Pangolin - Knowledge (XXG)

1264: 816: 1612: 987: oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back. 920: 805: 1574: 160: 710: 866:. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites, and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats. 694: 881:, and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs that are used for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey. 259: 127: 2360: 1622:

Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile. They

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Aitken-Palmer, Copper; deMaar, Thomas W.; Johnson, James G.; Langan, Jennifer; Bergmann, Jonathan; Chinnadurai, Sathya; Guerra, Hector; Carboni, Deborah A.; Adkesson, Michael J. (September 2019). "Complications Associated with Pregnancy and Parturition in African White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus

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Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wangyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui;

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The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success. The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus. World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness

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Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing the scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia. Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia,

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of the People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020. Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a

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Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate, with mating typically taking place at night after the male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during

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Gaubert, Philippe; Antunes, Agostinho; Meng, Hao; Miao, Lin; Peigné, Stéphane; Justy, Fabienne; Njiokou, Flobert; Dufour, Sylvain; Danquah, Emmanuel; Alahakoon, Jayanthi; Verheyen, Erik (11 May 2018). "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most

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became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to

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of the animal while educating communities on its importance. Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence

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As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. As of January 2020, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its

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as threatened. The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and

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gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking. Wildlife conservation group

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the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.

1343:. In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the 1514:, a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the 7198: 958:

periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g

2079:"A Mystery Species Was Discovered in Trafficked Pangolin Scales - Researchers believed there were eight species of the strange mammals. But a ninth was identified genetically, although no one knew it was a separate species in the wild" 4847:

Zhang, Fang; Kong, Lin-lin; Zhang, Yi-ye; Li, Shu-Chuen (2012). "Evaluation of Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Cost Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials".

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Challender, Daniel W. S.; Sas-Rolfes, Michael't; Ades, Gary W. J.; Chin, Jason S. C.; Ching-Min Sun, Nick; Chong, Ju lian; Connelly, Ellen; Hywood, Lisa; Luz, Sonja; Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; de Ornellas, Paul (1 October 2019).

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Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.)

500:, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble 1324:

China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized the largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year.

1510:("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning the scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night. During the 1418:

share only up to 92% of their RNA. Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to

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Ingram, Daniel J.; Coad, Lauren; Abernethy, Katharine A.; Maisels, Fiona; Stokes, Emma J.; Bobo, Kadiri S.; Breuer, Thomas; Gandiwa, Edson; Ghiurghi, Andrea; Greengrass, Elizabeth; Holmern, Tomas (March 2018).

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Kenneth E. Kinman (1994) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88

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black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population. Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.

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is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act. The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan

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D'Cruze, Neil; Assou, Délagnon; Coulthard, Emma; Norrey, John; Megson, David; Macdonald, David W.; Harrington, Lauren A.; Ronfot, Delphine; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Auliya, Mark (5 November 2020).

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for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination. The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel

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Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate

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takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.

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The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures. They are made of

1347:. In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat is reported in 4070: 4902: 4185: 888:

is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins also lack the ability to chew; but while

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in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death. In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as

1406:, China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in 3242:

Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".

4093: 1465:. To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in 7193: 5463:

Archer, Lucy J.; Papworth, Sarah K.; Apale, Charity M.; Corona, Darlyn B.; Gacilos, Josefa T.; Amada, Ronald L.; Waterman, Carly; Turvey, Samuel T. (1 December 2020).

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Wang, Bin; Yang, Wen; Sherman, Vincent R.; Meyers, Marc A. (2016). "Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales".

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Du Toit, Z.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.; Jansen, R.; Brettschneider, H.; Dalton, D. L. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Temminck's ground pangolin (

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The vacuum created by China's failure to adequately support a disciplined scientific approach to traditional Chinese medicine has been filled by pseudoscience

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scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or

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Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a

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are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a

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and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans.

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Coulson, Ian M; Heath, Martha E (December 1997). "Foraging behaviour and ecology of the Cape pangolin (Manis temminckii) in north-western Zimbabwe".

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include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of

5074: 5042: 4816: 3175: 3035: 2949: 2919: 2420:"Combined proteomics and transcriptomics reveal the genetic basis underlying the differentiation of skin appendages and immunity in pangolin" 2313: 1998: 5465:"Scaling up local ecological knowledge to prioritise areas for protection: Determining Philippine pangolin distribution, status and threats" 4060: 1355:. The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by 5540:

Pei, Curtis Jai-Chyi; Chen, Chen-Chih; Chi, Meng-Jou; Lin, Wen-Chi; Lin, Jing-Shiun; Arora, Bharti; Sun, Nick Ching-Min (6 February 2019).

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Chua, Marcus A.H.; Tan, Audrey; Carrasco, Luis Roman (2021). "Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir?".

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Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, et al. (14 December 2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".

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which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.

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Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science

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outbreak. It was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when

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Ma, Jing-E; Li, Lin-Miao; Jiang, Hai-Ying; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Juan; Li, Guan-Yu; Yuan, Li-Hong; Wu, Jun; Chen, Jin-Ping (2017).

2590: 2032: 5638: 3797: 2716: 1605: 900:, and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey. 7173: 5633: 5513:"Taiwan's Path to Pangolin Conservation : How a Mega Pangolin Leather Exporter Transformed into a Conservation Specialist" 1288: 4085: 3545: 7106: 2370: 2023: 1305:

have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the

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Boakye, Maxwell Kwame; Pietersen, Darren William; Kotzé, Antoinette; Dalton, Desiré-Lee; Jansen, Raymond (20 January 2015).

1309:'s list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals. All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by the 603: 6196: 2345: 786:. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about 0.5 cm ( 2112:"Snake oil and pangolin scales: insights into wild animal use at "Marché des Fétiches" traditional medicine market, Togo" 740:, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators. 3710: 3495:"Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae" 2774:"Transcriptomic analysis identifies genes and pathways related to myrmecophagy in the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)" 2202: 1542: 1484: 1407: 1306: 1284: 1268: 2282: 847:

pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).

7101: 6997: 2016:"The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" 1855: 1656:

In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (

1565:, Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales. 1526:("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992. 4107: 1988: 5677:

The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis

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is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball ("

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The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their

6517: 5700: 2235: 5603: 4769: 4155: 3830:"Assessing Africa-Wide Pangolin Exploitation by Scaling Local Data: Assessing African pangolin exploitation" 3618:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

2615: 2494: 2305: 1488: 573: 6937: 4774: 4355:"Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)" 2586: 2405: 767: 239: 4894:"'If we don't buy, they don't die': Tackling the global demand that's driving the illegal wildlife trade" 4126: 896:), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants. This part of their stomach is called the 7140: 5726: 5517: 3103:

Hua, Liushuai; Gong, Shiping; Wang, Fumin; Li, Weiye; Ge, Yan; Li, Xiaonan; Hou, Fanghui (8 June 2015).

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Gao, Wen-Hua; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Yan-Mei; Xie, Chun-Gang; Tan, Zhi-Zhou; Zhou, Jia-Jun; Chen, Shuai;

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Challender, D.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Panjang, E.; Lim, N.; Nash, H.; Heinrich, S. & Chong, J. (2019).

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Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H.; Gonzales, Juan Carlos; Dans, Andres.

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Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia

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Challender, D.; Wu, S.; Kaspal, P.; Khatiwada, A.; Ghose, A.; Ching-Min Su, N.; Suwal, Laxmi (2019).

3407: 3251: 3200: 3112: 2980: 2882: 2606: 2431: 2173: 1734: 1722: 834: 659: 555: 516: 505: 6874: 6863: 5092:"Small NGOs and Agenda-Setting in Global Conservation Governance: The Case of Pangolin Conservation" 6684: 6654: 6646: 6596: 6580: 3403: 2559: 2116: 1573: 1492: 1467: 924: 911:

tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.

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stance for some behaviour, and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers.

783: 579: 543: 532: 524: 271: 154: 6911: 6604: 6588: 4405: 3446:"Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals" 3167: 3160: 7145: 6810: 6612: 7127: 7010: 6094: 5655: 5585: 5494: 5282: 5225: 5163: 5113: 5070: 5058: 5038: 5026: 4942: 4934: 4873: 4865: 4812: 4750: 4665: 4587: 4522: 4465: 4386: 4327: 4041: 3590: 3526: 3475: 3445: 3370: 3324: 3267: 3216: 3171: 3140: 3031: 3021: 3002: 2945: 2935: 2915: 2845: 2811: 2787: 2750: 2659: 2537: 2465: 2447: 2397: 2366: 2309: 2135: 1994: 1931: 1793: 1608:

has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.

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Cyranoski, David (7 February 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?".

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Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018).

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du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017).

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Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)".

2529: 2498: 2455: 2439: 2181: 2125: 2036: 1961: 1923: 1818: 1742: 1673: 1632: 1428: 1420: 1352: 1301: 1226:. Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus 737: 567: 400: 1414:

for human transmission. However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human

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Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago. Moreover, the

6627: 6557: 6266: 6255: 6213: 6008: 5909: 5877: 5683: 5676: 5665: 5650: 5170: 4808: 2725: 2052: 1957: 1911: 1703: 1681: 1582: 1179: 1137: 819: 808: 709: 616: 224: 6975: 6126:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 6105:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 2894: 1359:. The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption. 5561: 5480: 5379: 5318: 5182: 4736: 4500: 4451: 4017: 3411: 3255: 3204: 3116: 2886: 2841: 2435: 2418:

Li, Hui-Ming; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Lin-Miao; et al. (3 September 2020).

2340:. Vol. II. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 567 – via 2177: 2130: 2111: 1966: 1738: 6891: 6723: 6506: 6376: 6054: 6000: 5901: 5885: 5580: 5541: 5277: 5252: 5066: 5034: 4933:

Xing, S.; Bonebrake, T. C.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Ades, G.; Shaw, D.; Zhou, Y. (2019).

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Beck, Robin; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006).

3135: 3104: 2997: 2966: 2806: 2773: 2696: 2574: 2502: 2460: 2419: 1993:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. 1685: 1677: 1500: 1292: 1258: 1246: 1078: 940: 763: 639: 623: 549: 512: 5303:"Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact" 4002:"Knowledge and uses of African pangolins as a source of traditional medicine in Ghana" 3898: 3805: 3665: 3263: 1328:

Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of

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Spotlight: Pangolin conservationists call for ban on illegal trade of mammal products

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are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade

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mammals in the world. As of January 2020, there are eight species of pangolin whose

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Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of

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World Pangolin Day: Conservationists demand greater protection to stop extinction

4026: 3419: 2712:"Behavioural descriptions of Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in captivity" 2533: 1541:

secrete milk. The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by

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within Pholidota suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their

7062: 6969: 6768: 6757: 6700: 6363: 6355: 6292: 6102: 6024: 5942: 5489: 5464: 5414: 5327: 5302: 4409: 4261: 3981:"First ivory, now pangolin scales: Vietnam remains wildlife trafficking hotspot" 1927: 1643: 1600: 1387: 1344: 1162:), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are the 1039: 893: 863: 722: 477:

pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3953: 3366: 2443: 6388: 6131: 5984: 5827: 5784: 5768: 4508: 4485:"Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak" 4460: 4435: 4296: 4279: 3511: 3105:"Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects" 2483:

Spearman, R.I.C. (2008). "On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin".

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are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales.

7036: 6742: 6563: 6493: 6139: 6086: 5963: 5955: 5835: 5801: 3985: 3471: 3212: 1760: 1624: 1538: 1403: 1336: 1332:, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine. 1195: 1163: 1159: 1147: 1016: 955: 874: 838: 830: 733: 501: 489: 171: 104: 48: 6158:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 5589: 5286: 5229: 4877: 4669: 4583: 4526: 4469: 4390: 4331: 4176:"Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat" 4045: 3530: 3479: 3374: 3328: 3309: 3271: 3220: 3144: 3006: 2815: 2541: 2469: 1935: 833:

animals which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The

751:. They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into 5268: 4861: 4127:"'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China" 3767: 3353:; Smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the Pholidota (Weber, 1904)". 2965:

Davit-Béal, Tiphaine; Tucker, Abigail S.; Sire, Jean-Yves (1 April 2009).

2734: 2711: 1390:

taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 (

258: 7199:

Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes

6954: 6305: 6231: 5934: 5762: 5108: 5091: 4651: 3637: 3561:"The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine" 2525: 1546: 1530: 1522:, the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the 1395: 1329: 1272: 1151: 1050: 889: 844: 726: 698: 497: 191: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 5604:"Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation" 5438:"It's not too late – yet – to save the Philippine pangolin, study finds" 6432: 6421: 6407: 6318: 6155: 6032: 5864: 5774: 5711: 5001:"Did China really ban the pangolin trade? Not quite, investigators say" 4209:"Boat Filled With 22,000 Pounds Of Pangolin Hits Endangered Coral Reef" 3846: 3829: 3576: 2796: 2631: 1648: 1616: 1562: 1356: 1348: 1280: 1111: 1101: 1060: 988: 944: 936: 932: 897: 878: 779: 756: 718: 481: 474: 457: 440: 390: 143: 135: 109: 84: 5352: 5337: 5221: 4371: 3856: 1267:

Confiscated black market pangolin scales, which are in high demand in

126: 7067: 6237: 6225: 6147: 6123: 5971: 5818: 5756: 5743: 5253:"Pangolin genomes and the evolution of mammalian scales and immunity" 4971:"Pangolins receive surprising lifeline with new protections in China" 4745: 4720: 3392:(Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". 2834:

Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)

2186: 2161: 1668: 1491:

exists for the efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical

1340: 885: 775: 504:, though the two are not closely related; they have merely undergone 485: 201: 181: 116: 6931: 5643: 4804:

Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft Technology

4436:"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins" 3766:

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3559:

Sexton, Rebecca; Nguyen, Trang; Roberts, David L. (1 January 2021).

2623: 1774: 7054: 7041: 3546:"Change the List: The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 1822: 1660:), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan. 762:

The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of the

6246: 6016: 2778: 2341: 1615:

Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in

1610: 1572: 1318: 1283:

because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in

1262: 1171: 1167: 1155: 918: 814: 803: 771: 748: 744: 708: 692: 445: 211: 4235:"Indonesian man arrested as 650 pangolins found dead in freezers" 3734:"Tiger Eyes, Crocodile Penis: It's What's For Dinner in Malaysia" 1990:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

4636:"Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease" 4406:"1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China" 4280:"Pangolins in south-west Nigeria – current status and prognosis" 2245: 1775:"Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" 1472: 1424: 1317:. All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of 1310: 729: 493: 6935: 6185: 5715: 5639:

Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation

2270:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 604. 1987:

Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).

1965: 1872:"The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)" 6070: 4089: 1561:

Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern

1483:

Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various

752: 7028: 4428: 4426: 2914:. Pinetown, South Africa: 30° South Publishers. p. 36. 2911:

The South African Bushveld: A Field Guide from the Waterberg

939:

island group. It is threatened by illegal poaching for the

427: 421: 5059:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 5027:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 4935:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 2679:

Wilson, Amelia E. (January 1994). "Husbandry of pangolins

1529:

In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are

406: 4278:

Sodeinde, Olufemi A.; Adedipe, Segun R. (24 April 2009).

3936:"'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list" 3633:"Over a million pangolins slaughtered in the last decade" 412: 2555: 1518:("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"). In the 1351:, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to 4578:(7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1810. 4483:

Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qunfu; Zhang, Zhigang (19 March 2020).

3873:"The world's most-trafficked mammal – and the scaliest" 3703:"Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More" 2408:, translated A. F. Scholfield 1959 vol. 3, pp. 266-268. 1533:

practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve

1230:

from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus

947:, where it is regarded as a luxury medicinal delicacy. 5542:"Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin ( 5164:

How China is combating wildlife trafficking in Africa

4850:

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

3158:

Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). MacDonald, D. (ed.).

3053:"All hope is not lost for vanishing Palawan pangolin" 1809:

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403: 4937:. In Challender, D.; Nash, H.; Waterman, C. (eds.). 1887:, London, Day and Son, Ltd., XVI + 420 pp., 101 maps 1449:

In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to

743:

Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from

424: 418: 409: 6944: 6888: 6858: 6820: 6778: 6752: 6718: 6664: 6622: 6552: 6538: 6503: 6476: 6450: 6416: 6402: 6373: 6339: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6264: 6114: 6053: 6044: 5983: 5954: 5933: 5876: 5847: 5826: 5817: 5792: 5783: 4061:"No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade" 3287:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals" 3081:. University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from 1279:Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and 415: 6097:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 4892: 4434:Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi (7 May 2020). 4086:"The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 3159: 2365:. Washington, D.C.: Island Publishing House, Inc. 1142:The order Pholidota was long considered to be the 4692:"Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost" 4309: 4307: 3768:"What's the secret to saving this rare creature?" 4273: 4271: 3761: 3759: 3023:The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals 1898:"A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals" 1651:: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin) 770:, the root of the tongue is not attached to the 26:"Pholidota" redirects here. For the orchid, see 4941:(First ed.). Academic Press. p. 233. 3439: 3437: 2658:. New York City: Arch Cape Press. p. 252. 2230: 2228: 2226: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 2710:Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; Panda, Sudarsen (2014). 1798:(in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer. 1761:"A corrected classification of the edentates." 1506:The first record of pangolin scales occurs in 589:International Union for Conservation of Nature 515:(for their meat and scales, which are used in 6197: 5727: 5355:. Pangolins.org/Annamiticus. 26 October 2011. 5183:"Pangolins – Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 3792: 3790: 3788: 2281:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 1581:from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then 1382:of a specific receptor-binding domain of the 1198:of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins ( 873:. They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on 713:Schematic drawing of pangolin scale histology 8: 5063:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 5031:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 4939:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 2827: 2825: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2327: 2325: 523:of their natural habitats, and are the most 465:comprises four species found in Asia, while 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 607: 6932: 6793: 6637: 6571: 6549: 6484: 6413: 6311: 6298: 6285: 6272: 6204: 6190: 6182: 6050: 5951: 5844: 5823: 5789: 5734: 5720: 5712: 4621: 4619: 3079:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Reproduction" 1646:made a public service announcement called 1457:have been detected in the genomes of dead 488:, depending on the species. Pangolins are 257: 125: 37: 5579: 5569: 5488: 5336: 5326: 5276: 5107: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4744: 4659: 4599: 4516: 4459: 4380: 4370: 4295: 4108:"23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week" 4035: 4025: 3934:Agence France-Presse (19 November 2010). 3855: 3845: 3584: 3520: 3510: 3318: 3308: 3134: 3124: 2996: 2805: 2795: 2733: 2486:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2459: 2185: 2129: 747:near the anus, similar to the spray of a 6065:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 3051:Fabro, Keith Anthony S. (10 June 2019). 1900:, New York, d, Appleton and Co., 431 pp. 1885:"The geographic distribution of mammals" 1271:, set to be destroyed by authorities in 7194:Species endangered by human consumption 4770:"What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?" 4353:Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. (2019). 2304:(10th ed.). Oxfordshire, England: 2203:"A Struggle to Save the Scaly Pangolin" 2077:Incorvala, Darren (25 September 2023). 1763:Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 913-914 1714: 599:The name of order Pholidota comes from 284: 5701:Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? 5693:Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4163:from the original on 22 February 2015. 4114:from the original on 26 November 2014. 4073:from the original on 22 February 2015. 2761:from the original on 23 December 2014. 2593:from the original on 21 December 2014. 2562:from the original on 22 February 2015. 2338:A Malay-English dictionary (romanised) 2091:from the original on 25 September 2023 1795:Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere 1501:pangolin poaching, hunting and trading 4096:from the original on 2 February 2015. 3244:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1579:armour made of gilded pangolin scales 1557:key ingredient in various medicines. 1537:, promote blood circulation, or help 721:, the same material from which human 7: 5210:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4265:(Nigeria), Saturday 18 February 2017 4174:Carrington, Damian (15 April 2013). 4139:from the original on 3 October 2014. 3871:Fletcher, Martin (5 February 2015). 3645:from the original on 8 December 2014 3166:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 2895:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1997.101-89101.x 1860:. Duke University Press. p. 24. 1623:are susceptible to diseases such as 1495:, their popularity still drives the 553:) are critically endangered, three ( 492:, and their diet consists of mainly 4721:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 4541:"Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS" 4059:Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). 3908:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3675:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2842:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001556.pub2 2832:Rose, K. D.; Gaudin, T. J. (2010). 2268:The Composition of Scientific Words 2241:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2162:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 2131:10.3897/natureconservation.39.47879 622:The name "pangolin" comes from the 7189:Extant Paleocene first appearances 5410:"Jackie Chan fights for pangolins" 4825:from the original on 20 March 2017 4782:from the original on 15 April 2014 4768:Steven Novella (25 January 2012). 4690:Mariëtte Le Roux (25 March 2018). 4215:from the original on 18 April 2013 4188:from the original on 16 April 2013 3395:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2751:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Diet" 2697:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03578.x 2503:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb00508.x 2014:Gaudin, Timothy (28 August 2009). 1727:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 5556:(2). Pingtung, Taiwan: e0198230. 5251:Choo, S. W.; et al. 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(1988). 1313:, while three are classified as 630:meaning "one who rolls up" from 399: 158: 5544:Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla 5469:Global Ecology and Conservation 5307:Global Ecology and Conservation 5138:Xinhua News (21 November 2018) 4207:Molland, Judy (16 April 2013). 4125:Watts, Jonathan (25 May 2007). 2201:Goode, Emilia (31 March 2015). 2033:Springer Science+Business Media 677:In ancient India, according to 646:). However, the modern name is 638:"to roll"; it was used for the 5150:China Plus (18 February 2017) 4891:Boyle, Louise (30 June 2020). 4110:. Traffic.org. 17 March 2008. 3732:Cruise, Adam (18 April 2015). 3631:Hance, Jeremy (29 July 2014). 3544:Sutter, John D. (April 2014). 3458:Trafficked Mammals on Earth". 2836:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2362:Interesting Philippine Animals 2024:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 1854:Pearse, Arthur Sperry (1936). 1747:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592 1596:Red List of Threatened Species 1106:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1055:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1044:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1021:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 585:Red List of Threatened Species 16:Mammals of the order Pholidota 1: 7169:Critically endangered animals 5096:Global Environmental Politics 3565:Tropical Conservation Science 3264:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0 2493:(310). Oxfordshire, England: 2346:National Library of Australia 2266:Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). 5571:10.1371/journal.pone.0198230 5388:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002 5353:"World Pangolin Day – About" 4731:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 4572:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4027:10.1371/journal.pone.0117199 3420:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319 3020:Prothero, Donald R. (2016). 2786:. Corte Madera, California: 2534:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.028 2300:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (2002). 2172:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 1896:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872) 1485:traditional Chinese medicine 1408:traditional Chinese medicine 1307:Zoological Society of London 1269:traditional Chinese medicine 995:Classification and phylogeny 892:, they ingest small stones ( 5490:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01395 5442:Mongabay Environmental News 5328:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00714 5005:Mongabay Environmental News 3162:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 3077:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2749:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2614:(2). Oxfordshire, England: 1928:10.1126/science.32.810.56.a 1759:Lane, Henry Higgins (1910) 1398:and is responsible for the 1194:The first dichotomy in the 7215: 6134:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 6089:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 5995:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 5634:ZSL Pangolin Conservation 5162:Xinhua News (8 June 2018) 4543:. CBSNews. 11 January 2004 4324:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2 3367:10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.040 3028:Princeton University Press 2875:African Journal of Ecology 2685:International Zoo Yearbook 2444:10.1038/s41598-020-71513-w 2289:. Perseus Digital Library. 2031:(4). Heidelberg, Germany: 1475:from a diseased pangolin. 1394:), the virus which causes 1371: 1256: 1202:) from African pangolins ( 1135: 1073:Szalay & Schrenk 1998 1033:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 903:Some species, such as the 571:) are endangered and two ( 288:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 25: 18: 6796: 6640: 6574: 6487: 6220: 5920:(Kangaroos and relatives) 5751: 5682:25 September 2015 at the 5644:Tree of Life of Pholidota 5090:Shibaike, Takumi (2021). 4509:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022 4461:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x 4297:10.1017/S0030605300028283 3940:The Sydney Morning Herald 3512:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5 3026:. Princeton, New Jersey: 2041:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9 1779:Visnyk of Lviv University 1166:, with which they form a 869:Pangolins have very poor 822:defending itself against 759:mounds and for climbing. 674:(with the same meaning). 608: 277: 270: 266:Ranges of living species 265: 256: 252: 247: 155:Scientific classification 153: 133: 124: 40: 21:Pangolin (disambiguation) 6830:(paraphyletic subfamily) 6632:(paraphyletic subfamily) 5912:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 5169:30 November 2020 at the 3979:Sen (18 February 2020). 3586:10.1177/1940082920985755 3402:(5). Bethesda Maryland: 3292:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3126:10.3897/zookeys.507.6970 2908:Gutteridge, Lee (2008). 2753:. La Crosse, Wisconsin: 2524:. Oxfordshire, England: 1773:Zagorodniuk, I. (2008). 606:– "clad in scales" from 583:) are vulnerable on the 134:Pangolins from families 5804:(Platypus and echidnas) 5664:23 October 2018 at the 5368:Biological Conservation 4156:The Wall Street Journal 3213:10.1126/science.1067179 2616:Oxford University Press 2585:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: 2573:Andrews, James (2011). 2558:. Pangolins.org. 2015. 2495:Oxford University Press 2306:Oxford University Press 2287:A Greek-English Lexicon 2236:"Manidae Family search" 1973:Encyclopædia Britannica 1874:, London, J. Van Voorst 1792:Haeckel, Ernst (1895). 1627:and the development of 1487:preparations. While no 574:Phataginus tetradactyla 7174:Myrmecophagous mammals 6035:(Dugongs and manatees) 5974:(Anteaters and sloths) 4775:Science-Based Medicine 4584:10.3201/eid2707.et2707 4562:Partin, Clyde (2021). 3954:"The CITES Appendices" 3616:van Uhm, D.P. (2016). 3310:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 3299:(1). London, England: 2587:University of Michigan 2406:Loeb Classical Library 1883:Murray, Andrew (1866) 1781:. Biology (48): 33–43. 1619: 1590: 1276: 1218:to a clade comprising 1210:). Within the former, 948: 927:pup and its mother, a 826: 812: 768:tube-lipped nectar bat 714: 706: 681:, it was known as the 513:threatened by poaching 7141:Paleobiology Database 6788:(paraphyletic family) 5904:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5696:. United States: PBS. 5649:29 April 2021 at the 5518:The Reporter (Taiwan) 5269:10.1101/gr.203521.115 4862:10.1089/acm.2011.0315 4801:Zhouying Jin (2005). 3620:. New York: Springer. 3472:10.1093/jhered/esx097 2981:John Wiley & Sons 2944:. 2015. p. 215. 2937:Wildlife of the World 1870:Edward Newman (1843) 1723:"Abstracts of Papers" 1699:Mammal classification 1614: 1576: 1524:Taiping sheng hui fan 1380:nucleic acid sequence 1315:critically endangered 1266: 1186:(million years) ago. 929:critically endangered 922: 818: 807: 712: 696: 385:, sometimes known as 5109:10.1162/glep_a_00623 4700:Agence France-Presse 3915:: e.T12764A123585318 3834:Conservation Letters 3682:: e.T12763A123584856 3579:: 1940082920985755. 3404:Taylor & Francis 3085:on 23 December 2014. 2979:(4). New York City: 2607:Journal of Mammalogy 2583:Animal Diversity Web 2556:"Meet the Pangolin!" 2058:on 25 September 2015 1910:Gill, Theo. (1910). 907:, use their strong, 835:long-tailed pangolin 811:in defensive posture 774:bone, but is in the 660:Philippine languages 556:Phataginus tricuspis 517:traditional medicine 506:convergent evolution 443:, has three genera: 19:For other uses, see 6864:Propalaeanodontinae 5659:video of a pangolin 5657:National Geographic 5612:. 25 September 2019 5562:2019PLoSO..1498230S 5481:2020GEcoC..2401395A 5380:2021BCons.25509002C 5319:2019GEcoC..2000714C 4975:National Geographic 4737:1938Natur.141R..72. 4501:2020CBio...30E1346Z 4495:(7): 1346–1351.e2. 4452:2020Natur.583..286X 4018:2015PLoSO..1017199B 3744:on 20 December 2015 3738:National Geographic 3713:on 22 December 2015 3707:National Geographic 3460:Journal of Heredity 3412:2012JVPal..32..983K 3256:2003MolPE..28..225A 3205:2001Sci...294.2348M 3199:(5550): 2348–2351. 3117:2015ZooK..507...99H 2940:. London, England: 2887:1997AfJEc..35..361R 2735:10.1155/2014/795062 2724:. London, England: 2436:2020NatSR..1014566L 2178:1938Natur.141R..72. 2117:Nature Conservation 1811:American Naturalist 1739:1994JVPal..14S...1. 1493:mechanism of action 1489:scientific evidence 1468:Amblyomma javanense 1410:was suggested as a 1289:Vietnamese medicine 1285:traditional Chinese 925:Philippine pangolin 829:Most pangolins are 703:Museum of Osteology 562:Manis crassicaudata 529:conservation status 5888:(Monito del monte) 5705:The New York Times 5065:(First ed.). 4652:10.1093/ve/veaa020 4634:(1 January 2020). 4151:"Asia in Pictures" 4066:The New York Times 3901:Manis pentadactyla 3847:10.1111/conl.12389 3802:www.pangolinsg.org 3573:University of Kent 3351:Smutsia temminckii 2972:Journal of Anatomy 2942:Dorling Kindersley 2897:– via EBSCO. 2797:10.7717/peerj.4140 2518:Acta Biomaterialia 2424:Scientific Reports 2208:The New York Times 2084:The New York Times 1620: 1591: 1545:practitioners and 1463:Manis pentadactyla 1374:Origin of COVID-19 1368:COVID-19 infection 1339:or cure cancer or 1302:Manis pentadactyla 1277: 1212:Manis pentadactyla 949: 827: 813: 715: 707: 580:Smutsia temminckii 7156: 7155: 7128:Open Tree of Life 6938:Taxon identifiers 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6884: 6883: 6831: 6789: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6633: 6567: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6398: 6397: 6327:See in template: 6212:Mammals of clade 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 6003:(Elephant shrews) 5996: 5975: 5967: 5948: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5896:(Marsupial moles) 5894:Notoryctemorphia 5889: 5868: 5860: 5857:Paucituberculata 5841: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5444:. 27 January 2021 5263:(10): 1312–1322. 5222:10.1638/2019-0019 5076:978-0-12-815506-6 5044:978-0-12-815506-6 4818:978-1-84150-124-6 4446:(7815): 286–289. 4372:10.3390/v11110979 4211:. London: Care2. 3177:978-0-87196-871-5 3037:978-1-4008-8445-2 2951:978-1-4654-4959-7 2921:978-1-920143-13-8 2315:978-0-19-860572-0 2000:978-0-8018-8221-0 1962:Lydekker, Richard 1658:Manis culionensis 1639:about pangolins. 1508:Ben Cao Jinji Zhu 1421:Asian palm civets 1402:. Researchers in 1400:COVID-19 pandemic 1357:timber harvesting 1293:trafficked animal 1116: 1107: 1092: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1045: 1034: 1022: 1011: 538:Manis culionensis 531:is listed in the 380: 379: 306:Zagorodniuk, 2008 281:list of synonyms: 243: 7206: 7149: 7148: 7136: 7135: 7123: 7122: 7110: 7109: 7097: 7096: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7070: 7058: 7057: 7045: 7044: 7032: 7031: 7019: 7018: 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6933: 6829: 6826:Metacheiromyinae 6794: 6787: 6784:Metacheiromyidae 6758:Escavadodontidae 6638: 6631: 6572: 6561: 6550: 6485: 6414: 6312: 6299: 6286: 6273: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6116:Euarchontoglires 6104: 6096: 6088: 6080: 6072: 6064: 6051: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5973: 5965: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5938: 5919: 5911: 5910:Peramelemorphia 5903: 5895: 5887: 5866: 5865:Didelphimorphia 5859:(Shrew opossums) 5858: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5803: 5794:Australosphenida 5790: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5697: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5573: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5418:. 23 August 2017 5406: 5400: 5399: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5330: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5179: 5173: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5111: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4977:. Archived from 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4930: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4746:10.1038/141072b0 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4696:The Jakarta Post 4687: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4632:Zhang, Yong-Zhen 4628:Holmes, Edward C 4623: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4241:. 26 August 2016 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4181:Associated Press 4171: 4165: 4164: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4029: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3849: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3804:. Archived from 3794: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3740:. Archived from 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3709:. Archived from 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3588: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3128: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2799: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2651: 2636: 2635: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2579:: tree pangolin" 2570: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2415: 2409: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2379:on 27 March 2020 2375:. Archived from 2356: 2350: 2349: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2308:. p. 1030. 2297: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187:10.1038/141072b0 2158: 2152: 2151: 2133: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2051:. Archived from 2020: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1976:(11th ed.). 1969: 1967:"Pangolin" 1958:Thomas, Oldfield 1954: 1948: 1947: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1817:(272): 657–664. 1806: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1770: 1764: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1719: 1674:Yanping Township 1633:intestinal worms 1431:showed that the 1429:genetic analysis 1353:overexploitation 1220:M. crassicaudata 1132:Among placentals 1114: 1105: 1090: 1072: 1063: 1054: 1043: 1032: 1020: 1009: 986: 985: 981: 978: 972: 971: 967: 964: 795: 794: 790: 611: 610: 568:Smutsia gigantea 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 343: 337: 334:Pholidotiformes 331: 325: 319: 313: 307: 301: 295: 289: 261: 238: 163: 162: 129: 114: 51: 44:Temporal range: 38: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7184:Rolling animals 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7131: 7126: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7053: 7048: 7040: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7014: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6988: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6940: 6930: 6917: 6895: 6880: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6726: 6721: 6706: 6676: 6674: 6660: 6634: 6630: 6628:Epoicotheriinae 6625: 6618: 6568: 6560: 6558:Epoicotheriidae 6555: 6546: 6541: 6526: 6518:Pholidota sp. ( 6510: 6499: 6481: 6480:representatives 6479: 6472: 6458: 6456:Eurotamanduidae 6453: 6438: 6424: 6419: 6410: 6405: 6394: 6380: 6369: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6321: 6317: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6267:Pholidotamorpha 6260: 6256:Pholidotamorpha 6216: 6214:Pholidotamorpha 6210: 6180: 6163: 6110: 6095:Perissodactyla 6040: 5979: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5925: 5902:Dasyuromorphia 5886:Microbiotheria 5878:Australidelphia 5872: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5809: 5779: 5747: 5740: 5708:, 6 March 2020. 5689: 5684:Wayback Machine 5666:Wayback Machine 5651:Wayback Machine 5630: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5257:Genome Research 5250: 5249: 5245: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5187:www.traffic.org 5181: 5180: 5176: 5171:Wayback Machine 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4981:on 10 June 2020 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4932: 4931: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4899:The Independent 4890: 4889: 4885: 4856:(12): 1108–20. 4846: 4845: 4841: 4828: 4826: 4819: 4809:Intellect Books 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4640:Virus Evolution 4625: 4624: 4617: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4489:Current Biology 4482: 4481: 4477: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159:. 27 May 2012. 4149: 4148: 4144: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4012:(1): e0117199. 3999: 3998: 3994: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3808:on 10 July 2017 3796: 3795: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3435: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3111:(507): 99–114. 3102: 3101: 3090: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030:. p. 118. 3019: 3018: 3014: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2852: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2726:Wiley-Blackwell 2709: 2708: 2704: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2653: 2652: 2639: 2624:10.2307/1382356 2603: 2602: 2598: 2577:Manis tricuspis 2572: 2571: 2567: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2373: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2234: 2233: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2211:. New York City 2200: 2199: 2195: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704:Pholidotamorpha 1695: 1666: 1583:Prince of Wales 1571: 1539:lactating women 1481: 1447: 1376: 1370: 1365: 1261: 1255: 1247:laurasiatherian 1192: 1180:Pholidotamorpha 1140: 1138:Pholidotamorpha 1134: 1129: 1030:Eurotamanduidae 1002: 997: 983: 979: 976: 974: 969: 965: 962: 960: 917: 860: 820:Indian pangolin 809:Ground pangolin 802: 792: 788: 787: 691: 597: 544:M. pentadactyla 402: 398: 387:scaly anteaters 376: 371: 365: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 323: 317: 311: 305: 299: 293: 287: 283: 282: 237: 225:Pholidotamorpha 157: 148:Eurotamanduidae 120: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 46: 45: 42: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7137: 7124: 7111: 7098: 7085: 7072: 7059: 7046: 7033: 7020: 7007: 6994: 6981: 6966: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6907: 6898: 6896: 6892:Incertae sedis 6889: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6875:Propalaeanodon 6869: 6867: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6835: 6833: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6729: 6727: 6724:Ernanodontidae 6719: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6641: 6635: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6575: 6569: 6553: 6547: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6513: 6511: 6507:Incertae sedis 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6488: 6482: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6377:Incertae sedis 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6059: 6057: 6055:Laurasiatheria 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6009:Tubulidentata 6006: 6001:Macroscelidea 5998: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918:Diprotodontia 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5698: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5628:External links 5626: 5624: 5623: 5595: 5532: 5521:. 23 June 2019 5504: 5455: 5429: 5401: 5358: 5344: 5292: 5243: 5216:(3): 678–687. 5199: 5174: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5082: 5075: 5067:Academic Press 5050: 5043: 5035:Academic Press 5018: 4992: 4961: 4947: 4916: 4883: 4839: 4817: 4811:. p. 36. 4793: 4760: 4712: 4675: 4646:(1): veaa020. 4615: 4566:Sunda pangolin 4554: 4532: 4475: 4422: 4396: 4345: 4303: 4267: 4252: 4226: 4199: 4166: 4142: 4117: 4099: 4076: 4051: 3992: 3971: 3945: 3926: 3889: 3863: 3819: 3784: 3755: 3724: 3693: 3668:Manis javanica 3656: 3623: 3608: 3551: 3536: 3485: 3466:(4): 347–359. 3449: 3433: 3380: 3334: 3301:BioMed Central 3277: 3250:(2): 225–240. 3234: 3183: 3176: 3150: 3088: 3069: 3043: 3036: 3012: 2957: 2950: 2927: 2920: 2900: 2881:(4): 361–369. 2865: 2851:978-0470015902 2850: 2821: 2788:O'Reilly Media 2764: 2741: 2702: 2691:(1): 248–251. 2671: 2665:978-0517667910 2664: 2637: 2596: 2565: 2547: 2508: 2475: 2410: 2390: 2371: 2351: 2321: 2314: 2292: 2273: 2258: 2222: 2193: 2153: 2102: 2069: 2006: 1999: 1979: 1949: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1863: 1846: 1836: 1823:10.1086/274985 1801: 1784: 1765: 1752: 1733:: 1–58. 1994. 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1665: 1662: 1570: 1567: 1516:Wai Tai Mi Yao 1480: 1477: 1459:Manis javanica 1446: 1437: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1259:Pangolin trade 1254: 1251: 1191: 1188: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1099:Superfamily: † 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1079:Incertae sedis 1075: 1066: 1035: 1023: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 941:pangolin trade 916: 913: 862:Pangolins are 859: 856: 801: 798: 764:giant anteater 690: 687: 644:Manis javanica 640:Sunda pangolin 596: 593: 511:Pangolins are 378: 377: 375: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 328:Pholidotheria 326: 320: 314: 308: 302: 296: 290: 280: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 263: 262: 254: 253: 250: 249: 245: 244: 232: 228: 227: 222: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 151: 150: 131: 130: 122: 121: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 52: 43: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7211: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6887: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6841:Metacheiromys 6837: 6836: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6717: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6685:Epoicotherium 6681: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6668:Epoicotherium 6663: 6657: 6656: 6655:Tetrapassalus 6651: 6649: 6648: 6647:Pentapassalus 6643: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6597:Auroratherium 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581:Alocodontulum 6577: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6544:Palaeanodonta 6537: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6449: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345:Patriomanidae 6338: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6103:Artiodactyla 6101: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063:Eulipotyphla 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6046:Boreoeutheria 6043: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993:Afrosoricida 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5611: 5610: 5609:The News Lens 5605: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5456: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208:Tricuspis)". 5203: 5200: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4962: 4950: 4948:9780128155073 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4794: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564:"Etymologia: 4558: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3890: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3840:(2): e12389. 3839: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798:"Action Plan" 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684:townships in 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554:pharmacopoeia 1552:The official 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543:folk medicine 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1479:Folk medicine 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1433:spike protein 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1416:coronaviruses 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:coronaviruses 1386:belonging to 1385: 1384:spike protein 1381: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297:deforestation 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1190:Among Manidae 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Palaeanodonts 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150:(neotropical 1149: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1070:Patriomanidae 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1048:Superfamily: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 990: 957: 953: 946: 943:to China and 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 914: 912: 910: 906: 905:tree pangolin 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 864:insectivorous 857: 855: 853: 848: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 825: 824:Asiatic lions 821: 817: 810: 806: 799: 797: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 728: 724: 720: 711: 704: 700: 695: 688: 686: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658:; and in the 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 605: 602: 601:Ancient Greek 594: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581: 576: 575: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 557: 552: 551: 546: 545: 540: 539: 535:tier. Three ( 534: 530: 526: 522: 521:deforestation 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 432: 396: 393:of the order 392: 388: 384: 372:Haeckel, 1895 369: 363: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 330:Haeckel, 1895 327: 321: 318:Haeckel, 1895 315: 312:Haeckel, 1895 309: 303: 300:Gervais, 1854 297: 291: 285: 276: 273: 269: 264: 260: 255: 251: 246: 241: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 140:Patriomanidae 137: 132: 128: 123: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 39: 36: 32: 30: 22: 6945: 6910: 6904:Arcticanodon 6902: 6890: 6873: 6847: 6839: 6809: 6803:Brachianodon 6801: 6767: 6741: 6735:Asiabradypus 6733: 6699: 6693:Molaetherium 6691: 6683: 6671: 6667: 6653: 6645: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6564:paraphyletic 6519: 6505: 6492: 6467:Eurotamandua 6465: 6431: 6404:Superfamily: 6387: 6375: 6362: 6354: 6328: 6303:Superfamily: 6279: 6251: 6242: 6142:(Treeshrews) 6078: 6025:Proboscidea 5966:(Armadillos) 5849:Ameridelphia 5802:Monotremata 5703: 5692: 5656: 5614:. Retrieved 5607: 5598: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5441: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5413: 5404: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5347: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5190:. Retrieved 5186: 5177: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5102:(2): 45–69. 5099: 5095: 5085: 5062: 5053: 5030: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 5004: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4979:the original 4974: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4938: 4907:. Retrieved 4898: 4886: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4827:. Retrieved 4803: 4796: 4784:. Retrieved 4773: 4763: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4695: 4643: 4639: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4535: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4443: 4439: 4413:. Retrieved 4399: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4315: 4290:(1): 43–50. 4287: 4283: 4260: 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4238: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4202: 4190:. Retrieved 4179: 4169: 4154: 4145: 4132:The Guardian 4130: 4120: 4102: 4079: 4064: 4054: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3984: 3974: 3962:. Retrieved 3957: 3948: 3939: 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3912: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3880:. Retrieved 3876: 3866: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3812:15 September 3810:. Retrieved 3806:the original 3801: 3775:. Retrieved 3771: 3746:. Retrieved 3742:the original 3737: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3711:the original 3706: 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3679: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3647:. Retrieved 3636: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3539: 3502: 3499:BMC Genomics 3498: 3488: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3406:: 983–1001. 3399: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3361:(1): 49–54. 3358: 3354: 3350: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3161: 3153: 3108: 3083:the original 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3056: 3046: 3022: 3015: 2976: 2970: 2960: 2936: 2930: 2910: 2903: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2833: 2783: 2777: 2767: 2744: 2721: 2715: 2705: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2655: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2550: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2430:(1): 14566. 2427: 2423: 2413: 2401: 2393: 2381:. Retrieved 2377:the original 2361: 2354: 2337: 2334:"tĕnggiling" 2301: 2295: 2286: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2239: 2213:. Retrieved 2206: 2196: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2095:26 September 2093:. Retrieved 2082: 2072: 2060:. Retrieved 2053:the original 2028: 2022: 2009: 1989: 1982: 1971: 1952: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1856: 1849: 1839: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1794: 1787: 1778: 1768: 1755: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1621: 1592: 1585:, the later 1569:Conservation 1559: 1551: 1528: 1523: 1520:Song dynasty 1515: 1512:Tang dynasty 1507: 1505: 1497:black market 1482: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:coltiviruses 1451:pestiviruses 1448: 1443: 1439: 1377: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1300: 1278: 1242: 1241:position of 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216:sister group 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1144:sister taxon 1141: 1115:Storch, 2003 1100: 1091:Filhol, 1893 1085: 1077: 1049: 1038: 1015: 1006: 954: 950: 915:Reproduction 902: 883: 868: 861: 849: 843: 828: 778:between the 761: 742: 716: 685:(φαττάγης). 682: 676: 671: 667: 663: 656:terenggiling 655: 647: 643: 635: 631: 627: 621: 612: 598: 578: 572: 566: 560: 554: 548: 542: 536: 519:) and heavy 510: 479: 470: 466: 462: 456: 450: 444: 439:family, the 394: 386: 382: 381: 360:Huxley, 1872 354:Murray, 1866 348:Newman, 1843 342:Pearse, 1936 340:Pholidotina 336:Kinman, 1994 286:Afredentata 234: 218: 47:47.8–0 35: 28: 7063:iNaturalist 6970:Wikispecies 6849:Palaeanodon 6769:Escavadodon 6701:Xenocranium 6672:Xenocranium 6364:Patriomanis 6356:Cryptomanis 6293:Eupholidota 6148:Dermoptera 6140:Scandentia 6132:Lagomorpha 6081:(Pangolins) 6071:Chiroptera 6027:(Elephants) 6017:Hyracoidea 6011:(Aardvarks) 5773:(unranked) 5415:China Daily 4829:18 February 4547:28 February 4410:LiveScience 4365:(11): 979. 4262:Daily Trust 3062:14 December 2983:: 477–501. 2618:: 472–480. 2497:: 267–273. 2383:14 December 2035:: 235–305. 1922:(810): 56. 1644:Jackie Chan 1601:trafficking 1535:blood clots 1423:during the 1345:Philippines 1249:phylogeny. 1224:M. javanica 1164:carnivorans 1040:Eupholidota 1010:Weber, 1904 894:gastroliths 796: in). 723:fingernails 689:Description 550:M. javanica 435:). The one 364:Squamigera 310:Manitheria 304:Maniformes 7163:Categories 6912:Melaniella 6860:Subfamily: 6822:Subfamily: 6624:Subfamily: 6605:Dipassalus 6589:Amelotabes 6408:Eomanoidea 6389:Necromanis 6087:Carnivora 6079:Pholidota 5985:Afrotheria 5964:Cingulata 5945:inclusive) 5867:(Opossums) 5838:inclusive) 5828:Metatheria 5785:Yinotheria 5769:Vertebrata 5767:Subphylum 5616:8 February 5525:8 February 5475:: e01395. 5448:27 January 5374:: 109002. 5338:2263/75894 5313:: e00714. 5192:10 January 4184:. London. 4135:. 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