873:
845:
859:
286:
554:, and writes continuously, neither dividing his work into stanzas nor rhyming his lines, again following Latin poetry. Orrm was humble about his oeuvre: he admits in the preface that he frequently has padded the lines to fill out the metre, "to help those who read it", and urges his brother Walter to edit the poetry to make it more meet.
22:
410:
It seems curious that a text so obviously written with the expectation that it would be widely copied should exist in only one manuscript and that, apparently, a draft. Treharne has taken this as suggesting that it is not only modern readers who have found the work tedious. Orrm, however, says in the
347:
Scholars cannot pinpoint the exact date of composition. Orrm wrote his book over a period of decades and the manuscript shows signs of multiple corrections through time. Since it is an autograph, with two of the three hands in the text generally believed by scholars to be Orrm's own, the date of the
378:
Junius 1. In its current state, the manuscript is incomplete: the book's table of contents claims that there were 242 homilies, but only 32 remain. It seems likely that the work was never finished on the scale planned when the table of contents was written, but much of the discrepancy was
402:
used in the manuscript is of the lowest quality, and the text is written untidily, with an eye to economical use of space; it is laid out in continuous lines like prose, with words and lines close together, and with various additions and corrections, new exegesis, and allegorical readings, crammed
527:
today would not exist for persons hearing only a single homily each day. Furthermore, although Orrm's poetry is, perhaps, subliterary, the homilies were meant for easy recitation or chanting, not for aesthetic appreciation; everything from the overly strict metre to the orthography might function
782:
The combination of this system with the rigid metre, and the stress patterns this meter implies, provides enough information to reconstruct his pronunciation with some precision; making the reasonable assumption that Orrm's pronunciation was in no way unusual, this permits scholars of the
711:
derives from Orrm's idiosyncratic orthographical system. He states that since he dislikes the way that people are mispronouncing
English, he will spell words exactly as they are pronounced, and describes a system whereby vowel length and value are indicated unambiguously.
282:, shows a great deal of French influence. The linguistic contrast between it and the work of Orrm demonstrates both the sluggishness of the Norman influence in the formerly Danish areas of England and the assimilation of Old Norse features into early Middle English.
795:
Orrm's book has a number of innovations that make it valuable. As
Bennett points out, Orrm's adaptation of a classical metre with fixed stress patterns anticipates future English poets, who would do much the same when encountering foreign language prosodies. The
100:. It was intended to be consulted as the texts changed, and is agreed to be tedious and repetitive when read straight through. Only about a fifth of the promised material is in the single manuscript of the work to survive, which is in the
319:
order. With this information, and the evidence of the dialect of the text, it is possible to propose a place of origin with reasonable certainty. While some scholars, among them Henry
Bradley, have regarded the likely origin as
800:
is also the only specimen of the homiletic tradition in
England between Ælfric and the fourteenth century, as well as the last example of the Old English verse homily. It also demonstrates what would become
272:, an East Midlands dialect, is stringently of the Danelaw. It includes numerous Old Norse phrases (particularly doublets, where an English and Old Norse term are co-joined), but there are very few
813:
of 1215 "spurred the clergy as a whole into action". At the same time, Orrm's idiosyncrasies and attempted orthographic reform make his work vital for understanding Middle
English. The
457:). The motivation was to provide an accessible English text for the benefit of the less educated, which might include some clergy who found it difficult to understand the Latin of the
543:, they took sufficient liberties with metre to be readable as prose. Orrm does not follow their example. Rather, he adopts a "jog-trot fifteener" for his rhythm, based on the Latin
359:, but Orrm may have begun the work as early as 1150. The text has few topical references to specific events that could be used to identify the period of composition more precisely.
515:
Although the sermons have been deemed "of little literary or theological value" and though Orrm has been said to possess "only one rhetorical device", that of repetition, the
391:, one of its seventeenth-century owners, copied out passages that are not in the present text. The amount of redaction in the text, plus the loss of possible gatherings, led
332:. Two additional pieces of evidence support this conjecture: firstly, Arrouaisian canons established the abbey in 1138, and secondly, the work includes dedicatory prayers to
1579:
History of the holy Rood-tree : a twelfth century version of the cross-legend with notes on the orthography of the
Ormulum and a middle English Compassio Mariae
739:, although in printed editions the last two letters may be left undistinguished. His devotion to precise spelling was meticulous. For example, he originally used
809:. Further, Orrm was concerned with the laity. He sought to make the Gospel comprehensible to the congregation, and he did this perhaps forty years before the
719:. For syllables that ended in vowels, he used accent marks to indicate length. In addition to this, he used three distinct letter forms for the letter
131:
to ensure that readers know which syllables are to be stressed. Modern scholars use these two features to reconstruct Middle
English as Orrm spoke it.
1756:
787:
to develop an exceptionally precise snapshot of exactly how Middle
English was pronounced in the Midlands in the second half of the twelfth century.
1761:
1721:
407:
argues that these indications "suggest that it was a 'workshop' draft which the author intended to have recopied by a professional scribe".
1751:
348:
manuscript and the date of composition would have been the same. On the evidence of the third hand (that of a collaborator who entered the
523:. Priests would read, and congregations hear, only a day's entry at a time. The tedium that many experience when attempting to read the
340:, the patrons of Bourne Abbey. The Arrouaisian rule was largely that of Augustine, so that its houses often are loosely referred to as
185:
At the start of the preface, the author identifies himself again, using a different spelling of his name, and gives the work a title:
1716:
1706:
1623:
1600:
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1481:
715:
Orrm's chief innovation was to employ doubled consonants to show that the preceding vowel is short and single consonants when the
1711:
833:, one of the three crucial texts that have enabled philologists to document the transition from Old English to Middle English.
423:
74:
1736:
901:
810:
736:
247:
area of
England. The metre probably dictated the choice between each of the two forms of the name. The title of the poem,
1656:
886:
512:
Bible in the abbey so that Orrm truly was getting all of his material from a source that was, to him, a single book.
418:
of the manuscript before the seventeenth century is unclear. From a signature on the flyleaf we know that it was in
1726:
1677:
728:
78:
1766:
116:
1731:
305:
According to the work's dedication, Orrm wrote it at the behest of
Brother Walter, who was his brother both
438:
consists of 18,956 lines of metrical verse, explaining Christian teaching on each of the texts used in the
540:
278:
86:
557:
A brief sample may help to illustrate the style of the work. This passage explains the background to the
1582:. London: Publisht for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., limited.
380:
124:
111:. Modern scholars have noted that the system reflected his concern with priests' ability to speak the
1746:
1701:
1664:
1648:
536:
447:
329:
70:
66:
1741:
383:
from the manuscript. There is no doubt that such losses have occurred even in modern times, as the
262:
891:
878:
784:
422:'s collection in 1659. It was auctioned in 1666, after his death, and probably was purchased by
1619:
1596:
1558:
1515:
1496:
1477:
828:
732:
558:
404:
58:
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896:
806:
486:
392:
372:
337:
324:
in north Lincolnshire, as of the mid-1990s it became widely accepted that Orrm wrote in the
101:
494:
rather than literally. Rather than identify individual sources, Orrm refers frequently to "
243:. With the suffix of "myn" for "man" (hence "Orrmin"), it was a common name throughout the
872:
864:
529:
97:
50:
1587:
Parkes, M. B. (1983). "On the Presumed Date and Possible Origin of the Manuscript of the
924:. The dedication and preface are both numbered separately from the main body of the poem.
395:
to comment that "only about one fifth survives, and that in the ugliest of manuscripts".
1612:
1470:
802:
477:
439:
411:
preface that he wishes Walter to remove any wording that he finds clumsy or incorrect.
312:
252:
128:
261:("mirror"), so popular in the title of medieval Latin non-fiction works that the term
1695:
1573:
820:
544:
419:
388:
321:
143:
is neither anonymous nor untitled. Orrm names himself at the end of the dedication:
850:
716:
519:
never was intended as a book in the modern sense, but rather as a companion to the
461:, and the parishioners who in most cases would not understand spoken Latin at all.
384:
341:
325:
316:
290:
285:
1545:
1541:
1530:
760:
333:
108:
858:
276:
influences on Orrm's language. Another—likely previous—East Midlands work, the
840:
549:
415:
375:
273:
112:
1668:
426:, from whose library it came to the Bodleian as part of the Junius donation.
403:
into the corners of the margins (as can be seen in the reproduction above).
399:
298:
228:
82:
352:
at the head of each homily) it is thought that the manuscript was finished
707:
Rather than conspicuous literary merit, the chief scholarly value of the
491:
469:
468:
reading (important when the laity did not understand Latin), followed by
349:
54:
520:
509:
458:
244:
1510:
Burchfield, Robert W. (1987). "Ormulum". In Strayer, Joseph R. (ed.).
1593:
Five Hundred Years of Words and Sounds: A Festschrift for Eric Dobson
763:. At line 13,000 he changed his mind and went back to change all the
465:
443:
93:
1640:
724:
33:, pp. 115–16), as well as the insertions of new readings by "Hand B"
21:
284:
120:
20:
826:
818:
683:
668:
653:
638:
623:
608:
593:
578:
535:
Although earlier metrical homilies, such as those of Ælfric and
495:
473:
306:
211:
199:
169:
157:
62:
1514:. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 280.
96:
explicating the biblical texts set for the mass throughout the
472:. The theological content is derivative; Orrm closely follows
442:
throughout the church calendar. As such, it is the first new
1532:
The Ormulum: with the notes and glossary of Dr R. M. White.
1686:
in the Bodleian Libraries catalogue of Medieval Manuscripts
297:
may have been composed: the two nave arcades, although now
77:
existing at a time when the language was in flux after the
500:" and to the "holy book". Bennett has speculated that the
73:
adopted by its author, the work preserves many details of
311:(biologically, "after the flesh's kind") and as a fellow
65:(or Orrmin) and consisting of just under 19,000 lines of
268:
The Danish name is not unexpected; the language of the
123:. Many local priests may have been regular speakers of
29:
demonstrating the editing performed over time by Orrm (
1557:. Vol. 41. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 936.
92:
After a preface and dedication, the work consists of
1576:(1894). "Notes on the orthography of the Ormulum".
723:
depending on how they sounded. He used insular <
1611:
1469:
490:of the Bible. Thus, he reads each verse primarily
1553:Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian, eds. (2004).
1491:Bennett, J. A. W.; Smithers, G. V., eds. (1982).
115:and may have helped to guide his readers in the
301:, remain from the church Orrm would have known.
8:
1595:. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. pp. 115–27.
1591:". In Stanley, E. G.; Gray, Douglas (eds.).
89:in tracing the development of the language.
1555:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
767:spellings in the book, replacing them with
547:
256:
508:, and Bede were bound together in a large
464:Each homily begins with a paraphrase of a
1495:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
563:
187:
145:
127:rather than English. Orrm used a strict
936:
913:
735:, and a Carolingian <g> for the
139:Unusually for work of the period, the
645:at once he chose kinsmen for himself,
16:12th century English book of homilies
7:
1680:images available on Digital Bodleian
1614:Old and Middle English: An Anthology
1493:Early Middle English Verse and Prose
675:and he decided that he would be born
446:cycle in English since the works of
81:. Consequently, it is invaluable to
1449:
1425:
1266:
1144:
1094:
1070:
943:
731:, a flat-topped <ꟑ> for the
14:
1350:
1326:
1314:
1205:
1193:
1156:
1029:
779:), to reflect the pronunciation.
747:inconsistently for words such as
573:Literal etymological translation
1757:Christianity in medieval England
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159:Icc was þær þær i crisstnedd was
107:Orrm developed an idiosyncratic
1362:
1082:
1058:
1041:
670:& whær he wollde borenn ben
615:to be born in this middle-earth
379:probably caused by the loss of
30:
1610:Treharne, Elaine, ed. (2000).
289:The interior of the church of
201:Þiss boc iss nemmnedd Orrmulum
164:Where I was christened, I was
1:
1762:Medieval documents of England
1512:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1468:(1986). Gray, Douglas (ed.).
1181:
921:
902:List of biblical commentaries
811:Fourth Council of the Lateran
640:he chæs himm sone kinnessmenn
539:, were based on the rules of
451:
353:
206:This book is named Orrmulum,
69:verse. Because of the unique
1722:12th-century Christian texts
1661:Stockholm University website
1645:Stockholm University website
755:which had been spelled with
630:for the sake of all mankind,
618:be born in this middleearth
610:ben borenn i þiss middellærd
580:Forrþrihht anan se time comm
213:forrþi þatt Orrm itt wrohhte
1752:Bodleian Library collection
1657:"The Ormulum Project (2.0)"
1641:"The Ormulum Project (3.0)"
1476:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
887:Allegory in the Middle Ages
685:he chæs all att hiss wille.
678:and where he would born be
648:he chose him some kinsmen,
588:Fortright on the time came
227:The name Orrm derives from
1783:
1538:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1529:Holt, Robert, ed. (1878).
693:He chose all at his will.
655:all swillke summ he wollde
79:Norman conquest of England
1472:Middle English Literature
1402:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1389:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1376:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1291:Bennett and Smithers 1982
1231:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1218:Bennett and Smithers 1982
1170:Bennett and Smithers 1982
1121:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1108:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1055:Matthew and Harrison 2004
1018:Bennett and Smithers 1982
1006:Matthew and Harrison 2004
969:Bennett and Smithers 1982
957:Matthew and Harrison 2004
803:Received Standard English
737:palato-alveolar affricate
308:affterr þe flæshess kinde
1717:12th-century manuscripts
1707:12th century in religion
690:exactly where he wished.
663:all such some he would,
603:That our Drightin would
595:þatt ure Drihhtin wollde
585:As soon as the time came
482:Enarrationes in Matthoei
1712:12th century in England
827:
819:
684:
669:
654:
639:
633:for all mankind's need
625:forr all mannkinne nede
624:
609:
594:
579:
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265:is used for the genre.
251:, is modeled after the
212:
200:
171:Orrmin bi name nemmnedd
170:
158:
660:all just as he wanted,
548:
302:
279:Peterborough Chronicle
257:
34:
1618:. Oxford: Blackwell.
805:two centuries before
367:Only one copy of the
288:
218:for Orrm wrought it
176:named Orrmin by name
75:English pronunciation
24:
1737:Middle English poems
1665:Stockholm University
1649:Stockholm University
1057:, pp. 936–937;
920:Quotations are from
600:that our Lord wanted
567:Early Middle English
502:Acts of the Apostles
330:Bourne, Lincolnshire
191:Early Middle English
149:Early Middle English
87:historical linguists
71:phonemic orthography
67:early Middle English
729:palatal approximant
263:speculum literature
125:Anglo-Norman French
1540:Internet Archive:
1404:, pp. 936–937
1391:, pp. 936–937
1378:, pp. 936–937
1317:, pp. 274–275
1293:, pp. 174–175
1233:, pp. 936–937
1220:, pp. 174–175
1172:, pp. 175–176
1123:, pp. 936–937
1110:, pp. 936–937
1085:, pp. 115–127
1061:, pp. 115–127
1044:, pp. 115–127
1020:, pp. 174–175
1008:, pp. 936–937
995:, pp. 259–263
971:, pp. 174–175
959:, pp. 936–937
892:Biblical criticism
879:Middle Ages portal
785:history of English
541:Old English poetry
430:Contents and style
303:
35:
1727:Biblical exegesis
1574:Napier, Arthur S.
1466:Bennett, J. A. W.
1400:Jack, George, in
1387:Jack, George, in
1374:Jack, George, in
1229:Jack, George, in
1119:Jack, George, in
1106:Jack, George, in
1053:Jack, George, in
1004:Jack, George, in
955:Jack, George, in
829:Ayenbite of Inwyt
700:
699:
448:Ælfric of Eynsham
424:Franciscus Junius
405:Robert Burchfield
225:
224:
183:
182:
59:Augustinian canon
53:work of biblical
1774:
1767:Unfinished books
1672:
1671:on 2 April 2015.
1667:. Archived from
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476:'s exegesis of
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109:spelling system
98:liturgical year
51:twelfth-century
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:0-631-20465-2
1621:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1602:0-85991-140-3
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:0-19-861391-1
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1521:0-684-18275-0
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1502:0-19-871101-8
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1483:0-19-812214-4
1479:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1452:, p. 280
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 280
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 273
1352:
1351:Treharne 2000
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1329:, p. 273
1328:
1327:Treharne 2000
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:Treharne 2000
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:, p. 280
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:, p. 273
1207:
1206:Treharne 2000
1202:
1199:
1196:, p. 273
1195:
1194:Treharne 2000
1190:
1187:
1184:, pp. liv–lvi
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:, p. 273
1158:
1157:Treharne 2000
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 280
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1097:, p. 280
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:, p. 280
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:, p. 273
1031:
1030:Treharne 2000
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
946:, p. 280
945:
940:
937:
931:
923:
917:
914:
907:
903:
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898:
895:
893:
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869:
866:
860:
855:
852:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
823:
822:
821:Ancrene Wisse
817:is, with the
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
790:
788:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:> for the
726:
722:
718:
717:vowel is long
713:
710:
702:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
666:
662:
659:
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629:
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546:
542:
538:
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531:
526:
522:
518:
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511:
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492:allegorically
489:
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479:
475:
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429:
427:
425:
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412:
408:
406:
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:Jan van Vliet
386:
382:
377:
374:
370:
362:
360:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
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322:Elsham Priory
318:
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296:
292:
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283:
281:
280:
275:
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234:
230:
217:
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190:
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186:
178:(Ded. 323–24)
175:
172:
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160:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:pronunciation
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1689:
1673:
1669:the original
1660:
1644:
1613:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1535:
1531:
1511:
1492:
1471:
1445:
1440:, p. 33
1438:Bennett 1986
1433:
1421:
1416:, p. 31
1414:Bennett 1986
1409:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1339:Bennett 1986
1334:
1322:
1310:
1305:, p. 31
1303:Bennett 1986
1298:
1286:
1281:, p. 32
1279:Bennett 1986
1274:
1262:
1257:, p. 31
1255:Bennett 1986
1250:
1245:, p. 31
1243:Bennett 1986
1238:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1135:, p. 30
1133:Bennett 1986
1128:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1000:
993:Bennett 1986
988:
983:, p. 33
981:Bennett 1986
976:
964:
951:
939:
916:
851:Bible portal
814:
797:
794:
791:Significance
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
720:
714:
708:
706:
556:
534:
528:only to aid
524:
516:
514:
505:
501:
485:
481:
463:
435:
433:
413:
409:
397:
387:antiquarian
368:
366:
346:
326:Bourne Abbey
304:
294:
293:, where the
291:Bourne Abbey
277:
269:
267:
248:
240:
236:
232:
226:
184:
140:
138:
129:poetic metre
106:
91:
83:philologists
45:
44:
39:
38:
36:
26:
18:
1747:Old English
1702:1180s books
1684:MS Junius 1
1678:MS Junius 1
1363:Napier 1894
1083:Parkes 1983
1059:Parkes 1983
1042:Parkes 1983
922:Holt (1878)
761:Old English
703:Orthography
550:septenarius
371:exists, as
357: 1180
342:Augustinian
317:Augustinian
299:whitewashed
220:(Pref. 1–2)
104:in Oxford.
31:Parkes 1983
1742:Homiletics
1696:Categories
1459:References
1168:quoted in
733:velar stop
695:(3494–501)
484:, and the
455: 990
416:provenance
381:gatherings
363:Manuscript
274:Old French
231:, meaning
113:vernacular
1182:Holt 1878
932:Citations
420:van Vliet
400:parchment
350:pericopes
229:Old Norse
1589:Orrmulum
1546:Volume 2
1542:Volume 1
1534:Two vols
908:Endnotes
837:See also
825:and the
559:Nativity
537:Wulfstan
470:exegesis
258:speculum
94:homilies
55:exegesis
46:Orrmulum
815:Ormulum
798:Ormulum
771:alone (
709:Ormulum
530:oratory
525:Ormulum
521:liturgy
517:Ormulum
510:Vulgate
459:Vulgate
436:Ormulum
369:Ormulum
295:Ormulum
270:Ormulum
249:Ormulum
245:Danelaw
237:serpent
141:Ormulum
135:Origins
119:of the
40:Ormulum
27:Ormulum
1622:
1599:
1561:
1518:
1499:
1480:
753:kneow,
545:iambic
497:ðe boc
480:, the
466:Gospel
444:homily
315:of an
241:dragon
121:vowels
61:named
385:Dutch
334:Peter
313:canon
255:word
253:Latin
49:is a
1620:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1478:ISBN
777:knew
775:and
751:and
749:beon
743:and
478:Luke
474:Bede
440:mass
434:The
414:The
398:The
338:Paul
336:and
233:worm
85:and
63:Orrm
37:The
773:ben
759:in
328:in
239:or
43:or
1698::
1663:.
1659:.
1647:.
1643:.
1544:;
765:eo
757:eo
741:eo
561::
532:.
504:,
452:c.
376:MS
354:c.
344:.
235:,
1651:.
1628:.
1605:.
1567:.
1548:.
1524:.
1505:.
1486:.
769:e
745:e
725:ᵹ
721:g
450:(
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