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understanding how best to use the available forms of legal regulations to protect intellectual rights. If the vendor cannot be trusted to protect trade secrets, then the risks of an offshoring software development may outweigh its potential benefits. Hence, it is critical to review the intellectual property policy of the potential offshoring supplier. The intellectual property protection policy of an offshore software development company must be reflected in these crucial documents: General
Agreement, Non-Disclosure Agreement, and Employee Confidentiality Contract.
749:
1258:
software. Outsourced development poses special problems for development, i.e. the more formal, contractual relationship between the supplier and client, and geographical separation place greater distance between the developers and users, which makes it harder to reflect the users' needs in the final product. This problem is exacerbated if the development is offshore. Further complications arise from cultural differences, which apply even if the development is carried out by an in-house offshore team.
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1177:, heavy industries have increasingly moved to the U.S., which has a comparative advantage due to its abundant presence of capital and well-developed technology. A further example of environmental de-regulation with the objective of protecting trade incentives have been the numerous exemptions to carbon taxes in European countries during the 1990s.
1151:, the labour market functions under the same forces as the market of goods, with the underlying implication that the greater the number of tasks available to being moved, the better for efficiency under the gains from trade. With technological progress, more tasks can be offshored at different stages of the overall corporate process.
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compete on an outcomes-based model rather than competing on cost alone. With the core offering potentially changing from a "lift and shift" approach based on fixed costs to a more qualitative, service based and outcomes-based model, there is perhaps a new opportunity to grow the BPO industry with a new offering.
618:, along with greater physical distance between higher management and the production-floor employees often requires a change in management methodologies, as inspection and feedback may not be as direct and frequent as in internal processes. This often requires the assimilation of new communication methods such as
1783:
India, China and the
Philippines are major powerhouses in the industry. In 2017, in India, the BPO industry generated US$ 30 billion in revenue according to the national industry association. The BPO industry is a small segment of the total outsourcing industry in India. The BPO industry workforce in
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was at pains to counter the so-called 'myth' that RPA will bring back many jobs from offshore. One possible argument behind such an assertion is that new technology provides new opportunities for increased quality, reliability, scalability and cost control, thus enabling BPO providers to increasingly
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outsourcing" became very common in the print and mail business during the 1990s, and later expanded to be very broad and inclusive of most any process by 2000. Today, there are web based print to mail solutions for small to mid-size companies which allow the user to send one to thousands of documents
1470:
Article 44 of Japan's
Employment Security Act implicitly bans the domestic/foreign workers supplied by unauthorized companies regardless of their operating locations. The law will apply if at least one party of suppliers, clients, labors reside in Japan, and if the labors are the integral part of the
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as one possible cause of outsourcing, another claim is high corporate income tax rate in the U.S. relative to other OECD nations, and the practice of taxing revenues earned outside of U.S. jurisdiction, a very uncommon practice. Some counterclaim that the actual taxes paid by U.S. corporations may be
1270:
Offshore
Software R&D means that company A turns over responsibility, in whole or in part, of an in-house software development to company B whose location is outside of company A's national jurisdiction. Maximizing the economic value of an offshore software development asset critically depends on
775:
Among problems encountered were supply-and-demand induced raises in salaries and lost benefits of similar-time-zone. Other issues were differences in language and culture. Another reason for a decrease in outsourcing is that many jobs that were subcontracted abroad have been replaced by technological
369:
Inflation, high domestic interest rates, and economic growth pushed India's IT salaries 10β15%, making some jobs relatively "too" expensive, compared to other offshoring destinations. Areas for advancing within the value chain included research and development, equity analysis, tax-return processing,
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as a potential threat to the industry and speculate as to the likely long-term impact. In the short term, however, there is likely to be little impact as existing contracts run their course: it is only reasonable to expect demand for cost efficiency and innovation to result in transformative changes
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by the outsourcing company, despite outside development, was the goal. To defend against tax-motivated cost-shifting, the U.S. government passed regulations in 2006 to make outsourcing research harder. Despite many R&D contracts given to Indian universities and labs, only some research solutions
1239:
The rise in industrial efficiency which characterized development in developed countries has occurred as a result of labor-saving technological improvements. Although these improvements do not directly reduce employment levels but rather increase output per unit of work, they can indirectly diminish
280:
The growth of offshoring of IT-enabled services, although not universally accepted, both to subsidiaries and to outside companies (offshore outsourcing) is linked to the availability of large amounts of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following the telecommunication and
Internet
1696:
Although BPO began as a cost-reducer, changes (specifically the move to more service-based rather than product-based contracts), companies now choose to outsource their back-office increasingly for time flexibility and direct quality control. Business process outsourcing enhances the flexibility of
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Historically offshore development concentrated on back office functions but, as offshoring has grown, a wider range of applications have been developed. Offshore suppliers have had to respond to the commercial pressures arising from usability issues by building up their usability expertise. Indeed,
940:
highlighted a turning of the tide for parts of the U.S.'s manufacturing industry. Specific causes identified include rising third-world wages, recognition of hidden off-shoring costs, innovations in design/manufacture/assembly/time-to-market, increasing fuel and transportation costs, falling energy
893:
In 2010, a group of manufacturers started the
Reshoring Initiative, focusing on bringing manufacturing jobs for American companies back to the country. Their data indicated that 140,000 American jobs were lost in 2003 due to offshoring. Eleven years later in 2014, the U.S. recovered 10,000 of those
1431:
Council
Directive 77/187 of 14 February 1977 protects employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses (as amended 29 June 1998, Directive 98/50/EC and 12 March 2001's Directive 2001/23). Rights acquired by employees with the former employer are to be
1317:
article titled "The Future of
Outsourcing" begins with "The future of outsourcing is digital." According to other sources, the "Do what you do best and outsource the rest" approach means that "integration with retained systems" is the new transition challenge; people training still exists, but is
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program, other countries support products being made domestically. Localization, the process of manufacturing products for the local market, is an approach to keeping some manufacturing offshore and bringing some of it back. Besides the cost savings of manufacturing closer to the market, the lead
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Outsourcing has gone through many iterations and reinventions, and some outsourcing contracts have been partially or fully reversed. Often the reason is to maintain control of critical production or competencies, and insourcing is used to reduce costs of taxes, labor and transportation. Sometimes
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Even various contractual compensation strategies may leave the company as having a new "single point of failure" (where even an after the fact payment is not enough to offset "complete failure of the customer's business"). Unclear contractual issues are not the only risks; there's also changing
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The main driver for offshoring development work has been the greater availability of developers at a lower cost than in the home country. However, the rise in offshore development has taken place in parallel with an increased awareness of the importance of usability, and the user experience, in
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A main feature of outsourcing influencing policy-making is the unpredictability it generates, including its defense/military ramifications, regarding the future of any particular sector or skill-group. The uncertainty of future conditions influences governance approaches to different aspects of
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customers when call-center workers acquired the passwords to customer accounts and transferred the money to their own accounts opened under fictitious names. Citibank did not find out about the problem until the
American customers noticed discrepancies with their accounts and notified the bank.
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Reduced security, sometimes related to lower loyalty may occur, even when 'outsourced' staff change their legal status but not their desk. While security and compliance issues are supposed to be addressed through the contract between the client and the suppliers, fraud cases have been reported.
256:
Following the adding of management layers in the 1950s and 1960s to support expansion for the sake of economy of scale, corporations found that agility and added profits could be obtained by focusing on core strengths; the 1970s and 1980s were the beginnings of what later was named outsourcing.
193:
The biggest difference between outsourcing and in-house provision is with regards to the difference in ownership: outsourcing usually presupposes the integration of business processes under a different ownership, over which the client business has minimal or no control. This requires the use of
860:
Regional insourcing is a process in which a company establishes satellite locations for specific entities of their business, making use of advantages one state may have over another This concept focuses on the delegating or reassigning of procedures, functions, or jobs from production within a
186:
From
Drucker's perspective, a company should only seek to subcontract in those areas in which it demonstrated no special ability. The business strategy outlined by his slogan recommended that companies should take advantage of a specialist provider's knowledge and economies of scale to improve
800:
Public opinion in the U.S. and other Western powers opposing outsourcing was particularly strengthened by the drastic increase in unemployment as a result of the 2007β2008 financial crisis. From 2000 to 2010, the U.S. experienced a net loss of 687,000 jobs due to outsourcing, primarily in the
169:
Outsourcing can offer greater budget flexibility and control by allowing organizations to pay for the services and business functions they need, when they need them. It is often perceived to reduce hiring and training specialized staff, to make available specialized expertise, and to decrease
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Automation increases output and allows for reduced cost per item. When these changes are not well synchronized, unemployment or underemployment is a likely result. When transportation costs remain unchanged, the negative effect may be permanent; jobs in protected sectors may no longer exist.
238:
Other reasons include reducing and controlling operating costs, improving company focus, gaining access to world-class capabilities, tax credits, freeing internal resources for other purposes, streamlining or increasing efficiency for time-consuming functions, and maximizing use of external
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By contrast, higher rates of saving and investment in Asian countries, along with rising levels of education, studies suggest, fueled the 'Asian miracle' rather than improvements in productivity and industrial efficiency. There was also an increase in patenting and research and development
1400:
August 2004 poll found that 71% of American voters believed "outsourcing jobs overseas" hurt the economy while another 62% believed that the U.S. government should impose some legislative action against these companies, possibly in the form of increased taxes. President Obama promoted the
681:
researchers have been studying complex outsourcing relationships since 2003. Emerging thinking regarding strategic outsourcing is focusing on creating a contract structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex business arrangements in a more
575:
were the four leading countries as of 2003. Although many countries have participated in the offshore outsourcing of software development, their involvement in co-sourced and outsourced Research & Development (R&D) was somewhat limited. Canada, the second largest by 2009, had 21%.
1747:(AHP) is a framework of BPO focused on identifying potential outsourceable information systems. L. Willcocks, M. Lacity and G. Fitzgerald identify several contracting problems companies face, ranging from unclear contract formatting, to a lack of understanding of technical IT processes.
336:"the most disruptive change agent for the outsourcing industry", especially the renewed "invest in America" goal highlighted in campaigning, but the magazine tepidly reversed direction in 2019 as to the outcome for employment. In the case of armament acquisition, section 323 of the
215:
While U.S. companies do not outsource to reduce high top level executive or managerial costs, they primarily outsource to reduce peripheral and "non-core" business expenses. Further reasons are higher taxes, high energy costs, and excessive government regulation or mandates.
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The BPO industry and IT services industry in combination are worth a total of US$ 154 billion in revenue in 2017. The BPO industry in the Philippines generated $ 26.7 billion in revenues in 2020, while around 700 thousand medium and high skill jobs would be created by 2022.
1496:, outsourcing is a vital economic activity, regulated by various laws such as the Labor Code, Commercial Law, and Investment Law. It offers benefits like cost savings and increased efficiency for businesses, particularly in the IT and manufacturing sectors.
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Victims can lodge a criminal complaint against the CEO of the suppliers and clients. The CEO risks arrest, and the Japanese company may face a private settlement with financial package in the range between 20 and 100 million JPY ($ 200,000 β US$ 1 million).
414:
has become a major source for the advantages of a highly educated labor force, a large bilingual population, stable democratic government, and similar time zones as the U.S. It takes only a few hours to travel between Costa Rica and U.S. Companies such as
876:
To those who are concerned that nations may be losing a net number of jobs due to outsourcing, some point out that insourcing also occurs. A 2004 study in the U.S., the UK, and many other industrialized countries more jobs are insourced than outsourced.
772:'s "10,000 workers in the United States over the next two years." A clue to a tipping point having been reached was a short essay titled "Maybe You Shouldn't Outsource Everything After All" and the longer "That Job Sent to India May Now Go to Indiana."
1324:
While the number of technically skilled labor grows in India, Indian offshore companies are increasingly tapping into the skilled labor already available in Eastern Europe to better address the needs of the Western European R&D market.
554:
services by a supplier (whether external or internal) located in a different country from the one where the software will be used. The global software R&D services market, as contrasted to information technology outsourcing (ITO) and
1700:
BPO vendor charges are project-based or fee-for-service, using business models such as remote in-sourcing or similar software development and outsourcing models. This can help a company to become more flexible by transforming fixed into
1123:
A governance that attempts adapting to the changing environment will facilitate growth and a stable transition to new economic structures until the economic structures become detrimental to the social, political and cultural structures.
361:, stewardship of tax spend and retention of certain critical knowledge as examples. Guidance states that specific criteria must govern the identification of such services, and that "everything else" could potentially be outsourced.
1475:
No person shall carry out a labor supply business or have workers supplied by a person who carries out a labor supply business work under his/her own directions or orders, except in cases provided for in the following Article.
3749:
Obwegeser, Nikolaus; Arenfeldt, Katrine; Dam, Amalie Corty; Fenger, Kim Harder; Silkjaer, Johan Vang (January 2, 2020). "Aligning drivers, contractual governance, and relationship management of IT-outsourcing initiatives".
984:: Low-skill work outsourced to contractors who tend to employ migrant labor is causing a revival of radical trade union activity. In the UK, major hospitals, universities, ministries and corporations are being pressured.
61:, originated no later than 1981 at a time when industrial jobs in the United States were being moved overseas, contributing to the economic and cultural collapse of small, industrial towns. In some contexts, the term
516:
Co-sourcing is a hybrid of internal staff supplemented by an external service provider. Co-sourcing can minimize sourcing risks, increase transparency, clarity and lend toward better control than fully outsourced.
461:
There are many outsourcing models, with variations by country, year and industry. Japanese companies often outsource to China, particularly to formerly Japanese-occupied cities. German companies have outsourced to
4329:
507:
When offshore outsourcing knowledge work, firms heavily rely on the availability of technical personnel at offshore locations. One of the challenges in offshoring engineering innovation is a reduction in quality.
1734:
Risks and threats of outsourcing must therefore be managed, to achieve any benefits. In order to manage outsourcing in a structured way, maximizing positive outcome, minimizing risks and avoiding any threats, a
1248:
It has been suggested that "workers require more education and different skills, working with software rather than drill presses" rather than rely on limited growth labor requirements for non-tradable services.
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hospitals in London "will create additional cost pressures next year but we are confident that there are also benefits to unlock, arising from better team working, more co-ordinated planning and improved
1200:
found that with the increase of labor costs in Japan and China, the cost of shipping and custom fees, it cost only about 10% more to manufacture in America. Advances in technology and automation such as
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Congressional Documents and Publications. (2012, May 16). Brown outlines "Bring Jobs Home Act" aim at encouraging business to bring hobs back to the U.S. 2012 Federal Information and News Dispatch, Inc.
4103:
1038:
Act is meant to provide compensation for workers directly affected by international trade agreements. Whether or not these policies provide the security and fair compensation they promise is debatable.
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The tradeoffs are not always balanced, and a 2004 viewer of the situation said "the total number of jobs realized in the United States from insourcing is far less than those lost through outsourcing."
677:
structure is the "framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided", and that "because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with the nature of the transaction".
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3033:
1231:
Not all manufacturing should return to the U.S. The rise of the middle class in China, India and other countries has created markets for the products made in those countries. Just as the U.S. has a
835:
there are problems with the outsourcing agreements, because of the pressure to bring jobs back to their home country, or simply because it has stopped being efficient to outsource particular tasks.
894:
offshored positions; this marked the highest net gain in 20 years. More than 90% of the jobs that American companies "offshored" and outsourced manufacturing to low cost countries such as China,
1079:(as amended) authorises the contracting-out of work-focussed interviews and documentary work, and the Contracting Out of Functions (Tribunal Staff) Order 2009 authorises the contracting-out of
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5720:
1297:
article suggested that it is increasingly more dangerous to offshore IP-sensitive projects to India, because of India's continued ignorance of patent regulations. In turn, companies such as
1228:
Outsourcing has contributed to further levelling of global inequalities as it has led to general trends of industrialization in the Global South and deindustrialization in the Global North.
7965:
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business in one location to another internal entity that specializes in that operation. This allows companies to streamline production, boost competency, and increase their bottom line.
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If both sides have a contract clause permitting step-in rights, then there is a right, though not an obligation, to take over a task that is not going well, or even the entire project.
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at the point of contract renewals. With the average length of a BPO contract being 5 years or more β and many contracts being longer β this hypothesis will take some time to play out.
827:
Insourcing is the process of reversing an outsourcing, possibly using help from those not currently part of the in-house staff. Some authors call this backsourcing, reserving the term
6951:
1173:
has not been active in enacting or enforcing regulations to prevent environmental damage from increasingly industrialized Export Processing Zones. Similarly, since the signing of the
337:
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190:
In 2009, by way of recognition, Peter Drucker posthumously received a significant honor when he was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall of Fame for his outstanding work in the field.
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1705:. A variable cost structure helps a company responding to changes in required capacity and does not require a company to invest in assets, thereby making the company more flexible.
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Bonasia, J. (December 3, 2010). "Offshoring, for good or ill, comes of age putting India on the map competitive world markets demand outsourcing, but it does drain domestic jobs".
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1479:
A person who falls under any of the following items shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than one year or a fine of not more than one million yen. (Article 64)
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Adeleye, Bunmi Cynthia; Annansingh, Fenio; Nunes, Miguel Baptista (April 2004). "Risk management practices in IS outsourcing: an investigation into commercial banks in Nigeria".
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Nils Brede Moe; Darja Ε mite; Geir Kjetil Hanssen; Hamish Barney (August 29, 2013). "From offshore outsourcing to insourcing and partnerships: four failed outsourcing attempts".
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2339:
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In 2015, official statistics put the size of the total outsourcing industry in China, including not only the BPO industry but also IT outsourcing services, at $ 130.9 billion.
478:
is one of the major choice of offshoring destination. Near-shore location, common time zone and adequate IT work force are the reasons for offshoring IT services to Indonesia.
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Security risks can arise regarding both from physical communication and from a privacy perspective. Employee attitude may change, and the company risks losing independence.
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5352:
Copeland, B. (2007), "Trade and the Environment: What do we do now", Ch. 39 in Handbook on International Trade Policy, ed. Kerr, W and Gaosford, J., Edward Elgar Publishing
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1055:
program in 2011. In January 2012, Obama issued a Call to Action to Invest in America at the White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum. Obama met with representatives of
7545:
4341:
1180:
Although outsourcing can influence environmental de-regulatory trends, the added cost of preventing pollution does not majorly determine trade flows or industrialization.
2311:
173:"Do what you do best and outsource the rest" has become an internationally recognized business tagline first "coined and developed" in the 1990s by management consultant
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South Korea requires giving digital service even when "the user refuses to give permission for data or functions that are not necessary to the provision of the service".
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3013:
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outsourcing. BPO can help your business remain competitive and efficient by leveraging the expertise of other companies that are more specialized in certain functions.
1017:, called for the U.S. to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much and can no longer rely on
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1453:
Countries that have been the focus of outsourcing include India and the Philippines for American and European companies, and China and Vietnam for Japanese companies.
538:
This contrasts with an "all in-the-cloud" service scenario, where the identity service is built, hosted and operated by the service provider in an externally hosted,
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3133:
3062:
177:. The slogan was primarily used to advocate outsourcing as a viable business strategy. Drucker began explaining the concept of "outsourcing" as early as 1989 in his
139:
and specialization can also motivate outsourcing, even if not offshoring. Since about 2015 indirect revenue benefits have increasingly become additional motivators.
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1951:
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The Asian IT service market is still in its infancy, but in 2008 industry think tank Nasscom-McKinsey predicted a $ 17 billion IT service industry in India alone.
910:
The fluctuation of prefixes and names give rise to many more "cross-breeds" of insourcing. For example, "offshore insourcing" is "when companies set up their own "
7940:
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4223:
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1075:
Governments may legislate to authorise the outsourcing of specific functions or the work of specific government agencies, for example in the United Kingdom, the
957:
More than one company uses a "100% U. Based" phrase, whether within or outside their envelopes. "100% US-based customer service available 24/7" is how, in 2024,
7417:
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639:
228:
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One estimate of the worldwide BPO market from the BPO Services Global Industry Almanac 2017, puts the size of the industry in 2016 at about US$ 140 billion.
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to supplement their employees or replace those holding existing positions. In hearings on this matter, a U.S. senator called these "their outsourcing visa".
108:
which is relocating a business process to another country but does not imply or preclude another company. In practice, the concepts can be intertwined, i.e.
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2996:
2761:
Forey, Gail, and Jane Lockwood. Globalization, Communication and the Workplace: Talking across the World. New York: Continuum, 2011. Electronic Book #21-26.
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A counterswing depicted by a 2016 Deloitte survey suggested that companies are no longer reluctant to outsource. Deloitte's survey identified three trends:
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are getting paid between 250,000 and 1,500,000 rupees (US$ 4,000 to US$ 23,000) in India as opposed to $ 40,000β$ 100,000 in countries such as the U.S. and
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Buchholz, Todd G. Bringing the Jobs Home: How the Left Created the Outsourcing Crisis β and How We Can Fix It. New York: Sentinel, 2004. Print 97-118.
1739:(BCM) model is set up. BCM consists of a set of steps, to successfully identify, manage and control the business processes that are, or can be outsourced.
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Supply chain management with effective use of supply chain partners and business process outsourcing can increase the speed of several business processes.
232:
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5114:
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The words "100% U.S.Based Customer Service" (followed by "Talk to a real person any time") are on the back of envelopes mailed by a major USA corporation.
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The term "Midsourcing" subsequently became known as contracting a local or regional manufacturing service provider to arrange for the outsourced task(s).
8064:
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1441:
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While much of this work is the "bread and butter" of specialized departments within advertising agencies, sometimes specialist are used, such as when
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969:
From the standpoint of labor, outsourcing may represent a new threat, contributing to worker insecurity, and is reflective of the general process of
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7813:
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4459:"Outsourcing, BPO & Contract Manufacturing Market Research-Access Industry Trends, Revenues, Statistics, Forecasts, Technologies, Mailing Lists"
1828:β combines outsourcing and offshoring; is the practice of hiring an external organization that is in another country to perform a business function.
1370:
1170:
1166:'race-to-the-bottom' where countries lower environmental regulations to secure a competitive edge for their industries relative to other countries.
881:
disagreed, and wrote that free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.
802:
3785:
Jensen, Preben; Ladefoged, Christian; SΓΈgΓ₯rd, Michael; Obwegeser, Nikolaus (2015). "Trust and Control in Complex Information Systems Development".
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Organizations are changing the way they are managing their relationships with outsourcing providers to "maximize the value of those relationships".
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1966:
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722:. It is here, rather than in manufacturing, that the bits economy can advance in ways that the economy of atoms and things cannot: an early 1990s
579:
As of 2018, the top three were deemed by one "research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists" as China, India and Israel."
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requirements and unforeseen charges, failure to meet service levels, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. The latter is called
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Krugman, P., Obtsfeld, M. And Melitz, M., (2012) "East Asia: Success and Crisis", in International Economics: Theory and Policy, Addison-Wesley.
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Overall employment in the sector grew by almost half a million jobs since Trump took office, after falling by almost 200,000 in the Obama years.
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Another motivation is speed to market. To make this work, a new process was developed: "outsource the outsourcing process". Details of managing
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Gilley, K. Matthew; Rasheed, Abdul (August 2000). "Making More by Doing Less: An Analysis of Outsourcing and its Effects on Firm Performance".
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Easterly, W. (2002), "Solow's Surprise: Investment is not the Key to Growth", Ch. 3 in The Elusive Quest for Growth, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
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can provide major financial savings from lower international labor rates, which could be a major motivation for offshoring. Cost savings from
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Stiglitz, J. and Charlton, A., (2005), "Trade can be Good for Development", Ch. 2 in Fair Trade for All, Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.
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1956:
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1728:; flexibility may be lost due to penalty clauses and other contract terms. Also, the selection criteria may seem vague and undifferentiated.
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306:
In the early 21st century, businesses increasingly outsourced to suppliers outside their own country, sometimes referred to as offshoring or
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1803:β moving work to another country. If the offshore workplace is a foreign subsidiary, owned by the company, then the offshore operation is a
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safeguarded when they, together with the undertaking in which they are employed, are transferred to another employer, i.e., the contractor.
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2026:
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The term "transition methodology" describes the process of migrating knowledge, systems, and operating capabilities between the two sides.
635:
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Durach, Christian F.; Kurpjuweit, Stefan; Wagner, Stephan M. (November 6, 2017). "The impact of additive manufacturing on supply chains".
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Studies suggest that the effect of U.S. outsourcing on Mexico is that for every 10% increase in U.S. wages, north Mexico cities along the
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Willcocks, L.; Lacity, M.; Fitzgerald, G. (October 1995). "Information technology outsourcing in Europe and the USA: Assessment issues".
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Willcocks, Leslie; Hindle, John; Feeny, David; Lacity, Mary (June 2004). "It and Business Process Outsourcing: The Knowledge Potential".
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1439:, Case C-392/92 have disputed whether a particular contracting-out exercise constituted a transfer of an undertaking (see, for example,
868:, which posits that two nations would benefit more from one another by trading the goods that they are more proficient at manufacturing.
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examples: Neopost.com's IS-330 Mailing System (desktop), Click2mail.com, USPS Web Tool Kit Application Program Interface ... web-based
4522:
4458:
1174:
195:
6161:
3818:
Maida, Martina; Maier, Konradin; Obwegeser, Nikolaus; Stix, Volker (2012). "A Multidimensional Model of Trust in Recommender Systems".
50:
that would otherwise be handled internally, Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another.
7990:
7980:
7875:
6667:
2046:
1961:
269:
7348:
4282:
3541:
1884:; "transfer of service industry employment from offices to home-based ... with appropriate telephone and Internet facilities". These
768:
reported in 2017 that IBM "plans to hire 25,000 more workers in the United States over the next four years," overlapping India-based
7955:
7910:
7567:
7470:
7410:
2977:
1557:
4630:
4330:"Here, There and Everywhere - After decades of sending work across the world, companies are rethinking their offshoring strategies"
3635:
1030:
Western governments may attempt to compensate workers affected by outsourcing through various forms of legislation. In Europe, the
7057:
2167:
801:
computers and electronics sector. Public disenchantment with outsourcing has not only stirred political responses, as seen in the
524:
or integrity services, or help during peak periods, or similarly for other areas such as software development or human resources.
7935:
1314:
354:
207:
reported in 2001 that "6.4 million Americans .. worked for foreign companies as of 2001, more jobs are being outsourced than" .
158:
were outsourced, thus avoiding "inventing a process if we'd done it in-house". A term subsequently developed to describe this is
2293:
1405:
to help reshore jobs by using tax cuts and credits for moving operations back to the U.S. The same bill was reintroduced in the
1147:
Outsourcing results from an internationalization of labor markets as more tasks become tradable. According to leading economist
1132:
8074:
8069:
8059:
7025:
3235:
1114:β when "businesses and industries that employed them no longer exist, and their skills no longer have the value they once did."
1080:
920:, taking advantage of their cheaper surroundings while maintaining control of their back-office work and business processes." "
890:, showed unequal effect during the period studied 2004 to 2015, ranging from 150,000 to as high as 300,000 jobs lost per year.
333:
6826:
5921:
4199:
2629:
2594:
2122:
Ian McCarthy; Angela Anagnostou (2004). "The impact of outsourcing on the transaction costs and boundaries of manufacturing".
7808:
7169:
6915:
6485:
4893:
3010:
2076:
2036:
2011:
1736:
1374:
351:, where obligations and implementation details must be understood by both sides. This includes dealing with customer rights.
5558:
2558:
1556:
was formed in 1946, and its members provide services that today might involve the word outsource. Similarly, members of the
344:
regarding the capability of that arsenal to fulfill the manufacturing requirement" when undertaking a make-or-buy analysis.
235:
in 2007, which could exceed 400 times more than average workersβa gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965, is not a factor.
8023:
6896:
4240:
In the .. $ 4 billion deal between the U.S. Navy and .. EDS, .. in 2003, ... reasons behind the failure are complex, but ..
3988:
3315:
2694:
8054:
7149:
5978:
3140:
2931:
1686:
1386:
1262:
this problem has presented an attractive opportunity to some suppliers to move up market and offer higher value services.
151:
1681:
BPO can be offshore outsourcing, near-shore outsourcing to a nearby country, or onshore outsourcing to the same country.
8084:
8044:
8013:
7761:
7403:
5843:
5506:
3412:
2061:
1613:
556:
496:
201:
Sometimes the effect of what looks like outsourcing from one side and insourcing from the other side can be unexpected;
6636:
Michell, Vaughan; Fitzgerald, Guy (September 1, 1997). "The IT outsourcing market-place: vendors and their selection".
812:
Companies are broadening their approach to outsourcing as they begin to view it as more than a simple cost-cutting play
7920:
7694:
7572:
7540:
4371:
4227:
4136:
2743:"Letter From Washington: As U.S. rich-poor gap grows, so does public outcry β Americas β International Herald Tribune"
2031:
1846:β opposite of outsourcing; bringing a process handled by third-party firm in-house, and is sometimes accomplished via
1035:
707:
7135:
5999:
squeezing $ 100 million of NJ tax concessions by 12 companies threatening to leave that state; one got $ 26 million.
5335:
3292:
2837:
the third U.S. software manufacturer to select Puerto Rico as a production site for the booming U.S. software market.
2525:
756:
A number of outsourcings and offshorings that were deemed failures led to reversals signaled by use of terms such as
7389:
5952:
5542:
5003:
3250:
Ross, Joel; Irani, Lilly; Silberman, M. Six; Zaldivar, Andrew; Tomlinson, Bill (2010). "Who are the crowdworkers?".
844:, a related term, is when a company assigns work to a subsidiary that is within the same country. This differs from
7560:
6108:
5527:
1768:
1756:
1743:
1484:
Unless permitted by act, no person shall obtain profit by intervening, as a business, in the employment of another.
7367:
7043:
6712:
Altinkemer, K.; Chaturvedi, A.; Gulati, R. (August 1994). "Information systems outsourcing: Issues and evidence".
4983:
726:
ran a half page cartoon showing someone who had just ordered a pizza online, and was seeking help to download it.
653:
In the area of call-center outsourcing, especially when combined with offshoring, agents may speak with different
7480:
2720:
1690:
1031:
481:
Another approach is to differentiate between tactical and strategic outsourcing models. Tactical models include:
8104:
7555:
7227:
4264:
GM is not the only company to pull back at least a portion of its previously outsourced offshore IT operations.
3706:
3164:
e.g. NYS-mandated cybersecurity standards affecting "all institutions authorized ... to operate in New York..."
2418:
1925:β a business which provides a contract service to another organization while contracting out that same service.
1417:
considerably lower than "official" rates due to the use of tax loopholes, tax havens, and "gaming the system".
1034:
attempts to address the issue. The directive is implemented differently in different nations. In the U.S., the
974:
815:
Organizations are "redefining the ways they enter into outsourcing relationships and manage the ensuing risks".
224:
6862:
6418:
4863:
2742:
1579:
has been used in Britain to mean the outsourcing of the marketing function. The motivation for this has been:
4410:"Outsourcing accelerates forward", (2016) Deloitte 2016 Global Outsourcing Survey accessed 18 August 2016 at
4009:
Williamson, Oliver E. (October 1979). "Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations".
1537:
offshored to India in 2001 but reversed this since "customers were not happy with the prior arrangement ...".
752:
Demonstrating need to ensure outsourcing gains are realised and losses avoided at a summit in London in 2009.
8049:
7756:
7644:
6134:
5895:
5134:"President Obama Issues Call to Action to Invest in America at White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum"
3907:
Nadeem, Shehzad (March 2009). "Macaulay's (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India".
3374:
3192:
2857:
1760:
1369:"Outsourcing" is a continuing political issue in the U.S., having been conflated with offshoring during the
1189:
1110:
999:
678:
265:
7252:
5461:
4553:
2872:
2657:
Warehouse Management: A Complete Guide To Improving Efficiency and Minimizing Costs In the Modern Warehouse
1514:, the H-1B, which enables American companies to temporarily (up to three years, or by extension, six) hire
8109:
7798:
5899:
2821:
2131:
1897:
1682:
748:
447:
297:
knowledge services, including engineering support, product design, research and development, and analytics
261:'s 1989 "outsourcing most of its information technology systems" was followed by others during the 1990s.
132:
4301:
3413:"Securing Access to Lower-cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration"
838:
Studies conducted at companies confirm the positive impact of using insourcing on financial performance.
7679:
7639:
7597:
7460:
6342:
6221:
3211:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1339:
1302:
1280:
627:
371:
323:
2278:
7212:
6319:
5750:
112:, and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, as described by terms such as
104:
Outsourcing includes both foreign and domestic contracting, and therefore should not be confused with
8099:
8089:
7659:
7577:
6840:
3427:
1976:
1941:
1911:
1847:
946:
670:
551:
520:
Co-sourcing services can supplement internal audit staff with specialized skills such as information
307:
6882:
2136:
1445:, Case C-13/95 ). In principle, employees may benefit from the protection offered by the directive.
1301:
and Novartis, have lost rights to sell many of their cancer medications in India because of lack of
8094:
7699:
7495:
7445:
7426:
4072:
3890:
3300:
2298:
2016:
1528:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1343:
941:
costs in the U.S., increasing U.S. labor productivity, and union flexibility. Hiring at GE's giant
780:
532:
420:
383:
239:
resources. For small businesses, contracting/subcontracting/"outsourcing" might be done to improve
179:
87:
7292:
5098:
5050:"Union takes action against university on grounds of discrimination against outsourced BAME staff"
5031:
4674:
Feenstra, Robert; Hanson, Gordon (January 1996). Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality.
1205:
technologies have made bringing manufacturing back to the U.S., both cost effective and possible.
7777:
7440:
7079:"Captive Audience: How to Partner with Service Providers to Improve In-House Offshore Operations"
7062:
6671:
6569:
6534:
6530:
6380:
5869:
5770:
5309:
5252:
5196:
5164:
4773:
4689:
4601:
4385:
4376:
4026:
3924:
3767:
3522:
3443:
3362:
3273:
3049:
2803:
2782:"On the optimality of outsourcing when vertical integration can mitigate information asymmetries"
2747:
2071:
319:
203:
136:
6002:
4811:
3599:
1321:
There is more complexity than before, especially when the outside company may be an integrator.
6842:
Gartner Predicts 2014: Business and IT Services Are Facing the End of Outsourcing as We Know It
6739:
Gibb, Forbes; Buchanan, Steven (April 2006). "A framework for business continuity management".
5191:
4156:
3942:
3692:
3112:
1373:. The political debate centered on outsourcing's consequences for the domestic U.S. workforce.
474:. French companies outsource to North Africa for similar reasons. For Australian IT companies,
86:
processing, claims processing), operational, and/or non-core functions, such as manufacturing,
7622:
7340:
Outsourcing and Insourcing Jobs in the U.S. Economy: Evidence Based on Foreign Investment Data
6989:
6447:
6441:
6032:
5680:
5648:
5317:
5260:
5177:
4697:
4643:
4438:
4052:
3974:
3831:
3798:
3514:
3397:
3263:
2973:
2661:
2501:
2358:
2333:
2218:
2191:
2149:
2021:
1709:
1560:(established 1917) were the "outsourcers" for advertising agencies and others doing mailings.
1464:
1067:, and others which had recently brought jobs back or made significant investments in the U.S.
1018:
623:
403:
387:
240:
5321:
5264:
4701:
7550:
7450:
7355:
6802:
6775:
6748:
6721:
6694:
6645:
6596:
6561:
6526:
6372:
6165:
5389:
5299:
5242:
5008:
4768:
4679:
4591:
4018:
3916:
3872:
3864:
3823:
3790:
3759:
3506:
3435:
3380:
3255:
2793:
2248:
Insourcing / Outsourcing / SmartSourcing - A new paradigm for innovating the IT Supply chain
2141:
1652:
1648:
1197:
1014:
958:
658:
603:
428:
79:
75:
47:
5597:
2355:
Outsourcing America: What's Behind Our National Crisis and how We Can Reclaim American Jobs
1354:, and mitigate a shortage of skill or expertise in the areas where they want to outsource.
101:), even if conducted on a limited, short-term basis, may also be described as outsourcing.
7669:
7602:
7592:
7455:
7174:
7154:
6363:
Tas, Jeroen; Sunder, Shyam (May 2004). "Financial services business process outsourcing".
5757:
5546:
5435:
5092:
4742:
4397:
4204:
3949:
3572:
3545:
3037:
3017:
2001:
1437:
Christel Schmidt v. Spar- und Leihkasse der frΓΌheren Γmter Bordesholm, Kiel und Cronshagen
1390:
631:
589:, but does not make clear whether this is pure R&D or run-of-the-mill IT outsourcing.
539:
521:
446:, reduced office space, management salary, and employee benefits as these individuals are
442:
and can choose their working hours, and for which companies to work. Clients benefit from
432:
348:
220:
7339:
5212:
3431:
3293:"Insourcing Functions Performed by Federal Contractors: An Overview of the Legal Issues"
2379:
What's This India Business?: Offshoring, Outsourcing, and the Global Services Revolution
264:
In 2013, the International Association of Outsourcing Professionals gave recognition to
7520:
6312:"Employee Augmentation β Marketing Outsourcing β THiNK β Marketing Operations Advisory"
6007:
5138:
4647:
2635:
2456:
1725:
1702:
1583:
1515:
1420:
942:
783:
survey, a quarter of the companies which had outsourced tasks reversed their strategy.
735:
463:
285:
back-office and administrative functions, such as finance and accounting, HR, and legal
272:
who, in 1967, proposed the business model that eventually became known as outsourcing.
6779:
6600:
2145:
8038:
7655:
7607:
7510:
7485:
7247:
6806:
6725:
6573:
6082:
5313:
5291:
4793:
4693:
4605:
4484:
4337:
3928:
3822:. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. 123. pp. 212β219.
3771:
3467:
3334:
2936:
2807:
1996:
1971:
1906:
1656:
1413:
1350:. Outsourcing is said to help firms to perform well in their core competencies, fuel
1218:
1209:, for example, plans to produce highly customized shoes with 3D printers in the U.S.
1193:
1056:
970:
886:
619:
615:
358:
315:
311:
174:
147:
98:
70:
6752:
6698:
6538:
6384:
5622:
5256:
3447:
3277:
2851:
2602:
2294:"Public Interest Group Challenges Privatization Of Local, State Government Services"
559:(BPO), is rather young and currently is at a relatively early stage of development.
7650:
7083:
7009:
5925:
5802:
5501:
4044:
4030:
3789:. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. 232. pp. 32β44.
3526:
2056:
1936:
1921:
1675:
1664:
1600:
1531:
outsourced their facilities' management support, but it did not involve offshoring.
1467:
to the U.S. since "If it made them in China they would spend six weeks on a ship."
1048:
936:
399:
288:
6479:
BPM Watch. "In-Sourcing Remotely: A Closer Look at an Emerging Outsourcing Trend"
4084:
3763:
3655:
2798:
2781:
2279:"Judge Rebukes Government for Outsourcing Internal Investigation of LIBOR rigging"
7136:"In-housing versus Outsourcing. Should you move your digital marketing in-house?"
6026:
5674:
3827:
3439:
2967:
2825:
accepted tax credits to move software duplication and packaging to Puerto Rico: (
2566:
2495:
2471:
2212:
2185:
926:" refers to hiring developers to work in-house from virtual (remote) facilities.
281:
expansion of the late 1990s. Services making use of low-cost countries included:
6766:
Yang, Chyan; Huang, Jen-Bor (June 2000). "A decision model for IS outsourcing".
5393:
5237:
Hanson, Gordon (March 2003). What Has Happened to Wages in Mexico since NAFTA?.
3794:
3215:
2051:
2041:
1889:
1885:
1836:β hiring employees or using existing employees/resources to undo an outsourcing.
1671:
1617:
1511:
1232:
1202:
1148:
1064:
1010:
654:
443:
97:
The practice of handing over control of public services to private enterprises (
91:
6565:
4596:
4579:
4535:
Shermon, G (2017). "Digital Talent β Business Models and Competencies" Page 190
2096:
1169:
As Mexico competes with China over Canadian and American markets, its national
805:, but it has also made companies more reluctant to outsource or offshore jobs.
535:
co-sourcing is when on-site hardware interacts with outside identity services.
7634:
7630:
7612:
7587:
7475:
3868:
3568:
3510:
2066:
1378:
1351:
1060:
865:
674:
411:
105:
31:
3920:
3735:
Foundations of Empirical Software Engineering: The Legacy of Victor R. Basili
3518:
2153:
1381:
called U.S. firms that outsource jobs abroad or that incorporate overseas in
694:
In April 2005, a high-profile case involved the theft of $ 350,000 from four
606:
metrics is a good way to maintain track of how well a project is performing.
7582:
7515:
7384:
6649:
4108:
3259:
2997:"How Globalization is Reshaping the Engineering Services Outsourcing Market"
2476:
2006:
1660:
1505:
1382:
1052:
884:
The impact of offshore outsourcing, according to two estimates published by
761:
475:
357:
notes that certain services must remain in-house, citing the development of
155:
7243:"Homeshoring Grows: Companies Cut Costs by Shipping Jobs to Workers' Homes"
3063:"Outsourcing In The New Normal: Three Trends Reshaping The Global Industry"
2912:
1862:β outsourcing to companies in more rural locations within the same country.
386:
offshoring/outsourcing has grown rapidly since the early 21st century. The
291:
and other customer-facing departments, such as marketing and sales services
6822:
Robotic Automation Emerges as a Threat to Traditional Low Cost Outsourcing
6587:
Kakabadse, Andrew; Kakabadse, Nada (April 2002). "Trends in Outsourcing".
6376:
5436:"Economic Issues 10 -- Deindustrialization -- Its Causes and Implications"
7709:
5807:
5539:
5382:
International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
5069:"It's time for universities to stop underpaying their outsourced workers"
4161:
2695:"What is outsourcing? Definitions, best practices, challenges and advice"
2400:
2395:
2316:
2261:
1893:
1759:(RPA) software and in particular the enhanced self-guided RPAAI based on
1644:
1362:
Protection of some data involved in outsourcing, such as about patients (
1347:
1135:
experienced wage rises of 2.5%, about 0.69% higher than in inner cities.
895:
695:
439:
17:
5598:"R&D the Latest Target of Silicon Valley Outsourcing - InternetNews"
4838:"Business Process Outsourcing β Captive service or third party vendors?"
3710:
786:
These reversals, however, did not undo the damage. New factories often:
340:
requires military personnel "to solicit information from all U.S.-owned
7663:
6662:
Adsit, D. (2009) Will a Toyota Emerge from the Pack of Me-Too BPO's?,
6620:
6358:
6356:
5412:
4142:
The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization
3691:
Lee Branstetter; Britta Glennon; J. Bradford Jensen (August 21, 2018).
2454:
Abbie Lundberg (April 1, 1997). "Outsourcing: Letter from the editor".
1493:
899:
769:
720:
The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization
582:
568:
471:
424:
341:
83:
43:
7395:
7359:
6500:"Boundaries between IT outsourcing and BPO are becoming blurred: Ovum"
6482:"In-sourcingβ¦Remotely: A Closer Look at an Emerging Outsourcing Trend"
6245:
4890:"In-sourcingβ¦Remotely: A Closer Look at an Emerging Outsourcing Trend"
3876:
1693:(LPO), a.k.a. legal outsourcing, are some of the sub-segments of BPO.
1338:
Two organizations may enter into a contractual agreement involving an
438:
Unlike outsourced manufacturing, outsourced white collar workers have
7505:
7119:
6419:"4 Advantages of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) | Euromos Global"
6403:
5705:
5408:"Adidas to mass-produce 3D-printed shoe with Silicon Valley start-up"
4258:
3853:"Understanding transition performance during offshore IT outsourcing"
3330:"Britain's outsourcing model, copied around the world, is in trouble"
3094:
3067:
2917:
IAOP.org (The International Association of Outsourcing Professionals)
2660:(Second ed.). Philadelphia PA: Kogan Page Limited. p. 316.
1463:, outsourced/reshored manufacturing of some time-critical customized
1460:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1206:
995:
586:
572:
467:
407:
143:
6934:"India holds its global edge in BPM sector with $ 28billion revenue"
5217:. Economic council of Finland – via Geneva Graduate Institute.
3732:
Barry Boehm; Hans Dieter Rombach; Marvin V. Zelkowitz, eds. (2005).
3316:"Define Outsourcing Models: 5 Forms of Business Process Outsourcing"
7349:
Insourcing Functions Performed by Federal Contractors: Legal Issues
6013:
economic incentive programs that in total have awarded $ 11 billion
5304:
4022:
2630:"The Drucker Difference: Insourcing and Outsourcing: the Right Mix"
7293:"Delegated authority: Outsourcing in the general insurance market"
6343:"Guardian News & Media to outsource marketing design services"
6222:"Guardian News & Media to outsource marketing design services"
5776:. Foreign Policy Association, Zogby International. September 2004.
5247:
4684:
3113:
H.R.3304 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014
747:
416:
395:
391:
258:
7267:"Friendshoring: what is it and can it solve our supply problems?"
5572:"How to Protect Intellectual Property / Confidential Information"
5528:"Usability Issues in Offshore Development: an Indian Perspective"
4252:
Eric Savitz; Andy Sealock; Christopher Stacy (January 16, 2013).
3851:
Beulen, Erik; Tiwari, Vinay; van Heck, Eric (November 22, 2011).
7995:
7855:
6206:
5150:
4370:
Floyd Norris; chief financial correspondent (January 29, 2013).
3852:
3252:
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2438:"The Forrester Wave: Global Infrastructure Outsourcing, Q1 2015"
1534:
1442:
Ayse SΓΌzen v. Zehnacker GebΓ€udereinigung GmbH Krankenhausservice
453:
Ending a government outsourcing arrangement poses difficulties.
7399:
6614:
Dan Burge; Catherine Bingham; Amanda Lewis (February 1, 2012).
6287:"Leave It To The Experts: Should You Outsource Your Marketing?"
5086:
Bethan Staton; Laura Hughes; Daniel Thomas (January 19, 2020).
3752:
Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research
3090:"Has Trump Delivered On His Promise To Revive US Manufacturing"
2890:"Outsourcing emerged as a new business strategy in early 1980s"
1566:
into the mail stream, directly from a desktop or web interface.
661:, word use and phraseology, which may impede comprehension.
27:
Contracting formerly internal tasks to an external organization
7150:"ANA report on in-housing isn't telling full story, says 4A's"
5088:"UK government set to hasten immigration curbs on low-skilled"
7101:
a.k.a. internal shared-services centers in low-cost locations
3132:
Rebecca S. Eisner; Daniel A. Masur; Brad L. Peterson (2018).
2539:
B. Olive (2004). "Outsourcing Growing, Despite Controversy".
1881:
310:. Other options subsequently emerged including: nearshoring,
5892:"Tell Xerox to Stop Unionbusting and Shipping Jobs Overseas"
5178:
The Contracting Out of Functions (Tribunal Staff) Order 2001
2833:"Tax Benefits, Low Labor Costs lure Microcom to Puerto Rico"
2320:. July 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013
864:
This competitive strategy applies the classical argument of
7170:"In-housing: A path to growth or just another distraction?"
5676:
India Inside: The Emerging Innovation Challenge to the West
5540:"What Happens to Usability when Development goes Offshore?"
2214:
Organizing Identity, Persons and Organizations After Theory
831:
to refer simply to conducting certain activities in-house.
716:
Globalization's Second Acceleration (the Second Unbundling)
6261:
6003:"How One Address Led to a $ 100 Million Tax Credit Scheme"
5949:"John Tamny on Hillary Clinton Economics on NRO Financial"
3738:. Springer – via University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
1549:
is the outsourcing of document printing and distribution.
7115:"What Are The Benefits Of In-Housing Versus Outsourcing?"
6985:"BPM sector sees faster growth than IT services: Nasscom"
4628:
Adelsberg, David van; Trolley, Edward A. (July 1, 1998).
3787:
Information Systems: Development, Applications, Education
1471:
chain of command by the client company, or the supplier.
1279:
As forecast in 2003, R&D is outsourced. Ownership of
1240:
the amount of labor required for fixed levels of output.
6916:"The battle of the BPO titans: Eastern Europe vs. India"
5771:"Americans and the World Around Them: A Nationwide Poll"
5115:"GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal"
4940:"Manufacturing is Special: Why America Needs its Makers"
4104:"Indian call center workers charged with Citibank fraud"
3231:"Former P&G manager elected president of Costa Rica"
382:
Although offshoring initially focused on manufacturing,
6468:"How IT is reinvigorating business process outsourcing"
5701:"It's time to stop Outsourcing Pharma R&D to India"
4523:"Outsourcing & Offshoring Industry Market Research"
4210:
ineffectual leadership, process failures, talent issues
3891:"HP Business Process Outsourcing transition management"
3350:"Vested: A Business Model for 21st Century Outsourcing"
2984:(chapter) COMMUNICATION AND OUTSOURCING ... Roche, 1998
2497:
Information Security Management Handbook, Fifth Edition
74:
says has "made its presence felt since the time of the
7058:"Offshore insurers creating concerns among regulators"
7026:"BPO automation may displace 40,000, add 700,000 jobs"
6207:"Business Shipping Services & Direct Mail Options"
4631:"Strategic insourcing: getting the most from the best"
4510:
Outsourcing and Insourcing In an International Context
4254:"Why Some U.S. Companies Are Giving Up On Outsourcing"
2381:. London: Nicholas Brealey International, 2004. Print.
1236:
time for adapting to changes in the market is faster.
638:, and new cost- and schedule-assessment tools such as
347:
Furthermore, there are growing legal requirements for
7005:"BPO Philippines - The Global Outsourcing Powerhouse"
3411:
Stephan Manning; JΓΆrg Sydow; Arnold Windeler (2012).
2442:
cost-cutting is no longer the top goal of outsourcing
1647:
of the operations and responsibilities of a specific
1604:
outsourced most of its marketing design in May 2010.
852:, which may be either inside or outside the company.
7347:
Manuel, Kate M.; Maskell, Jack (February 22, 2013).
6001:
Nick Corasaniti; Matthew Haag (September 24, 2019).
5292:"The Politics and Economics of Offshore Outsourcing"
4547:"IT Backsourcing: is it the solution to innovation?"
4302:"Maybe You Shouldn't Outsource Everything After All"
3693:"The IT revolution and the globalisation of R&D"
682:
collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way.
466:
countries with German-language affiliation, such as
7826:
7791:
7783:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
7770:
7744:
7718:
7687:
7678:
7621:
7529:
7433:
7370:
Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing
4962:"The Amazing (and Puzzling) Manufacturing Recovery"
4584:
Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing
3189:, published February 2019, accessed 22 August 2023
2913:"IAOP Announces Outsourcing Hall of Fame Inductees"
2526:"Your Source for Commercial Manufacturing Services"
2357:. American Management Association. pp. 67β96.
2174:, published 1 March 2017, accessed 24 December 2022
1435:Case subsequent to the European Court of Justice's
5649:"Desi scientists help MNCs with R&D solutions"
5559:"Offshore Development Culture and User Experience"
5364:"Google Tries Something Retro: Made in the U.S.A."
5132:Office of the Press Secretary (January 11, 2012).
5097:
4982:
4960:
4938:
4916:
4629:
4485:"What is insourcing? - Definition from WhatIs.com"
4283:"Hot Spot for Tech Outsourcing: The United States"
4157:"Speech by Sir David Clementi to the Oxford Media"
3975:"Discover card's 100% U.S. Based Customer Service"
3569:"Out With 'Outsourcing' And In With 'Co-Sourcing'"
2850:
2628:
1291:moved some of its R&D from the UK to India, a
7804:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
6399:"Getting A Piece Of Business Process Outsourcing"
6262:"RSM Marketing | Outsourced Marketing Department"
6109:"Viα»t Nam - miα»n ΔαΊ₯t hα»©a của dα»ch vα»₯ outsourcing"
5924:. The Tax Foundation. May 5, 2006. Archived from
5290:Mankiw, N. Gregory; Swagel, Phillip (July 2006).
4618:such as taxes, education, or workforce skill sets
3650:
3648:
3636:"extending messaging to enterprise collaboration"
3187:'Make or Buy' Decision: Outsourcing Guidance Note
2072:Theory of the firm#Economic theory of outsourcing
563:Countries involved in outsourced software R&D
150:'s $ 4 billion 10-year outsourcing contract with
7752:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
7736:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
5167:, passed 12 November 2009, accessed 16 June 2023
4051:(first ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
3461:Serhiy Haziyev; Halyna Semenova (June 4, 2015).
3210:. Vol. 34, no. 4. Toronto. p. 6.
2482:... will offer .. through .. "midsourcing" model
2396:"Dell moves outsourced jobs back to U.S. shores"
2338:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6878:Market Trends: Outsourcing Contracts, Worldwide
6795:International Journal of Information Management
6768:International Journal of Information Management
6741:International Journal of Information Management
6714:International Journal of Information Management
6687:International Journal of Information Management
6053:"ζ₯ζ¬ζ³δ»€ε€ε½θͺ訳γγΌγΏγγΌγΉγ·γΉγγ - [ζ³δ»€ζ¬ζ葨瀺] - ε΄εεΊζΊζ³"
5922:"U.S. Lagging Behind OECD Corporate Tax Trends"
4918:"The Past and Future of American Manufacturing"
4743:"Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is it Justified?"
2969:Managing Projects in Telecommunication Services
2587:Drucker, Peter F. (1989), "Sell the Mailroom",
1952:Business process outsourcing in the Philippines
1643:) is a subset of outsourcing that involves the
1632:Business process outsourcing in the Philippines
916:" process centers overseas, sometimes called a
231:regulations) are also motivators. By contrast,
6446:. Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 213.
5497:"Communication: The Holy Grail of Outsourcing"
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4181:"Collateral Warranties and Third Party Rights"
4167:oversight of the BBC, including step-in rights
3567:Diane Rezendes Khirallah (September 2, 2002).
2622:
2620:
961:described the expectations of some customers.
550:Offshore software R&D is the provision of
7411:
6858:Visions of the Future: The Next Decade in BPO
6668:"Beautiful and Nice Free Gifts from the NACC"
6025:Willcocks, L.; Lacity, M. (August 24, 2006).
5180:, made 31 October 2001, accessed 16 June 2023
5113:Bailey, David; Kim, Soyoung (June 26, 2009).
5002:Sophia Acevedo; Sarah Silbert (May 1, 2024).
3596:"What is co-sourcing? Definition and meaning"
2124:International Journal of Production Economics
1554:Print Services & Distribution Association
1213:Globalization and socio-economic implications
1095:In particular, distinction is needed between
1047:In response to the recession, U.S. president
294:IT infrastructure and application development
229:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8:
5951:. Article.nationalreview.com. Archived from
5623:"US tightens grip on Indian R&D centres"
4664:(New York: Princeton Library, 1902), 102-104
4224:"IT Outsourcing Gone Bad: 4 Painful Lessons"
3291:Kate M. Manuel; Jack Maskell (May 5, 2011).
2552:
2550:
2389:
2387:
1784:India is expected to shrink by 14% in 2021.
1767:On the other hand, an academic study by the
187:performance and achieve the service needed.
7731:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
7044:"China's service outsourcing grows in 2015"
6028:Global Sourcing of Business and IT Services
3206:Gillis, Alex (2001). "Digital sweatshops".
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
2260:Adrian Victor; Alexandru Dumitru Bodislav.
2187:The Global Supply Chain and Risk Management
998:cleaners, caterers and porters across five
994:, stated that the in-housing of over 1,000
990:: In January 2020, Tim Orchard, the CEO of
338:National Defense Authorization Act for 2014
78:", often involves the contracting out of a
7684:
7418:
7404:
7396:
7354:(Report). Congressional Research Service.
7310:"Binder and other intermediary agreements"
5647:Sujata Dutta Sachdeva (December 3, 2006).
5285:
5283:
5190:Richard A. Falkenrath (January 26, 2011).
4806:
4804:
3492:
3490:
2736:
2734:
2168:In-House or Outsourced? How Do You Decide?
1188:Companies such as ET Water Systems (now a
398:are only paid a fraction of what would be
7342:(Report). Congressional Research Service.
6470:CIO. 6 Sep 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
6087:Nhα»p sα»ng kinh tαΊΏ Viα»t Nam & ThαΊΏ giα»i
5303:
5246:
4683:
4595:
4578:Grela, Grzegorz; Hofman, Mariusz (2021).
4276:
4274:
4272:
2797:
2135:
1708:BPO also permits focusing on a company's
1366:) is one of the few federal protections.
7814:West African Economic and Monetary Union
6616:"Risk transfer in outsourcing contracts"
6531:10.1201/1078/44432.21.3.20040601/82471.2
5868:. United States Congress. Archived from
5673:Nirmalya Kumar; Phanish Puranam (2011).
4748:. WP/04/186, International Monetary Fund
4372:"Outsourcing, Insourcing and Automation"
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
3960:
3958:
3115:, Section 323, accessed 3 September 2023
2902:EDS's founder named it for Mort Meyerson
1253:Usability issues in offshore development
1171:Commission for Environmental Cooperation
491:To gain expertise not available in-house
276:IT-enabled services offshore outsourcing
7368:Does insourcing of processes pay off?.
7362:– via Cornell University Library.
6898:Robotic Process Automation at Xchanging
5975:"High Corporate Tax Rate Is Misleading"
4580:"Does insourcing of processes pay off?"
2593:Drucker, Peter F. (November 15, 2005).
2494:Harold F. Tipton; Micki Krause (2003).
2088:
1967:Call center industry in the Philippines
1655:. Originally, this was associated with
1077:Social Security Administration Act 1992
170:capital, operating expenses, and risk.
7726:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
7546:UN Conference on Trade and Development
7134:Aleksandr Simukovic (April 15, 2019).
5803:"Brig nJobs Home Act (2012 - S. 3364)"
5214:Globalisation: the great unbundling(s)
4443:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4436:
4393:
4383:
3540:Andrew R. McIlvaine (March 16, 2008).
3229:Brunsman, Barrett J. (April 3, 2018).
2932:"The Seven Deadly Sins of Outsourcing"
2884:
2882:
2693:Overby, Stephanie (November 6, 2017).
2331:
1663:that outsourced large segments of its
1385:to avoid paying their "fair share" of
1106:solutions have worked in the past, and
183:article entitled "Sell the Mailroom".
7491:Import substitution industrialization
7113:Zimmerman, Ben (September 13, 2019).
6250:Harvard Business School. 2005-007-04.
6135:"IT Outsourcing Companies In Vietnam"
5840:"Borrowed time: Tale of a Walsh bill"
2741:Hunt, Albert R. (February 18, 2007).
2394:Elizabeth Corcoran (April 28, 2004).
1957:Business process outsourcing to India
1947:Business process outsourcing in China
1628:Business process outsourcing in China
1624:Business process outsourcing to India
546:Offshore software R&D co-sourcing
7:
8019:
7745:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
7366:Grela, G., & Hofman, M. (2021).
7191:"Domestic Inshoring and Farmshoring"
7024:Domingo, Katrina (January 8, 2017).
6861:, Outsource Magazine, archived from
6246:Should You Outsource Your Marketing?
6180:"5 Facts About Overseas Outsourcing"
5495:Gabriel Fuchs (September 14, 2007).
5239:National Bureau of Economic Research
4715:Harold L. Sirkin (August 25, 2011).
4676:National Bureau of Economic Research
4085:"Outsourcing exposes firms to fraud"
3678:"UN Information Economy Report 2010"
2419:"The Evolution of Sourcing Advisory"
2027:Offshore custom software development
1888:positions may be customer-facing or
46:use external providers to carry out
7705:Central American Integration System
7338:Jackson, James K. (June 21, 2013).
7241:Hall, Kevin G. (December 5, 2006).
6983:Pramanik, Ayan (October 12, 2017).
6440:J. G. Nellis; David Parker (2006).
6162:"Floor Statement: H-1B Visa Reform"
5751:ABC: An Introduction to Outsourcing
4864:"Gartner: Don't forget to insource"
3707:"Offshore Outsourcing: Why Russia?"
2627:Wartzman, Rick (February 5, 2010).
1914:with allies and friendly countries.
1697:an organization in different ways:
1175:North American Free Trade Agreement
649:Communications and customer service
495:Strategic consultancy includes for
435:have big operations in Costa Rica.
196:outsourcing relationship management
7188:Also called domestic outsourcing.
5165:Welfare Reform Act 2009, section 2
5004:"Banks with 24/7 Customer Service"
4767:Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007).
4741:Mary Amiti; Shang-Jin Wei (2004).
3031:Mandatory Multisourcing Discipline
3011:Mandatory Multisourcing Discipline
2643:from the original on May 22, 2015.
2512:The term midsourcing refers to ...
2210:Outsource 1979, outsourcing 1981:
2047:Professional Employer Organization
1962:Call center industry in Bangladesh
1755:Industry analysts have identified
1670:BPO is typically categorized into
402:in the United States. On average,
378:Growth of white-collar outsourcing
25:
8065:Information technology management
7568:International Chamber of Commerce
7471:Export-oriented industrialization
6638:Journal of Information Technology
6115:(in Vietnamese). October 11, 2007
6089:(in Vietnamese). October 11, 2007
5838:Burgess Everett (July 23, 2014).
5067:Elia, Petros (October 24, 2019).
4981:Charles Fishman (December 2012).
4328:Tamzin Booth (January 17, 2013).
3061:Anna Frazzetto (March 21, 2018).
3048:See Holcomb & Hitt, 2007 and
2831:Larry Luxner (January 26, 1989).
2480:. February 21, 2000. p. 14.
2406:customers were not happy with ...
1558:Direct Mail Marketing Association
1423:has also been cited as a factor.
992:Imperial College Healthcare Trust
8018:
8009:
8008:
7383:
7046:. China Daily. January 20, 2016.
6443:Principles of Business Economics
6235:– via www.theguardian.com.
6057:www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp
5977:. Smartmoney.com. Archived from
5460:Daisie Hobson (March 17, 2014).
4937:Howard Wial (February 9, 2012).
4512:(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2005) 3.
4200:"Why IT Outsourcing Often Fails"
4011:The Journal of Law and Economics
3656:"Globalisation shakes the world"
2953:Outsourcing Information Security
2873:"A Brief History of Outsourcing"
2849:Gamerman, Ellen (June 2, 2007).
2780:Schmitz, Patrick W. (May 2021).
2721:"Outsourcing, Turned Inside Out"
1315:University of Chicago Law School
1162:Import competition has caused a
803:2012 U.S. presidential campaigns
42:is a business practice in which
7312:. April 5, 2012. Archived from
6753:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2005.11.008
6699:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2003.10.004
5721:"Indian BPO outsourcing market"
5362:Markoff, John (June 27, 2012).
5030:Krugman, Paul (March 6, 2006).
4959:Derek Thompson (June 5, 2012).
4840:. OutsourceNews. Archived from
3820:E-Commerce and Web Technologies
3544:. hreonline.com. Archived from
3463:"Outsourcing Engagement Models"
3236:American City Business Journals
1841:
1371:2004 U.S. presidential election
757:
528:Identity management co-sourcing
8080:International factor movements
7809:Southern African Customs Union
6825:, HfS Research, archived from
6519:Information Systems Management
4662:The Wealth of Nations: Part II
4300:Richards, Carl (May 7, 2018).
3499:Empirical Software Engineering
3183:Government Commercial Function
2966:Mostafa Hashem Sherif (2006).
2559:"Best 10 Peter Drucker quotes"
2353:Hira, Ron; Hira, Anil (2005).
2292:Dave Jamieson (July 1, 2013),
2037:Outsourced document processing
2012:Globally integrated enterprise
1737:business continuity management
227:, and safety protection (e.g.
1:
6780:10.1016/S0268-4012(00)00007-4
6601:10.1016/S0263-2373(02)00029-4
4281:Lohr, Steve (July 30, 2017).
4179:David Brown (April 1, 2016).
4049:The Vested Outsourcing Manual
3764:10.1080/15228053.2020.1786265
2930:Judy Artunian (May 8, 2006).
2799:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109823
2719:Ken Belson (April 11, 2004).
2472:"Messaging and Collaboration"
2146:10.1016/s0925-5273(03)00183-x
1687:knowledge process outsourcing
1685:-enabled service (ITES-BPO),
1594:short term staff augmentation
949:, increased 90% during 2012.
934:A 2012 series of articles in
714:work was followed in 2012 by
334:2016 election of Donald Trump
152:Computer Sciences Corporation
146:'s chief information officer
57:, which came from the phrase
7966:Telecommunications equipment
7771:Middle East and North Africa
7762:European Union Customs Union
7209:Macmillan English Dictionary
7077:Cliff Justice; Stan Lepeak.
6904:, London School of Economics
6807:10.1016/0268-4012(95)00035-6
6726:10.1016/0268-4012(94)90003-5
6341:Jason Deans (May 17, 2010).
6220:Jason Deans (May 17, 2010).
6184:Center for American Progress
6083:"Outsourcing phαΊ£i chα» luαΊt!"
3828:10.1007/978-3-642-32273-0_19
3440:10.1080/00343404.2011.571243
3375:"Outsourcing model redesign"
2312:"Privatization Battles Loom"
2250:, accessed on 15 August 2024
2062:Software testing outsourcing
1807:
1637:Business process outsourcing
1614:Business process outsourcing
1608:Business process outsourcing
1412:While labor advocates claim
1377:U.S. presidential candidate
557:business process outsourcing
497:business process improvement
7695:Andean Community of Nations
7573:Bilateral investment treaty
7541:International Monetary Fund
6589:European Management Journal
5462:"China β It's in the Cards"
5394:10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2016-0332
5192:"From Bullets to Megabytes"
5032:"Opinion | Feeling No Pain"
4812:"Reshoring: By the Numbers"
3795:10.1007/978-3-319-24366-5_3
3666:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
3134:"The Future of Outsourcing"
2032:Offshoring Research Network
1813:, sometimes referred to as
1036:Trade Adjustment Assistance
793:needed different skill sets
790:were in different locations
370:radiological analysis, and
8126:
7561:International Trade Centre
7225:
6566:10.1177/014920630002600408
5842:. Politico. Archived from
5679:. Harvard Business Press.
5561:, accessed January 8, 2013
5549:, accessed January 8, 2013
5530:, accessed January 8, 2013
5336:"Outsourcing's Other Side"
4789:"What to Do Now: Shape Up"
4636:Training & Development
4597:10.1108/JGOSS-06-2020-0029
2951:C. Warren Axelrod (2004).
2262:"Outsourcing. The Concept"
1769:London School of Economics
1757:robotic process automation
1744:Analytic hierarchy process
1621:
1611:
1547:Print and mail outsourcing
1542:Print and mail outsourcing
1503:
1216:
733:
614:Globalization and complex
29:
8004:
7836:Aircraft & Spacecraft
7481:Foreign exchange reserves
6952:"Future of jobs in India"
6881:, Gartner, archived from
6365:Communications of the ACM
5789:Investor's Business Daily
5211:Baldwin, Richard (2006).
3869:10.1108/17538291111185449
3511:10.1007/s10664-013-9272-x
3020:Business Trends Quarterly
2972:. John Wiley & Sons.
2435:Forrester Research, Inc.
2190:. Business Expert Press.
2184:Stuart Rosenberg (2018).
1892:, and the workers may be
1691:legal process outsourcing
1071:Legislative authorisation
1032:Acquired Rights Directive
365:Limitations due to growth
326:, strategic outsourcing.
233:executive pay in the U.S.
7556:World Trade Organization
7228:Small office/home office
7226:Not to be confused with
6160:Senator Richard Durbin.
5466:Reshoring Institute Blog
5296:AEI Working Paper Series
4868:Searchcio.techtarget.com
4769:"The Trouble with Trade"
4717:"Made in America, Again"
4340:(London). Archived from
3921:10.1177/1749975508100673
3542:"'Co-Sourcing' and More"
2654:Gwynne Richards (2014).
2500:. Taylor & Francis.
1026:Standpoint of government
669:In 1979, Nobel laureate
640:cost estimation software
30:Not to be confused with
7757:Eurasian Economic Union
7645:Repeal of the Corn Laws
6650:10.1080/026839697345080
5896:American Rights at Work
5545:March 24, 2019, at the
4508:Marc J. Schniederjans,
3395:(discussed in the book
3260:10.1145/1753846.1753873
2858:The Wall Street Journal
2852:"Outsourcing Your Life"
1898:independent contractors
1761:artificial intelligence
1751:Technological pressures
1510:The U.S. has a special
1459:A China-based company,
1190:Jain Irrigation Systems
1111:structural unemployment
1083:' administrative work.
679:University of Tennessee
598:Performance measurement
448:independent contractors
266:Electronic Data Systems
219:Mandated benefits like
211:Reasons for outsourcing
8075:International business
8070:Information technology
8060:Economic globalization
7799:East African Community
7680:Regional organizations
7388:Quotations related to
3254:. pp. 2863β2872.
1683:Information technology
1087:Policy-making strategy
906:Insourcing crossbreeds
753:
703:Information technology
636:time tracking software
628:issue tracking systems
503:Innovation outsourcing
410:. Closer to the U.S.,
324:strategic partnerships
133:Global labor arbitrage
94:/call center support.
7640:The Wealth of Nations
7598:Special economic zone
7461:Comparative advantage
7091:on September 26, 2021
6829:on September 21, 2015
6554:Journal of Management
6377:10.1145/986213.986238
5102:on December 10, 2022.
4984:"The Insourcing Boom"
4489:Whatis.techtarget.com
4117:on September 24, 2015
3857:Strategic Outsourcing
3593:Business Dictionary:
3471:. IDG. Archived from
3193:registration required
2892:. September 20, 2010.
2674:on September 24, 2015
2217:. CTI Reviews. 2016.
1992:Freelance marketplace
1987:Facilities management
1982:Contract manufacturer
1912:supply chain networks
1882:IT-enabled offshoring
1588:specialized expertise
1571:Marketing outsourcing
1281:intellectual property
1100:cyclical unemployment
975:economic polarization
751:
372:medical transcription
8055:Business-to-business
7660:Economic nationalism
7578:Economic integration
7316:on February 15, 2019
7255:on October 20, 2007.
7215:on December 5, 2008.
7013:. December 22, 2021.
6922:. November 15, 2017.
6506:on October 25, 2014.
6421:. September 24, 2022
6063:on December 24, 2019
5981:on February 10, 2010
4559:on December 19, 2010
4463:Plunkettresearch.com
3943:Customer Disservice.
3622:"68 success secrets"
3098:. October 23, 2019.
2557:Marian Haus (2011).
2440:. January 13, 2015.
1977:Contingent workforce
1942:Banking BPO services
1848:vertical integration
1824:Offshore outsourcing
1529:Procter & Gamble
1158:Environmental policy
1092:long-term policies.
1009:: On June 26, 2009,
947:Louisville, Kentucky
796:used more automation
779:According to a 2005
712:The Great Unbundling
671:Oliver E. Williamson
610:Management processes
552:software development
421:Procter & Gamble
355:UK government policy
308:offshore outsourcing
110:offshore outsourcing
8085:International trade
8045:Business management
7916:Integrated circuits
7700:Caribbean Community
7496:Net capital outflow
7446:Balance of payments
7427:International trade
7178:. November 1, 2018.
7158:. October 22, 2018.
7066:. October 19, 1992.
6322:on December 6, 2017
6168:on January 6, 2011.
6141:. September 5, 2024
5866:"S. 2569 β Summary"
5509:on October 11, 2019
4925:. January 12, 2012.
4870:. September 4, 2003
4844:on October 11, 2008
4425:on January 12, 2017
4344:on January 18, 2013
4102:J. Ribeiro (2005).
4073:relational contract
3432:2012RegSt..46.1201M
3318:. January 29, 2015.
3301:The Washington Post
2599:Wall Street Journal
2595:"Sell the Mailroom"
2589:Wall Street Journal
2528:. October 10, 2017.
2299:The Huffington Post
2017:Licensed production
1577:outsource marketing
1407:113th U.S. Congress
1403:Bring Jobs Home Act
1398:Zogby International
1043:Government response
965:Standpoint of labor
856:Regional insourcing
842:Regional insourcing
781:Deloitte Consulting
533:Identity management
320:strategic alliances
180:Wall Street Journal
88:facility management
68:The concept, which
7828:Exports by product
7778:Arab Customs Union
7441:Absolute advantage
7063:The New York Times
5955:on January 9, 2009
5756:2007-06-30 at the
5731:on August 27, 2016
5725:The Economic Times
5653:The Economic Times
5578:. October 15, 2020
5367:The New York Times
5340:The New York Times
5197:The New York Times
5036:The New York Times
4774:The New York Times
4545:Beardsell, Julie.
4396:has generic name (
4377:The New York Times
4306:The New York Times
4287:The New York Times
4222:Ephraim Schwartz.
4165:. March 18, 2019.
3948:2007-07-02 at the
3909:Cultural Sociology
3658:. January 21, 2007
3602:on August 19, 2016
3363:Vested outsourcing
3050:Vested outsourcing
3036:2007-11-19 at the
3016:2007-09-28 at the
2919:. January 8, 2013.
2748:The New York Times
2725:The New York Times
2101:www.britannica.com
2097:"Britannica Money"
2077:Virtual assistance
1815:in-house offshore.
1591:speed of execution
1318:merely an "also."
879:The New York Times
872:Net effect on jobs
766:The New York Times
754:
485:Staff augmentation
404:software engineers
390:of countries like
302:Early 21st century
270:Morton H. Meyerson
204:The New York Times
137:economies of scale
59:outside resourcing
48:business processes
8032:
8031:
7822:
7821:
7792:Subsaharan Africa
7623:Political economy
6990:Business Standard
6865:on April 13, 2015
6674:on July 27, 2011.
6488:on March 3, 2013.
6453:978-0-273-69306-2
6139:TECHVIFY Software
6038:978-0-230-28803-4
5749:Overby, S (2007)
5686:978-1-4221-4240-0
5342:. April 25, 2004.
5151:National Archives
5054:South London News
4058:978-0-230-11268-1
3977:. March 18, 2019.
3941:Alster, N (2005)
3837:978-3-642-32272-3
3804:978-3-319-24365-8
3713:on March 18, 2016
3398:The World Is Flat
3269:978-1-60558-930-5
3146:on April 18, 2019
2786:Economics Letters
2667:978-0-7494-6934-4
2569:on April 16, 2015
2507:978-0-8493-1997-6
2364:978-0-8144-0868-1
2224:978-1-4970-4215-5
2197:978-1-63157-959-2
2022:Moral outsourcing
1710:core competencies
1651:to a third-party
1346:, expertise, and
1275:2000-2012 R&D
1244:Growth and income
1224:Industrialization
1143:Industrial policy
1019:consumer spending
923:Remote insourcing
657:features such as
624:instant messaging
388:digital workforce
241:work-life balance
16:(Redirected from
8117:
8022:
8021:
8012:
8011:
7685:
7551:World Bank Group
7451:Balance of trade
7420:
7413:
7406:
7397:
7387:
7363:
7353:
7343:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7298:. June 29, 2015.
7297:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7273:. August 6, 2022
7263:
7257:
7256:
7251:. Archived from
7238:
7232:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7211:. Archived from
7201:
7195:
7194:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7087:. Archived from
7074:
7068:
7067:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6964:on June 19, 2018
6963:
6957:. Archived from
6956:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6885:on June 17, 2006
6873:
6867:
6866:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6670:. Archived from
6660:
6654:
6653:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6502:. Archived from
6496:
6490:
6489:
6484:. Archived from
6477:
6471:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6360:
6351:
6350:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6318:. Archived from
6316:think-moa.com.au
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6258:
6252:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6164:. Archived from
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6059:. Archived from
6049:
6043:
6042:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5902:on July 14, 2011
5898:. Archived from
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5872:on July 28, 2014
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5846:on July 24, 2014
5835:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5761:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5727:. Archived from
5717:
5711:
5710:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5602:internetnews.com
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5505:. Archived from
5492:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5307:
5287:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5250:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5187:
5181:
5176:UK Legislation,
5174:
5168:
5163:UK Legislation,
5161:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5096:. Archived from
5083:
5077:
5076:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5056:. July 20, 2020.
5046:
5040:
5039:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5009:Business Insider
4999:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4896:on March 3, 2013
4892:. Archived from
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4818:. March 20, 2017
4808:
4799:
4798:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4721:Bcg.perspectives
4712:
4706:
4705:
4687:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4552:. Archived from
4551:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4483:Margaret Rouse.
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4418:. Archived from
4417:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4367:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4325:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4278:
4267:
4266:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:on March 6, 2019
4226:. Archived from
4219:
4213:
4212:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4113:. Archived from
4099:
4093:
4092:
4091:. June 16, 2005.
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3709:. Archived from
3703:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3624:. microsoft.com.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:. Archived from
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3505:(5): 1225β1258.
3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3426:(9): 1201β1218.
3420:Regional Studies
3417:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3381:Arthur D. Little
3371:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3338:. June 28, 2018.
3326:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3139:. Archived from
3138:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3027:
3021:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2999:. June 22, 2015.
2993:
2987:
2986:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:. Archived from
2651:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:. Archived from
2591:, accessible at
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2565:. Archived from
2554:
2545:
2544:
2543:: 148(4), 19β20.
2536:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2425:. June 14, 2016.
2415:
2409:
2408:
2391:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2281:. June 28, 2019.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1826:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1653:service provider
1649:business process
1500:Outsourcing visa
1021:to drive demand.
1015:General Electric
982:Low-skilled work
959:Business Insider
925:
924:
915:
914:
902:did not return.
634:methods such as
604:software quality
542:infrastructure.
464:Eastern European
164:
163:
80:business process
76:Second World War
21:
8125:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8105:Postal services
8035:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8000:
7946:Pharmaceuticals
7818:
7787:
7766:
7740:
7714:
7674:
7670:Dedollarisation
7617:
7603:Trade agreement
7593:Free-trade zone
7534:
7532:
7525:
7466:Current account
7456:Capital account
7429:
7424:
7380:
7351:
7346:
7337:
7334:
7332:Further reading
7329:
7319:
7317:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7276:
7274:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7220:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7175:Advertising Age
7168:
7167:
7163:
7155:Advertising Age
7148:
7147:
7143:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7094:
7092:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6920:itproportal.com
6914:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6362:
6361:
6354:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5928:on July 6, 2009
5920:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5758:Wayback Machine
5748:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5709:. October 2012.
5699:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5547:Wayback Machine
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5416:. April 7, 2017
5406:
5405:
5401:
5388:(10): 954β971.
5379:
5378:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5144:
5142:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5093:Financial Times
5085:
5084:
5080:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4797:. January 2013.
4787:
4786:
4782:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4709:
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4457:
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4435:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:"Archived copy"
4411:
4409:
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4205:InformationWeek
4197:
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4178:
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4173:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4137:Richard Baldwin
4135:
4134:
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4096:
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3950:Wayback Machine
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3605:
3603:
3594:
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3578:
3576:
3573:informationweek
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3548:on May 13, 2013
3539:
3538:
3534:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3475:on May 19, 2018
3460:
3459:
3455:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3390:
3385:. May 20, 2016.
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3352:. May 29, 2012.
3348:
3347:
3343:
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3309:
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3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3136:
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3119:
3110:
3106:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3038:Wayback Machine
3028:
3024:
3018:Wayback Machine
3008:
3004:
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2990:
2980:
2965:
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2847:
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2774:
2769:
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2756:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
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2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
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2668:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2605:on May 22, 2015
2592:
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2236:
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2209:
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2183:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2137:10.1.1.468.9139
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:. July 19, 2024
2095:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2002:Global sourcing
1932:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1823:
1822:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1778:
1753:
1721:
1659:firms, such as
1634:
1620:
1612:Main articles:
1610:
1573:
1544:
1524:
1516:foreign workers
1508:
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1451:
1429:
1393:corporations".
1391:Benedict Arnold
1360:
1336:
1331:
1311:
1284:were patented.
1277:
1268:
1255:
1246:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1186:
1184:Success stories
1160:
1145:
1121:
1119:Competitiveness
1089:
1073:
1045:
1028:
967:
955:
953:100% U.S. Based
932:
922:
921:
918:Captive Service
912:
911:
908:
874:
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746:
738:
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718:and in 2016 by
708:Richard Baldwin
705:
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667:
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632:time management
612:
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595:
567:Canada, India,
565:
548:
540:cloud computing
530:
522:risk management
514:
505:
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433:Bank of America
380:
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349:data protection
332:considered the
304:
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254:
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213:
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160:
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8072:
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8062:
8057:
8052:
8050:Business terms
8047:
8037:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8016:
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8002:
8001:
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7998:
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7843:
7841:Aircraft parts
7838:
7832:
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7523:
7521:Trading nation
7518:
7513:
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7431:
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7400:
7394:
7393:
7379:
7378:External links
7376:
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7344:
7333:
7330:
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7284:
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7233:
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6943:
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6832:
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6801:(5): 333β351.
6785:
6774:(3): 225β239.
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6747:(2): 128β141.
6731:
6720:(4): 252β268.
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6693:(2): 167β180.
6677:
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6628:
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6595:(2): 189β198.
6579:
6560:(4): 763β790.
6544:
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6491:
6472:
6466:Sagoo, Anoop.
6459:
6452:
6432:
6410:
6390:
6352:
6333:
6303:
6278:
6253:
6238:
6212:
6197:
6186:. July 9, 2012
6171:
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6126:
6100:
6074:
6044:
6037:
6017:
6008:New York Times
5992:
5966:
5939:
5913:
5883:
5857:
5830:
5821:
5794:
5791:. p. A04.
5779:
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5712:
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5589:
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5327:
5305:10.3386/w12398
5279:
5270:
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5220:
5203:
5182:
5169:
5156:
5139:whitehouse.gov
5124:
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3111:Congress.gov,
3104:
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2988:
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2955:. p. 216.
2943:
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2636:Bloomberg News
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2580:
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2506:
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2428:
2410:
2383:
2377:Davies, Paul.
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2252:
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2203:
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2069:
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2024:
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2014:
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2004:
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1994:
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1984:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
1959:
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1949:
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1939:
1933:
1931:
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1703:variable costs
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1586:
1584:cost reduction
1572:
1569:
1543:
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1538:
1532:
1523:
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1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
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1481:
1480:
1450:
1447:
1428:
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1421:Sarbanes-Oxley
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1214:
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1139:expenditures.
1120:
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1116:
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731:
730:Step-in rights
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666:
663:
650:
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596:
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564:
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292:
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277:
274:
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253:
250:
248:
245:
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209:
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65:is also used.
26:
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14:
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10:
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8110:Telecommuting
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7951:Photovoltaics
7949:
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7686:
7683:
7681:
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7671:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7656:Protectionism
7654:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
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7609:
7608:Trade barrier
7606:
7604:
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7591:
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7579:
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7554:
7552:
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7539:
7538:
7536:
7531:Organizations
7528:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Trade justice
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
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7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:Globalization
7484:
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7472:
7469:
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7294:
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7262:
7259:
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7250:
7249:
7248:Knight Ridder
7244:
7237:
7234:
7229:
7222:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7206:
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6145:September 27,
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3680:. p. 49.
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3468:Network World
3464:
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3335:The Economist
3331:
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2979:0-470-04767-4
2975:
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2940:. p. 58.
2939:
2938:
2937:Computerworld
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2460:. p. 12.
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Friendshoring
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Collaboration
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
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1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1910:β developing
1909:
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1907:Friendshoring
1904:
1903:
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1776:Industry size
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1657:manufacturing
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1448:
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1426:
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1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:union busting
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1358:United States
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1309:Future trends
1308:
1306:
1304:
1303:IP protection
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1263:
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1252:
1250:
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1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:Globalization
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:GE Appliances
1191:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
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1157:
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1150:
1142:
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1125:
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1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Otis Elevator
1054:
1051:launched the
1050:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1013:, the CEO of
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
972:
971:globalization
964:
962:
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948:
944:
939:
938:
929:
927:
919:
905:
903:
901:
897:
891:
889:
888:
887:The Economist
882:
880:
871:
869:
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862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
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832:
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804:
795:
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789:
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767:
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759:
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743:
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729:
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721:
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685:
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672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
648:
646:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:voice over IP
617:
616:supply chains
609:
607:
605:
597:
592:
590:
588:
584:
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577:
574:
570:
562:
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558:
553:
545:
543:
541:
536:
534:
527:
525:
523:
518:
511:
509:
502:
500:
498:
490:
488:Project-based
487:
484:
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479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
454:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
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364:
362:
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352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:multisourcing
313:
312:crowdsourcing
309:
301:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
282:
275:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
251:
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226:
222:
217:
210:
208:
206:
205:
199:
197:
191:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
175:Peter Drucker
171:
167:
165:
157:
153:
149:
148:Cinda Hallman
145:
140:
138:
134:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
99:privatization
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:
71:The Economist
66:
64:
63:smartsourcing
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7926:Live animals
7906:Gas turbines
7719:Asia-Pacific
7651:Mercantilism
7638:
7533:and policies
7500:
7392:at Wikiquote
7369:
7320:February 21,
7318:. Retrieved
7314:the original
7304:
7287:
7277:November 19,
7275:. Retrieved
7271:the Guardian
7270:
7261:
7253:the original
7246:
7236:
7221:
7213:the original
7208:
7199:
7184:
7173:
7164:
7153:
7144:
7129:
7118:
7108:
7100:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:the original
7084:CIO magazine
7082:
7072:
7061:
7052:
7038:
7030:ABS-CBN News
7029:
7019:
7010:Manila Times
7008:
6999:
6988:
6978:
6968:November 29,
6966:. Retrieved
6959:the original
6946:
6937:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6897:
6891:
6883:the original
6877:
6871:
6863:the original
6857:
6851:
6841:
6835:
6827:the original
6821:
6815:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6672:the original
6663:
6658:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6619:
6609:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6504:the original
6494:
6486:the original
6475:
6462:
6442:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
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