Paestum - Knowledge (XXG)

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openings in the wall: Porta Sirena (east to the hills); Porta Giustizia (south, now to the modern village Paestum); Porta Marina (west to the sea); and Porta Aurea (north), which was later destroyed. Positioned along the wall were 24 square or round towers. There may have been as many as 28, but some of them (and Porta Aurea) were destroyed during the construction of a highway during the 18th century that effectively cut the ancient site in two.

904: 3147: 761: 41: 6410: 808:. This is of normal Roman pattern, although much smaller than later examples. Only the western half is visible; in 1930 AD, a road was built across the site, burying the eastern half. It is said by local inhabitants that the civil engineer responsible was tried, convicted and received a prison sentence for what was described as wanton destruction of a historic site. There is also a small circular council hall ( 6420: 982: 6430: 1410: 6654: 1711:, by Count Gazzola, an engineer for the government in Naples. Gazzola had drawn or commissioned measured drawings, to which Dumont added his own, as well as, more artistic plates. There was an expanded edition in 1769, the same year when a still more extensive account was published by the Englishman Thomas Major. By 1774 there were nine different illustrated publications on the site. 1588: 1747: 1055:-related scenes, an iconography far more familiar from Greek pottery than the diving scene. All the five frescoes are displayed in the museum, together with other cycles from Lucanian painted tombs. In contrast to earlier Greek tomb paintings, these later scenes have many figures and a high proportion of scenes including horses and 702:

an unusual feature. This may reflect a dual dedication of the temple. Having an odd number of columns, here nine, across the shorter sides also is very unusual; there are eighteen columns along the longer sides. This was possible, or necessary, because of the two doors, so that neither has a view blocked by a column.

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The ancient city was surrounded by defensive walls, which are largely intact. The walls are approximately 4.75 km (3 mi) long in its polygonal perimeter, typically 15 m (49 ft) high, and 5–7 m (16–23 ft) thick. Corresponding with the cardinal points, there were four main

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forces resisted the landings from the outset, causing heavy fighting within and around the town. Combat persisted around the town for nine days before the Germans withdrew to the north. The Allied forces set up their Red Cross first aid tents in and around the temples, as they were regarded as "off

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or curvature down their length, an indication of an early date of construction. Some of the capitals still retain visible traces of their original paint. The temple is wider than most Greek temples, probably because there are two doors and a row of seven columns running centrally inside the cella,

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Poseidonia might have had a major share in a new foundation of Sybaris, which lasted from 452/1 BC until 446/5 BC. This is suggested by the great resemblance of the coins of Sybaris to those of Poseidonia during this period. Possibly a treaty of friendship between Sybaris, its allies, and the

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to the Romans), although previously they often have been identified otherwise, following eighteenth-century arguments. The two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town center. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are

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headdress of Anatolian and Syrian goddesses, which were dated to the first half of the sixth century BC, were found in the sanctuary. Other similar ones have been excavated at other Paestum sanctuaries during excavations in the 1980s. The figure is highly unusual in the Western Mediterranean. The

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The central area is completely clear of modern buildings and always has been largely so, since the Middle Ages. Although much stone has been stripped from the site, large numbers of buildings remain detectable by their footings or the lower parts of their walls, and the main roads remain paved. A

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dating from about 550 to 450 BC that are in an excellent state of preservation. The city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a modern national museum within it,

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It is presumed that Poseidonia harbored refugees from its mother city, Sybaris, when that city was conquered by Croton in 510 BC. In the early fifth century, Poseidonia's coins adopted the Achaean weight standard and the bull seen on Sybarite coins. A. J. Graham thinks it was plausible that the

7235: 1786:. For unknown reasons Paestum alone—of all the smaller Italian mints—was allowed to continue minting bronze coins by a Senatorial decree of about 89 BC, after minting had been centralized. Later coins carry "P. S. S. C.", standing for "Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto" to reflect this. 602:

Paestum is far from any sources of good marble. Unsurprisingly, the three main temples had few stone reliefs, perhaps using painting instead. Painted terracotta was used for some detailed parts of the structure. The large pieces of terracotta that have survived are in the museum.

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It is not until the end of the fifth century BC that the city is mentioned, when according to Strabo, the city was conquered by the Lucanians. From the archaeological evidence it appears that the two cultures, Greek and Oscan, were able to thrive alongside one another.

1549:. The bishopric was suppressed in 1100. Like Naples and most of the surrounding region, the inhabitants presumably spoke a Greek dialect throughout its history. The decline and desertion were probably due to changes in local land drainage patterns, leading to swampy 1643:. The modern settlement had begun to revive by at least the sixteenth century, to the side of the ancient ruins. After a complicated start, the rediscovery of the three relatively easily accessible, and early, Greek temples created huge interest throughout Europe. 614:

The whole ancient city of Paestum covered an area of approximately 120 hectares. Only the 25 hectares that contain the three main temples and the other main buildings have been excavated. The other 95 hectares remain on private land and have not been studied.

1467: 669:, built around 550 BC by the Greek colonists, is the oldest surviving temple in Paestum and the one farthest south. 18th-century archaeologists named it "the Basilica" because some mistakenly believed it to be a Roman building. (The original Roman 7230: 1719: 843:

with a walled rectangular enclosure faced with large stones around it. When it was excavated in 1954 a low stone chamber with a pitched roof was discovered at the centre, half below the surrounding ground level and half above. This contained

1289: 1022:), which is the most famous. It is named after the enigmatic scene, depicted on the underside of the covering slab, of a young man diving into a stream of water. It dates to the first half of the fifth century BC (about 470 BC), the 1430:

Archaeological evidence from Paestum's first centuries indicates the building of roads, temples, and other features of a growing city. Coinage, architecture, and molded votive figurines all attest to close relations maintained with

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includes Paestum in the itinerary in Chapter 1 of the "great pleasure excursion to Europe and the Holy Land." The itinerary includes: "Rome , Herculaneum, Pompeii, Vesuvius, Vergil’s tomb, and possibly the ruins of Paestum can be

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in 38 surviving reliefs; the later group, of about 510 BC, shows pairs of running women. The earlier cycle forms the centrepiece of the Paestum museum, set in place around walls of the original height. At the site there is a

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was cut through the larger one. It also is possible that the temple originally was dedicated to both Hera and Poseidon; some offertory statues found around the larger altar are thought to demonstrate this identification.

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was located there, after which the city would have been named. The date of Poseidonia's founding is not given by ancient sources, but the archaeological evidence gives a date of approximately 600 BC.

2674: 1565:" or "citadel" in Greek), a few kilometres away, although this settlement became a base for Muslim raiders for a period. The Paestum site became overgrown and largely forgotten, although some stone 1160: 1048:

periods to survive in its entirety. Among the thousands of Greek tombs known from this time (roughly 700–400 BC), this is the only one found to have been decorated with frescoes of human subjects."

7497: 6804: 1228: 3094: 724:. The architecture is transitional, being mainly built in early Doric style and partially Ionic. Three medieval Christian tombs in the floor show that the temple was at one time used as a 878:

was established at the start of Greek occupation: a temple on the site was not built until the early fifth century BC. A nude goddess is a figure alien to Greek culture before the famous

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in 1524, who correctly identified the three Doric temples as such, its ruins only came to wide notice again in the eighteenth century, following the rediscovery of the Roman cities of

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Differentes vues de quelques restes de trois grands édifices qui subsistent encore dans le milieu de l'ancienne ville de Pesto autrement Possidonia, et qui est située dans la Lucanie

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published in 1958, portrays the flight of Harmonia, a Greek high priestess, from Poseidonia (Paestum), where the Greek inhabitants have been enslaved and culturally dominated by the

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The coins of Paestum date from about 550 BC. These early issues may all be festival coins; they usually depict Poseidon with an upraised trident. Issues continue until the reign of

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took over in 273 BC, renaming it Paestum and establishing a Latin colony. Later, its decline ensued from shifts in trade routes and the onset of flooding and marsh formation. As

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and the Cypriote Aphrodite. "In places where the Greeks and Phoenicians came in contact with one another, there is often an overlapping in the persona of the two deities."

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in Madrid has especially rich holdings, with two important Imperial Roman statues and many, very fine vases (see below). Other pieces, mostly painted pottery, are in the

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relief panels on the temple and another building at the site were recovered, however. These fall into two groups, the earlier of which shows the story of the life of

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holds the largest collection, but many significant pieces were removed from the site before modern controls and are in a number of collections around the world. The

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whose work has been found in tombs around the city and the region, and sometimes farther afield. It has been presumed that these artists were based in the city.

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for his transgressions against the gods. In return for his advice on how to reach Colchis, the Argonauts render the harpies harmless by caging them.

1692:, in line with his theories that Greek colonists merely had joined existing cultures in Italy, founded by peoples from farther east. He derived the 1664:

in Naples. Initially, eighteenth-century savants doubted that the structures had been temples, and it was suggested variously, that they included a

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in Italian) dedicated to Hera. The temple is now all but destroyed, and little remains of several other buildings. About 70 of the sixth-century BC

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or shrine memorial to an unknown local hero survived intact; the contents are in the museum. Numerous tombs have been excavated outside the walls.

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are mentioned above: the Sele metopes, the Tomb of the Diver, and the contents of the Heroon. The displays also show a number of large painted

827: 6694: 2982: 2963: 2944: 2917: 2889: 2815: 2797: 2534: 2507: 2453: 2065: 1313: 6791: 4545: 503:, Italy. The modern settlement, directly to the south of the archaeological site, is a popular seaside resort with long sandy beaches. The 56: 7333: 6929: 3550: 2753:"La Scuola Empatica / Empatismo / Maestri / Epicentro / 2020, di Menotti Lerro [ Articolo, Letteratura ] :: LaRecherche.it" 2338: 1849: 1397:

colony and Strabo mentions that Troezen once was called Poseidonia. As a consequence it has been argued that Paestum was founded by the

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with Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark. The musical song’s last line is accompanied by that soaring ‘copter shot of the Temple of Neptune.

705: 635: 551: 7517: 7186: 5167: 4857: 4550: 4484: 2480: 2082: 4555: 4530: 2833: 2601: 1361:. The colonists had built fortifications close to the sea, but then decided to found the city farther inland at a higher elevation. 391: 345: 7214: 7482: 6799: 6364: 5113: 4540: 4535: 3492: 1220: 1030:

some 1.5 km south of the ancient walls. The paintings have now been transferred to the museum. The tomb is painted with the

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Aerial view of Paestum, looking north; two Hera Temples in foreground, Athena Temple in background, the modern museum on right.

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Paestum contains three of the best-preserved ancient Greek temples in the world, including the two Hera Temples shown above.

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On the highest point of the town, some way from the Hera Temples and north of the center of the ancient settlement, is the

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referred to by Aristotle. Another hypothesis is that the Sybarites were aided by Dorians in their founding of Poseidonia.

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Wonder, John W. (2002). "What Happened to the Greeks in Lucanian-Occupied Paestum? Multiculturalism in Southern Italy".

2224: 1870: 1817:, the professor Gaston Cleric contracts a fever after spending the night outdoors admiring "the sea temples at Paestum". 1003: 996: 989: 845: 684:

was unearthed in front of the temple, in the open-air site usual for a Greek altar. The faithful could attend rites and

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was essentially a civic form of building, before the basilica plan was adopted by the Early Christians for churches.)

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Much of the most celebrated features of the site today are the three large temples in the Archaic version of the Greek

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wrote that a group of Troezenians was expelled from Sybaris by the Achaeans after their joint founding of that city.

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Information on the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece

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technique and its importance lies in being "the only example of Greek painting with figured scenes dating from the

764: 717: 709: 563:, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a very pronounced 7537: 7073: 6944: 6433: 6376: 5332: 5135: 5120: 5042: 4977: 4446: 4297: 4192: 3666: 3600: 3361: 1945: 1677: 1147: 2901:

Archaeological and Historical Guide to the Excavations, the Museum and the Antiquities of Poseidonia and Paestum

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Serdaioi (an unknown people) dates to this new foundation, because Poseidonia was the guarantor of this treaty.

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A US Army company with its transceiver office between the Doric columns of the Temple of Neptune, 22 Sept 1943

969: 567:(widening as they go down), and very wide capitals resembling upturned mushrooms. Above the columns, only the 2251:

Rebecca Miller Ammerman, "The Naked Standing Goddess: A Group of Archaic Terracotta Figurines from Paestum",

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Lesky, Michael (Tübingen); Muggia, Anna (Pavia) (October 2006). Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.).

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In 2024, the Italian Ministry of Culture announced that two Doric style temples were uncovered at Paestum.

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It started to go into decline between the fourth and seventh centuries AD, and was abandoned during the

1337: 1150:, a number of individual artists, especially from the fourth century BC, have been identified and given 1122: 1101: 1023: 821: 650: 3152: 1454: 1295:

Heads of lionesses in polychromed terracotta finish, Temple of Hera, second half of the 6th century BC

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of about 520–500 BC. The bronze vessels had traces of honey inside. These are all now in the museum.

849: 820:), with seats in tiers. It was probably never roofed, but had a wall around it, perhaps with a small 421: 2752: 7416: 7250: 7196: 7181: 6964: 6589: 6026: 5996: 5384: 5279: 5274: 4711: 4026: 3939: 3909: 3863: 3626: 3474: 3454: 3322: 3212: 3052: 1901: 1735: 790: 785:. On the north side of the forum is a small Roman temple, dated to 200 BC. It was dedicated to the 496: 227: 6419: 3158: 720:. It was built around 500 BC, and was for some time incorrectly thought to have been dedicated to 7421: 6653: 6611: 6243: 6140: 6046: 5690: 5607: 5495: 4997: 4821: 4337: 4317: 4174: 4045: 3929: 3724: 3651: 3383: 3371: 3287: 3272: 3018: 2575: 2567: 2293: 2285: 2058:

Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

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in 1764, by G. P. M. Dumont, who had been taken to the site in 1750, along with the architect

1572: 1495: 1369:. The fortifications might have been built to the south of Poseidonia on the promontory where 1189: 1098: 1062: 1015: 974: 964: 894: 879: 831:

Detail of one of the bronze vessels from the Heroon, in the museum showing a sheep and a woman

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the city was "known for roses that bloomed twice a year", as he mentions in Book IV of his

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was built around 460–450 BC, just north of the first Hera Temple, the two both part of a

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to have occurred between the Poseidonians and the Sybarites, possibly in the form of a

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Just south of the city walls, at a site still called Santa Venera, a series of small

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Many tomb paintings show horses and horse-racing, a passion of the Lucanian elites.

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Inscriptions and terracotta statuettes revealed that the goddess worshiped here was

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Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

2470: 1676:". There also was controversy and misunderstanding of their cultural background. 1267:, and incomplete larger terracotta statues, and pottery including painted vases. 824:

round the inside. This ceased to have a role in Roman times and was filled over.

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Information on Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece

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Indeed, they very often are used to illustrate the style in architectural books.

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Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Salerno, Avellino, Benevento e Caserta

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Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas

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period, while only one of them dates to the Greek period. However, this is the

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On September 9, 1943, Paestum was the location of the landing beaches of the

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In 1740 a proposal was made, but not executed, to remove columns for the new

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A few kilometres from Paestum there was a temple complex at the mouth of the

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in the fourth century: iconographic analogies must be sought in Phoenician

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This article is about the ancient city. For the modern village nearby, see

2675:"Photo: American Red Cross ambulances by the Temple of Hera II at Paestum" 2281: 7361: 7350: 7290: 7272: 7059: 6851: 6834: 6599: 6594: 6517: 6180: 6170: 6160: 6135: 6001: 5933: 5913: 5880: 5842: 5785: 5700: 5685: 5542: 5532: 5449: 5444: 4841: 4836: 4796: 4791: 4766: 4746: 4673: 4628: 4618: 4474: 4372: 4307: 4235: 3843: 3449: 3412: 3390: 3329: 3267: 3202: 3120: 3104: 1783: 1754: 1669: 1558: 1535: 1534:(c. 29 BC). Then highly unusual, this is now a common feature of modern 1530: 1510: 1374: 1370: 1239: 1185: 1105: 1011: 893:

Inscriptions make clear that during Roman times the cult was reserved to

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Paestum also is renowned for its painted tombs, mainly belonging to the

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Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology

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It became the Roman city of Paestum in 273 BC in the aftermath of the

739:, or sanctuary to the goddess. It was once thought to be dedicated to 7282: 7122:

Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale

7068: 6989: 6969: 6925: 6902: 6897: 6872: 6808: 6732: 6623: 6569: 6539: 6293: 6223: 6203: 6165: 6031: 5837: 5730: 5667: 5657: 5602: 5220: 5205: 4801: 4786: 4761: 4756: 4741: 4402: 4397: 4164: 4144: 3888: 3878: 3873: 3744: 3704: 3694: 3679: 3346: 3334: 3295: 3277: 3130: 2526:

Books 11–12.37.1: Greek History 480-431 B.C., the Alternative Version

2350: 2329: 1888: 1640: 1567: 1525: 1474:

of chariot race and the winning post, third century BC, in the museum

1471: 1417: 1346: 1166: 1136: 1032: 910: 624: 587: 487: 284: 3014: 1263:

architectural fragments from the temples and other buildings, many

610:

18th century map of Paestum and its walls, with north pointing down

7376: 7371: 7045: 6984: 6812: 6727: 6715: 6643: 6579: 6303: 6278: 6175: 6115: 6100: 5968: 5928: 5680: 5592: 5587: 5557: 5552: 5527: 5210: 4751: 4706: 4658: 4230: 4182: 3883: 3853: 3800: 3775: 3714: 3684: 3519: 3305: 3300: 3235: 2977:. New Aspects of Antiquity. London, England: Thames & Hudson. 2773:, edited by Menotti Lerro, Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2023, p.2 2700:"Archaeologists uncover Doric style temples at ancient Poseidonia" 1862: 1745: 1718: 1614: 1602: 1586: 1466: 1453: 1408: 1336: 1235: 1069: 1061: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 968: 867: 826: 782: 704: 690: 681: 656: 645: 634: 605: 550: 242: 3535: 2502:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 114. 1853:(1963) were filmed here – notably when the Argonauts assist King 1215:

Bell krater with an elderly satyr followed by young Dionysos, by

6974: 6308: 6283: 6233: 5720: 5710: 781:, thought to have been built on the site of the preceding Greek 677: 583: 429:

which also contains the finds from the associated Greek site of

7322: 6667: 6448: 6348: 5490: 4919: 4423: 3770: 3590: 3539: 3076: 3037:

Official website of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum

2956:

The Cultural Development in North Western Lucania c. 600–273 BC

1649:

visited to make a book of highly atmospheric but also accurate

1639:, and during the construction of a new coastal road south from 1373:

is now. According to the historical tradition the sanctuary to

2912:. Past & Present (in Italian). Vol. 171. Vision SRL. 2786:

Cerchiai, Luca; Jannelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto, eds. (2004).

371: 3060: 2206:

Wescoat, Bonna D.; Ousterhout, Robert G. (October 13, 2014).

2729:"Chapter I - The Innocents Abroad - Mark Twain, Book, etext" 2219: 2217: 1609:

View of the magnificent ruins of the ancient city of Paestum

1026:

of the Greek town. It was found, on 3 June 1968, in a small

519:

The Greek settlers who founded the city originally named it

1494:, in which the Graeco-Italian Poseidonians sided with king 380: 334: 325: 2910:

Paestum: A Guide with Reconstructions of Ancient Monuments

7236:

Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries

2594:

A Cultural History of Gardens: Vol 2, In the Medieval Age

2529:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 173. 848:, perhaps not locally-made, and a large Athenian pottery 2006:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1307:

Painted terracotta from the Temple of Athena, c. 500 BC

865:

molded statuettes of a standing nude woman wearing the

436:

Paestum was established around 600 BC by settlers from

6908:

City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto

2210:. Cambridge University Press – via Google Books. 1627:

Despite stray mentions such as that in the history of

1611:, 1837, showing part of the wall and the three temples 765:

smARThistory – Ancient Greek Temples at Paestum, Italy

475:

Today the remains of the city are found in the modern

440:, a Greek colony in southern Italy, under the name of 2370: 2131:""The early temple of Hera, known as the 'Basilica'"" 2060:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 311–312. 1891:'s guardian, a two-headed dog) take place in Paestum. 1439:

number of refugees was large enough for some kind of

1051:

The remaining four walls of the tomb are occupied by

392: 374: 346: 328: 16:

Ruined Ancient Greek and Roman city in southern Italy

2927:

Higginbotham, James (2012). "Paestum (Poseidonia)".

2884:. Sirene. Vol. 1. Paestum: Fondazione Paestum. 2550:

Rutter, N. K. (1970). "Sybaris—Legend and Reality".

1703:

The first modern published account of the ruins was

1458:

Fresco from the "Tomb of the Black Rider", c. 340 BC

511:is directly to the east of the ancient city walls. 377: 368: 331: 322: 7172:

Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)

7164: 7107: 7008: 6916: 6825: 6701: 6189: 6066: 6055: 5982: 5904: 5861: 5808: 5666: 5518: 5509: 5435: 5350: 5288: 5243: 5193: 5144: 5066: 4943: 4881: 4850: 4692: 4579: 4523: 4445: 4271: 4244: 4216: 4173: 4121: 3963: 3902: 3799: 3665: 3614: 3473: 3286: 3211: 3166: 3111: 2268:Holloway, R. Ross (2006). "The Tomb of the Diver". 1688:" (the ancient Greeks in Italy), thought they were 1381:Alternatively in fact, the Sybarites may have been 1074:

The Sele metopes as displayed in the Paestum museum

753: 383: 365: 337: 319: 290: 280: 268: 260: 252: 234: 225: 221: 200: 192: 187: 173: 165: 150: 145: 137: 100: 90: 79: 7498:Populated places established in the 7th century BC 420:. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three 1844:since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. 2247: 2245: 1113:with video displays, but no original artefacts. 846:several large, rare, and splendid bronze vessels 777:In the central part of the complex is the Roman 543:and the Romans gave the city its current name. 2611: 2609: 2826:The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi 2320:"The Sanctuary at the mouth of the River Sele" 2183:. smARThistory at Khan Academy. Archived from 1951:List of archaeological sites sorted by country 7334: 6945:Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme 6679: 6460: 3551: 3088: 2523:Diodorus Siculus (2006). Green, Peter (ed.). 8: 2789:The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily 2475:. University of Michigan Press. p. 48. 1861:), who has been blinded and is tormented by 1353:(named after the Greek deity of the sea) by 1279:Sele metope with Heracles killing the giant 953:The Via Sacra, main street of the Roman city 531:). It was eventually conquered by the local 241:with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and 26: 7473:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy 2975:Paestum: Greek and Romans in Southern Italy 2448:. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. p. 391. 1795:In his partially fictionalized travelogue, 1143:, and other museums in Europe and America. 509:Naples-Salerno-Reggio Calabria railway line 7341: 7327: 7319: 7226:Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps 6686: 6672: 6664: 6467: 6453: 6445: 6345: 6063: 5515: 5506: 5487: 5247: 5150: 4940: 4916: 4433: 4420: 4127: 3796: 3767: 3611: 3587: 3558: 3544: 3536: 3095: 3081: 3073: 39: 25: 2592:Krug, Rebecca, in Leslie, Michael (ed.), 2181:"Ancient Greek Temples at Paestum, Italy" 1257:National Archaeological Museum of Paestum 1129:National Archaeological Museum of Paestum 1066:Sele metope, two women running, c. 510 BC 7387:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park 7038:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park 6883:Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles 3061:Comprehensive account of site and museum 2499:Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece 239:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park 2873:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2469:Ammerman, Rebecca Miller (2002-01-01). 1961: 1269: 1244:National Archaeological Museum of Spain 1156: 1133:National Archaeological Museum of Spain 899: 7478:Roman towns and cities in Magna Grecia 6768:Residences of the Royal House of Savoy 2472:Il Santuario Di Santa Venera a Paestum 1684:, "the founder of the modern study of 913:chamber, after the tumulus was removed 804:To the north-east of the forum is the 750: 86:, Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy 2828:, 1978, Thames & Hudson, London, 2119:. April 14, 2009 – via YouTube. 403: 289: 279: 267: 259: 251: 233: 224: 7: 5959:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 2596:, p. 64, 2016, Bloomsbury Academic, 169:Around 600 BC; 2624 years ago 7503:Frazioni of the Province of Salerno 6930:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 2929:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2444:. In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). 2371:Cerchiai, Jannelli & Longo 2004 1743:limits" to bombing by both sides. 1435:in the sixth and fifth centuries. 14: 7488:Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia 2810:, 2012, Oxford University Press, 1696:of "Poseidonia" from an invented 1365:wrote that it was established by 7533:Museums of ancient Rome in Italy 7508:Former populated places in Italy 7468:Archaeological sites in Campania 7127:Archaeological Area of Agrigento 6652: 6428: 6418: 6409: 6408: 3493:Heraion at the mouth of the Sele 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 2937:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16104 2867:Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1854). 2664:Wilton-Ely, 118; Ceserani, 60–65 1900:, the second mission set during 1312: 1300: 1288: 1272: 1227: 1221:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1208: 1178: 1159: 946: 934: 918: 902: 759: 575:, the other two having only the 361: 315: 62: 55: 7523:Tourist attractions in Campania 6800:Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan 6429: 3418:Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli) 2973:Pedley, John Griffiths (1990). 2270:American Journal of Archaeology 2253:American Journal of Archaeology 1936:Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto 1519:Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto 985:The symposium on the north wall 941:A ruined tower on the city wall 697:The columns have a very strong 63: 7215:Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo 6805:Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont 2903:. Taranto: Scorpione editrice. 2083:"Poseidonia, Paistos, Paestum" 2034:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1753:of Poseidonia, c. 530–500 BC. 1517:and became a bishopric as the 1251:National Archaeological Museum 539:. The Lucanians renamed it to 1: 7493:World Heritage Sites in Italy 6695:World Heritage Sites in Italy 6475:Towns, villages and zones of 4030: 4017: 3998: 3981: 2258:.2 (April 1991), pp. 203–230. 2225:""The Greek town at Paestum"" 2009:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 1941:List of ancient Greek temples 1421: 773:Other archaeological features 6787:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica 5158:Funeral and burial practices 4343:Military of Mycenaean Greece 2931:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1913:Paestum was inserted in the 1486:Roman period and abandonment 2954:Horsnaes, Helle W. (2002). 2871:. In Smith, William (ed.). 1915:Cultural Pyramid of Cilento 1729:U.S. 36th Infantry Division 1607:Isidro González Velázquez: 1571:were collected and used in 7559: 5082:Greek Revival architecture 2637:Ceserani, 49–66, 49 quoted 2624:Piranesi's full title was 2117:"Le meraviglie di Paestum" 1975:Collins English Dictionary 1931:Ancient Greek architecture 1655:Greek Revival architecture 1647:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1593:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1349:, the city was founded as 1321:Greek terracotta figurines 1265:Greek terracotta figurines 1120: 1082: 962: 661:Temple of Hera II at night 599:far less well preserved. 547:Ancient ruins and features 528: 449: 228:UNESCO World Heritage Site 18: 7518:Greek colonies in Lucania 7357: 7261: 6934:Etruscan Necropolises of 6650: 6486: 6404: 6355: 6344: 5505: 5486: 5250: 5153: 4939: 4915: 4490:Attalid kings of Pergamon 4436: 4432: 4419: 4298:Antigonid Macedonian army 4130: 3795: 3766: 3610: 3586: 3573: 3362:Catacombs of San Gaudioso 3137: 2880:Cipriani, Marina (1996). 2860:10.4000/mediterranee.3376 2564:10.1017/S0017383500017836 2311:http://www.paestum.org.uk 1946:List of Greco-Roman roofs 1678:Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi 1341:Overview of Paestum, 1769 758: 412:city on the coast of the 304: 300: 50: 38: 31: 7372:Ancient remains of Capua 7033:Castel del Monte, Apulia 6795:of Piedmont and Lombardy 3367:Catacombs of San Gennaro 3241:Santa Maria Capua Vetere 3103:Archaeological sites in 3040:(in Italian and English) 2908:Greco, Emanuele (1993). 2899:Greco, Emanuele (2006). 2882:The Lucanians in Paestum 2846:Amato, Vincenzo (2009). 2156:""The temple of Athena"" 1897:Medal of Honor: Airborne 1877:Scenes in the 1981 film 1868:Scenes in the 1969 film 1847:Scenes in the 1963 film 1836:, a historical novel by 1709:Jacques-Germain Soufflot 1200:, c. 330 BC, now at the 1085:Heraion at Foce del Sele 582:These were dedicated to 295:Europe and North America 216:(in Italian and English) 7483:Roman sites of Campania 7299:with 17 other countries 7156:Villa Romana del Casale 7146:Necropolis of Pantalica 7081:Royal Palace of Caserta 6878:Orto botanico di Padova 6869:Torre della Ghirlandina 3246:Arch of Hadrian (Capua) 2056:Gates, Charles (2011). 1904:takes place in Paestum. 1894:In the 2007 video game 1850:Jason and the Argonauts 1242:, c. 30 AD, now in the 631:The three Greek Temples 505:Paestum railway station 485:, which is part of the 7463:Paestum (ancient city) 7437:Vesuvius National Park 7412:Santa Sofia, Benevento 7085:Aqueduct of Vanvitelli 6965:Piazza del Duomo, Pisa 4524:Artists & scholars 4439:List of ancient Greeks 4076:Second Athenian League 3925:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3750:Ancient Greek colonies 3525:Villa Romana of Minori 2496:Graham, A. J. (1999). 1766: 1724: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1553:conditions. Raids by " 1475: 1459: 1427: 1342: 1255:The highlights of the 1202:Antikensammlung Berlin 1141:Antikensammlung Berlin 1075: 1067: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 978: 832: 713: 662: 654: 643: 611: 556: 7201:Campello sul Clitunno 6873:Piazza Grande, Modena 6629:Policastro Bussentino 6575:Marina di Casalvelino 5643:Sybaris on the Traeis 4368:Sacred Band of Thebes 4108:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 3622:Cycladic civilization 3503:Second Temple of Hera 3263:Sant'Angelo in Formis 3251:Amphitheatre of Capua 3168:Province of Benevento 2771:The Empathic Movement 2282:10.3764/aja.110.3.365 1830:, they visit Paestum. 1765:draped over his arms. 1749: 1722: 1705:Les Ruines de Paestum 1662:Palace of Capodimonte 1618: 1606: 1590: 1515:Roman imperial period 1509:invasion of Italy by 1470: 1457: 1412: 1340: 1169:of about 360 BC, now 1123:Paestan vase painting 1121:Further information: 1073: 1065: 1006: 999: 992: 984: 972: 830: 814:) or assembly space ( 733:second Temple of Hera 708: 688:without entering the 660: 651:Second temple of Hera 649: 638: 609: 569:second Temple of Hera 554: 464:or Paestum, the town 422:ancient Greek temples 122:40.42222°N 15.00528°E 6888:Porticoes of Bologna 5168:mythological figures 4889:Ancient Greek tribes 4014:Peloponnesian League 3433:Macellum of Pozzuoli 3113:Province of Avellino 2806:Ceserani, Giovanna, 2442:"Foundation Stories" 2408:De mirabilibus mundi 2404:Gaius Julius Solinus 1797:The Innocents Abroad 1391:Gaius Julius Solinus 694:or inner sanctuary. 667:first Temple of Hera 640:First temple of Hera 571:retains most of its 7528:Museums in Campania 7251:Peschiera del Garda 7197:Temple of Clitumnus 7182:Cividale del Friuli 6590:Marina di Pisciotta 5280:Tunnel of Eupalinos 5275:Theatre of Dionysus 4899:Ancient Macedonians 4515:Tyrants of Syracuse 4027:Amphictyonic League 3627:Minoan civilization 3475:Province of Salerno 3455:Castello Barbarossa 3323:Villa of the Papyri 3213:Province of Caserta 2646:Ceserani, 52–59, 62 1902:Operation Avalanche 1880:Clash of the Titans 1770:Recent developments 1757:is seen wielding a 1020:Tomba del tuffatore 973:The ceiling of the 497:Province of Salerno 405:[ˈpae̯stũː] 118: / 28: 7432:Trinità della Cava 7422:Sorrento Peninsula 7089:San Leucio Complex 6612:Marina di Camerota 5954:Menestheus's Limin 5608:Pandosia (Lucania) 5496:Greek colonisation 4858:Athenian statesmen 4619:Diogenes of Sinope 4480:Kings of Macedonia 4470:Kings of Commagene 4338:Macedonian phalanx 4318:Hellenistic armies 4066:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 3930:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3652:Hellenistic Greece 3384:Macellum of Naples 3372:Crypta Neapolitana 3288:Province of Naples 3273:Trebula Balliensis 3066:2019-08-15 at the 2824:Wilton-Ely, John, 2757:www.larecherche.it 2702:. 15 January 2024. 2316:2019-05-01 at the 2187:on October 6, 2014 1767: 1725: 1680:, a clergyman and 1625: 1613: 1601: 1476: 1460: 1428: 1343: 1076: 1068: 1008: 1001: 994: 987: 979: 929:or council chamber 833: 714: 663: 655: 644: 612: 557: 466:became a bishopric 281:Reference no. 127:40.42222; 15.00528 71:Shown within Italy 21:Paestum (frazione) 7450: 7449: 7316: 7315: 7219:Monte Sant'Angelo 7132:Barumini nuraghes 7050:Certosa di Padula 6742:Monte San Giorgio 6661: 6660: 6442: 6441: 6400: 6399: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 5906:Iberian Peninsula 5838:Lipara/Meligounis 5804: 5803: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5455:Cypriot syllabary 5346: 5345: 5255:Athenian Treasury 5239: 5238: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4500:Ptolemaic dynasty 4460:Archons of Athens 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4286:Athenian military 4267: 4266: 4100:League of Corinth 4082:Thessalian League 4058:Chalcidian League 4040:Acarnanian League 3950:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3533: 3532: 3508:Tomb of the Diver 3340:Piscina Mirabilis 3311:Grotta di Cocceio 2984:978-0-500-39027-6 2965:978-88-8265-194-7 2946:978-1-4443-3838-6 2919:978-88-8162-016-6 2891:978-88-86884-02-0 2816:978-0-19-987679-2 2799:978-0-89236-751-1 2536:978-0-292-71277-5 2509:978-0-7190-5739-7 2455:978-90-04-15576-3 2438:Hall, Jonathan M. 2087:Brill's New Pauly 2067:978-0-203-83057-4 2037:. Merriam-Webster 1887:fights and kills 1859:Patrick Troughton 1736:invasion of Italy 1573:Salerno Cathedral 1496:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1219:, c. 350–325 BC, 1057:equestrian sports 1016:Tomb of the Diver 975:Tomb of the Diver 965:Tomb of the Diver 880:Cnidian Aphrodite 770: 769: 499:in the region of 456:seized the city. 308: 307: 247:Certosa di Padula 7550: 7538:Coloniae (Roman) 7367:Amalfi Cathedral 7343: 7336: 7329: 7320: 6865:Modena Cathedral 6773:Rhaetian Railway 6688: 6681: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6545:Ogliastro Marina 6469: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6432: 6431: 6422: 6412: 6411: 6346: 6064: 5563:Heraclea Lucania 5516: 5507: 5488: 5248: 5180:Twelve Olympians 5151: 4941: 4917: 4505:Seleucid dynasty 4485:Kings of Paionia 4434: 4421: 4291:Scythian archers 4198:Graphe paranomon 4128: 4035: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4003: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3797: 3768: 3647:Classical Greece 3632:Mycenaean Greece 3612: 3588: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3537: 3498:Temple of Athena 3465:Villa Boscoreale 3198:Ligures Baebiani 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3026: 2988: 2969: 2950: 2923: 2904: 2895: 2876: 2863: 2854:(112): 129–135. 2803: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2725: 2719: 2717:Historia Numorum 2710: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2677:. 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del 6821: 6721:Historic center 6697: 6692: 6662: 6657: 6648: 6618:Porto Infreschi 6585:Marina di Ascea 6482: 6473: 6443: 6438: 6396: 6351: 6328: 6191: 6185: 6068: 6059: 6051: 6022:Melaina Korkyra 5978: 5900: 5857: 5810:Aeolian Islands 5800: 5662: 5520: 5501: 5500: 5474: 5431: 5342: 5284: 5235: 5189: 5140: 5062: 5053:Wedding customs 4935: 4934: 4903: 4894:Thracian Greeks 4877: 4868:Olympic victors 4846: 4688: 4575: 4519: 4510:Kings of Sparta 4495:Kings of Pontus 4465:Kings of Athens 4441: 4428: 4407: 4303:Army of Macedon 4263: 4240: 4212: 4169: 4117: 4090:(370–c. 230 BC) 4088:Arcadian League 4072:(c. 400–188 BC) 4070:Aetolian League 4064:Boeotian League 4046:Hellenic League 4033: 4020: 4010:(c. 650–404 BC) 4001: 3995:Italiote League 3988: 3984: 3978:Doric Hexapolis 3968: 3959: 3955:Seleucid Empire 3898: 3791: 3790: 3754: 3661: 3637:Greek Dark Ages 3606: 3605: 3582: 3569: 3564: 3534: 3529: 3469: 3282: 3207: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3107: 3101: 3068:Wayback Machine 3055: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3015:10.2307/1192469 3000: 2985: 2972: 2966: 2953: 2947: 2926: 2920: 2907: 2898: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2845: 2842: 2840:Further reading 2800: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2768: 2764: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2733:www.telelib.com 2727: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2552:Greece and Rome 2549: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2402: 2398: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2328: 2324: 2318:Wayback Machine 2309: 2305: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1927: 1911: 1834:Gate to the Sea 1792: 1780: 1772: 1717: 1672:or hall, or a " 1629:Pietro Summonte 1585: 1577:Robert Guiscard 1524:By the time of 1521:around 400 AD. 1488: 1465: 1463:Lucanian period 1424: 1407: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1305: 1296: 1293: 1284: 1277: 1253: 1246: 1232: 1223: 1213: 1204: 1183: 1174: 1164: 1148:painted pottery 1146:In the case of 1125: 1119: 1087: 1081: 967: 961: 954: 951: 942: 939: 930: 927:ekklesiasterion 923: 914: 907: 817:ekklesiasterion 775: 760: 754:External videos 633: 549: 517: 400: 393: 364: 355: 354: 347: 318: 314: 230: 215: 204: 154:Colonists from 126: 124: 120: 117: 112: 109: 107: 105: 104: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 67: 46: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7556: 7554: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7382:Caserta Palace 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7323: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7297: 7275: 7269: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7057: 7052: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6862: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6802: 6797: 6789: 6784: 6770: 6765: 6744: 6739: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6555:Agnone Cilento 6552: 6550:Case del Conte 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6416: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Megara Hyblaea 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Hybla Gereatis 5733: 5728: 5726:Heraclea Minoa 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5470:Attic numerals 5467: 5465:Greek numerals 5462: 5460:Greek alphabet 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5114:Musical system 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5073: 5071: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4546:Mathematicians 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Kings of Argos 4451: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4313:Cretan archers 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4112:Achaean League 4109: 4106:Euboean League 4103: 4097: 4094:Epirote League 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042:(c. 500–31 BC) 4037: 4024: 4011: 4005: 3992: 3974: 3972: 3970:Confederations 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3894:Lissus (Crete) 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3642:Archaic Greece 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3567:Ancient Greece 3565: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3423:Lucrinus Lacus 3420: 3410: 3405: 3403:Palazzo a Mare 3400: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Bourbon Tunnel 3354: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3181:Arch of Trajan 3172: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3126:Aequum Tuticum 3123: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3032: 3031:External links 3029: 3028: 3027: 3009:(1/2): 40–55. 2998: 2989: 2983: 2970: 2964: 2951: 2945: 2924: 2918: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2864: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2822: 2804: 2798: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2762: 2744: 2720: 2705: 2691: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2617: 2605: 2585: 2558:(2): 168–176. 2542: 2535: 2515: 2508: 2488: 2482:978-0472108992 2481: 2461: 2454: 2429: 2414: 2396: 2375: 2360: 2342: 2322: 2303: 2276:(3): 365–388. 2260: 2241: 2213: 2198: 2172: 2147: 2122: 2108: 2099: 2073: 2066: 2048: 2020: 1992: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1910: 1909:Modern culture 1907: 1906: 1905: 1892: 1875: 1866: 1845: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1716: 1713: 1584: 1581: 1500:Roman Republic 1487: 1484: 1464: 1461: 1414:Rape of Europa 1406: 1403: 1355:Greek Achaeans 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1184: 1177: 1175: 1165: 1158: 1118: 1115: 1111:museo narrante 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 963:Main article: 960: 957: 956: 955: 952: 945: 943: 940: 933: 931: 924: 917: 915: 908: 901: 774: 771: 768: 767: 756: 755: 632: 629: 548: 545: 535:and later the 516: 513: 414:Tyrrhenian Sea 408:) was a major 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 270: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 236: 232: 231: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 210:.beniculturali 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 185: 184: 178:Archaic Greece 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 152: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 81: 77: 76: 70: 61: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 36: 35: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7555: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513:Greek temples 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7443: 7442:Villa Poppaea 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349:Landmarks of 7344: 7339: 7337: 7332: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7064:Villa Poppaea 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:San Gimignano 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960:Medici villas 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Valdobbiadene 6857: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Crespi d'Adda 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606:Cape Palinuro 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6435: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934:Hemeroscopion 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Magna Graecia 5508: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Arcadocypriot 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5338:Zeus, Olympia 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323:Hera, Olympia 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Mount Olympus 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194:Sacred places 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Olympic Games 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008:Homosexuality 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378:Seleucid army 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052:Delian League 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4028: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4008:Ionian League 4006: 3996: 3993: 3989: 560 BC 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3730:Magna Graecia 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515:Pertosa Caves 3513: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438:Portus Julius 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396:Villa Poppaea 3394: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3377:Virgil's tomb 3375: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186:Roman Theatre 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:0-500-09122-6 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2681:on 2019-05-04 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2602:9781350009905 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2373:, p. 62. 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2355:topostext.org 2352: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2231:on 2019-08-23 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2162:on 2019-02-25 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2137:on 2019-03-07 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1981: 1980:HarperCollins 1977: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1807:In the novel 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:Magna Graecia 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1425: 350 BC 1419: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345:According to 1339: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196:, painted by 1195: 1192:on a Paestum 1191: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095:Foce del Sele 1092: 1086: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Orientalizing 1035: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1005: 998: 991: 983: 976: 971: 966: 959:Painted tombs 958: 949: 944: 937: 932: 928: 921: 916: 912: 905: 900: 898: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 870: 869: 864: 861: 856: 854: 851: 847: 842: 838: 829: 825: 823: 819: 818: 813: 812: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 772: 766: 757: 752: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 711: 707: 703: 700: 695: 693: 692: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 659: 652: 648: 641: 637: 630: 628: 626: 620: 616: 608: 604: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 553: 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 526: 525:Ancient Greek 522: 514: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 479: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 446:Ancient Greek 443: 439: 434: 432: 431:Foce del Sele 427: 423: 419: 418:Magna Graecia 415: 411: 410:ancient Greek 406: 398: 397: 388: 358: 352: 351: 342: 312: 303: 299: 296: 293: 286: 283: 275: 271: 263: 255: 248: 244: 240: 237: 235:Official name 229: 220: 213: 208:.museopaestum 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 131: 103: 99: 96: 95:Magna Graecia 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 58: 49: 42: 37: 30: 22: 7401: 7187:Castelseprio 7041: 7023:Amalfi Coast 7000:Villa d'Este 6792: 6763:Cinque Terre 6747:Porto Venere 6616: 6604: 6522: 6502: 6492:Torre Kernot 6490: 6229:Dionysopolis 6199:Abonoteichos 6151:Pantikapaion 5741:Hybla Heraea 5612: 5077:Architecture 5033:Prostitution 4722:Aristophanes 4581:Philosophers 4551:Philosophers 4383:Spartan army 4114:(280–146 BC) 4102:(338–322 BC) 4096:(370–168 BC) 4084:(374–196 BC) 4078:(378–355 BC) 4060:(430–348 BC) 4054:(478–404 BC) 4048:(499–449 BC) 3735:Peloponnesus 3657:Roman Greece 3487: 3428:Lake Avernus 3352:Aqua Augusta 3056:(in Italian) 3048:(in Italian) 3006: 3002: 2992: 2974: 2955: 2928: 2909: 2900: 2881: 2872: 2852:Méditerranée 2851: 2825: 2820:Google books 2807: 2788: 2770: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2736:. Retrieved 2732: 2723: 2716: 2713:"Poseidonia" 2708: 2694: 2683:. Retrieved 2679:the original 2669: 2660: 2655:Ceserani, 62 2651: 2642: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2615:Ceserani, 60 2593: 2588: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2525: 2518: 2498: 2491: 2471: 2464: 2445: 2432: 2422: 2417: 2407: 2399: 2386: 2378: 2354: 2345: 2333: 2325: 2306: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2252: 2233:. Retrieved 2229:the original 2201: 2191:December 18, 2189:. Retrieved 2185:the original 2175: 2164:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2150: 2139:. Retrieved 2135:the original 2125: 2111: 2102: 2090:. Retrieved 2086: 2076: 2057: 2051: 2039:. Retrieved 2032: 2023: 2011:. Retrieved 2004: 1995: 1983:. Retrieved 1973: 1964: 1912: 1895: 1878: 1869: 1848: 1833: 1823:Mare Nostrum 1821: 1820:In the film 1815:Willa Cather 1808: 1781: 1773: 1726: 1704: 1702: 1659: 1645: 1626: 1620: 1608: 1566: 1544: 1540:garden roses 1529: 1523: 1507:Carthaginian 1504: 1498:against the 1489: 1481: 1477: 1449: 1437: 1429: 1405:Greek period 1380: 1350: 1344: 1319:Hellenistic 1254: 1173:, California 1145: 1126: 1110: 1094: 1088: 1079:Sele complex 1050: 1031: 1019: 1009: 892: 873: 866: 857: 850:black-figure 834: 815: 811:bouleuterion 809: 806:amphitheater 803: 776: 736: 730: 715: 696: 689: 680:. Later, an 675: 664: 621: 617: 613: 601: 581: 558: 540: 520: 518: 486: 476: 474: 461: 441: 435: 310: 309: 7397:Herculaneum 7295:Switzerland 7267:Switzerland 7217:located at 7208:located at 7206:Santa Sofia 7199:located at 7165:Countrywide 7151:Val di Noto 7055:Herculaneum 7018:Alberobello 6995:Val d'Orcia 6793:Sacri Monti 6530:Santa Maria 6377:Place names 6289:Salmydessus 6111:Kalos Limen 6091:Chersonesus 6081:Borysthenes 5786:Tauromenion 5598:Metapontion 5360:Proto-Greek 5313:Erechtheion 5308:Athena Nike 5270:Philippeion 5099:Mathematics 5070:and science 4953:Agriculture 4817:Stesichorus 4727:Bacchylides 4717:Archilochus 4604:Antisthenes 4594:Anaximander 4566:Seven Sages 4556:Playwrights 4536:Geographers 4531:Astronomers 4358:Pezhetairos 3985: 1100 3965:Federations 3864:Megalopolis 3801:City states 3776:City states 3483:Monte Pruno 3460:Villa Jovis 3318:Herculaneum 2993:Geographica 2423:Geographica 2351:"ToposText" 2335:Geographica 1804:visited..." 1731:during the 1700:sea deity. 1682:antiquarian 1668:, a public 1637:Herculaneum 1583:Rediscovery 1579:(d. 1085). 1547:Middle Ages 1505:During the 1492:Pyrrhic War 1399:Troezenians 1383:Troezenians 1234:Statues of 1194:bell krater 1171:Getty Villa 1033:true fresco 977:, c. 470 BC 745:Roman forum 712:, c. 500 BC 653:, c. 450 BC 642:, c. 550 BC 573:entablature 561:Doric order 426:Doric order 272:1998 (22nd 182:Middle Ages 125: / 101:Coordinates 7457:Categories 7392:Faraglioni 7308:Montenegro 7137:Mount Etna 7028:Appian Way 6856:Conegliano 6817:Monferrato 6783:Landscapes 6737:Sabbioneta 6639:Villammare 6560:Mezzatorre 6279:Polemonion 6156:Phanagoria 6126:Kimmerikon 6121:Kerkinitis 6106:Hermonassa 6096:Dioscurias 5992:Aspalathos 5939:Kalathousa 5914:Akra Leuke 5843:Phoenicusa 5628:Scylletium 5613:Poseidonia 5533:Brentesion 5420:Pamphylian 5415:Macedonian 5333:Samothrace 5318:Hephaestus 5265:Long Walls 5244:Structures 5185:Underworld 5131:Technology 5094:Literature 5028:Philosophy 4993:Euergetism 4882:By culture 4827:Thucydides 4669:Pythagoras 4664:Protagoras 4654:Parmenides 4639:Heraclitus 4624:Empedocles 4614:Democritus 4599:Anaximenes 4589:Anaxagoras 4541:Historians 4034: 595 4021: 550 4002: 800 3987: – c. 3915:Cappadocia 3720:Ionian Sea 3710:Hellespont 3675:Aegean Sea 2738:2023-03-25 2685:2016-01-18 2393:5.1303a.20 2235:2016-02-26 2166:2016-02-26 2141:2016-02-26 2092:5 November 1957:References 1828:Rex Ingram 1826:(1926) by 1813:(1918) by 1810:My Ántonia 1801:Mark Twain 1790:In fiction 1698:Phoenician 1351:Poseidonia 1333:Foundation 1261:terracotta 1091:Sele river 1028:necropolis 1024:Golden Age 1018:(Italian: 884:Praxiteles 860:terracotta 686:sacrifices 623:low-built 579:in place. 577:architrave 529:Ποσειδωνία 521:Poseidonia 468:(now only 450:Ποσειδωνία 442:Poseidonia 269:Designated 245:, and the 193:Management 188:Site notes 141:Settlement 110:40°25′20″N 33:Ποσειδωνία 7417:Solfatara 7271:with the 7246:Palmanova 7210:Benevento 6940:Tarquinia 6936:Cerveteri 6841:Dolomites 6827:Northeast 6703:Northwest 6634:Capitello 6565:Acciaroli 6535:San Marco 6508:Licinella 6365:in Epirus 6314:Trapezous 6259:Mesambria 6244:Eupatoria 6214:Apollonia 6209:Anchialos 6171:Theodosia 6141:Nymphaion 6131:Myrmekion 6101:Gorgippia 6057:Black Sea 6042:Tragurion 6027:Nymphaion 6012:Epidauros 6007:Epidamnos 5997:Apollonia 5974:Zacynthos 5896:Ptolemais 5890:Apollonia 5863:Cyrenaica 5853:Therassía 5848:Strongyle 5828:Ereikousa 5751:Leontinoi 5691:Apollonia 5568:Hipponion 5365:Mycenaean 5328:Parthenon 5260:Lion Gate 5163:Mythology 5126:Sculpture 5089:Astronomy 5023:Pederasty 4998:Festivals 4983:Education 4863:Lawgivers 4832:Timocreon 4812:Sophocles 4807:Simonides 4782:Philocles 4777:Panyassis 4772:Mimnermus 4737:Herodotus 4732:Euripides 4702:Aeschylus 4649:Leucippus 4609:Aristotle 4388:Strategos 4254:Synedrion 4208:Ostracism 4188:Areopagus 4140:Free city 3935:Macedonia 3819:Byzantion 3725:Macedonia 3690:Cyrenaica 3667:Geography 3601:Geography 3258:Casilinum 3176:Benevento 2869:"Paestum" 2580:163611919 2383:Aristotle 2298:191633025 2041:18 August 2029:"Paestum" 2013:18 August 2001:"Paestum" 1985:18 August 1970:"Paestum" 1919:Empathism 1694:etymology 1666:gymnasium 1563:acropolis 1536:cultivars 1445:sympolity 1441:synoecism 1433:Metaponto 1387:Aristotle 1281:Alcyoneus 1053:symposium 1046:Classical 872:open-air 863:offertory 726:Christian 533:Lucanians 454:Lucanians 113:15°0′19″E 7362:Aeclanum 7351:Campania 7291:Slovenia 7273:Holy See 7142:Syracuse 7060:Oplontis 6950:Florence 6852:Prosecco 6835:Aquileia 6751:Palmaria 6600:Palinuro 6595:Caprioli 6518:Agropoli 6477:Cilentan 6414:Category 6392:Theatres 6319:Tripolis 6254:Kerasous 6249:Heraclea 6181:Tyritake 6136:Nikonion 6047:Thronion 5969:Salauris 5924:Emporion 5881:Berenice 5871:Balagrae 5823:Euonymos 5796:Tyndaris 5781:Syracuse 5776:Selinous 5746:Kamarina 5701:Casmenae 5686:Akrillai 5603:Neápolis 5538:Caulonia 5519:Mainland 5450:Linear B 5445:Linear A 5375:Dialects 5352:Language 5146:Religion 5104:Medicine 5038:Religion 5003:Folklore 4988:Emporium 4963:Clothing 4958:Calendar 4842:Xenophon 4837:Tyrtaeus 4822:Theognis 4797:Polybius 4792:Plutarch 4767:Menander 4747:Hipponax 4674:Socrates 4629:Epicurus 4475:Diadochi 4373:Sciritae 4333:Hetairoi 4308:Ballista 4273:Military 4236:Gerousia 4226:Ekklesia 4193:Ecclesia 4175:Athenian 4123:Politics 4036:–279 BC) 4023:–366 BC) 4004:–389 BC) 3940:Pergamon 3910:Bithynia 3903:Kingdoms 3844:Pergamon 3786:Military 3781:Politics 3578:Timeline 3450:Suessula 3413:Pozzuoli 3391:Oplontis 3330:Liternum 3268:Sinuessa 3203:Saticula 3121:Aeclanum 3105:Campania 3064:Archived 2991:Strabo, 2440:(2008). 2421:Strabo, 2388:Politics 2314:Archived 2290:40024548 1925:See also 1799:(1869), 1784:Tiberius 1755:Poseidon 1690:Etruscan 1670:basilica 1651:etchings 1597:etchings 1559:Agropoli 1551:malarial 1531:Georgics 1511:Hannibal 1375:Poseidon 1371:Agropoli 1240:Tiberius 1188:and the 1186:Odysseus 1152:notnames 1106:Heracles 1012:Lucanian 741:Poseidon 728:church. 671:basilica 501:Campania 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3700:Doris 3685:Crete 3520:Velia 3306:Cumae 3301:Baiae 3236:Cales 3019:JSTOR 2576:S2CID 2568:JSTOR 2294:S2CID 2286:JSTOR 1778:Coins 1751:Nomos 1357:from 1236:Livia 1044:, or 895:Venus 868:polos 783:agora 779:Forum 722:Ceres 691:cella 682:altar 462:Pesto 416:, in 396:-stəm 359:also 243:Velia 7306:and 7144:and 7087:and 7062:and 7044:and 6975:Rome 6938:and 6928:and 6871:and 6839:The 6815:and 6757:and 6755:Tino 6735:and 6309:Tium 6076:Akra 6017:Issa 5711:Gela 5583:Laüs 5558:Elea 5216:Dion 5068:Arts 5058:Wine 4684:Zeno 4281:Wars 2979:ISBN 2960:ISBN 2941:ISBN 2914:ISBN 2886:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2812:ISBN 2794:ISBN 2598:ISBN 2531:ISBN 2504:ISBN 2477:ISBN 2450:ISBN 2411:2.10 2193:2012 2094:2013 2062:ISBN 2043:2019 2015:2019 1987:2019 1635:and 1238:and 1127:The 925:The 835:The 797:and 795:Juno 731:The 678:Hera 665:The 594:and 592:Juno 586:and 584:Hera 515:Name 348:PEST 253:Type 138:Type 6854:di 5013:Law 3011:doi 2996:6.1 2933:doi 2856:doi 2769:In: 2715:in 2560:doi 2278:doi 2274:110 1595:'s 1575:by 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