2476:. Pressured by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family turned to the Dutch for help, and had previously conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On 10 February 1821, Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagarsyah, a nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah who was in Padang, along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate against the Padri. Although Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar at the time was not considered entitled to make a treaty on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Dutch made it a sign of the submission of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. Later after the Dutch succeeded in capturing Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Antoine Theodore Raaff, Yang Dipertuan Pagaruyung Raja Alam Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung.
617:
336:
179:
551:
322:
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2081:
1979:
4743:
3042:
1607:
353:
77:
565:
36:
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in goods and money. At that time a delegation from
Pagaruyung came to congratulate the British on their success in expelling the Dutch from Padang. In 1784, The fortress at Padang was destroyed before the town was returned to VOC control. According to Marsden, Minangkabau had long been considered the
2975:
The influence of the kingdom of
Pagaruyung covered almost the entire island of Sumatra as written by William Marsden in his book The history of Sumatra (1784). Several other kingdoms outside Sumatra also recognized Pagaruyung's sovereignty, although not in a tribute-giving relationship. There are as
2308:
When the VOC succeeded in expelling the
Sultanate of Aceh from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence on Pagaruyung weakened. The relationship between the overseas and coastal regions and the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom became close again. At that time Pagaruyung was one of the centres
2533:
After its fall, the influence and prestige of the
Pagaruyung Kingdom remained high, especially among the overseas Minangkabau community. When the members of the court were scattered following a failed rebellion against the Dutch in 1833, one of the heirs of the Pagaruyung Kingdom was invited to
2384:
visited
Pagaruyung by reaching it from the west coast, which was already riven by warfare between the Padri and the Adat. Raffles found that the royal capital had been burnt down as a result of the war, and by then it had been burned to the ground three times. It was rebuilt after the first two
2096:
after the end of the 14th century influenced the patriarchal system to some extent, and brought a relatively new phenomenon to the society in the interior of
Minangkabau. But during this time, there was a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between the last date of
2301:, the gold-rich ruler of Minangkabau, informing him that the VOC had taken control of the west coast so that the gold trade could be re-established on the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was succeeded by his son,
2325:. He travelled from the east coast to reach the region in 1684 and reported, probably from hearsay, that there was a palace at Pagaruyung and that visitors had to go through three gates to enter it. The primary local occupations at the time were
2546:
asked the Dutch East Indies government to give him a higher position than the Regent of Tanah Datar that he held after replacing Sultan
Tunggul Alam Bagagar, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this resulted in one of the drivers of the
2138:, is considered to be the first scholar to spread Islam in Pagaruyung. In the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung was finally transformed into an Islamic sultanate. The first Islamic king is mentioned in the Minangkabau traditional tambo as
2152:", which means that Minangkabau custom is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an. However, in some cases, some customary systems and methods were still maintained and this is what led to the outbreak of the civil war known as the
2428:
on the south coast became practically an independent kingdom although still officially subject to the king of
Pagaruyung. The east coast was already under the influence of the Malay Sultanates, and in the future, other areas, such as
2514:. Though, Dutch colonial ambitions seemed to make the adat and the Padri factions try to forget their differences and ally in secret to expel the Dutch. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel
219:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
1836:
region between 1347 and 1375, most likely to control the local gold trade. The few artefacts recovered from
Adityawarman's reign include a number of stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at
2271:, and acknowledge the Aceh governors appointed for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minang people on the west coast rose up and rebelled against the Aceh governors. During this time, the first arrival of the
2444:
In the early 19th century, conflict broke out between the Padri and the Adat. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. There was turmoil in several areas of the
Pagaruyung Kingdom, culminating in the
3769:
The history of Sumatra: containing an account of the government, laws, customs and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation of the ancient political state of that
1722:
and several other kingdoms or conquests of Adityawarman. The region gradually became Muslim throughout the 16th century and after. In the early 17th century, the kingdom was forced to recognise the sovereignty of the
2129:
Islamic influence in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, through travellers and religious teachers who stopped over or came from Aceh and Malacca. One of the students of the famous Acehnese scholar Syaikh
2147:
With the advent of Islam, customary rules that contradicted the teachings of Islam began to be eliminated and the essentials of custom were replaced with Islamic rules. The famous Minangkabau traditional saying:
2410:"From the ruins of this city (Pagaruyung) it is evident that here once stood a great Malay civilisation, rivalling that of Java, the site of many buildings now no longer exists, destroyed by the ongoing war."
2538:, and Raffles intended to appoint the Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah, who he considered a direct descendant of the Minangkabau king, as king under British protection. Meanwhile, after the end of the Padri War,
2389:
trees. After a peace between the British and the Dutch in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reasserted their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the
1823:
as the founder of this kingdom, the Tambo itself also does not clearly mention it. However, some of the inscriptions left behind by Adityawarman show that he was indeed the king of the country, specifically
2615:
The political sphere of influence of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung was an area where Minangkabau culture lived, grew and developed. This area can be traced from this statement in the Minang-language
2060:
temple area. It is likely that these areas included the conquest area of Adityawarman. While recorded devout adherents of this teaching in addition to Adityawarman in the earlier period were
4718:
2424:
The power of the king of Pagaruyung was already very weak by the time of the Padri War, although he was still respected. Areas on the west coast fell under the influence of Aceh, while
1317:
2104:. By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (
5434:
4439:
1955:
After Adityawarman's death, Majapahit possibly sent another expedition to conquer the kingdom in 1409. Minangkabau legends record a fierce battle with the Majapahit army in the
4779:
2221:
and verse, but also of epistolary correspondence, and my own experience has proved to me that no greater difficulty attends the translation of letters from the princes of the
1759:
script in the inner circle which reads (Jawi: سلطان توڠݢل عالم باݢݢر ابن سلطان خليفة الله يڠ ممڤوڽاءي تختا کراجأن دالم نݢري ڤݢرويڠ دار القرار جوهن برداولة ظل الله في العالم;
2472:
on Batu Patah Hill was burned down during a riot in Padri War back in 1804. During the conflict most of the Minangkabau royal family were killed in 1815, on the orders of
2604:
as the main port of the Minangkabau king. However, later the overseas areas such as Siak (Gasib), Kampar Pekan Tua and Indragiri were then separated and conquered by the
2285:
made a request to the VOC, and the VOC took the opportunity at that time to stop Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Subsequently, the VOC, through its regent in Padang,
1962:
Before the kingdom was established, the people in the Minangkabau region already had a political system such as a confederation, which was a deliberative body of various
1297:
4287:
1277:
4347:
1635:
3562:
1998:. The rule of Adityawarman is thought to have been strong enough to dominate the central Sumatra region and its surroundings. This can be proven by the title
1366:
3911:
5424:
4772:
2495:
of Tanah Datar. Perhaps this policy gave Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar the impetus to start thinking about how to drive the Dutch out of his country.
222:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
4268:
2033:, a ceremony to transfer power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, which can be related to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the emissary of
230:
1959:
area. It is said that the area was so named because of the many corpses that lay there. According to the legend, the Javanese army was defeated.
335:
2365:(golden earth). Even after the Dutch and British reached the interior of Minangkabau, they never found significant gold reserves in the area.
4381:
4233:
3921:
3461:
3153:
3127:
2380:
were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and regained control of the west coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. In 1818,
1970:. In terms of historical continuity, the Pagaruyung kingdom was a kind of administrative system change for the local people (ethnic Minang).
1411:
2573:, The land of Minangkabau, in addition to the inland highlands of Sumatra where the king lived, also included the eastern coastal region of
1552:
4765:
1727:
but rebelled in 1665, also Dutch influence and presence grew in the 17th century. In the early 19th century, turmoil erupted during the
1512:
94:
49:
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4112:
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1628:
1574:
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3702:
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3339:
2534:
become the ruler of Kuantan. Likewise, when Raffles was still in charge of the Malay Peninsula, he met with Pagaruyung relatives in
1532:
278:
160:
63:
2548:
5419:
2053:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1522:
141:
5085:
4076:
3656:, Batavia-'s Hage, Albrecht & Co.-M. Nijhoff. 40p. 8vo wrs. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 39.
3306:
3185:
3141:
113:
2126:, written between 1513 and 1515, recorded that of the three Minangkabau kings, only one had become a Muslim 15 years earlier.
526:
243:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Indonesian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1584:
1376:
624:
98:
4283:
4479:
4315:(2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra".
3763:
2309:
of trade on the island of Sumatra, due to the production of gold there. This attracted the attention of the Dutch and the
2259:
1621:
1589:
1579:
1562:
1527:
1451:
1421:
1356:
1186:
889:
712:
596:
120:
2332:
Around 1750, the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the VOC presence in Padang and tried to persuade the British in the
2167:
Islam also influenced the government system of the Pagaruyung Kingdom with the addition of governmental elements such as
4351:
3986:
1800:
1205:
898:
2184:
1752:
1431:
454:
4183:
Dobbin, Christine (1977). "Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement, 1784–1830".
4018:
3523:
2683:, Riau today. In full, the tambo states that the Alam Minangkabau (area of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung) is as follows:
1888:, during his reign it is likely that Adityawarman moved the centre of his government to the interior of Minangkabau.
5243:
4019:"Historical Perspectives on Sawah Cultivation and the Political and Economic Context for Irrigation in West Sumatra"
3845:
Herinneringen uit den Levensloop van een Indisch Ambtenaar van 1815 tot 1851: Medegedeeld in briefen door E. Francis
1986:
Hindu-Buddhist influence in central Sumatra had emerged around the 13th century, beginning with the dispatch of the
127:
4930:
4563:
2523:
2391:
1386:
2976:
many as 62 to 75 small kingdoms in the archipelago which are the main ones in Pagaruyung, which are spread in the
87:
4670:
4257:
2515:
1991:
1923:
region at the beginning of its reign. On the other side of the irrigation canal, there is also an inscription in
1537:
5343:
5075:
4374:
2878:
2313:
to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, the first European to enter the region, a
2272:
1517:
938:
238:
109:
2491:, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority from the start and only appointed him as the
2458:
2349:
richest in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king was said to have been divided between the
259:
2294:
2172:
2149:
2048:
Several areas in the interior of central Sumatra are still found to be influenced by Buddhism, including the
2927:
2845:
2416:
2302:
2049:
1771:). Unfortunately, the mohor stamp does not indicate the year of his reign. The kingdom collapsed during the
684:
252:
55:
2203:(customary law), which are replacements for the Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term
1919:
were only applied by the Pagaruyung Kingdom after adapting to the community environment, especially in the
4424:
2933:
2868:
2543:
2344:
in 1781, the British managed to temporarily control Padang without a fight and netted the British 500,000
2341:
2131:
2018:
2003:
1899:
mentions Adityawarman completing the construction of a ditch to irrigate the 'forever rice-rich garden of
1849:
1829:
1748:
1703:
5326:
4688:
1916:
5309:
5117:
5070:
4660:
4404:
4272:
4245:
3784:
2434:
1896:
1808:
1441:
1168:
633:
616:
1931:, which could indicate the presence of a significant number of people from southern India in the area.
1812:
321:
2948:
5429:
5370:
5360:
5233:
5215:
5205:
5152:
5080:
5050:
4940:
4915:
4905:
4746:
4644:
4496:
4464:
4419:
4367:
3885:
Prof Dr Hamka's speech at the reburial ceremony of Sultan Alam Bagagar Syah at the Jakarta City Hall.
3551:
3055:
2904:
2652:
2648:
2438:
1963:
1948:
1861:
1744:
1652:
1469:
1232:
1195:
1148:
1078:
1048:
1018:
988:
605:
377:
3937:
3360:
2806:
1967:
1956:
1934:
Adityawarman was initially sent to subdue important areas in Sumatra, and reigned as a vassal king (
1907:, the previous king, so it is certain that in accordance with Minangkabau customs, inheritance from
5365:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5107:
5060:
4723:
4623:
4593:
4506:
4449:
3690:
2954:
2916:
2813:
2011:
1987:
1920:
1765:
Sulthān Tunggul Alam Bagagar ibnu Sulthān Khalīfatullāh yang mempunyai tahta kerajaan dalam negeri
1287:
1252:
1118:
1038:
908:
2874:
2187:, which contains the word qaum, are clearly influenced by Arabic or Islam. In addition, the terms
1924:
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5385:
5375:
5331:
5200:
5185:
4935:
4864:
4809:
4469:
4390:
4332:
4210:
4148:
4051:
3413:
3229:
3170:
Perjuangan Sultan Alam Bagagar Syah Dalam Melawan Penjajah Belanda di Minangkabau pada Abad ke 19
3146:
Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to C. A, Part 1500
3075:
3060:
2997:
2993:
2552:
2539:
2462:
2425:
2244:
2140:
2135:
2093:
1816:
1680:
1492:
1477:
1138:
1108:
1028:
781:
558:
327:
5348:
1952:
it was known that Adityawarman had sent envoys to China 6 times during the period 1371 to 1377.
134:
5353:
3327:
3169:
2361:
had sent spears and swords made of gold, as a sign of establishing herself as the ruler of the
2340:) to join forces to expel the Dutch, although the British did not respond. However, during the
2281:, had set interest among local rulers. A letter from the Minangkabau ruler calling himself the
191:
5238:
5175:
5055:
5035:
4994:
4925:
4920:
4700:
4678:
4516:
4229:
4167:
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3792:
3740:
3734:
3698:
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3436:
3393:
3368:
3335:
3149:
2884:
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2469:
2430:
2333:
2007:
1327:
1307:
1088:
978:
968:
928:
663:
544:
234:
5314:
3278:
De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka
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5127:
5030:
4900:
4834:
4556:
4324:
4302:
4200:
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Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500
4041:
4033:
3047:
2849:
2823:
2381:
2357:
with equal power. Earlier in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had recorded that a queen named
1611:
1487:
1242:
1068:
1058:
751:
4252:. Vol. II. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 137.
5112:
5045:
5040:
4910:
4859:
4849:
4489:
4429:
4253:
3566:
3065:
2535:
2386:
2373:
2240:
2038:
1904:
1482:
1223:
1098:
998:
958:
791:
5319:
3767:
2479:
2080:
1978:
1832:. Thus, is believed that Adityawarman founded the kingdom and presided over the central
5304:
5296:
5228:
5020:
4979:
4854:
4839:
4819:
4728:
4551:
4312:
3033:
2891:
2609:
2507:
2450:
2377:
2310:
2268:
2222:
1892:
1841:, a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was located there.
1724:
1719:
1158:
1128:
1008:
831:
761:
381:
3559:
2441:, became independent during the Padri's seizure of most of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung.
2267:
In the early 17th century, the kingdom was forced to recognise the sovereignty of the
5413:
4879:
4814:
4683:
4511:
4484:
4336:
4152:
4125:
2895:
2833:
2668:
2656:
2601:
2566:
2503:
2345:
2322:
2122:
2098:
2065:
1995:
1751:
or Ruyung tree, but it can also be referred to the inscription of the mohor stamp of
811:
4069:(in Dutch). Batavia: Oudheidkundig Verslag (Archaeological Report). pp. 49–108.
2217:"..., there is a striking consistency in the style of writing, not only of books in
1942:. However, none of the inscriptions left by this king mentioned anything related to
352:
5223:
4884:
4695:
4601:
4546:
4541:
2923:
2829:
2676:
2597:
2582:
2511:
2487:
Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagarsyah, on the other hand, wanted to be recognised as the
2326:
2085:
1928:
1857:
1820:
1796:
1760:
1715:
1707:
1702:
Prior to its establishment, the kingdom was part of Malayapura, a kingdom that the
801:
731:
694:
440:
3789:
To live as brothers: southeast Sumatra in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
2483:
Dutch and Padri forces facing each other on the battlefield. Painting circa 1900.
5137:
5132:
5025:
4969:
4501:
4409:
4328:
2977:
2578:
2519:
2061:
2057:
1869:
1865:
1756:
1696:
1692:
918:
841:
643:
531:
403:
363:
76:
5336:
5253:
5180:
5099:
4869:
4144:
3023:
2819:
2234:
2069:
1877:
1853:
861:
4757:
1679:, was a kingdom that once stood in the island of Sumatra and the seat of the
5004:
4874:
4844:
4829:
4611:
4606:
4531:
4434:
3744:
3621:
Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy: central Sumatra, 1784-1847
3420:. Pusat Penelitian Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional, Departemen P & K.
3365:
Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara
3070:
3004:(gradations) of the relationship, namely sapiah balahan (female bloodline),
2839:
2454:
2403:
2153:
1939:
1885:
1873:
1845:
1772:
1728:
871:
821:
771:
674:
583:
489:
3872:
Het einde Padri Oorlog: Het beleg en de vermeestering van Bondjol 1834-1837
2321:
paid a visit to Pagaruyung on the orders of the Dutch governor-general in
1792:
17:
5271:
5266:
5167:
4999:
4824:
4628:
4250:
Malay seal inscriptions: a study in Islamic epigraphy from Southeast Asia
2989:
2985:
2593:
2502:
in Java, the Dutch then tried to subdue the Padri with troops from Java,
2499:
2385:
fires, but abandoned after the third, and Raffles found little more than
2337:
2314:
2026:
653:
395:
373:
1779:) and the Dutch that put the Kingdom of Pagaruyung under Dutch control.
5276:
4974:
4954:
4588:
4526:
4214:
4055:
2527:
2250:
2196:
2171:
and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the village of
2030:
1915:(nephew) had already occurred at that time, although it is likely that
1852:, it is mentioned that in 1347 Adityawarman proclaimed himself king in
1833:
1684:
741:
399:
241:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
4205:
4107:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. p. 232.
4046:
3540:
Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan of 1663
2277:(VOC) in 1663, which then established a trading office in the city of
5286:
5281:
4989:
4618:
4583:
4568:
3913:
Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka
3830:
Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
3720:
Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
3525:
A Grammar of the Malayan Language: With an Introduction and Praxis...
3252:
De vestiging en uitbreiding der Nederlanders ter westkust van Sumatra
2981:
2942:
2369:
2278:
2192:
851:
419:
4301:(in Indonesian). Mahdi Muhammad. Tanah Datar: Kompas. Archived from
4196:
4037:
3208:
Malayan Miscellanies, Vol II: The Genealogy of Rajah of Pulo Percha
2530:) for the rest of his life, and buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery.
1775:, after the signing of an agreement between the Indigenous People (
5261:
5195:
5122:
4984:
4578:
4573:
4521:
3388:
Sinlapākō̜n, Mahāwitthayālai; Wichā Phāsā Tawanʻō̜k, Phāk (2003).
2862:
2855:
2589:
2478:
2290:
2229:
2218:
2079:
1977:
1819:
people there is no dating of any events told, even if considering
1791:
721:
391:
3558:, Cities (Elsevier), Vol. 13, Issue 4, August 1996, pp. 281-288,
5190:
4794:
4458:
2200:
2188:
1881:
216:
4761:
4363:
2116:). Collectively they were called the Kings of the Three Seats (
4359:
172:
70:
29:
4271:. Syofiardi Bachyul. Padang: The Jakarta Post. Archived from
3598:
Begin en Voortgang van onzen Handel en Voortgang op Westkust
3332:
Kitab Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu yang Tertua
2686:
2461:
was forced to step aside and flee from the royal capital to
3736:
Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Oost-Indische bezittingen
3210:. Printed And Published at Sumatra Mission Press. Bencoolen
2293:
in the north of Padang, sent a letter on 9 October 1668 to
2289:, whose jurisdiction extended from Kotawan in the south to
1731:
due to factional disputes and the state steadily declined.
4350:(in Indonesian). Padang: Tempo Interaktif. Archived from
3280:, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
3188:. "Peranan Adityawarman Putera Melayu di Asia Tenggara".
3000:
in Indonesia. The relationship is distinguished based on
1994:, and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son
4719:
Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center
3874:: Een bronnenpublicatie, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw.
3510:
Wapenfeiten van het Nederlands Indische Leger; 1816-1900
3695:
Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah
2596:. The records also state that the lands of Indragiri,
2449:
fundamentalist Islamic group, under the leadership of
2175:, which contains the word kudus derived from the word
4299:"Perbaikan Istana Pagaruyung Lebih dari Rp 20 Miliar"
2002:
carried by Adityawarman as carved on the back of the
3959:. the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
3093:
3091:
212:
5384:
5295:
5252:
5214:
5166:
5098:
5013:
4962:
4953:
4893:
4802:
4793:
4709:
4669:
4653:
4637:
4448:
4397:
3955:Cheah Boon Kheng, Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail (1998).
3172:" Agam : Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
579:
486:
476:
464:
446:
432:
418:
410:
387:
369:
359:
295:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4348:"Kebakaran Istano Basa Isyarat Kepada Pemerintah"
4226:A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra
3815:, Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient.
3392:. Sanskrit Studies Centre, Silpakorn University.
1811:kingdom cannot be known with certainty, from the
3492:Batuah, A. Dt. & Madjoindo, A. Dt., (1959),
2368:As a result of the conflict between Britain and
2164:, before the Dutch became involved in this war.
4126:"A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600–1870"
2457:groups, elite families and Pagarruyung royals.
2408:
2215:
2150:Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah
4162:Pires, Tomé (1990) . Cortesão, Armando (ed.).
2006:, which was found in the upper reaches of the
1982:An inscribed stone from Adityawarman's kingdom
237:accompanying your translation by providing an
203:Click for important translation instructions.
190:expand this article with text translated from
5435:States and territories disestablished in 1833
4773:
4375:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3309:(1990). "An ancient garden in West Sumatra".
1629:
8:
3431:Poesponegoro, M.D.; Notosusanto, N. (1992).
4284:"Istano Basa Pagaruyung: Restored to glory"
3758:
3756:
3754:
3460:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCortesão1990 (
3418:The archaeology and history of West Sumatra
2041:asking for recognition as the ruler of the
1903:', which was previously built by his uncle
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4959:
4799:
4780:
4766:
4758:
4382:
4368:
4360:
3823:
3821:
2522:on charges of treason. He was banished to
1876:. He had previously fought with Mahapatih
1848:carved by Adityawarman on the back of the
1710:, who established himself as the ruler of
1636:
1622:
590:
351:
292:
4204:
4045:
3942:Perang Paderi di Sumatra Barat, 1803-1838
3677:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3475:
3473:
3471:
2600:and Arcat were part of Minangkabau, with
279:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3455:
3126:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosch1931 (
3109:
2211:Relations with the Dutch and the British
1718:). Also included in Malayapura were the
4286:. Syofiardi Bachyul. The Jakarta Post.
4269:"West Sumatra palace destroyed by fire"
4105:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
3828:Raffles, Sophia (1835). "Chapter XII".
3087:
2675:is an area in the lower reaches of the
2551:in Batipuh, besides issues relating to
2097:Adityawarman's inscription in 1375 and
604:
593:
4290:from the original on 23 November 2013.
3987:"Pagaruyung, Simbol Perekat Nusantara"
3910:Andaya, Leonard Y. (22 January 2008).
3665:
3504:
3502:
3433:Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuno
3367:. Yogyakarta: PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara.
3264:
3097:
3968:
3966:
3718:Raffles, Sophia (1835). "Chapter V".
3355:
3353:
3351:
3322:
3320:
3301:
3299:
3250:Stuers, H.J.J.L.; Veth, P.J. (1849).
3121:
2938:Areas along the west coast of Sumatra
485:
475:
471:
445:
431:
427:
417:
249:{{Translated|id|Kerajaan Pagaruyung}}
7:
3887:Jakarta: Panjimas Library Publisher.
3245:
3243:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3180:
3178:
2084:Replica of the Pagaruyung palace in
1769:Johan Berdaulat Zhillullāh fīl 'Ālam
1687:. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in
99:adding citations to reliable sources
4067:De rijkssieraden van Pagar Roejoeng
3334:. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
3234:Sumatra Barat hingga Plakat Panjang
2453:, in conflict with the traditional
4065:Bosch, Frederik David Kan (1930).
3733:Meinsma, Johannes Jacobus (1872).
3483:, London: Hakluyt Society, 2 vols.
2647:was the northern boundary, now in
2585:and the west coast port cities of
2156:, which was initially between the
1695:regency, located near the town of
25:
4282:Jakarta Post (23 November 2013).
3859:Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol (MTIB)
3538:Kathirithamby-Wells, J., (1969),
2274:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1807:The emergence of Pagaruyung as a
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:Old Kingdom in Sumatra, Indonesia
4742:
4741:
4430:The formation of Negeri Sembilan
4103:(1968). Vella, Walter F. (ed.).
3560:doi:10.1016/0264-2751(96)00010-8
3040:
3026:
1605:
615:
563:
549:
524:
334:
320:
177:
75:
34:
5425:Precolonial states of Indonesia
4440:The role of Minangkabau in PRRI
4164:The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires
3481:The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires
2903:Edges of Batang Sikilang Area,
2900:Area up to the Indonesian Ocean
2021:mentions that Ananggawarman as
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3916:. University of Hawaii Press.
3791:. University of Hawaii Press.
3739:(in Dutch). Delft: J. IJkema.
2971:Relations with regional powers
2329:and agriculture, he reported.
1856:, Adityawarman was the son of
1318:French and British interregnum
247:You may also add the template
1:
4317:Indonesia and the Malay World
4267:Jakarta Post (1 March 2007).
3494:Tambo Minangkabau dan Adatnya
3435:. Jakarta: PT Balai Pustaka.
2713:Dari Sirangkak nan Badangkang
2199:(Mu'alim) also appear in the
2134:(Tengku Syiah Kuala), Syaikh
2112:), and the King of Religion (
3857:Nain, Sjafnir Aboe, (2004),
3643:SWK 1703 VOC 1664, f. 117-18
3293:, (terj.), Jakarta: Bhratara
2703:Sajajaran Sago jo Singgalang
1801:National Museum of Indonesia
1206:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
4329:10.1080/1363981042000320134
4297:Kompas (28 February 2007).
3654:Naar midden Sumatra in 1684
3479:Cortesão, Armando, (1944),
3016:who are royal descendants.
2798:Pucuak Jambi Sambilan Lurah
2793:Sampai ka Tanjuang Simalidu
2753:Sampai ka ombak nan badabua
2728:Hinggo Durian Ditakuak Rajo
2708:Saputaran Talang jo Kurinci
2516:Cornelis Pieter Jacob Elout
2359:Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan
1755:of Pagaruyung, which is in
1753:Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar
713:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
260:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
5451:
4788:Former states in Indonesia
4470:Minangkabau historiography
4346:Tempo (28 February 2007).
3883:Hamka (12 February 1975).
3813:Traditional Sumatran Trade
3390:Sanskrit in Southeast Asia
2883:Rantau Hilir Kampar area (
2743:Hinggo Aia Babaliak Mudiak
2723:Sampai ka Pintu Rajo Hilia
2718:Hinggo Buayo Putiah Daguak
2693:Nan salilik Gunuang Marapi
2639:Hinggo Aia Babaliak Mudiak
2401:
2394:in 1824 with the British.
1828:, as interpreted from the
1387:United States of Indonesia
1224:Chinese Kongsi federations
211:Machine translation, like
4737:
4598:Minangkabau architecture
4145:10.1017/S0026749X04001374
3976:, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
3972:Djamaris, Edwar, (1991),
3832:. Vol. I. J. Duncan.
3722:. Vol. I. J. Duncan.
3522:Marsden, William (1812).
3496:, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
3236:. Penerbit Sinar Harapan.
3168:Mhd. Nur, et al. (2016) "
2992:, as well as in Sumatra,
2953:Area around the hills of
2768:Ka timua Ranah Aia Bangih
2763:Hinggo lauik nan sadidieh
2748:Sailiran Batang Bangkaweh
2634:Dari Durian Ditakuak Rajo
1538:Javanese historical texts
503:
499:
472:
460:
428:
350:
316:
311:
192:the corresponding article
4124:Colombijn, Free (2005).
4017:Ambler, John S. (1988).
3861:, transl., Padang: PPIM.
2941:Area around Silauik and
2840:Pariangan Padang Panjang
2758:Sailiran Batang Sikilang
2698:Saedaran Gunuang Pasaman
2663:is an area of Bengkulu.
2629:Hinggo Taratak Aia Hitam
2624:Dari Sikilang Aia Bangih
2459:Sultan Arifin Muningsyah
2195:(Khatib), Bila (Bilal),
2068:and king Kertanegara of
1974:Hindu-Buddhist influence
1872:Kingdom as mentioned in
1298:Dutch East India Company
939:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
5420:History of West Sumatra
4527:Saluang/Minangkabau Ney
3811:Miksic, John., (1985),
3512:, M.M. Cuvee, Den Haag.
2922:Areas in the region of
2846:Pesisir Selatan Regency
2417:Thomas Stamford Raffles
2382:Thomas Stamford Raffles
2019:Batusangkar inscription
1830:Batusangkar inscription
1656:
258:For more guidance, see
4425:Minangkabau Malaysians
4224:Drakard, Jane (1999).
3898:Mededelingen...Kwantan
3542:, JSEAH 10, 3:453-479.
3291:Penulisan Sejarah Jawa
3276:Kern, J.H.C., (1907),
2928:Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman
2783:Pasisia Banda Sapuluah
2619:(traditional legend):
2484:
2412:
2342:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
2255:
2179:(holy) as the seat of
2089:
1983:
1868:, the daughter of the
1804:
1767:Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār
1720:kingdom of Dharmasraya
1706:mentions was ruled by
1704:Amoghapasa inscription
1661:Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār
1349:Emergence of Indonesia
303:Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār
4661:Islam in West Sumatra
4564:Minangkabau merchants
4405:Minangkabau homelands
4354:on 30 September 2007.
4275:on 29 September 2007.
3870:Teitler, G., (2004),
3652:Haan, F. de, (1896),
3619:Dobbin, C.E. (1983).
3596:Basel, J.L., (1847),
3585:Mission to Pagaruyung
2738:Sialang Balantak Basi
2733:Sipisau-pisau Hanyuik
2482:
2227:, than from those of
2108:), the King of Adat (
2083:
2010:(now included in the
1981:
1795:
1404:Republic of Indonesia
1270:European colonization
1169:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
370:Common languages
231:copyright attribution
5216:Lesser Sunda Islands
4684:Bodi-Chaniago system
4532:Talempong/Caklempong
4497:Minangkabau marriage
4480:Minangkabau folklore
4420:Minangkabau diaspora
4258:ILS catalogue number
4133:Modern Asian Studies
3843:Francis, E. (1859).
3697:. PT Balai Pustaka.
3508:Kepper, G., (1900),
3289:Berg, C.C., (1985),
3056:History of Indonesia
2909:Areas bordering the
2842:and its surroundings
2773:Rao jo Mapek Tunggua
2665:Durian Ditakuak Rajo
2355:king of Sungai Tarab
2299:Iskandar Zur-Karnain
2025:performed a Tantric
1901:Nandana Sri Surawasa
1862:Kuburajo Inscription
1657:Karajaan Pagaruyuang
1612:Indonesia portal
1233:Heshun Confederation
1149:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1079:Kalinyamat Sultanate
1049:Sultanate of Jailolo
1019:Sultanate of Ternate
732:Tarumanagara Kingdom
110:"Pagaruyung Kingdom"
95:improve this article
4724:Adityawarman Museum
4689:Koto-Piliang system
4594:Songket Minangkabau
4507:Minangkabau cuisine
4246:Gallop, Annabel Teh
3569:. (Jurnal berbayar)
2778:Gunuang Mahalintang
2673:Aia Babaliak Mudiak
2645:Sikilang Aia Bangih
2092:The development of
2012:Dharmasraya Regency
1988:Pamalayu Expedition
1917:Minangkabau customs
1897:Suruaso inscription
1377:National Revolution
1367:Japanese occupation
1253:Santiaogou Republic
1119:Palembang Sultanate
1039:Sultanate of Tidore
909:Peureulak Sultanate
842:Dharmasraya Kingdom
478:• Established
455:Sultan Tangkal Alam
343:Sultan Tangkal Alam
4538:Minangkabau dance
4077:de Casparis, J. G.
3565:2023-03-03 at the
3528:author. p. 3.
3254:. P.N. van Kampen.
3076:Minangkabau people
3061:Inderapura Kingdom
3008:(male bloodline),
2998:West Nusa Tenggara
2994:East Nusa Tenggara
2671:, Jambi. Finally,
2489:Raja of Pagaruyung
2485:
2303:Sultan Indermasyah
2283:Raja of Pagaruyung
2136:Burhanuddin Ulakan
2090:
1984:
1805:
1456:1998–present
1357:National Awakening
1187:Christian kingdoms
1153:1755–present
1143:1745–present
1139:Surakarta Sunanate
1109:Kingdom of Kaimana
1063:1526–present
1029:Sultanate of Bacan
949:Pagaruyung Kingdom
890:Islamic sultanates
782:Shailendra Dynasty
559:Inderapura Kingdom
328:Marawa Minangkabau
239:interlanguage link
5407:
5406:
5094:
5093:
4949:
4948:
4755:
4754:
4679:Minangkabau clans
4517:Minangkabau music
4235:978-983-56-0035-7
3974:Tambo Minangkabau
3923:978-0-8248-3189-9
3900:. TBG 36: 325–42.
3155:978-90-04-04172-1
2967:
2966:
2885:Pelalawan Regency
2788:Taratak Aia Hitam
2681:Pelalawan Regency
2661:Taratak Aia Hitam
2606:Malacca Sultanate
2577:(between Aru and
2498:After ending the
2470:Pagaruyung Palace
2269:Sultanate of Aceh
2132:Abdurrauf Singkil
2076:Islamic influence
2008:Batang Hari river
2004:Amoghapasa Statue
1864:, and the son of
1860:as carved on the
1850:Amoghapasa Statue
1725:Sultanate of Aceh
1683:kings of Western
1663:), also known as
1646:
1645:
1460:
1459:
1412:Liberal democracy
1395:
1394:
1340:
1339:
1328:Dutch East Indies
1261:
1260:
1214:
1213:
1196:Larantuka Kingdom
1177:
1176:
1089:Mataram Sultanate
989:Cirebon Sultanate
969:Malacca Sultanate
929:Ternate Sultanate
880:
879:
862:Singhasari Empire
856:1000s–1300s
822:Kahuripan Kingdom
703:
702:
589:
588:
575:
574:
571:
570:
545:Dutch East Indies
537:
536:
306:ڤݢرويڠ دار القرار
289:
288:
281:
271:
270:
204:
200:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5442:
5357:
5340:
5323:
5244:Solor Watan Lema
5128:Lanfang Republic
4960:
4800:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4759:
4745:
4744:
4671:Tribes and clans
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4340:
4306:
4305:on 7 March 2007.
4291:
4276:
4261:
4239:
4218:
4208:
4177:
4156:
4130:
4118:
4094:
4070:
4059:
4049:
4023:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3944:. Balai Pustaka.
3934:
3928:
3927:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:Marsden, William
3760:
3749:
3748:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3623:. Curzon Press.
3616:
3601:
3600:, TNI 9, 2:1-95.
3594:
3588:
3581:
3570:
3552:Colombijn, Freek
3549:
3543:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3182:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3050:
3048:Indonesia portal
3045:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
2949:Tanjung Simalidu
2932:Areas bordering
2911:Indonesian Ocean
2861:Areas bordering
2850:Mukomuko Regency
2824:Mount Singgalang
2687:
2420:
2392:Treaty of London
2336:(now modern-day
2295:Sultan Ahmadsyah
2263:
2160:(ulama) and the
2056:temple area and
2039:Emperor of China
1815:received by the
1638:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1422:Guided Democracy
1408:
1407:
1353:
1352:
1274:
1273:
1243:Lanfang Republic
1229:
1228:
1192:
1191:
1113:1600s–1926
1103:1528s–1877
1069:Banjar Sultanate
1059:Banten Sultanate
1043:1500s–1967
959:Brunei Sultanate
895:
894:
872:Majapahit Empire
772:Srivijaya Empire
752:Kalingga Kingdom
718:
717:
685:Toba catastrophe
668:94,000–12,000 BP
639:
638:
619:
609:
591:
567:
566:
553:
552:
541:
540:
528:
527:
521:
520:
505:
504:
448:• 1789–1833
434:• 1347–1375
355:
338:
324:
293:
284:
277:
250:
244:
217:Google Translate
202:
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155:
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38:
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21:
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5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5380:
5351:
5334:
5317:
5291:
5248:
5210:
5162:
5090:
5009:
4945:
4931:Sumedang Larang
4889:
4789:
4786:
4756:
4751:
4733:
4711:
4705:
4665:
4649:
4633:
4490:Sabai Nan Aluih
4444:
4398:General history
4393:
4388:
4358:
4345:
4323:(93): 191–210.
4311:
4296:
4281:
4266:
4254:British Library
4244:
4236:
4223:
4197:10.2307/3350883
4182:
4174:
4161:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4099:
4091:
4075:
4064:
4038:10.2307/3351044
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3993:(in Indonesian)
3985:
3984:
3980:
3971:
3964:
3954:
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3647:
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2351:king of Suruaso
2317:explorer named
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2258:— Excerpt from
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1949:Berita Tiongkok
1905:Akarendrawarman
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2554:cultuurstelsel
2549:1841 rebellion
2508:South Sulawesi
2500:Diponegoro War
2451:Tuanku Pasaman
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2402:Main article:
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2118:Rajo Tigo Selo
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2000:Maharajadiraja
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1957:Padang Sibusuk
1946:and then from
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4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:(46): 39–77.
4031:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
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3951:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3919:
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3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
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3867:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3798:0-8248-1489-4
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3704:979-690-360-1
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3630:0-7007-0155-9
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3456:Cortesão 1990
3452:
3449:
3444:
3442:979-407-408-X
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3399:974-641-045-8
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3374:979-8451-16-3
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3341:979-461-603-6
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:Casparis, J.G
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:Casparis 1975
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3038:
3035:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:Beremas river
2915:Area east of
2914:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Ombilin River
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:Mount Kerinci
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:Mount Pasaman
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:Bungo Regency
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:North Sumatra
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Teluk Kuantan
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Suma Oriental
2568:
2565:According to
2560:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2526:(present-day
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:Tuanku Lintau
2471:
2468:The original
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:Suma Oriental
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Suma Oriental
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:temple area,
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:Ananggawarman
1993:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:Tuan Surawasa
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:name for the
1746:
1745:Minangkabauan
1742:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:, Indonesia.
1698:
1694:
1691:subdistrict,
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
891:
886:
885:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
812:Sunda Kingdom
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:Kutai Kingdom
720:
719:
714:
709:
708:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
677:
676:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
646:
645:
641:
640:
635:
630:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
614:
613:
610:
603:
598:
592:
585:
582:
580:Today part of
578:
562:
560:
557:
556:
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:
533:
530:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
481:
467:
463:
459:
456:
453:
442:
439:
436:(First King)
423:
421:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:(first era),
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
349:
341:Royal seal of
337:
329:
323:
315:
310:
304:
299:
294:
291:
283:
280:
261:
257:
254:
246:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
210:
208:
207:
201:
195:
194:in Indonesian
193:
188:You can help
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5344:South Maluku
5065:
4885:Tarumanagara
4602:Rumah gadang
4473:
4457:
4414:
4352:the original
4320:
4316:
4313:Miksic, John
4303:the original
4273:the original
4249:
4225:
4188:
4184:
4163:
4136:
4132:
4104:
4080:
4066:
4029:
4025:
3995:. Retrieved
3990:
3981:
3973:
3956:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3829:
3812:
3807:
3788:
3785:Andaya, B.W.
3779:
3768:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3694:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3639:
3620:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3451:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3414:Suleiman, S.
3408:
3389:
3383:
3364:
3331:
3310:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3260:
3251:
3233:
3230:Amran, Rusli
3207:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3164:
3145:
3136:
3117:
3105:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2910:
2905:West Pasaman
2890:Area around
2875:Mount Sailan
2873:Area around
2867:Area around
2830:Mount Talang
2828:Area around
2818:Area around
2812:Area around
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2677:Kampar River
2672:
2664:
2660:
2651:, bordering
2649:West Pasaman
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2592:, Tiku, and
2586:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2553:
2532:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2473:
2467:
2446:
2443:
2423:
2413:
2409:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2331:
2327:gold panning
2319:Thomas Dias,
2318:
2307:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2256:
2245:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2204:
2180:
2176:
2173:Sumpur Kudus
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2086:West Sumatra
2062:Kubilai Khan
2047:
2042:
2034:
2022:
2016:
1999:
1985:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1929:Tamil script
1912:
1908:
1900:
1890:
1858:Adwayawarman
1843:
1839:Bukit Gombak
1838:
1825:
1821:Adityawarman
1806:
1797:Adityawarman
1776:
1766:
1764:
1740:
1738:
1716:Suvarnabhumi
1712:Bhumi Malayu
1711:
1708:Adityawarman
1701:
1689:Tanjung Emas
1688:
1676:
1672:
1669:Pagar Ruyung
1668:
1664:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1594:
1553:Christianity
948:
802:Bali Kingdom
695:Buni culture
673:
658:1,000,000 BP
642:
514:Succeeded by
513:
508:
441:Adityawarman
302:
297:
290:
275:
235:edit summary
226:
197:
189:
157:
151:October 2021
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5430:Minangkabau
5352: [
5335: [
5332:Negeri Soya
5318: [
5158:Tanjungpura
5138:Negara Daha
5133:Negara Dipa
5071:Riau-Lingga
4970:Dharmasraya
4645:Minangkabau
4410:Dharmasraya
4391:Minangkabau
4260:: 12454119.
4191:(1): 1–38.
4139:(1): 1–38.
3847:. van Dorp.
3666:Ambler 1988
3361:Muljana, S.
3313:(9): 40–49.
3265:Coedès 1968
3098:Gallop 2002
3010:Kapak radai
2978:Philippines
2955:Batang Hari
2947:Area up to
2540:Tuan Gadang
2520:Batusangkar
2463:Lubuk Jambi
2431:Kampar Kiri
2246:Menangkabau
2181:Rajo Ibadat
2141:Sultan Alif
2114:Raja Ibadat
2058:Muara Takus
2054:Padanglawas
2043:San-fo-ts'i
2035:San-fo-ts'i
1992:Kertanagara
1911:(uncle) to
1880:to conquer
1870:Dharmasraya
1866:Dara Jingga
1817:Minangkabau
1697:Batusangkar
1693:Tanah Datar
1681:Minangkabau
1665:Pagarruyung
1653:Minangkabau
1518:Archaeology
1513:Agriculture
919:Aru Kingdom
644:Paleolithic
606:History of
532:Dharmasraya
509:Preceded by
450:Last King)
404:Sunni Islam
5414:Categories
5349:Tanah Hitu
5254:West Timor
5100:Kalimantan
5066:Pagaruyung
4941:Yogyakarta
4916:Kalinyamat
4870:Singhasari
4865:Shailendra
4810:Blambangan
4557:Pasambahan
4502:Matriarchy
4415:Pagaruyung
4206:1813/53633
4166:. Laurie.
4047:1813/53896
3938:Radjab, M.
3196:: 918–943.
3122:Bosch 1931
2820:Mount Sago
2567:Tomé Pires
2426:Inderapura
2315:Portuguese
2287:Jacob Pits
2207:(priest).
2099:Tomé Pires
2070:Singhasari
2050:Padangroco
1944:Bhumi Jawa
1895:-accented
1878:Gajah Mada
1854:Malayapura
1846:manuscript
1741:Pagaruyung
1677:Malayupura
1673:Malayapura
1649:Pagaruyung
1575:Mass media
1452:Reform era
1432:Transition
1278:Portuguese
664:Flores Man
634:Prehistory
411:Government
406:(last era)
364:Pagaruyung
298:Pagaruyung
121:newspapers
50:improve it
18:Pagaruyung
5234:Larantuka
5143:Pontianak
5061:Palembang
5005:Srivijaya
4995:Samaskuta
4936:Surakarta
4875:Srivijaya
4845:Majapahit
4830:Kahuripan
4612:Balairung
4607:Rangkiang
4465:etymology
4435:Padri War
4337:214651183
4185:Indonesia
4153:146399326
4083:. Brill.
4026:Indonesia
3328:Kozok, U.
3311:Kalpataru
3071:Srivijaya
2561:Territory
2455:syncretic
2404:Padri War
2363:bumi emas
2334:Bencoolen
2241:peninsula
2236:Trangganu
2185:Limo Kaum
2169:Tuan Kadi
2154:Padri War
2110:Raja Adat
2106:Raja Alam
1940:Majapahit
1913:kamanakan
1886:Palembang
1874:Pararaton
1844:From the
1777:Kaum adat
1773:Padri War
1739:The name
1735:Etymology
1729:Padri War
1533:Education
1442:New Order
1210:1670–1950
1200:1515–1904
786:600s–900s
776:600s–1025
766:600s–1347
756:500s–600s
746:400s-500s
736:400s–500s
689:75,000 BP
675:Neolithic
608:Indonesia
584:Indonesia
490:Padri War
388:Religion
312:1347–1833
253:talk page
56:talk page
5399:Salawati
5272:Amanuban
5267:Amanatun
5168:Sulawesi
5118:Bulungan
5000:Sanfotsi
4835:Kalingga
4825:Janggala
4747:Category
4654:Religion
4638:Language
4629:Dubalang
4288:Archived
4248:(2002).
4079:(1975).
3940:(1964).
3787:(1993).
3766:(1784).
3745:23421932
3693:(2005).
3563:Archived
3554:(1996),
3416:(1977).
3363:(2005).
3330:(2006).
3232:(1981).
3144:(1975).
3020:See also
2990:Malaysia
2986:Thailand
2879:Singingi
2854:Western
2838:Area of
2608:and the
2594:Pariaman
2435:Singingi
2387:waringin
2353:and the
2338:Bengkulu
2243:, or of
2045:region.
2027:Buddhist
2023:yuvaraja
1580:Military
1558:Hinduism
1548:Buddhism
1543:Religion
1523:Currency
1506:By topic
726:350–1605
654:Java Man
625:Timeline
597:a series
595:Part of
414:Monarchy
396:Buddhism
374:Sanskrit
229:provide
5394:Kaimana
5371:Jailolo
5361:Ternate
5315:Huamual
5310:Honimoa
5277:Amarasi
5201:Banggai
5153:Sarawak
5081:Serdang
5056:Malacca
5051:Langkat
5014:Islamic
4975:Kantoli
4955:Sumatra
4921:Mataram
4906:Cirebon
4894:Islamic
4860:Sanjaya
4850:Mataram
4710:Related
4589:Songket
4450:Culture
4228:. OUP.
4215:3350883
4056:3351044
4010:Sources
3002:gradasi
2587:Panchur
2569:in the
2544:Batipuh
2528:Jakarta
2524:Batavia
2439:Kuantan
2398:Decline
2372:in the
2346:florins
2323:Malacca
2311:British
2251:Sumatra
2239:in the
2205:Pandito
2120:). The
2037:to the
2031:hevajra
2014:area).
1936:uparaja
1834:Sumatra
1788:Origins
1783:History
1685:Sumatra
1568:Judaism
1528:Economy
1493:Bandung
1478:Jakarta
1470:Regions
1308:British
1288:Spanish
742:Kantoli
699:400 BCE
488:•
465:History
400:Animism
360:Capital
251:to the
233:in the
196:.
135:scholar
5366:Tidore
5327:Loloda
5297:Maluku
5287:Wehali
5282:Sonbai
5239:Mengwi
5148:Sambas
5113:Brunei
5108:Banjar
5031:Asahan
4990:Pannai
4980:Malayu
4926:Pajang
4901:Banten
4855:Rajasa
4840:Kediri
4820:Ishana
4624:Nagari
4619:Pantun
4584:Tabuik
4569:Randai
4552:Indang
4547:Piring
4335:
4232:
4213:
4170:
4151:
4111:
4087:
4054:
3997:7 June
3991:Kompas
3920:
3795:
3770:island
3743:
3701:
3627:
3556:Padang
3439:
3396:
3371:
3338:
3152:
3012:, and
2982:Brunei
2962:
2943:Lunang
2809:region
2504:Madura
2493:Regent
2370:France
2279:Padang
2183:, and
2177:Quddūs
2066:Mongol
1964:Nagari
1925:Nagari
1749:Nibung
599:on the
468:
424:
380:, and
378:Minang
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
5386:Papua
5376:Bacan
5356:]
5339:]
5322:]
5262:Amabi
5186:Buton
5123:Kutai
5046:Johor
5041:Jambi
4985:Mauli
4911:Demak
4880:Sunda
4815:Galuh
4701:Sakai
4579:Surau
4574:Silek
4542:Lilin
4522:Rabab
4474:tambo
4333:S2CID
4211:JSTOR
4149:S2CID
4129:(PDF)
4052:JSTOR
4022:(PDF)
3082:Notes
2863:Jambi
2856:Jambi
2653:Natal
2617:Tambo
2590:Barus
2583:Jambi
2581:) to
2579:Rokan
2575:Arcat
2512:Ambon
2447:Padri
2378:Dutch
2291:Barus
2230:Kedah
2219:prose
2197:Malin
2193:Katik
2158:Padri
2094:Islam
1968:Luhak
1938:) of
1909:mamak
1893:Malay
1813:Tambo
1809:Malay
1761:Latin
1590:Women
1585:Sport
1563:Islam
1488:Bogor
392:Hindu
382:Malay
213:DeepL
142:JSTOR
128:books
5229:Bima
5224:Bali
5206:Suai
5196:Wajo
5191:Luwu
5181:Bone
5176:Gowa
5086:Siak
5036:Deli
5021:Aceh
4795:Java
4459:Adat
4230:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4085:ISBN
3999:2020
3918:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3741:OCLC
3699:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3462:help
3437:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3128:help
2996:and
2988:and
2926:dan
2894:and
2877:and
2858:Area
2848:and
2832:and
2822:and
2598:Siak
2510:and
2437:and
2201:Adat
2189:Imam
2162:Adat
2017:The
1966:and
1891:The
1884:and
1882:Bali
1757:Jawi
1671:and
1483:Bali
495:1833
482:1347
227:must
225:You
114:news
5305:Iha
5026:Aru
4696:Rao
4325:doi
4201:hdl
4193:doi
4141:doi
4042:hdl
4034:doi
2924:Rao
2542:in
2518:in
2253:."
2249:in
2233:or
2064:of
1990:by
1927:or
1675:or
215:or
97:by
5416::
5354:id
5337:id
5320:id
4331:.
4321:32
4319:.
4256:,
4209:.
4199:.
4189:23
4187:.
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4137:39
4135:.
4131:.
4050:.
4040:.
4030:46
4028:.
4024:.
3989:.
3965:^
3820:^
3753:^
3605:^
3574:^
3501:^
3470:^
3350:^
3319:^
3298:^
3242:^
3215:^
3192:.
3177:^
3090:^
2984:,
2980:,
2679:,
2659:.
2655:,
2612:.
2557:.
2506:,
2465:.
2433:,
2305:.
2297:,
2191:,
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2072:.
1763::
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4383:e
4376:t
4369:v
4339:.
4327::
4238:.
4217:.
4203::
4195::
4176:.
4155:.
4143::
4117:.
4093:.
4058:.
4044::
4036::
4001:.
3926:.
3801:.
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3707:.
3680:.
3668:.
3633:.
3464:)
3458:.
3445:.
3402:.
3377:.
3344:.
3267:.
3194:3
3158:.
3130:)
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3112:.
3100:.
2887:)
2419:.
2262:.
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139:·
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