant
68:Significant
59:
29:
3380:Prosthetist
3355:Optometrist
3275:Audiologist
3155:certificate
3141:Microdegree
3102:No dominant
3007:certificate
2554:Carr, Liz.
2182:(1): 8–12.
1700: 1914
1638:New Zealand
1509:eye surgery
1199:cycloplegic
1037:Philippines
645:examination
506:astigmatism
386: 1300
164:Description
18:Optometrist
3425:Categories
3131:Licentiate
2896:Levels of
2675:24 October
1981:fs.aoa.org
1770:References
1704:refraction
1375:April 2024
1329:Manchester
909:refraction
871:Bangladesh
827:Mozambique
821:Mozambique
799:orthoptics
695:See also:
639:assessment
637:Refraction
578:Strabismus
543:Eye tumors
479:spectacles
397:manuscript
371:spectacles
364:decoration
279:ophthalmos
203:Laboratory
190:employment
158:Healthcare
129:Occupation
3431:Optometry
3360:Orthotist
3295:Dietitian
3196:Ad eundem
3167:/
3153:/
3036:Doctorate
3005:/
2940:/
2936:/
2476:(cap. 44)
1562:Australia
1533:Licensing
1468:Licensing
1259:Licensing
1162:human eye
1130:opticians
1054:Singapore
902:Hong Kong
594:Diagnosis
583:Amblyopia
533:Cataracts
518:opticians
477:(plural)
377:, in his
296:slit lamp
271:phoropter
267:optometer
241:Etymology
211:Optometry
188:Fields of
124:Optometry
49:slit lamp
33:Optometry
3183:Unearned
2815:Archived
2789:28 April
2763:28 April
2700:11 March
2654:(page 3)
2648:Archived
2630:28 April
2586:17 March
2251:20038412
2243:25875681
2208:23275214
1986:3 August
1889:page 120
1836:Archived
1796:cite web
1723:See also
1689:Colombia
1683:Colombia
1460:and the
1451:Training
1309:Bradford
1283:Training
1087:Thailand
1028:Pakistan
1004:Malaysia
786:Tanzania
548:Glaucoma
524:Diseases
475:besicles
463:berillus
457:(modern
451:vaidurya
447:veluriya
436:beryllos
432:beryllus
430:, Latin
420:vaidurya
417:Sanskrit
342:optics,
195:Hospital
87:glaucoma
79:cataract
70:diseases
3169:diploma
3029:level 8
2991:level 7
2954:level 6
2917:level 5
2801:Sources
2388:1814983
2274:"Specs"
2199:3555005
2137:Alibaba
2047:8245395
2007:8 March
1869:8 March
1708:Decrees
1557:Oceania
1365:updated
1313:Cardiff
1287:In the
1244:diploma
1211:Salento
1187:Ireland
1181:Ireland
1168:Hungary
1120:Germany
1000:India.
853:Nigeria
835:Nampula
778:Nigeria
588:Uveitis
483:bericle
471:berille
443:verulia
440:Prakrit
438:, from
320:History
3198:degree
3126:Laurea
3093:Fellow
3088:Tenure
3083:Docent
2728:15 May
2386:
2249:
2241:
2206:
2196:
2045:
1663:Brazil
1446:Canada
1236:Russia
1230:Russia
1217:Norway
1136:Greece
1112:France
1100:Europe
1074:Taiwan
764:Africa
643:Retina
502:vision
498:retina
494:myopia
490:lenses
467:brille
424:brille
413:brille
354:other
263:metron
258:μέτρον
199:Clinic
56:System
3054:Other
3027:ISCED
2989:ISCED
2952:ISCED
2915:ISCED
2758:"GLA"
2580:(PDF)
2573:(PDF)
2277:(PDF)
2247:S2CID
1863:(PDF)
1856:(PDF)
1693:ICFES
1305:Aston
1205:Italy
1158:LASIK
922:India
893:China
805:Ghana
792:Sudan
774:Ghana
770:Sudan
459:Belur
455:Velur
428:beryl
253:opsis
134:Names
107:tests
2791:2017
2765:2017
2730:2023
2702:2018
2677:2018
2632:2017
2588:2016
2384:PMID
2239:PMID
2204:PMID
2043:PMID
2009:2010
1988:2018
1871:2010
1802:link
1343:and
1317:City
1274:The
943:Pune
866:Asia
845:and
809:The
784:and
302:The
275:opto
248:ὄψις
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