156:, small, stocky horses named after the Scottish district where they were first bred. Those employed in the lime-carriage trade were known as "limegals". Each pony could carry about 240 pounds (110 kg) in weight, spread between two panniers. Typically a train of ponies would number between 12 and 20, but sometimes up to 40. They averaged about 25 miles (40 km) a day. The train's leader commonly wore a bell to warn of its approach, since contemporary accounts emphasised the risk packhorse trains presented to others. They were particularly useful as roads were muddy and often impassable by wagon or cart, and there were no bridges over some major rivers in the north of England.
81:
230:. In colonial America, Spanish, French, Dutch and English traders made use of pack horses to carry goods to remote Native Americans and to carry hides back to colonial market centers. They had little choice, the Americas had virtually no improved waterways before the 1820s and roads in times before the automobile were only improved locally around a municipality, and only rarely in between. This meant cities and towns were connected by roads which carts and wagons could navigate only with difficulty, for virtually every eastern hill or mountain with a shallow
329:
216:
1209:
269:, North America's second oldest which used mule trains to return the five ton coal cars the four hour climb the nine miles back to the upper terminus. Mules rode the roller-coaster precursor on the down trip to the docks, stables and paddocks below. The same company, as did its many competitors made extensive use of sure footed pack mules and donkeys in coal mines, including in some cases measures to stable the animals below ground. These were often managed by 'mule boys', a pay-grade up and a step above a
469:
20:
181:
developing commercial and industrial economy. In the 18th century, canals started to be built in
England and, following the Turnpike Act 1773, metalled roads. They made the ancient packhorse routes obsolete. Away from main routes, their use persisted into the 19th century leaving a legacy of paths across wilderness areas called
403:
509:
Loading of a packhorse requires care. Weight carried is the first factor to consider. The average horse can carry up to approximately 30% of its body weight. Thus, a 1,000 pounds (450 kg) horse cannot carry more than 250 to 300 pounds (110 to 140 kg). A load carried by a packhorse also
493:
Foundation training of the packhorse is similar to that of a riding horse. Many but not all packhorses are also trained to be ridden. In addition, a packhorse is required to have additional skills that may not be required of a riding horse. A pack horse is required to be tolerant of close proximity
180:
As the need for cross-Pennine transportation increased, the main routes were improved, often by laying stone setts parallel to the horse track, at a distance of a cartwheel. They remained difficult in poor weather, the
Reddyshore Scoutgate was "notoriously difficult", and became insufficient for a
485:, pack mules are used to bring supplies to areas where roads are poor and fuel supply is uncertain. For example, they are a critical part of the supply chain for all sides of the conflict in remote parts of Afghanistan.
498:, long ropes, noisy loads, and the shifting of the load during transit. Patience and tolerance are crucial; for example, there are many ways to put pack horses into a pack string, but one method incorporates tying the
296:
people when traveling from place to place, and were also used by traders to carry goods to both Indian and White settlements. During a few decades of the 19th
Century, enormous pack trains carried goods on the
67:
period to the present day. Today, westernized nations primarily use packhorses for recreational pursuits, but they are still an important part of everyday transportation of goods throughout much of the
478:
In the third world, packhorses and donkeys to an even greater extent, still haul goods to market, carry supplies for workers, and many other of the same jobs that have been performed for millennia.
461:
to carry in supplies to maintain trails, cabins and bring in commercial goods to backcountry tourist lodges and other remote, permanent residences. Additionally, packhorses have also been used by
390:) carried a variety of merchandise and the baggage of travelers using a pack saddle that ranged from a basic wooden frame to the elaborate pack saddles used for the semi-annual processions (
141:
for a road or way) and the Rapes
Highway (after Rapes Hill). The medieval paths were marked by wayside crosses along their routes. Mount Cross, above the hamlet of Shore in the
201:
name throughout
England. During the 19th century, horses that transported officers' baggage during military campaigns were referred to as "bathorses" from the French
63:. Typically packhorses are used to cross difficult terrain, where the absence of roads prevents the use of wheeled vehicles. Use of packhorses dates from the
900:
149:
influence. As the
Vikings moved eastwards from the Irish Sea in about 950 AD, it is likely that the pack horse routes were established from that time.
1002:
261:
using pack trains in what may be the earliest commercial mining company in North
America. Afterwards in 1818−1827 its new management built first the
1283:
934:
757:
293:
266:
720:
246:
1278:
852:
818:
784:
948:
313:
298:
706:
808:
995:
80:
1232:
774:
454:
842:
529:
472:
422:
91:
554:
99:
929:
Kinsey, J. M. and
Denison, Jennifer. Backcountry Basics Colorado Springs, CO: Western Horseman Publishing, 2008.
254:
103:
988:
519:
425:, the packhorse plays a major role in recreational pursuits, particularly to transport goods and supplies into
328:
164:
908:
215:
453:
to transport materials to remote locations to set up campsites for tourists and guests. They are used by the
394:) of Daimyō. Pack horses also carried the equipment and food for samurai warriors during military campaigns.
1268:
190:
494:
to other animals in the packstring, both to the front and to the rear. The horse must also be tolerant of
1273:
402:
276:
As the nation expanded west, packhorses, singly or in a pack train of several animals, were used by early
1227:
1104:
458:
1208:
130:
between
Lancashire and Yorkshire, enabling salt, limestone, coal, fleeces and cloth to be transported.
659:
Both
Collins, at p.81, and Parry at p.31, above, quote in full the Long Causeway jingle, which starts
1094:
875:
524:
442:
411:
302:
220:
24:
502:
lead of one animal to the tail of the animal in front of it, an act that often provokes kicking or
168:
242:
formations, including escarpments. Even a small stream would have steep banks in normal terrains.
724:
462:
930:
848:
814:
780:
753:
700:
482:
407:
495:
186:
69:
1242:
503:
429:
and where motor vehicles are either prohibited or impracticable. They are used by mounted
426:
610:(David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London & North Pomfret, Vermont) 1981, chapter 3
1054:
1037:
1022:
1011:
292:
who covered great distances by themselves or in small groups. Packhorses were used by
87:
84:
1262:
1193:
1059:
449:
to carry tools and equipment that cannot be carried with the rider. They are used by
355:
153:
134:
510:
has to be balanced, with weight even on both sides to the greatest degree possible.
1161:
639:
Marsden & Delph to Howarth & Oxenhope-Bridleway Rides in the South Pennines
391:
285:
262:
258:
198:
747:
137:; others were named after landmarks, such as the Reddyshore Scoutgate ("gate" is
1247:
1166:
1146:
1141:
1119:
1109:
1084:
1079:
1064:
1027:
956:
539:
534:
450:
289:
281:
270:
171:" The importance of packhorse routes was reflected in jingles and rhymes, often
138:
1099:
468:
306:
250:
576:(Phillimore & Co, London & Chichester) 1976, chapter 20 Andrew Bibby
114:
Packhorses were heavily used to transport goods and minerals in England from
1237:
1089:
1074:
1069:
1042:
549:
430:
277:
226:
The packhorse, mule or donkey was a critical tool in the development of the
160:
119:
64:
167:(at a ford) called Fennysford in the King's Highway between Clitheroe and
106:, and into modern times where roads are nonexistent or poorly maintained.
1188:
1156:
1114:
239:
231:
227:
173:
142:
127:
115:
650:
Report of Quarter Sessions, 1632, cited by Herbert Collins, above, p163
438:
359:
146:
60:
19:
163:
before 1750, and "commonly 200 to 300 laden horses every day over the
1126:
499:
446:
434:
415:
52:
1173:
1136:
1131:
1032:
980:
544:
467:
401:
351:
327:
235:
214:
133:
Some routes had self-describing names, such as Limersgate and the
123:
79:
44:
18:
350:
Packhorses are used worldwide to convey many products. In feudal
1178:
56:
48:
984:
1198:
1049:
16:
Horse, mule, donkey, or pony used to carry goods on its back
1183:
681:
606:
Herbert C. Collins, above, chapters 6 and 9. Keith Parry
102:. They were invaluable throughout antiquity, through the
358:
was reserved for the samurai class until the end of the
59:
used to carry goods on its back, usually in sidebags or
779:. Congregational Sunday-school and publishing society.
362:
era (1868); lower classes would ride on a pack saddle (
98:
Packhorses have been used since the earliest period of
580:(Frances, Lincoln) 2005, p88. See also Gladys Sellers
384:
378:
371:
364:
340:
334:
947:
American Endurance Ride Conference (November 2003).
807:
Cullen, L. M.; Cullen, Louis Michael (15 May 2003).
628:
Gladys Sellers, above, p26. Andrew Bibby, above, p88
608:
Trans-Pennine Heritage: Hills, People and Transport
346:) carrying two girls as passengers, circa 1900–1929
421:In North America and Australia, in areas such the
641:(Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust, Todmorden) 1998
465:to transport narcotics across wilderness areas.
185:and distinctive narrow, low sided stone arched
72:and have some military uses in rugged regions.
316:maps, many such trails continue to be labeled
996:
126:in the 18th century. Many routes crossed the
8:
202:
159:About 1000 packhorses a day passed through
90:using packhorses to carry wooden chairs up
1003:
989:
981:
118:times until the construction of the first
238:and ravines in their bottoms, as well as
841:Turnbull, Stephen (20 September 2011).
565:
234:was flanked by valleys with stream cut
698:
682:"South Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust"
584:(Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe) 1991, p25
267:Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad
937:. Chapter 3: "Making the Trail Horse"
7:
247:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
219:A miner with a packhorse during the
597:(Dent & Sons, London) 1950, p99
578:South Pennines and the Bronte Moors
14:
976:Horses, Hitches and Rocky Trails.
749:Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
661:Brunley (Burnley) for ready money
183:packhorse routes, roads or trails
1207:
773:Griffis, William Elliot (1890).
723:. cottontown.org. Archived from
473:Australian National Horse Trail
314:United States Geological Survey
280:and explorers, most notably by
813:. Cambridge University Press.
671:See Parry, above, chapters 5-8
463:drug trafficking organizations
1:
1284:Illegal drug trade techniques
949:"Chapter 3, Section IV: Size"
810:A History of Japan, 1582-1941
619:Herbert C Collins, above, p99
582:Walking in the South Pennines
273:in the society of the times.
211:Historic use in North America
1233:List of domesticated animals
455:United States Forest Service
376:) or bareback. Pack horses (
901:"Half a century of the SAS"
530:Bicentennial National Trail
423:Bicentennial National Trail
385:
379:
372:
365:
341:
335:
1300:
953:Endurance Rider's Handbook
844:Warriors of Medieval Japan
752:. OUP Oxford. p. 39.
705:: CS1 maint: url-status (
555:Pack Horse Library Project
100:domestication of the horse
1216:
1205:
1018:
876:"Drug Smuggling by Horse"
746:Cresswell, Julia (2010).
255:Summit Hill, Pennsylvania
1279:Animal-powered transport
520:Backpacking with animals
257:, to cargo boats on the
574:A History of Lancashire
110:Historic use in England
955:. AERC. Archived from
595:The Roof of Lancashire
506:in untrained animals.
475:
418:
347:
223:
207:, meaning packsaddle.
203:
95:
28:
1228:Human uses of animals
1105:Search and rescue dog
471:
459:National Park Service
405:
332:Japanese pack horse (
331:
218:
152:Most packhorses were
83:
22:
1095:Military working dog
525:Backpacking (hiking)
303:Santa Fe, New Mexico
221:California Gold Rush
354:riding in a saddle
324:Other historic uses
193:near Huddersfield.
880:The New York Times
721:"Packhorse Routes"
593:Herbert C Collins,
476:
419:
348:
224:
96:
29:
1256:
1255:
935:978-0-911647-84-6
776:Honda the Samurai
759:978-0-19-954793-7
408:suspension bridge
406:Pack horses on a
299:Old Spanish Trail
245:By the 1790s the
187:packhorse bridges
145:, shows signs of
1291:
1211:
1005:
998:
991:
982:
968:
967:
965:
964:
944:
938:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
907:. Archived from
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
770:
764:
763:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
727:on June 15, 2006
717:
711:
710:
704:
696:
694:
692:
686:www.spptt.org.uk
678:
672:
669:
663:
657:
651:
648:
642:
635:
629:
626:
620:
617:
611:
604:
598:
591:
585:
570:
489:Training and use
427:wilderness areas
388:
382:
375:
368:
344:
338:
206:
189:for example, at
70:developing world
27:with a packhorse
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1243:Military animal
1212:
1203:
1014:
1012:Working animals
1009:
971:
962:
960:
946:
945:
941:
928:
924:
914:
912:
911:on 4 April 2011
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
821:
806:
805:
801:
791:
789:
787:
772:
771:
767:
760:
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
719:
718:
714:
697:
690:
688:
680:
679:
675:
670:
666:
658:
654:
649:
645:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
614:
605:
601:
592:
588:
571:
567:
563:
516:
491:
400:
326:
294:Native American
251:anthracite coal
213:
177:of the routes.
112:
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Types of horse
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:Related topics
1217:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Assistance dog
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1038:Bactrian camel
1030:
1025:
1023:Asian elephant
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1000:
993:
985:
979:
978:
970:
969:
939:
922:
905:defence.gov.au
892:
867:
853:
847:. Bloomsbury.
833:
819:
799:
785:
765:
758:
738:
712:
673:
664:
652:
643:
630:
621:
612:
599:
586:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
515:
512:
490:
487:
399:
396:
325:
322:
212:
209:
143:Cliviger Gorge
120:turnpike roads
111:
108:
88:Alice Manfield
85:Mountain guide
77:
74:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Equestrianism
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Water buffalo
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Detection dog
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:
983:
977:
973:
972:
959:on 2008-05-15
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
936:
932:
926:
923:
910:
906:
902:
896:
893:
881:
877:
871:
868:
856:
854:9781849089982
850:
846:
845:
837:
834:
822:
820:9780521529181
816:
812:
811:
803:
800:
788:
786:9781290067065
782:
778:
777:
769:
766:
761:
755:
751:
750:
742:
739:
726:
722:
716:
713:
708:
702:
687:
683:
677:
674:
668:
665:
662:
656:
653:
647:
644:
640:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
609:
603:
600:
596:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
566:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
488:
486:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:guest ranches
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
413:
410:crossing the
409:
404:
397:
395:
393:
389:
387:
381:
374:
370:
367:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
337:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:was shipping
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
217:
210:
208:
205:
200:
196:
195:The Packhorse
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
175:
174:aide-memoires
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Long Causeway
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
93:
89:
86:
82:
75:
73:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
1162:Riding horse
1151:
975:
974:Back, Joe.
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
942:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
904:
895:
884:. Retrieved
882:. 1995-01-25
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
843:
836:
824:. Retrieved
809:
802:
790:. Retrieved
775:
768:
748:
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:the original
715:
689:. Retrieved
685:
676:
667:
660:
655:
646:
638:
633:
624:
615:
607:
602:
594:
589:
581:
577:
573:
568:
508:
492:
480:
477:
420:
392:sankin kotai
377:
363:
349:
333:
317:
311:
288:", and gold
286:mountain men
282:fur trappers
275:
263:Lehigh Canal
259:Lehigh River
244:
225:
199:public house
197:is a common
194:
182:
179:
172:
165:River Calder
158:
151:
132:
113:
97:
43:refers to a
40:
36:
32:
30:
1248:Pack animal
1167:Stock horse
1147:Guide horse
1142:Draft horse
1120:Therapy dog
1110:Service dog
1085:Hunting dog
1080:Herding dog
1065:Draught dog
1028:Bali cattle
860:18 February
826:18 February
792:18 February
540:Pack saddle
535:Pack animal
412:Rogue River
398:Modern uses
373:konida-gura
312:On current
290:prospectors
271:breaker boy
265:, then the
139:Old English
104:Middle Ages
1263:Categories
1152:Pack horse
1100:Police dog
963:2008-08-07
886:2021-01-21
731:January 9,
572:J.J.Bagley
561:References
481:In modern
431:outfitters
386:konida-uma
342:konida-uma
318:pack trail
307:California
305:, west to
92:Mt Buffalo
37:pack horse
1238:Livestock
1090:Mercy dog
1075:Guide dog
1070:Guard dog
1043:Dromedary
915:4 October
637:Sue Hogg
550:Outfitter
496:breeching
278:surveyors
161:Clitheroe
154:Galloways
94:, c. 1912
65:Neolithic
33:packhorse
1189:Reindeer
1157:Pit pony
1115:Sled dog
701:cite web
691:12 April
514:See also
457:and the
443:stockmen
240:Cut bank
232:gradient
228:Americas
128:Pennines
116:medieval
61:panniers
25:stockman
504:bolting
483:warfare
447:cowboys
439:campers
435:hunters
366:ni-gura
360:samurai
236:gullies
191:Marsden
169:Whalley
76:History
41:sumpter
1127:Donkey
933:
851:
817:
783:
756:
500:halter
416:Oregon
380:ni-uma
356:(kura)
336:ni-uma
147:Viking
124:canals
53:donkey
1174:Llama
1137:Horse
1132:Gayal
1033:Camel
545:Guide
352:Japan
301:from
253:from
55:, or
45:horse
39:, or
1179:Mule
931:ISBN
917:2007
862:2015
849:ISBN
828:2015
815:ISBN
794:2015
781:ISBN
754:ISBN
733:2007
707:link
693:2018
445:and
122:and
57:pony
49:mule
1199:Yak
1050:Dog
414:in
383:or
339:or
284:, "
204:bat
1265::
1184:Ox
951:.
903:.
878:.
703:}}
699:{{
684:.
441:,
437:,
433:,
369:or
320:.
309:.
51:,
47:,
35:,
31:A
23:A
1004:e
997:t
990:v
966:.
919:.
889:.
864:.
830:.
796:.
762:.
735:.
709:)
695:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
