147:
1881:
514:
538:, are present in pakicetids. Pakicetid cervical vertebrae are longer than in late Eocene whales, the thoracic vertebrae increase in size from the neck backwards, and the lumbar and caudal vertebrae are longer than in modern cetaceans (but still shorter than in some extinct cetaceans with undulating spines.) Motion in the spine of pakicetids was further reduced by the
127:
560:
are absent in the long and slender humeri like in cursorial animals but unlike other Eocene cetaceans. Pakicetid elbows are rigid hinge joints like in running mammals and the forearms are not flattened like in truly aquatic cetaceans. In the pakicetid pelvis, the innominates are large and the ischia
334:
Pakicetids have been found in or near river deposits in northern
Pakistan and northwestern India, a region which was probably arid with only temporary streams when these animals lived there. No pakicetids have been found in marine deposits, and they were apparently terrestrial or freshwater animals.
579:
morphology and microstructural features suggest that pakicetids were adapted to an aquatic lifestyle which included bottom wading, paddling, and undulatory swimming, but probably not sustained running. Isotopic evidence indicate
Pakicetids spent a considerable part of their life in freshwater and
325:
in 1981. During the following two decades, more research resulted in additional pakicetid cranial material and by 2001 postcranial material for the family had been described. Though all parts of pakicetid postcrania are known, no complete skeleton from a single individual has been recovered. The
488:
is small and comparable in size to those of extant land mammals and the acoustic mandibular fat pad characteristic of later whales was obviously not present. The lateral wall of the mandible is also relatively thick in pakicetids, further preventing sound transmission through the jaw. The
330:
where fossils from all three genera have been found. However, this site is so littered with bones that identifying bones from a single individual is impossible, and pakicetid skeletons are consequently composites of bones from several individuals.
335:
Their long limbs and small hands and feet also indicate they were poor swimmers. Their bones are heavy and compact and were probably used as ballast; they clearly indicate pakicetids were not fast runners notwithstanding their otherwise
505:
which is firmly attached to the skull leaving no space for isolating air sinuses, effectively preventing directional hearing in water. Pakicetids most likely used bone conduction for hearing in water.
893:
Gingerich, Philip D. (2003). "Land-to-sea transition in early whales: evolution of Eocene
Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals".
319:. Robert West was the first to identify pakicetids as cetaceans in 1980 and, after discovering a braincase, Phillip Gingerich and Donald Russell described the genus
1984:
339:
morphology. Most likely, pakicetids lived in or near bodies of freshwater and their diet could have included both land animals and aquatic organisms. During the
526:
In 2001, it was concluded by
Thiwissen et al. that "pakicetids were terrestrial mammals, no more amphibious than a tapir." According to them, none of the
878:
Paläontologische und geologische
Untersuchungen im Tertiär von Pakistan. 2. Die mitteleocänen Säugetiere von Ganda Kas bei Basal in Nordwest-Pakistan
1971:
1320:
2063:
484:, etcetera) similar to those in living land mammals and most likely used normal land mammal hearing in air. In the pakicetid mandible, the
1078:; Hussain, S. T. (1998). "Systematic review of the Pakicetidae, Early and middle Eocene Cetacea (Mammalia) from Pakistan and India".
2053:
1106:
493:
in pakicetid ears is similar to those in all cetaceans, with a relatively thin lateral wall and thickened medial part known as the
1174:
831:; Hussain, S. T. (2009). "New middle Eocene archaeocetes (Cetacea: Mammalia) from the Kuldana Formation of northern Pakistan".
556:
et al., the pakicetid scapulae have large supraspinous fossae with small acromions, in contrast to other cetaceans. The
2058:
146:
1269:
West, Robert M (1980). "Middle Eocene large mammal assemblage with
Tethyan affinities, Ganda Kas region, Pakistan".
549:. The sacral vertebrae are fused and the sacroiliac joints present like in land mammals and amphibious cetaceans.
1313:
906:
469:
982:
803:
936:, A New Archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)"
1901:
711:
931:
2010:
809:
315:, but at the time they did not recognize it as a cetacean, identifying it, instead, it as a fish-eating
2048:
1958:
1884:
1306:
1249:
1189:
1128:
840:
425:
565:. Hindlimb features that all more reminiscent of running and jumping animals than swimming animals.
557:
376:
562:
351:
land mass and therefore an ideal habitat for the evolution and diversification of the
Pakicetids.
1278:
1221:
1129:"The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations"
994:
918:
864:
527:
485:
386:
362:
141:
2015:
1012:"Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: Anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing"
1997:
1444:
1286:
1213:
1205:
1151:
1112:
1102:
1033:
986:
950:
910:
881:
856:
327:
2025:
2002:
1989:
1939:
1147:
1257:
1197:
1143:
1061:
1023:
978:
902:
848:
380:
283:
1481:
1261:
1253:
1193:
844:
1797:
1698:
1501:
1170:
1124:
1091:
1075:
1045:
1007:
828:
553:
539:
531:
490:
417:
298:. Unlike modern cetaceans, they had well developed limbs and were capable of walking.
2042:
1563:
1552:
1524:
1453:
1433:
1410:
1399:
969:
Madar, S. I. (2007). "The postcranial skeleton of early Eocene pakicetid cetaceans".
596:
502:
498:
481:
446:
434:
311:
269:
77:
998:
922:
868:
1831:
1806:
1730:
1707:
1606:
1592:
1583:
1538:
1531:
1492:
1460:
1225:
1175:"Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls"
542:
535:
523:
Interpretations of pakicetid habitat and locomotion behaviour varies considerably:
316:
291:
1933:
1861:
1813:
1779:
1758:
1723:
1716:
1662:
1648:
1641:
1572:
1474:
1419:
1366:
1329:
706:
513:
430:
cheek teeth adapted for shearing with reentrant grooves on the anterior surfaces
287:
224:
198:
52:
1924:
1298:
1847:
1840:
1772:
1765:
1744:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1545:
1517:
1467:
1426:
1354:
1290:
1155:
1066:
1049:
576:
546:
494:
421:
399:
392:
358:
97:
62:
1209:
990:
954:
914:
885:
860:
1854:
1786:
1683:
1634:
1627:
1510:
1392:
1385:
1116:
644:
620:
336:
321:
263:
257:
158:
102:
46:
1217:
1037:
126:
17:
1950:
1918:
1751:
1348:
852:
438:
344:
295:
178:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1101:. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Vol. 191. pp. 1–86.
1976:
1820:
1737:
1282:
545:(processes between the vertebrae) like in stiff-backed runners such as
477:
442:
348:
208:
107:
82:
561:
are longer than the ilia. The pakicetid tibiae are long with a short
1360:
1342:
1201:
1028:
1011:
943:
Contributions from the Museum of
Paleontology, the Museum of Michigan
406:
340:
188:
168:
39:
1895:
1050:"From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises"
512:
473:
1963:
1899:
1302:
1048:; Cooper, Lisa Noelle; George, John C.; Bajpai, Sunil (2009).
776:
907:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0429:ltiewe>2.0.co;2
791:
764:
326:
pakicetid goldmine is the "H-GSP Locality 62" site in the
983:
10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[176:TPSOEE]2.0.CO;2
1010:; Bajpai, Sunil; Hussain, Taseer; Kumar, Kishor (2007).
361:
traits (derived traits shared by several taxa) found in
876:
Dehm, Richard; Oettingen-Spielberg, Therese zu (1958).
611:
601:
306:
1173:; Williams, E. M.; Roe, L. J.; Hussain, S. T. (2001).
689:
679:
347:
was an island-continent off the coastal region of the
242:
1908:
1830:
1796:
1706:
1697:
1582:
1562:
1500:
1491:
1443:
1409:
1375:
391:long and gracile limbs featuring "double-pulleyed"
455:narrow elongated postorbital (behind eyes) cranium
930:Gingerich, Philip D.; Russell, Donald E. (1981).
752:
1240:Uhen, Mark D (2010). "The Origin(s) of Whales".
659:
649:
635:
625:
530:found in the oldest obligate aquatic cetaceans,
368:Traits linking pakicetids to cetaceans include:
880:. Abhandlungen / Neue Folge, 91. Munich: Beck.
787:
785:
748:
746:
497:. However, in contrast to later cetaceans, the
452:incisors and canines aligned to the cheek teeth
1314:
1242:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1099:, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan
8:
733:
731:
729:
727:
1896:
1703:
1497:
1321:
1307:
1299:
416:a pachyosteosclerotic (thick, heavy bone)
125:
31:
1065:
1027:
568:
1148:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426
1136:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
445:basins and upper molars with very small
353:
723:
1094:; Madar, S.I.; Hussain, S.T. (1996).
572:
290:(early whales) that lived during the
7:
737:
690:Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009
680:Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009
669:
1262:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453
612:Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958
602:Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958
307:Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958
282:("Pakistani whales") is an extinct
243:Thewissen, Madar & Hussain 1996
833:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1054:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1880:
1879:
145:
1080:Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum
571:disagreed and got support from
309:described the first pakicetid,
812:. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
580:probably ate freshwater prey.
1:
753:Thewissen & Williams 2002
660:Gingerich & Russell 1981
650:Gingerich & Russell 1981
636:Thewissen & Hussain 1998
626:Thewissen & Hussain 1998
2064:Prehistoric mammal families
2080:
552:Furthermore, according to
1875:
1337:
1127:; Williams, E.M. (2002).
1067:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2
254:
249:
142:Scientific classification
140:
133:
124:
34:
2054:Eocene first appearances
470:external auditory meatus
1271:Journal of Paleontology
779:, Pakicetids, pp. 722–3
501:makes contact with the
472:and ear ossicles (i.e.
712:Evolution of cetaceans
520:
468:Pakicetid ears had an
2011:Paleobiology Database
1016:The Anatomical Record
827:Cooper, Lisa Noelle;
810:Paleobiology Database
792:Thewissen et al. 2001
765:Thewissen et al. 2009
608:Ichtyolestes pinfoldi
516:
357:Pakicetids have many
853:10.1671/039.029.0423
558:deltopectoral crests
1254:2010AREPS..38..189U
1194:2001Natur.413..277T
1171:Thewissen, J. G. M.
1076:Thewissen, J. G. M.
1046:Thewissen, J. G. M.
845:2009JVPal..29.1289C
829:Thewissen, J. G. M.
777:Nummela et al. 2007
632:Nalacetus ratimitus
528:aquatic adaptations
377:mandibular foramina
2059:Eocene extinctions
1097:Ambulocetus natans
740:, pp. 199–201
521:
486:mandibular foramen
387:cervical vertebrae
2036:
2035:
1998:Open Tree of Life
1902:Taxon identifiers
1893:
1892:
1871:
1870:
1693:
1692:
1445:Remingtonocetidae
1125:Thewissen, J.G.M.
1092:Thewissen, J.G.M.
1008:Thewissen, J.G.M.
934:Pakicetus inachus
686:Pakicetus chittas
666:Pakicetus attocki
656:Pakicetus inachus
518:Pakicetus attocki
461:
460:
328:Kala Chitta Hills
277:
276:
245:
27:Family of mammals
16:(Redirected from
2071:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1704:
1498:
1332:genera by family
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1265:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1202:10.1038/35095005
1188:(6853): 277–81.
1179:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1133:
1120:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1041:
1031:
1029:10.1002/ar.20528
1006:Nummela, Sirpa;
1002:
965:
963:
961:
940:
926:
889:
872:
813:
801:
795:
794:, pp. 277–8
789:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
741:
735:
676:Pakicetus calcis
354:
241:
236:
223:
150:
149:
129:
119:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1867:
1826:
1792:
1689:
1578:
1558:
1487:
1482:Remingtonocetus
1439:
1405:
1371:
1333:
1327:
1297:
1268:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1131:
1123:
1109:
1090:
1074:
1044:
1005:
968:
959:
957:
938:
929:
892:
875:
826:
822:
817:
816:
802:
798:
790:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
755:, pp. 75–8
751:
744:
736:
725:
720:
703:
586:
511:
466:
426:sigmoid process
304:
267:
261:
240:
234:
221:
144:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1945:
1930:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1798:Basilosaurinae
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1699:Basilosauridae
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:Georgiacetinae
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1277:(3): 508–533.
1266:
1248:(1): 189–219.
1237:
1167:
1121:
1107:
1088:
1072:
1060:(2): 272–288.
1042:
1003:
977:(1): 176–200.
966:
927:
890:
873:
839:(4): 1289–99.
823:
821:
818:
815:
814:
796:
781:
769:
757:
742:
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
693:
683:
673:
663:
641:
640:
639:
617:
616:
615:
585:
582:
569:Gingerich 2003
510:
507:
491:tympanic bulla
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
453:
450:
431:
428:
418:auditory bulla
412:
411:
410:
403:
396:
389:
383:
370:
369:
366:
303:
300:
275:
274:
252:
251:
247:
246:
232:
228:
227:
219:
216:Informal group
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:Makaracetinae
1561:
1555:
1554:
1553:Pontobasileus
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:Carolinacetus
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:Andrewsiphius
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1434:Himalayacetus
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:Ambulocetidae
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:Ichthyolestes
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
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1238:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
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1176:
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1168:
1157:
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1149:
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1137:
1130:
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1108:9783929907322
1104:
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1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1022:(6): 716–33.
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
935:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:(3): 429–54.
900:
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870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
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766:
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637:
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629:
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623:
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597:Ichthyolestes
594:
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583:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:basilosaurids
529:
524:
519:
515:
508:
506:
504:
503:periotic bone
500:
499:tympanic bone
496:
492:
487:
483:
482:tympanic ring
479:
475:
471:
463:
454:
451:
448:
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312:Ichthyolestes
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270:Ichthyolestes
266:
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59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1909:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:Pachycetinae
1819:
1812:
1807:Basilosaurus
1805:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1731:Cynthiacetus
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:Dorudontinae
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1607:Crenatocetus
1605:
1598:
1593:Aegyptocetus
1591:
1584:Protocetinae
1571:
1551:
1544:
1539:Natchitochia
1537:
1532:Georgiacetus
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1493:Protocetidae
1480:
1473:
1466:
1461:Attockicetus
1459:
1452:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1367:Artiodactyla
1274:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1231:February 24,
1229:. Retrieved
1185:
1181:
1161:February 24,
1159:. Retrieved
1139:
1135:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1057:
1053:
1019:
1015:
974:
971:J. Paleontol
970:
960:February 24,
958:. Retrieved
946:
942:
933:
898:
895:Paleobiology
894:
877:
836:
832:
804:
799:
772:
760:
685:
675:
665:
655:
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
590:
567:
563:tibial crest
551:
547:mesonychians
543:zygapophyses
525:
522:
517:
467:
395:in the ankle
363:artiodactyls
333:
320:
310:
305:
292:Early Eocene
279:
278:
268:
262:
256:
255:
237:
215:
205:Infraorder:
199:Artiodactyla
134:
40:Early Eocene
29:
2049:Pakicetidae
1940:Pakicetidae
1934:Wikispecies
1910:Pakicetidae
1862:Platyosphys
1814:Basiloterus
1780:Supayacetus
1759:Pontogeneus
1724:Chrysocetus
1717:Ancalecetus
1663:Qaisracetus
1649:Phiomicetus
1642:Peregocetus
1573:Makaracetus
1475:Kutchicetus
1420:Ambulocetus
1377:Pakicetidae
1330:Archaeocete
805:Pakicetidae
707:Archaeoceti
591:Pakicetidae
577:postcranial
536:dorudontids
405:four fused
400:metapodials
302:Description
288:Archaeoceti
280:Pakicetidae
238:Pakicetidae
225:Archaeoceti
45:50–49
35:Pakicetidae
2043:Categories
1848:Pachycetus
1841:Antaecetus
1773:Stromerius
1766:Saghacetus
1745:Masracetus
1677:Takracetus
1670:Rodhocetus
1656:Protocetus
1621:Gaviacetus
1614:Dhedacetus
1600:Artiocetus
1546:Pappocetus
1518:Babiacetus
1468:Dalanistes
1427:Gandakasia
1355:Vertebrata
1353:Subphylum
1291:4899161959
1156:4656321698
820:References
573:Madar 2007
509:Locomotion
495:involucrum
422:involucrum
393:astragalus
385:elongated
359:apomorphic
317:mesonychid
18:Pakicetids
1855:Perucetus
1787:Zygorhiza
1684:Togocetus
1635:Maiacetus
1628:Indocetus
1511:Aegicetus
1393:Nalacetus
1386:Pakicetus
1210:118116179
1142:: 73–90.
1086:: 220–38.
991:204527975
955:742729300
915:716582744
886:163296508
861:506008976
738:Uhen 2010
670:West 1980
645:Pakicetus
621:Nalacetus
554:Thewissen
409:vertebrae
337:cursorial
322:Pakicetus
264:Nalacetus
258:Pakicetus
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
135:Pakicetus
1948:BioLib:
1925:Q1190158
1919:Wikidata
1885:Category
1752:Ocucajea
1361:Mammalia
1349:Chordata
1343:Animalia
1341:Kingdom
1218:11565023
1117:36463214
1038:17516434
999:86353851
923:86600469
869:84127292
701:See also
540:revolute
439:trigonid
437:lacking
420:with an
349:Eurasian
345:Pakistan
296:Pakistan
231:Family:
189:Mammalia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
2026:6193671
2003:3616141
1977:4835719
1964:4528186
1821:Eocetus
1738:Dorudon
1347:Phylum
1283:1304193
1250:Bibcode
1226:4416684
1190:Bibcode
841:Bibcode
808:in the
589:Family
584:Subtaxa
478:malleus
464:Hearing
443:talonid
250:Genera
209:Cetacea
195:Order:
185:Class:
114:↓
2023:uBio:
2016:310369
1990:118049
1365:Order
1359:Class
1289:
1281:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1182:Nature
1154:
1115:
1105:
1036:
997:
989:
953:
949:(11).
921:
913:
884:
867:
859:
449:basins
447:trigon
435:molars
433:lower
407:sacral
381:canals
375:small
341:Eocene
284:family
1985:IRMNG
1951:38231
1279:JSTOR
1222:S2CID
1178:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
995:S2CID
939:(PDF)
919:S2CID
865:S2CID
718:Notes
474:incus
398:long
1972:GBIF
1287:OCLC
1233:2013
1214:PMID
1206:OCLC
1163:2013
1152:OCLC
1113:OCLC
1103:ISBN
1034:PMID
987:OCLC
962:2013
951:OCLC
911:OCLC
882:OCLC
857:OCLC
534:and
441:and
424:and
379:and
53:PreꞒ
1959:EoL
1258:doi
1198:doi
1186:413
1144:doi
1062:doi
1024:doi
1020:290
979:doi
903:doi
849:doi
402:and
294:in
286:of
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2013::
2000::
1987::
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1220:.
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1196:.
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1052:.
1032:.
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975:81
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947:25
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909:.
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863:.
855:.
847:.
837:94
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745:^
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575::
480:,
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1260::
1252::
1235:.
1200::
1192::
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1064::
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222:†
108:N
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93:J
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68:S
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