891:
3514:
3507:
924:
449:) and its tail is more like those of early tetrapods than the caudal fins of other lobe-fins. The shoulders exhibit several tetrapod-like features, while the humerus is longer than those found in other lobe-fins. The vertebral column is ossified throughout its length and the vertebrae are comparable to those of early tetrapods. On the other hand, the distal parts of the front fins are unlike those of tetrapods. As would be expected from a fin, there are numerous
530:. During the transition from fish to tetrapods the limbs began to move and became located at a right angle to the body rather than being oriented toward the posterior end. As a result, the muscles became perpendicular to the body and caused the limbs to move in a more anteroposterior and dorsoventral pattern. This in turn affected the shape of the humerus and as a result early tetrapods have an L-shaped humerus. Due to a recent discovery of a humerus of
136:
2309:
3493:
2327:
3521:
2321:
645:, articulating in line to the lateral ridge of the ulna. The CT scan additionally uncovered radials that can be interpreted as digits, disputing the hypothesis that digits are entirely new structures in tetrapods. These finger-like bones show neither muscle development nor joints and they are extremely small, but nonetheless show an intermediate form between fully fish-like fins and tetrapods. Similar to the humerus,
3678:
3500:
2316:
118:
3486:
778:
662:
589:
430:
720:. What this means is that there was no major change of the braincase construction since the first sarcopterygian, but instead there had been only changes in skull shape. This implies that the evolution of the braincase during the transition from fish-tetrapod was very rapid and seems to display the same timing as the evolution of the pelvic girdle. In general,
811:
801:
can only be a "late-surviving relic", showing traits that evolved during the transition from fish-like creatures to tetrapods, but whose date does not reflect that transition. The tracks "force a radical reassessment of the timing, ecology and environmental setting of the fish–tetrapod transition, as
792:
reported well-preserved and "securely dated" tetrapod tracks from Polish marine tidal flat sediments approximately 397 million years old. These fossil tracks suggest that a group of two meter long tetrapods lived in the fully marine intertidal or lagoonal areas on the south coast of
Laurussia during
575:
now provides a base to determine many autapomorphies. Due to the orientation of the fin towards the posterior end, the attitude of the limb is more horizontal than vertical and the operational space in which it acts is level to the shoulder joint, which causes the muscles to pull at a right angle to
440:
is a 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) long fish with a large tetrapod-like head that is flattened, narrow at the snout and wide in the back. The intracranial joint, which is characteristic of most lobe-fin fishes, has been lost from the external elements of the skull,
554:
have humeri that are dorsoventrally flattened with a blade like entepicondyle curving ventrally, separated epipodial facets, a latissimus dorsi process and ectepicondule process that is parallel to the preaxial margin. The humeri of both species are considered transitional forms because they are
673:
represents an intermediate in the fish-tetrapod evolution. During the fish-tetrapod evolution the pelvic girdle became a weight bearing structure when the ilium, meso-ventral contact of the sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a sacral rib developed. The femur and humerus became longer and the
902:
was extant, there was a drop in oxygen in the atmosphere as well as an increase in the abundance of plants. Due to the fact that oxygen is much less soluble in water than air, the decreased oxygen in the atmosphere would have caused the oxygen concentrations in any type of water to decrease
837:
was found, occurs within a 200-meter thick layer composed of fine grained sandstone and clay along with finely dispersed clays. Nearly every major taxa of late
Devonian vertebrates are represented within the Lode Formation. Most of the specimens are well preserved due to anaerobic substrate
715:
such as similar hyomandibular and basipterygoid processes. Even though its head is shaped similar to that of a tetrapod, tetrapod craniums lack a lateral commissure, jugular groove, basicranial fenestra, arcual plate, and intracranial joint, all of which are present in
842:
was discovered in the Gauja
Regional formation within the lower Frasnian section. Taphocoenosis was characterized as in finely displaced clay and silty clay as well as low water activity. Within this environment it has been hypothesized that
459:
has many features that can be considered an intermediate form during the fish-tetrapod evolution and displays some features that are more derived than its phylogenetic position indicates, while others that are more basal. The body form of
686:
was not capable of tetrapod-like hindlimb propelled locomotion because of its small pelvic fins, non-weight bearing pelvic girdle, acetebelum oriented posteriorly, and limited knee and elbow flexion. Boisvert describes the locomotion of
907:
could also breathe air. Its strong pectoral fins in theory could allow it to prop up its head in shallow water and take a breath. The enlargement of the spiracular chamber itself as well as its opening to the outside suggests that
760:
also has a single external nasal opening and a palatal choana. In contrast to earlier osteolepiforms, the palatal choana is elongated and the nariochoanal lamina is narrow. Along with the spiracular chamber, this feature in
608:
is its intermediate form during the evolution of digits. In the past it was believed that digits and fingers had no analogous part in sarcopterygian fish and were evolutionary novelties. However, a reexamination of existing
613:
fossils using a CT scanner shows at least four very clearly differentiated distal radial bones at the end of the fin skeletal structure. This study, performed by
Boisvert et al. in 2008, examined the pectoral fins of
420:
have been known for a long time, they have only recently been examined in full. The first time they were recognized as being phylogenetically closer to tetrapods than fish was by
Shultze and Arsenault in 1985.
441:
but is still present in the braincase. The patterns of external bones in the skull roof and cheeks are more similar to those of early tetrapods than those of other lobe-fins. The transitional qualities of
731:
and is composed of a tooth-bearing dentary, four intradentaries, a lingual prearticular, three coronoids, and an adsymphsial plate dorsally. In addition, the teeth are of polyplocodont structure.
748:
had the capacity to breathe air. The trend from the early sarcopterygians to the first tetrapods was an increase in the size of the spiracular chamber and its opening to the outside. Compared to
903:
substantially. This in turn would have caused any aquatic animal that could breathe air to have an advantage and be more likely to thrive. In addition to its ability to move in shallow water,
682:
being a shape that is more of an intermediate, while the femur is more primitive because of the length ratio to the fibula and that it lacks an adductor blade and crest. This implies that
1103:
Boisvert, Catherine A. "The humerus of
Panderichthys in three dimensions and its significance in the context of the fish–tetrapod transition." Acta Zoologica90.s1 (2009): 297-305.
833:
was collected in deposits that were formerly believed to be from a calm freshwater basin, but have proven to be from shallow tidal flats or an estuary. The Lode
Formation, where
567:
is that the entepicondyle does not project as far as the epipodial facets and the humeral ridge does not go into the entepicondyle. The result of the analysis of the humerus of
416:
was discovered in Lode, Latvia within
Frasnian deposits and according to P.E. Ahlberg can definitely be found in other Frasnian deposits in Latvia. Although fossils of
633:
CT scans allowed the authors to see below the scales and lepidotrichia (fin rays), uncovering the distal fin endoskeleton for the first time. The CT scan displayed an
3771:
3817:
1042:
Clack, Jennifer A. "Devonian climate change, breathing, and the origin of the tetrapod stem group." Integrative and
Comparative Biology 47.4 (2007): 510-523.
724:
demonstrates that the braincase structure evolved much more slowly than the external skull morphology that created the tetrapod-like appearance of the head.
3827:
1213:
Ahlberg, Per E., Jennifer A. Clack, and Ervīns Luk&sbreve. "Rapid braincase evolution between
Panderichthys and the earliest tetrapods." (1996): 61-64.
756:
is greatly expanded and the hyomandibula is shorter compared to those in fish. The opercular series was also shorter compared to other osteolepiforms.
1289:
3758:
1262:
1082:
Schultze, Hans-Peter, and Linda Trueb, eds. Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus. Cornell University Press, 1991.
3837:
3822:
470:
represents a major step in the transition from fish to tetrapods and they were even able to haul out on land. According to Shultze and Trueb,
1204:
Boisvert, Catherine A. "The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion." Nature 438.7071 (2005): 1145-1147.
1055:
Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries. Agnathans and early fisches. The reference book for palaeontologists and geologists
769:
can be considered at least facultative air breathers and demonstrate an intermediate form as air breathing was becoming more abundant.
622:
are oriented anteroposteriorly, which is different from the limbs of tetrapods that project at an angle from the body. The humerus,
555:
almost L-shaped, have a low latissimus dorsi process, a low entepicondyle, and an intermediate entepicondylar canal. The humerus of
563:
because of the presence of a more preaxially oriented radial facet as well as a more slender shaft. One feature that is unique to
571:
is that the transition of the humerus from the fish-like organisms to tetrapods occurred much slower than previously thought and
3513:
3506:
3832:
3640:
1282:
1091:
Shubin, N. H., Daeschler, E. B. and Coates, M. I. 2004. The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus. – Science 304: 90–93.
1068:
Ahlberg, Per Erik, and Jennifer A. Clack. "Palaeontology: a firm step from water to land." Nature 440.7085 (2006): 747-749
385:
is not a direct ancestor of tetrapods, but nonetheless shows the traits that evolved during the fish-tetrapod evolution
135:
890:
691:
as possibly using one of its pectoral fins to anchor itself while side to side undulation propels the body forward.
538:
displays a variety of features including ones that are both primitive and derived. Despite being placed as basal to
3812:
3650:
3492:
374:
2315:
3681:
3520:
1275:
1122:
3499:
2320:
355:
is known from several more complete specimens. Although it probably belongs to a sister group of the earliest
641:(wrist bone) that articulates with the ulna and two terminal radials. The wrist also included a more slender
3485:
3455:
2326:
1123:"Daily Telegraph | Breaking News and Headlines from Sydney and News South Wales | Daily Telegraph"
3698:
3635:
3419:
1387:
1223:
3784:
1626:
2308:
2218:
825:) in Lode, Latvia. Lode is known to be a marginal marine environment and it has been hypothesized that
707:
has a tetrapod-like head, but actually retains an intracranial joint that is a characteristic of fish.
3745:
1973:
1751:
1476:
1152:
912:
was part of a transition to an increased capacity for air breathing that was completed in tetrapods.
2039:
1966:
1952:
1636:
765:
can be considered transitional during the evolution from fish to tetrapods. Sarcopterygians such as
3655:
2835:
2187:
2025:
1656:
1566:
1516:
929:
2576:
2238:
1885:
1800:
1758:
1017:
3736:
3577:
3051:
2703:
2146:
2139:
1959:
1899:
1808:
1772:
1686:
1184:
859:
853:
130:
1646:
1486:
3789:
3776:
3583:
3162:
2822:
2553:
2016:
1985:
1914:
1839:
1586:
1176:
1168:
534:
that was not flattened, the specimen could be analyzed in much greater detail. The humerus of
364:
1861:
1716:
3589:
2846:
1160:
980:
674:
radius/ulna and tibia/fibula became more equal in length. In general, the pelvic girdle in
3599:
3567:
3291:
3183:
3020:
2795:
2770:
2743:
2569:
2171:
2160:
2153:
2001:
1907:
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1449:
1436:
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206:
193:
1156:
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3619:
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3256:
3235:
3199:
3176:
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3128:
3087:
3013:
3006:
2884:
2804:
2124:
2074:
1853:
1596:
1536:
938:
369:
703:
demonstrates a key intermediate within the fish-evolution sequence. From the outside,
3806:
3402:
3378:
3371:
3314:
3307:
3249:
3221:
2990:
2979:
2966:
2952:
2938:
2855:
2811:
2673:
2633:
2458:
2397:
2081:
2032:
1823:
1372:
1347:
851:. Associated vertebrates found in the same deposits include an armored jawless fish (
847:
was a large predator and fed upon dipterids, small and juvenile sarcopterygians, and
623:
593:
493:
The parietal bone is located between the orbits and main portion posterior to orbits.
450:
324:
180:
68:
30:
797:
is not a transitional fossil and represents its own adaptive morphology. Therefore,
3609:
3604:
3553:
3548:
3425:
3342:
3270:
3228:
2999:
2945:
2784:
2693:
2623:
2562:
2438:
2417:
2407:
2387:
2344:
2259:
2132:
1944:
1929:
1730:
1700:
1606:
1526:
1338:
1188:
945:
871:
865:
638:
249:
117:
1267:
777:
838:
conditions as well as rapid burial in depressions on the submarine delta slopes.
3730:
3242:
3066:
2922:
2908:
2862:
2653:
2613:
2109:
2067:
2060:
2053:
1922:
1846:
1832:
1786:
1779:
1744:
1709:
1556:
1496:
1356:
728:
661:
642:
43:
3364:
3213:
3206:
3146:
3098:
2723:
2643:
2529:
2499:
2468:
2448:
2428:
2228:
2117:
2102:
2046:
1793:
1616:
1546:
1466:
1140:
919:
784:(second from the bottom) in an evolutionary context with other tetrapodomorphs
321:
88:
53:
3721:
1172:
445:
are also evident in the rest of the body. It lacks the dorsal and anal fins (
3594:
3357:
3349:
3263:
3039:
2931:
2893:
2777:
2757:
2733:
2713:
2519:
2488:
2478:
2350:
2265:
2248:
2198:
2095:
1936:
1676:
1506:
1009:
Niedzwiedzki, G., Szrek, P., Narkiewicz, K., Narkiewicz, M and Ahlberg, P.,
952:
883:
466:
147:
93:
37:
1180:
1139:
Boisvert, Catherine A.; Mark-Kurik, Elga; Ahlberg, Per E. (December 2008).
588:
429:
1112:
Clack, Jennifer A. "From fins to fingers." Science 304.5667 (2004): 57-58.
678:
is more primitive than the pectoral girdle. This is due to the humerus of
373:) and early tetrapods. It is named after the German-Baltic paleontologist
3715:
3393:
3191:
3114:
3107:
3079:
2901:
2594:
2509:
2368:
1765:
1723:
1666:
1329:
877:
822:
446:
356:
340:
328:
167:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1164:
513:, the ribs are attached to the neural arch and there is an intercentrum.
3763:
3461:
3169:
3121:
2683:
2663:
2088:
1576:
527:
98:
73:
1242:
Upeniece, Ieva. Paleoecology and juvenile individuals of the Devonian
1053:
810:
546:
has features that are more derived, but overall is very similar. Both
2539:
1737:
1323:
634:
351:
is known only from some snout fragments and an incomplete lower jaw.
344:
157:
3692:
869:), an unidentified acanthodid acanthodian, a porolepiform lobe-fin (
500:, the squamosal touches the maxilla (varies among specimens though).
377:. Possible tetrapod tracks dating back to before the appearance of
1019:
Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland
889:
809:
776:
660:
587:
428:
317:
3750:
1250:
fishes from Lode site, Latvia. Diss. University of Latvia, 2011.
727:
As for the lower jaw and dentition, the lower jaw is similar to
649:
also has a more derived feature similar to tetrapods and unlike
627:
381:
in the fossil record were reported in 2010, which suggests that
3696:
3536:
2342:
1434:
1316:
1271:
1224:
Four feet in the past: trackways pre-date earliest body fossils
592:
Comparisons between tetrapodomorphs during the transition from
829:
was adapted for movement in shallow and debris filled waters.
332:
630:
all are recognizable as analogous to the parts in tetrapods.
1141:"The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits"
484:
The external naris is close to the margin of the upper jaw.
412:
was discovered and figured by Emilia Vorobyeva in 1960.
793:
the time elpistostegids were living. This implies that
802:
well as the completeness of the body fossil record."
3325:
3288:
3143:
3063:
3035:
2963:
2919:
2881:
2754:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2550:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2183:
2013:
1997:
1873:
1820:
1697:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1462:
653:: the ulna is significantly longer than the ulnare.
293:
279:
256:
3705:
3628:
3547:
3436:
3401:
3388:
3324:
3287:
3142:
3097:
3062:
3034:
2989:
2962:
2918:
2880:
2845:
2821:
2794:
2753:
2590:
2549:
2367:
2258:
2170:
2012:
1984:
1872:
1819:
1696:
1447:
1398:
1371:
1078:
1076:
1074:
744:As an intermediate in the fish-tetrapod evolution,
481:
The orbits are more dorsal and lie closer together.
580:to prop up its large head most likely to breathe.
363:exhibits a range of features transitional between
503:The teeth have a complex polyplocodont structure.
1200:
1198:
478:The skull roof is flat compared to fish skulls.
1099:
1097:
1052:L. I., Novitskaya; O. B., Afanassieva (2004).
1005:
1003:
1001:
125:Skull cast, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Lille
1283:
894:Zachelmie tracks vs selected Devonian fossils
8:
711:shares many features with the osteolepiform
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
669:The pelvic girdle (hip) and pelvic fins of
665:Restoration showing side to side undulation
3693:
3544:
3533:
3398:
3071:
2971:
2827:
2762:
2602:
2376:
2364:
2339:
2176:
1990:
1455:
1444:
1431:
1377:
1368:
1313:
1290:
1276:
1268:
576:the body. This resulted in the ability of
116:
20:
396:is represented by two different species:
522:One of the key transitional features of
490:There is no external intracranial joint.
964:
1134:
1132:
7:
974:
972:
970:
968:
821:was alive during the late Devonian (
474:shares ten features with tetrapods:
408:was discovered by Gross in 1930 and
3818:Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
3828:Devonian sarcopterygians of Europe
343:(early Late Devonian) deposits in
14:
881:), and another elpistostegalian (
347:, is represented by two species.
327:(lobe-finned fish) from the late
3677:
3676:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
2325:
2319:
2314:
2307:
922:
814:Late Devonian fish and tetrapods
134:
16:Extinct genus of tetrapodomorphs
1:
3838:Fossil taxa described in 1941
3823:Late Devonian sarcopterygians
3641:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
898:During the Frasnian in which
559:is more derived than that of
752:, the spiracular chamber of
618:and found that the fins of
339:, which was recovered from
3854:
453:(long and thin fin rays).
3672:
3543:
3532:
3482:
3074:
2974:
2830:
2765:
2605:
2379:
2363:
2338:
2304:
2179:
1993:
1458:
1443:
1430:
1380:
1367:
1312:
398:Panderichthys rhombolepis
375:Christian Heinrich Pander
276:
271:
261:Panderichthys rhombolepis
255:
248:
131:Scientific classification
129:
124:
115:
23:
600:is second from the left.
604:Another key feature of
509:In panderichthyids and
367:lobe-fin fishes (e.g.,
3636:Evolution of tetrapods
895:
815:
785:
666:
601:
506:A lack of median fins.
434:
402:Panderichthys stobolvi
3785:Paleobiology Database
893:
813:
780:
664:
591:
432:
389:Discovery and history
3833:Transitional fossils
1016:(7227):43–48, 2010,
487:Frontals are paired.
3656:Zachelmie trackways
2836:Pseudophlegethontia
1165:10.1038/nature07339
1157:2008Natur.456..636B
981:"Panderichthys spp"
930:Paleontology portal
857:), two placoderms (
433:Digital restoration
3578:Megalichthyiformes
2140:Platycephalichthys
1222:Editor's summary:
979:Murphy, Dennis C.
896:
816:
786:
667:
602:
435:
331:period, about 380
3813:Elpistostegalians
3800:
3799:
3699:Taxon identifiers
3690:
3689:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3584:Tristichopteridae
3528:
3527:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3138:
3137:
3030:
3029:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2823:Phlegethontioidea
2586:
2585:
2554:Elginerpetontidae
2334:
2333:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2219:Parapanderichthys
2017:Tristichopteridae
1986:Eotetrapodiformes
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1151:(7222): 636–638.
1022:, 7 January 2010.
788:In January 2010,
699:The braincase of
542:, the humerus of
309:
308:
303:
290:
244:
225:
3845:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3590:Labyrinthodontia
3545:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3445:
3441:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3330:
3327:
3290:
3145:
3072:
3065:
3037:
2972:
2965:
2921:
2883:
2847:Phlegethontiidae
2828:
2763:
2756:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2273:
2264:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2185:
2177:
2015:
1999:
1991:
1875:
1822:
1699:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1456:
1445:
1432:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1299:Tetrapodomorpha
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1023:
1007:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
932:
927:
926:
925:
301:
295:
288:
281:
258:
242:
235:
223:
220:Panderichthyidae
218:
139:
138:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3660:
3624:
3600:Ichthyostegalia
3568:Osteolepiformes
3552:
3539:
3524:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3468:
3443:
3439:
3438:Reptiliomorpha
3432:
3405:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3328:
3320:
3292:Gephyrostegidae
3283:
3184:Carbonoherpeton
3134:
3093:
3058:
3026:
3021:Palaeomolgophis
2985:
2958:
2914:
2868:
2841:
2817:
2796:Oestocephalidae
2790:
2771:Andersonerpeton
2749:
2744:Tantallognathus
2597:
2591:
2582:
2570:Obruchevichthys
2545:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2330:
2306:
2286:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2172:Elpistostegalia
2166:
2161:Tristichopterus
2008:
2002:Palaeospondylus
1980:
1974:Sterropterygion
1908:Ectosteorhachis
1893:Cladarosymblema
1877:Megalichthyidae
1868:
1815:
1752:Propycnoctenion
1692:
1452:
1450:Tetrapodomorpha
1439:
1437:Tetrapodomorpha
1414:
1400:Tetrapodomorpha
1394:
1363:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1026:
1008:
999:
989:
987:
978:
977:
966:
962:
928:
923:
921:
918:
875:), a lungfish (
808:
775:
742:
737:
697:
659:
586:
584:Fins and digits
520:
427:
391:
365:tristichopterid
289:Vorobyeva, 1960
267:
264:
241:
233:
224:Vorobyeva, 1968
222:
216:
207:Elpistostegalia
194:Tetrapodomorpha
133:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3727:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3620:Anthracosauria
3617:
3615:Phyllospondyli
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3573:Osteolepididae
3570:
3565:
3563:Stem tetrapoda
3559:
3557:
3541:
3540:
3538:Related topics
3537:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3456:Reptiliomorpha
3449:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3409:Batrachomorpha
3396:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3301:Bruktererpeton
3296:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3278:Spondylerpeton
3274:
3267:
3260:
3257:Proterogyrinus
3253:
3246:
3239:
3236:Palaeoherpeton
3232:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3200:Diplovertebron
3196:
3187:
3180:
3177:Calligenethlon
3173:
3166:
3159:
3156:Anthracosaurus
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3129:Megalocephalus
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3088:Spathicephalus
3084:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3014:Dolichopareias
3010:
3007:Adelospondylus
3003:
2995:
2993:
2991:Adelogyrinidae
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2885:Whatcheeriidae
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2805:Coloraderpeton
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2125:Marsdenichthys
2121:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2075:Eusthenopteron
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2040:Callistipterus
2036:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1967:Sengoerichthys
1963:
1956:
1953:Palatinichthys
1949:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1854:Marsdenichthys
1850:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1637:Platyethmoidia
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1597:Megadonichthys
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1537:Harajicadectes
1530:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:External links
1255:
1253:
1252:
1235:
1215:
1206:
1194:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1084:
1070:
1061:
1044:
1024:
997:
985:Devonian Times
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
949:
942:
939:Eusthenopteron
934:
933:
917:
914:
845:P. rhombolepis
840:P. rhombolepis
835:P. rhombolepis
807:
804:
774:
773:Classification
771:
750:Eusthenopteron
741:
738:
736:
733:
713:Eusthenopteron
696:
693:
658:
655:
596:to forelimbs.
585:
582:
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
504:
501:
498:P. rhombolepis
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
426:
423:
414:P. rhombolepis
406:P. rhombolepis
390:
387:
370:Eusthenopteron
353:P. rhombolepis
325:sarcopterygian
307:
306:
305:
304:
298:P. rhombolepis
291:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
253:
252:
246:
245:
231:
227:
226:
214:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3850:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3737:Panderichthys
3732:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3707:Panderichthys
3704:
3700:
3695:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:Temnospondyli
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:Temnospondyli
3400:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3379:Termonerpeton
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:Silvanerpeton
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:anthracosaurs
3323:
3317:
3316:
3315:Gephyrostegus
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:Eusauropleura
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:Pholiderpeton
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:Leptophractus
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2980:Acherontiscus
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Adelospondyli
2961:
2955:
2954:
2953:Pholidogaster
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:Deltaherpeton
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:Phlegethontia
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2812:Oestocephalus
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:Ichthyerpeton
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:Crassigyrinus
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:Metaxygnathus
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:Brittagnathus
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:Panderichthys
2203:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:Howittichthys
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:Heddleichthys
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:Cabonnichthys
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:Bruehnopteron
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1824:Canowindridae
1818:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:Thaumatolepis
1651:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:Lamprotolepis
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:Greiserolepis
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1388:Gnathostomata
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Gnathostomata
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Sarcopterygii
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:Pan-Tetrapoda
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
975:
973:
971:
969:
965:
959:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
935:
931:
920:
915:
913:
911:
910:Panderichthys
906:
905:Panderichthys
901:
900:Panderichthys
892:
888:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
831:Panderichthys
828:
827:Panderichthys
824:
820:
819:Panderichthys
812:
806:Palaeoecology
805:
803:
800:
799:Panderichthys
796:
795:Panderichthys
791:
783:
782:Panderichthys
779:
772:
770:
768:
767:Panderichthys
764:
763:Panderichthys
759:
758:Panderichthys
755:
754:Panderichthys
751:
747:
746:Panderichthys
739:
734:
732:
730:
729:Rhipidistians
725:
723:
722:Panderichthys
719:
718:Panderichthys
714:
710:
709:Panderichthys
706:
705:Panderichthys
702:
701:Panderichthys
694:
692:
690:
689:Panderichthys
685:
684:Panderichthys
681:
680:Panderichthys
677:
676:Panderichthys
672:
671:Panderichthys
663:
657:Pelvic girdle
656:
654:
652:
648:
647:Panderichthys
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:Panderichthys
617:
616:Panderichthys
612:
611:Panderichthys
607:
606:Panderichthys
599:
598:Panderichthys
595:
594:pectoral fins
590:
583:
581:
579:
578:Panderichthys
574:
573:Panderichthys
570:
569:Panderichthys
566:
565:Panderichthys
562:
558:
557:Panderichthys
553:
549:
548:Panderichthys
545:
544:Panderichthys
541:
537:
536:Panderichthys
533:
532:Panderichthys
529:
525:
524:Panderichthys
517:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
473:
472:Panderichthys
469:
468:
463:
462:Panderichthys
458:
457:Panderichthys
454:
452:
451:lepidotrichia
448:
444:
443:Panderichthys
439:
438:Panderichthys
431:
424:
422:
419:
418:Panderichthys
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Panderichthys
388:
386:
384:
383:Panderichthys
380:
379:Panderichthys
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:Panderichthys
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Panderichthys
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
314:
313:Panderichthys
300:
299:
292:
286:
285:
278:
277:
275:
270:
263:
262:
254:
251:
247:
240:
239:
238:Panderichthys
232:
229:
228:
221:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:Sarcopterygii
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
31:Late Devonian
26:
25:Panderichthys
22:
19:
3706:
3629:Other topics
3610:Holospondyli
3605:Lepospondyli
3554:Polyphyletic
3549:Paraphyletic
3489:
3426:Lissamphibia
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3343:Caerorhachis
3341:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3276:
3271:Seroherpeton
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3229:Neopteroplax
3227:
3220:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3086:
3078:
3019:
3012:
3005:
3000:Adelogyrinus
2998:
2978:
2951:
2946:Greererpeton
2944:
2937:
2930:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2810:
2803:
2785:Ophiderpeton
2783:
2776:
2769:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2694:Mesanerpeton
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2624:Aytonerpeton
2622:
2612:
2577:Webererpeton
2575:
2568:
2563:Elginerpeton
2561:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2439:Ichthyostega
2437:
2427:
2418:Elpistostege
2416:
2408:Densignathus
2406:
2396:
2388:Acanthostega
2386:
2354:
2345:Stegocephali
2313:
2269:
2260:Stegocephali
2247:
2239:Rubrognathus
2237:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2186:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2133:Notorhizodon
2131:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2000:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1945:Megistolepis
1943:
1935:
1930:Megalichthys
1928:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1886:Askerichthys
1884:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1807:
1801:Thysanolepis
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:Pycnoctenion
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1731:Gooloogongia
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:Rhizodontida
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1607:Muranjilepis
1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1527:Gyroptychius
1525:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1352:
1343:
1339:Osteichthyes
1334:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1148:
1144:
1117:
1108:
1087:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1018:
1013:
1010:
988:. Retrieved
984:
951:
946:Elpistostege
944:
937:
909:
904:
899:
897:
882:
876:
872:Laccognathus
870:
866:Plourdosteus
864:
858:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
818:
817:
798:
794:
789:
787:
781:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
735:Paleobiology
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
650:
646:
632:
619:
615:
610:
605:
603:
597:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
511:Ichthyostega
510:
497:
471:
465:
461:
456:
455:
442:
437:
436:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
382:
378:
368:
360:
352:
348:
336:
312:
311:
310:
297:
296:
283:
282:
260:
259:
250:Type species
237:
236:
219:
200:
187:
174:
24:
18:
3731:Wikispecies
3646:Romer's gap
3442:Pan-Amniota
3390:Crown group
3243:Papposaurus
3067:Baphetoidea
2923:Colosteidae
2909:Whatcheeria
2863:Sillerpeton
2654:Doragnathus
2614:Antlerpeton
2147:Spodichthys
2110:Litoptychus
2068:Eusthenodon
2061:Edenopteron
2054:Devonosteus
1960:Rhizodopsis
1923:Mahalalepis
1900:Cryptolepis
1847:Koharalepis
1833:Beelarongia
1809:Vorobjevaia
1787:Screbinodus
1780:Sauripterus
1773:Rossichthys
1745:Letognathus
1710:Archichthys
1687:Viluichthys
1557:Litoptychus
1497:Glyptopomus
1477:Chrysolepis
1357:Rhipidistia
1248:Acanthodian
990:21 February
860:Asterolepis
854:Psammolepis
740:Respiration
643:intermedium
637:, a blocky
425:Description
410:P. stobolvi
349:P. stolbovi
302:Gross, 1941
284:P. stolbovi
266:Gross, 1941
243:Gross, 1941
3807:Categories
3365:Eoherpeton
3214:Eoherpeton
3207:Eobaphetes
3147:Embolomeri
3099:Baphetidae
2724:Perittodus
2644:Diploradus
2530:Ventastega
2500:Tulerpeton
2469:Parmastega
2449:Jakubsonia
2429:Hynerpeton
2355:sensu lato
2281:see below↓
2270:sensu lato
2229:Qikiqtania
2118:Mandageria
2103:Langlieria
2047:Canningius
1840:Canowindra
1794:Strepsodus
1647:Shirolepis
1617:Osteolepis
1547:Kenichthys
1487:Geptolepis
1467:Bogdanovia
1409:see below↓
1263:Pharyngula
960:References
3595:Rachitomi
3460:includes
3424:includes
3394:Tetrapoda
3358:Eldeceeon
3350:Casineria
3264:Pteroplax
3052:Nectridea
3040:Nectridea
2932:Colosteus
2894:Ossinodus
2778:Lethiscus
2758:Aistopoda
2734:Sigournea
2714:Ossirarus
2520:Umzantsia
2489:Tiktaalik
2479:Sinostega
2351:Tetrapoda
2266:Tetrapoda
2249:Tiktaalik
2199:Livoniana
2096:Jarvikina
1937:Megapomus
1677:Tungsenia
1627:Peregrina
1507:Gogonasus
1322:Kingdom:
1244:Placoderm
1173:1476-4687
953:Tiktaalik
884:Livoniana
651:Tiktaalik
561:Tiktaalik
552:Tiktaalik
540:Tiktaalik
467:Tiktaalik
357:tetrapods
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
36:380
3751:42342093
3716:Wikidata
3682:Category
3651:Timeline
3192:Cricotus
3163:Archeria
3115:Kyrinion
3108:Baphetes
3080:Eucritta
2902:Pederpes
2704:Occidens
2595:Devonian
2510:Tutusius
2369:Devonian
1915:Lohsania
1766:Rhizodus
1724:Barameda
1667:Thursius
1587:Medoevia
1330:Chordata
1328:Phylum:
1324:Animalia
1181:18806778
916:See also
878:Dipterus
823:Frasnian
447:fish fin
341:Frasnian
329:Devonian
272:Species
213:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
3777:1020089
3764:4841376
3722:Q132313
3462:Amniota
3170:Aversor
3122:Loxomma
2684:Koilops
2664:Gaiasia
2154:Tinirau
2089:Hyneria
1862:Owensia
1717:Aztecia
1577:Latvius
1189:2588617
1153:Bibcode
1058:. GEOS.
849:Latvius
528:humerus
526:is its
518:Humerus
322:extinct
230:Genus:
105:↓
3556:groups
2540:Ymeria
1738:Hongyu
1228:Nature
1187:
1179:
1171:
1145:Nature
1011:Nature
790:Nature
639:carpal
635:ulnare
626:, and
624:radius
345:Latvia
3790:34944
3772:IRMNG
3329:Other
2592:Post-
1353:Clade
1344:Clade
1335:Clade
1185:S2CID
695:Skull
318:genus
316:is a
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
3759:GBIF
3454:see
3418:see
3050:see
2598:taxa
2372:taxa
1386:see
1246:and
1177:PMID
1169:ISSN
992:2015
863:and
628:ulna
550:and
464:and
400:and
44:PreꞒ
3746:EoL
1231:463
1161:doi
1149:456
1014:463
887:).
496:In
333:Mya
320:of
3809::
3787::
3774::
3761::
3748::
3733::
3718::
1355::
1346::
1337::
1226:.
1197:^
1183:.
1175:.
1167:.
1159:.
1147:.
1143:.
1131:^
1096:^
1073:^
1027:^
1000:^
983:.
967:^
404:.
359:,
335:.
287:?
203::
190::
177::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
3586:?
3580:?
3551:/
3444:)
3440:(
3406:(
3353:?
3335:"
3331:"
3326:†
3289:†
3217:?
3195:"
3189:"
3144:†
3083:?
3064:†
3042:"
3038:"
3036:†
2964:†
2920:†
2897:?
2882:†
2755:†
2740:†
2730:†
2720:†
2710:†
2700:†
2690:†
2680:†
2670:†
2660:†
2650:†
2640:†
2630:†
2620:†
2610:†
2551:†
2536:†
2526:†
2516:†
2506:†
2496:†
2492:?
2485:†
2475:†
2465:†
2455:†
2445:†
2435:†
2425:†
2421:?
2414:†
2404:†
2394:†
2384:†
2357:)
2348:(
2272:)
2263:(
2245:†
2235:†
2225:†
2215:†
2205:†
2195:†
2191:?
2184:†
2128:?
2113:?
2014:†
2005:?
1998:†
1977:?
1948:?
1940:?
1918:?
1903:?
1874:†
1865:?
1857:?
1821:†
1812:?
1804:?
1698:†
1683:†
1673:†
1663:†
1653:†
1643:†
1633:†
1623:†
1613:†
1603:†
1593:†
1583:†
1573:†
1563:†
1553:†
1543:†
1533:†
1523:†
1513:†
1503:†
1493:†
1483:†
1473:†
1463:†
1305:)
1301:(
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
1233:.
1191:.
1163::
1155::
1125:.
994:.
294:†
280:†
257:†
234:†
217:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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