859:
393:
1043:. For a period of perhaps ten to fifteen years following the collapse, the province's Hui minority was widely discriminated against. During these years, Hui refugees settled across the frontier within Burma gradually established themselves in their traditional callings – as merchants, caravaneers, miners, restaurateurs as well as some smugglers and mercenaries. 15 years after the fall of the Sultanate, the original Panthay settlements had grown to include numbers of Shan and other hill peoples.
958:
708:
381:
36:
1017:
779:
2001:
1172:
828:
and they chose the site on which the present-day
Panthay Compound is located. It was bounded on the north by 35th Street, in the south by 36th Street, in the east by 79th Street and in the west by 80th Street. This site was chosen because it was the camping ground for the mule caravans from Yunnan, which regularly came to the capital via the
1087:, there were a few houses on it, in addition to several old graves. The place had been an abandoned graveyard. In the years immediately following the completion of the mosque, there were less than twenty houses in the Panthay Compound. There were also between ten and twenty Panthay households living in other parts of Mandalay.
820:), which had been designated by King Mindon as the residential area for the Chinese. The non-Muslim Chinese had started settling in considerably earlier. So by the arrival of the Panthays, there already was a Chinese community at Mandalay with its own bank, companies and warehouses and organized social and economic life.
567:, tea, metal utensils, iron in the rough, felts, finished articles of clothing, walnuts, opium, wax, preserved fruits and foods, and dried meat of several kinds. The Burmese goods taken back to Yunnan were raw cotton, raw and wrought silk, amber, jades and other precious stones, velvets, betel-nuts, tobacco,
1002:
colonists for military assistance, but was unsuccessful. Seeing no escape, Sultan
Suleiman tried to take his own life before the fall of Dali, but was beheaded before the poison could take effect. The Sultan's head was preserved in honey and sent to the Imperial Court as a trophy of their decisive victory.
1027:
The scattered remnants of the
Panthay troops continue their resistance after the fall of Dali. But when Momien was next besieged and stormed by the imperial troops in May 1873, their resistance broke completely. Many adherents to the Panthay cause were persecuted by the Qing. Many Panthays fled with
827:
King Mindon granted the
Panthays of the royal capital land on which to settle as a separate community. The goal being to preventing further quarrels between them and the Chinese. The Panthays were given the rare favor of choosing their own place of residence within the confines of the royal capital,
420:
has been taken since 1931 as the 1941 census was cancelled. Restrictions on travel for foreigners, combined with the weak central government control over outlying areas of the Shan and Kachin Hills where many
Panthays live, made attempts to calculate the Panthay population almost impossible in 1980.
1962:
Forbes, Andrew D.W., "The Role of Hui
Muslims in the Traditional Caravan Trade between Yunnan and Thailand," Asian Merchants and Businessmen in the Indian Ocean and the China sea: 13th-20th Centuries (French Journal published under the direction of Denys Lombard & Jean Aubin), (Paris: School of
1162:
rifles with 1,500 mules, and exported opium by the hundredweight into French, Siamese and
British territory. In contrast to Harvey's estimate, official estimates put the Panthay population of Burma at 2,202 for 1911 (1,427 males and 775 females), whilst by the 1921 Census of India this had declined
547:
The
Chinese Muslims of Yunnan were noted for their mercantile prowess. Within Yunnan, the Muslim population excelled as merchants and soldiers, the two qualities, which made them ideally suited to the rigors of overland trade in the rugged, mountainous regions, and to deserve the rewards therefrom.
945:
in repudiation of Qing authority, and adopted the Muslim name and title "Sultan
Sulayman". The Sultanate, fashioned after those in the Middle East, survived in Yunnan for over ten years, reaching its heights in 1860. Panthay governorships were also created in a few important cities, such as Momein
1001:
The
Panthay power declined after 1868. The Chinese Imperial Government had succeeded in reinvigorating itself. By 1871, it launched a campaign for the annihilation of the Panthays. Quickly, towns fell and Sultan Suleiman found himself caged in by the walls of his capital. He turned to the British
969:
The Qing secretly hounded mobs on to the rich Panthays, provoked anti-Hui riots and instigated destruction of their mosques. The Panthays repulsed the desultory attacks and took town after town. The ancient holy city of Dali fell to the Panthays in 1857. With the capture of Dali, Muslim supremacy
751:
and schools. During his rule, a significant number of Muslim soldiers of Central Asian origin were transferred to Yunnan, which was still largely unpopulated by Han Chinese settlers. The descendants of these Muslim garrison troops are the nucleus of present-day Chinese Muslim populations both in
823:
It happened that there were also already Chinese jade-assessors in the employ of the king. Rivalry between the Chinese and Panthay jade-assessors in courting the royal favor naturally led to a quarrel between the two groups, resulting in a number of deaths. King Mindon did not give much serious
1928:
902:). Ma Lin-Gi divorced his wife of surname Yuan and married a widow of surname Ting. They later had two sons, the elder named Mah Mei-Ting (馬美廷) born in 1878 and the second son named Mah Shen-Ting (馬陞廷) born in 1879. The older son later became the leader of the Panthay community in Myanmar.
408:(Du Wenxiu) was eager to establish close and friendly relations neighboring states. He took the opportunity to have a Chinese Muslim mosque installed at the Burmese King's capital. He sent Colonel Mah Too-tu, one of his senior military officers, as his special envoy and agent to
1358:
in 1949. As a result of these developments, which brought a flood of predominantly Han, and not Hui, "Overland Chinese" to the Burmese Shan States, many Panthay seem to have chosen to migrate to northern Thailand, where their communities continue to flourish.
993:
where he had a chance to see the power of the British colonists. He had also started a company in Mandalay, housed in a one-story brick building located at the present-day Taryedan on the west side of the 80th Street, between 36th and 37th Streets. The
412:
with the important mission. The mosque took about two years to finish and was opened in 1868 as the second mosque to be built in the royal capital. Today, 134 years later, the Panthay Mosque is still standing as the second oldest mosque in Mandalay.
1063:
meant sure execution by the Qing authorities. In November 1868, he bought a plot of land with a house on it for 80 pieces of one-kyat coins from Khunit Ywa-sa Princess. On 7 June 1873, Mah Too-tu married Shwe Gwe, a lady from Sagyin-wa village near
905:
During early 19th century, the Hui Muslim and other minority peoples of Yunnan faced increased population pressures as a result of Han Chinese migration to the province. Resentment against this development, coupled with mounting hostility towards
599:
where it was sold to the Chinese merchants, and conveyed partly by land and partly by water into Yunnan, and from there to other provinces of China. Most caravans consisted of between fifty and one hundred mules, employing ten to fifteen drivers.
621:, their place of origin. Within Yunnan, the Chinese Muslim population excelled as merchants and soldiers, which made them ideally suited to the rigors of overland trade in the mountainous regions. Commercial and cultural contacts between the
940:
For the next fifteen years, until the Qing reconquest, Dali remained the capital of the self-proclaimed Pingnan Kingdom, "Country of the peaceful South", proclaimed as an "Islamic Kingdom of Yunnan". Du erected a Forbidden City, wore Ming
519:
by the time the first pioneers of French and British imperialism arrived in Yunnan. By the mid 19th century the caravans of Yunnanese traders ranged over an area extending from the eastern frontiers of Tibet, through Assam, Burma,
835:
The King also permitted a mosque to be built on the granted site so that the Panthays would have their own place of worship. Having no funds for an undertaking of such magnitude, the Panthays of Mandalay put up the matter to the
345:. It was applied to all Muslims other than the Chinese Muslims. The term "Panthay" being used for Yunnanese Muslims dates from about this time; it was widely used by British travelers and diplomats in the region from about 1875.
1982:
Yule, Col. Henry & Burnell, A. C., Hobson-Jobson- A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical And Discursive (Delhi-.Munshiran Manoharlal, 1968),
1235:, where they flourished as merchants and middle-men representatives of Panlong and the other "Overland Chinese" settlements of Upper Burma and the "Overseas Chinese" community of the lowland port-cities. Bassein and
256:. The exact proportion of the Chinese Muslim group in the local Chinese population remains unknown due to a lack of data. However, they are concentrated particularly in the northern part of Myanmar, closer to
769:
that "the great city of Yachi" in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may have been referring to the region around Dali, which was the earliest centre of Hui settlement in Yunnan.
1090:
The establishment of the Panthay Mosque in 1868 marked the emergence of the Panthays as a distinct community in Mandalay. Although the number of this first generation of Panthays remained small, the
929:
The unfavorable discrimination with which the Hui were treated was at the root of their rebellions. However, the revolt was not religious in nature, since the Muslims were joined by non-Muslim
1120:. In 1926, this erupted into the local "Wa-Panthay War". The Panthay emerged victorious and Panlong threw off its vassalage to Pangkham and reinforced its dominance over trade in the area.
1239:
must also have attracted some Panthay settlement, the latter port being a terminus of the overland caravan trade from Yunnan in its own right, via the northern Thai trade route through
1839:(Interview with Haji U Ba Thi alias Haji Adam (born 11 October 1908) a Panthay elder who had served for many years as chairman of the Trust of 'the Panthay Mosque, on 15 October 1997.)
824:
thought to the religious and social differences between the Panthays and the Chinese. But after the Chinatown quarrel, the king began to see the wisdom of separating the two groups.
515:
In the pre-colonial times the Panthays emerged as excellent long-distance caravaneers of southern China and northern Southeast Asia. They virtually dominated whole caravan trade of
1979:
Thaung, Dr., “Panthay Interlude in Yunnan: A Study in Vicissitudes Through the Burmese Kaleidoscope,” JBRS Fifth Anniversary Publications No. 1 (Rangoon Sarpy Beikman, 1961).
2057:
1286:, tea, metal goods and foods from China to Burma, and carrying back European manufactured goods like broadcloths, specialized food and, above all, raw cotton, to Yunnan.
1973:
Kaye, J.W., Major Sladen's Report on the Bhamo Route, (In Continuation of Parliamentary Paper No. 251, of Session 1868-9), (London: India Office, 1871), Microfilm copy.
743:
in 1277. Shams al-Din is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building
1347:
to fight against the Japanese invasion of Panlong in 1942. An account of the Japanese attack in Panlong was written and published in 1998 in the "Panglong Booklet".
3973:
1989:
Parabaik dated 13 November 1868 containing a short account of Mah Too-tu's purchase of land and house from Khunit Ywa-sa Princess (a family parabaik of the writer).
335:
Several theories are suggested as to its derivation, but none is strong enough to refute the others. The Burmese of Old Burma called their own indigenous Muslims
3286:
1333:
to escape Japanese persecution. The Japanese destroyed Panglong, burning it and driving out the over 200 Hui households out as refugees to Yunnan and Kokang.
660:
of the region five centuries later.. Despite the political independence of Nanzhao, Chinese cultural influence penetrated the frontier region throughout the
3688:
2947:
1135:
this highly profitable commodity locally to Shan and Han Chinese dealers. Instead, they ran large, well-armed caravans in long-distance convoys far into
1075:
After the mass exodus from Yunnan, the number of Panthays residing in Mandalay gradually increased. The new arrivals, usually families, came by way of
3209:
3085:
1215:– to service the needs of these miners, passing caravaneers and local inhabitants. Other settlements largely devoted to trade with the indigenous
1199:
in Kachin State. Numbers of Panthay restaurateurs and innkeepers, merchants and traders settled in the urban centres of upland Burma – chiefly at
1154:
When Harvey visited Panlong in 1931 he found that Panthay numbers had risen to 5,000 ('including local recruits') and that they were financed by
1072:
brought to Mandalay as a captive by the Burmese king. Mah Too-tu spent the last years of his life at the Panthay Compound with his Burmese wife.
3784:
3317:
3280:
2050:
3276:
1938:
372:, and remains the name by which Myanmar's Chinese Muslim community has generally been distinguished in English language sources to this day.
1282:. Beyond the urban centres of the Burmese lowlands, the Panthays continued their involvement in the caravan trade with Yunnan, transporting
3839:
3239:
918:
region were the starting point of the rebellion. Within two years, the center of rebellion had spread to westwards under the leadership of
4329:
3966:
560:
pilgrimage had also helped them to establish an overland road between Yunnan and Arabia as early as the first half of the 14th century.
727:. As a result, a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century. One important soldier-administrator was
3911:
3507:
3229:
1550:
1344:
4319:
4314:
3773:
2043:
1797:
1745:
1640:
1473:
119:
2013:
1956:
Anderson, John, Mandalay to Momien: A Narrative of the Two Expeditions to Western China of 1868 and 1875 (London: Macmillan, 1876).
1128:
998:
had been carrying on business in precious stones, jades, cotton, silk and other commodities of both Chinese and Burmese origins.
1787:
1705:
1294:
The traditional dominance of Panthay in the trade of the Burma-Yunnan frontier region was set back by the construction of the
870:, the Panthay originate from the families of some loyal lieutenants of the self-proclaimed Sultan of Yunnan - the Hui General
3959:
3575:
2940:
1904:
1581:
895:
740:
728:
308:. It was the name by which the Burmese refer to Chinese Muslims who came with caravans to Burma from the Chinese province of
57:
3896:
3293:
668:
dynasties. It is possible that during the mid-Tang period – in about 801 – surrendered Muslim soldiers, described in the
1959:
Ba Shin, Lt. Colonel, "Coming of Islam to Burma Down to 1700 AD.," Asian History Congress (New Delhi: Azad Bhavan, 1961).
3642:
3487:
3428:
3423:
3335:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3008:
3158:
100:
4018:
3790:
3657:
460:
and at Tanyan, near Lashio. Wherever they have settled in sufficient numbers, the Panthays have established their own
4242:
4213:
4131:
1463:
755:
Within Yunnan, the Hui Muslim population flourished throughout the Yuan and Ming periods. In the early Yuan dynasty,
622:
332:
in Yunnan during the mid 19th century is called in Chinese as either the Du Wenxiu Rebellion or the Pingnan Kingdom.
312:. The name was not used or known in Yunnan itself. The predominant Muslim ethnic group living in Yunnan are the Hui (
72:
858:
4142:
3941:
3834:
3813:
3751:
3746:
3652:
3647:
3454:
3170:
3106:
3075:
3054:
3044:
1571:
1318:
1270:. Yunnanese peddlars penetrated into the unadministered and inaccessible hill tracts of "The Triangle" between the
1521:
46:
3768:
3758:
3741:
3720:
3715:
3536:
3391:
3136:
3111:
3080:
3028:
3023:
2992:
2977:
2933:
2860:
53:
79:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3763:
3725:
3683:
3678:
3470:
3345:
3199:
3165:
3121:
3101:
3059:
2066:
657:
480:
227:
3818:
3808:
3449:
3444:
3371:
3049:
3013:
2987:
2982:
2483:
3906:
3673:
3153:
3018:
2882:
2413:
2338:
2185:
1986:
Than Tun, Dr. (Professor of History), History on Tour, 111, (In Burma) (Yangon Nantha House, August 1968).
760:
86:
2423:
3985:
3884:
2909:
1123:
In addition to legitimate trading, the Panthays of Panlong also became known as 'the aristocrats of the
4237:
4126:
1116:
continued to prosper. By the early 1920s, a feud had developed between them and the Wa in neighbouring
576:
2343:
796:
period, Panthays started to settle in the royal capital of Mandalay, particularly during the reign of
392:
4084:
3570:
3142:
2855:
2799:
2378:
2264:
2005:
1094:
signified the beginning of the first Panthay Jama'at (Congregation) in Mandalay Ratanabon Naypyidaw.
765:
736:
544:. The Chinese Muslim domination of the Yunnan caravan network continued well into the 20th century.
68:
2443:
2099:
4324:
4147:
3933:
3879:
3492:
3396:
3340:
3311:
3304:
3270:
3263:
2363:
2259:
2210:
2170:
2114:
2109:
1495:
1314:
1155:
1109:
1103:
1033:
1020:
744:
2689:
2660:
2645:
2597:
2572:
2528:
2353:
2328:
2175:
2104:
3844:
3604:
3386:
3366:
3361:
3234:
2839:
2670:
2518:
2293:
2249:
2244:
2195:
1355:
1336:
1258:
these Panthay settlers flourished, specialising in all levels of commerce from the international
357:
2819:
2814:
2719:
2577:
2288:
2269:
1052:
759:
noted the presence of "Saracens" amongst the population during his visit. The Persian historian
2739:
2478:
2323:
2234:
2229:
2205:
1738:
The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873
1339:, a Hui, became the leader of the Hui Panlong self defense guard. The guard was created by the
352:
is shortened version of the Burmese phrase "Tarup Pase", meaning Chinese Muslim. This was then
4225:
4186:
4109:
4060:
4001:
3519:
3480:
3475:
3381:
3298:
3257:
3224:
3191:
2829:
2744:
2488:
2368:
2308:
1934:
1793:
1741:
1636:
1577:
1469:
1414:
1040:
957:
911:
891:
853:
837:
701:
401:
329:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2523:
2503:
2373:
2348:
2200:
587:, was in great demand in China. An extensive trade in this commodity had existed between the
472:
tastes and styles, whilst others (notably at Mandalay) have Chinese architectural features.
4159:
4043:
3996:
3921:
3916:
3901:
3558:
3376:
3219:
3214:
3148:
2956:
2804:
2749:
2587:
2473:
2448:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2358:
2298:
2119:
1533:
875:
809:
793:
677:
592:
588:
492:
342:
337:
321:
313:
297:
261:
253:
237:
215:
150:
142:
4174:
3609:
2468:
2458:
2438:
2408:
495:
is engaged instead. The Zerbadi are descendent community of intermarriages between foreign
4220:
4208:
4104:
4055:
4035:
3891:
3778:
3514:
3497:
2914:
2899:
2887:
2872:
2650:
2493:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1163:
to 1,517 (1,076 males and 441 females), and by 1931 to 1,106 (685 males and 421 females).
915:
805:
724:
707:
626:
484:
277:
260:
from where the Panthays historically originated. They particularly reside in the towns of
4179:
3619:
2463:
2239:
1560:
Message from Maung Ko Ghaffari, Chief Editor, Light of Islam Magazine, Burma in Feb. 2007
1055:
found himself in the same situation. When the Sultanate fell, Mah Too-tu was stranded at
232:
2021:
468:. Some of these mosques are in "pseudo-Moghul" style, clearly having been influenced by
4291:
4278:
4230:
4191:
4152:
4121:
4028:
3624:
3614:
3204:
2904:
2892:
2877:
2794:
2789:
2754:
2734:
2724:
2704:
2628:
2543:
2433:
2388:
2303:
2190:
2180:
2134:
2076:
1424:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1275:
1267:
934:
584:
652:
was the dominant power in the region, a position which both it and its successor, the
93:
4308:
4203:
4116:
4094:
4089:
4072:
3541:
3249:
2834:
2809:
2709:
2548:
2538:
2428:
2154:
2124:
2094:
2085:
2017:
1419:
1384:
1224:
630:
491:
is not available to care for the spiritual welfare of a community, a South Asian and
469:
369:
353:
301:
203:
1179:
Other Panthays moved further into Burma, initially as miners anxious to exploit the
421:
An estimate of 100,000 Panthays resident within Burma appeared in the Burmese daily
4261:
4256:
4099:
4048:
4023:
4011:
3587:
2699:
2655:
2563:
2513:
2418:
2333:
2220:
2149:
1713:
1310:
1220:
907:
720:
716:
665:
661:
653:
638:
457:
265:
385:
1762:
937:
groups. In addition, loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing crush the rebel Muslims.
428:
Readily identifiable Panthay communities continue to exist in several areas like
4249:
4164:
4006:
3982:
3529:
2824:
2729:
2714:
2694:
2680:
2602:
2592:
2508:
2453:
2279:
2144:
2139:
1404:
1255:
1248:
1236:
1216:
930:
634:
504:
380:
35:
4268:
4169:
4067:
3597:
3580:
3551:
3524:
3502:
2784:
2665:
2618:
2582:
2553:
2318:
2254:
1351:
1340:
1295:
1271:
1244:
1084:
887:
797:
756:
500:
476:
281:
245:
195:
1537:
1227:. Some moved to major urban centres of the Burmese lowlands, most notably to
800:. Although their number was small, a few found their way inside the court as
2779:
2313:
1279:
1065:
1060:
1016:
1011:
947:
923:
919:
871:
778:
645:
568:
405:
2035:
2000:
4286:
3592:
1409:
1326:
1263:
1259:
1240:
1228:
1212:
1204:
1117:
1113:
1080:
1056:
1029:
990:
986:
962:
883:
553:
521:
465:
441:
437:
433:
409:
273:
199:
3951:
1171:
563:
The merchandise brought from Yunnan by the Panthay caravaneers included
4198:
3563:
3546:
2774:
2533:
1303:
1232:
1196:
1132:
1069:
982:
649:
541:
537:
533:
529:
461:
361:
249:
167:
17:
479:
in China, the Burmese Panthay are exclusively Muslims adhering to the
4273:
2639:
2498:
2129:
1657:
1322:
1299:
1200:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1091:
829:
748:
732:
685:
618:
580:
516:
496:
453:
429:
309:
257:
1039:
The demise of the Sultanate had shattered the hope of all their own
2925:
1976:
Scott, J. George, GUBSS, 1, i ( Rangoon Government Printing, 1900).
483:. Few are conversant with more than the most elementary phrases of
416:
No comprehensive census of the remaining Panthay population within
1208:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1124:
1076:
1015:
974:
956:
951:
942:
857:
777:
731:, a Turkic court official and general who became Yuan Governor of
706:
614:
596:
572:
549:
532:(presently part of Vietnam), to the southern Chinese provinces of
449:
445:
417:
391:
379:
269:
183:
171:
1465:
The River of golden sand, condensed by E.C. Baber, ed. by H. Yule
1789:
The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture
1330:
1283:
1192:
1180:
1140:
1136:
1028:
their families across the Burmese border and took refuge in the
1023:
in an early 20th century Imperial Gazetteer of India map section
978:
801:
696:
564:
557:
525:
488:
3955:
2929:
2039:
1930:
Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma
29:
840:. Sultan Sulaiman had already started a business enterprise (
548:
They might have been helped in this by their religion of
739:, was in charge Yunnan's road systems and commanded the
973:
During this period, the Sultan Suleiman, on his way to
926:. Du Wenxiu's father was a Han who converted to Islam.
1817:
1815:
1633:
The mists of Rāmañña: the Legend that was Lower Burma
844:) in Mandalay and was happy to take the opportunity.
1905:"'Saharat Tai Doem' Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45"
1635:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 7.
862:
Seal of Du Wenxiu of the Pingnan Kingdom (1864-1873)
3872:
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3734:
3708:
3701:
3666:
3635:
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3190:
3183:
3094:
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3001:
2970:
2963:
2848:
2679:
2627:
2611:
2562:
2278:
2219:
2163:
2084:
1262:markets to shop and inn-keeping, mule-breeding and
1068:, who happened to be the daughter of a princess of
1059:. For a man of his rank and stature, going back to
1032:where, they set up the exclusively Panthay town of
189:
177:
161:
140:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1350:The exodus of thousands of Yunnanese refugees and
1108:Over the next thirty years or so, the Panthays of
1970:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
1083:. When the land for the Panthays was granted by
1903:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (December 2015).
1522:"Du Wenxiu and the Politics of the Muslim Past"
556:of Trade. The religious requirement to perform
368:achieved widespread usage during the period of
1933:. Cornell University Press. pp. 122–180.
440:. Ny report, the Panthays have communities in
3967:
2941:
2051:
1354:troops following the seizure of power by the
783:
700:, a term referring to the black flags of the
300:word, which is said to be identical with the
219:
8:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1151:. Each muleload was guarded by two rifles.
575:, and specialized foodstuffs such as slugs,
135:
252:. Panthays are one of the oldest groups of
3974:
3960:
3952:
3705:
3413:
3187:
2967:
2948:
2934:
2926:
2058:
2044:
2036:
633:probably predate significant migration by
591:and Yunnan. Goods were transported up the
571:, preserves, paper, dye woods, stick lac,
134:
3525:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1963:Higher Studies in Social Sciences, 1987).
1131:. The Panthay left the risky business of
1127:business' in the region now known as the
804:-assessors. They lived side by side with
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1570:Hooker, Michael Barry (1 January 1983).
3936:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1436:
1325:, or crossed the jungle frontiers into
950:), close to the Burmese border town of
715:It is at least certain that Muslims of
552:from its inception had flourished as a
1966:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011).
970:became an established fact in Yunnan.
328:), but never as Panthay. Notably, the
7:
162:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Chinese Muslim Hui people in Myanmar
894:under the leadership of Ma Lin-Gi (
1927:Wen-Chin Chang (16 January 2015).
866:According to Ming Guangshi's book
719:origin played a major role in the
617:was inseparably linked to that of
25:
1313:, the main Panthay settlement at
704:) were first settled in Yunnan.
487:, and quite often when a Panthay
320:) and identify as Hui or Huihui (
2012:Priestly, Harry (January 2006).
1999:
1223:populations sprang up along the
1191:in the Northern Shan State, the
792:In the 19th century, during the
388:, a fried noodle dish in Myanmar
34:
1786:Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002).
1631:Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005).
1452:(Yule & Burnell, 1968, 669)
774:Panthays during Konbaung period
641:populations into either area.
613:The history of the Panthays in
45:needs additional citations for
1968:Traders of the Golden Triangle
1893:(Interview with Haji U Ba Thi)
1187:; the Baldwin silver mines of
914:in 1855. Muslim miners in the
899:
741:first Mongol invasion of Burma
729:Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar
690:
1:
1767:. LONDON: C. K. Paul & co
1740:. Stanford University Press.
1695:(Interview with U Aung Myint)
1317:was destroyed in 1941 by the
1290:World War II and independence
1175:Panthay men in British Burma.
507:) males and Burmese females.
3081:Democratic Republic of Congo
1712:(in Chinese). Archived from
965:during the Panthay Rebellion
4346:
4330:Muslim communities in Asia
1792:. Routledge. p. 283.
1462:William John Gill (1883).
1319:Japanese invasion of Burma
1101:
1009:
882:). These families fled to
851:
788:; Qīngzhēn Sì) in Mandalay
763:similarly recorded in the
583:, which was reserved as a
579:, among other things. Raw
360:in his 1868 expedition to
3992:
3930:
2073:
1736:Atwill, David G. (2005).
1593:– via Google Books.
1041:Islamic kingdom in Yunnan
890:after the failure of the
879:
813:
784:
681:
348:One other theory is that
325:
317:
241:
220:
194:
182:
166:
154:
146:
4320:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
4315:Chinese diaspora in Asia
2067:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
1573:Islam in South-East Asia
1538:10.1179/tcc.2001.26.2.64
1278:rivers, to the north of
1012:Wa States § History
989:. From there he went to
711:Mongol Invasion of China
644:In the 8th century, the
481:Hanafi school of thought
396:Panthay mosque, Mandalay
2186:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
1761:Fytche, Albert (1878).
1662:Cahiers d'Asie centrale
1526:Twentieth-Century China
1321:. Many Panthay fled to
922:. Du was a Hui born in
341:, a word deriving from
1764:Burma past and present
1656:Biran, Michal (2001).
1496:"The Hui Ethnic Group"
1176:
1024:
966:
863:
789:
761:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
735:from 1274–79. His son
712:
623:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
397:
389:
2849:Unrecognised / Others
1830:(Anderson, 1876, 242)
1821:(Anderson, 1876, 233)
1710:www.shijiemingren.com
1708:[Du Wenxiu].
1256:British rule in Burma
1174:
1019:
985:, presumably via the
960:
861:
781:
723:conquest and rule of
710:
395:
383:
190:Related ethnic groups
3689:United Arab Emirates
3581:Straits-Born Chinese
2008:at Wikimedia Commons
1884:(Than Tun, 1968, 19)
1658:"Qarakhanid Studies"
1520:Notar, Beth (2001).
745:temples of Confucius
54:improve this article
3934:overseas department
3240:Trinidad and Tobago
1857:(Thaung, 1961, 482)
1848:(Thaung, 1961, 481)
1612:(Anderson, 1876, 4)
1603:(Forbes, 1987, 292)
1254:During most of the
1156:Singaporean Chinese
1104:Panlong Subtownship
364:, Yunnan. The term
137:
3942:Hong Kong Diaspora
3210:Dominican Republic
2235:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
1866:(Scott, 1901, 740)
1686:(Ba Shin, 1961, 2)
1621:(Forbes 1987, 293)
1443:(Scott, 1900, 607)
1356:Chinese Communists
1343:government of the
1177:
1025:
967:
864:
806:non-Muslim Chinese
790:
752:Yunnan and Burma.
713:
577:edible bird's nest
511:Panthay caravaners
398:
390:
4302:
4301:
4238:Teochew Taiwanese
4127:Teochew Taiwanese
3949:
3948:
3888:
3868:
3867:
3787:
3697:
3696:
3576:Chinese nationals
3503:Peranakan Chinese
3405:
3404:
3318:by city and state
3314:
3307:
3273:
3266:
3179:
3178:
3086:Republic of Congo
2923:
2922:
2534:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
2004:Media related to
1940:978-0-8014-5450-9
1875:(Family Parabaik)
1576:. Brill Archive.
1415:Panthay Rebellion
1345:Republic of China
912:Panthay Rebellion
910:rule, led to the
892:Panthay Rebellion
854:Panthay Rebellion
848:Panthay rebellion
766:Jami' al-tawarikh
702:Abbasid Caliphate
656:, held until the
609:Muslims in Yunnan
402:Panthay Rebellion
330:Panthay Rebellion
233:pan: se: lu myui:
209:
208:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3912:Papua New Guinea
3882:
3783:
3706:
3414:
3310:
3303:
3277:British Columbia
3269:
3262:
3188:
2968:
2957:Overseas Chinese
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2825:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
2514:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
2449:Mro-Khimi people
2344:Kaung Saing Chin
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2020:. Archived from
2003:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1783:
1777:
1776:
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1772:
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1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:on 17 April 2017
1702:
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1486:
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1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
901:
881:
838:Sultan of Yunnan
815:
787:
786:
782:Panthay Mosque (
692:
683:
593:Ayeyarwady River
589:Konbaung dynasty
327:
319:
254:Muslims in Burma
243:
234:
225:
224:
223:
156:
148:
138:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4240:
4228:
4211:
4209:Hakka Taiwanese
4129:
4105:Hoklo Taiwanese
3988:
3980:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3864:
3823:
3797:
3730:
3693:
3662:
3631:
3508:Bangka-Belitung
3498:Benteng Chinese
3459:
3433:
3401:
3350:
3324:
3244:
3175:
3090:
3064:
3033:
2997:
2959:
2954:
2924:
2919:
2844:
2675:
2666:Mru (Taung Mro)
2630:
2623:
2607:
2558:
2429:Meithei (Kathe)
2379:Lai (Haka Chin)
2274:
2215:
2159:
2130:Lashi (La Chit)
2080:
2069:
2064:
2027:
2025:
2014:"The Outsiders"
2011:
1996:
1953:
1951:Further reading
1948:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1874:
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1545:
1519:
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1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1468:. p. 251.
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1400:Burmese Chinese
1395:Rohingya people
1390:Burmese Indians
1365:
1292:
1169:
1129:Golden Triangle
1106:
1100:
1049:
1014:
1008:
868:Panthay History
856:
850:
808:in Chinatowns (
776:
725:Southwest China
658:Mongol conquest
627:Irrawaddy Delta
611:
606:
513:
406:Sultan Suleiman
378:
290:
246:Chinese Muslims
221:
157:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4343:
4341:
4333:
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4294:
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4276:
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4254:
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4247:
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4223:
4218:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4110:Hui'an maidens
4107:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:from Hong Kong
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Czech Republic
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3785:from Hong Kong
3779:United Kingdom
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
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3703:
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3698:
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3527:
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3460:
3458:
3457:
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3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3305:from Hong Kong
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3267:
3264:from Hong Kong
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
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3194:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
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2875:
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2812:
2807:
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2797:
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2787:
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2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2674:
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2668:
2663:
2658:
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2648:
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2636:
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2608:
2606:
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2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2564:Bamar (Burman)
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
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2501:
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2471:
2466:
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2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
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2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
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2336:
2331:
2329:Gunte (Lyente)
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
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2285:
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2120:Maru (Lawgore)
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2077:Burmese people
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2009:
1995:
1994:External links
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:
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1543:
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1487:
1474:
1454:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1425:Burmese Malays
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Islam in India
1377:
1375:Islam in China
1372:
1370:Islam in Burma
1366:
1364:
1361:
1291:
1288:
1268:street hawking
1168:
1165:
1099:
1096:
1048:
1045:
1007:
1004:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
775:
772:
694:, "Black-clad
670:Chinese Annals
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2024:on 2006-11-27
2023:
2019:
2018:The Irrawaddy
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1167:British Burma
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717:Central Asian
709:
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631:Salween River
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470:Indian Muslim
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258:Yunnan, China
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4262:Fuzhou Tanka
4148:Shanghainese
4077:
4049:Subei people
4012:Macau people
3937:
3159:Johannesburg
3154:South Africa
3141:
2865:
2715:Khmu (Khamu)
2661:Miram (Mara)
2304:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
2075:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
1967:
1929:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1803:. Retrieved
1788:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1763:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1661:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1565:
1556:
1546:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1500:China.org.cn
1499:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1464:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1349:
1335:
1311:World War II
1308:
1306:in 1937–38.
1293:
1253:
1178:
1153:
1122:
1107:
1089:
1074:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1000:
995:
972:
968:
939:
928:
904:
886:in northern
867:
865:
841:
834:
826:
822:
817:
791:
764:
754:
737:Nasir al-Din
714:
695:
689:
673:
669:
654:Dali Kingdom
643:
612:
562:
546:
514:
475:As with the
474:
458:Pyin-Oo-Lwin
427:
422:
415:
399:
370:British rule
365:
349:
347:
336:
334:
305:
293:
291:
231:
211:
210:
132:Ethnic group
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4250:Waishengren
4241: [
4229: [
4212: [
4165:Gaoshan Han
4130: [
4029:Ngái people
4007:Hongkongers
3983:Han Chinese
3907:New Zealand
3774:Netherlands
3598:Phuket Baba
3559:Philippines
3530:Sino-Native
3312:from Taiwan
3271:from Taiwan
3230:Puerto Rico
2840:Hkun (Khün)
2710:Khamti Shan
2631:(Arakanese)
2593:Kadu (Kado)
2519:Torr (Tawr)
2314:Dai (Yindu)
2245:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
1405:Hui Chinese
1337:Ma Guanggui
1249:Mae Sariang
1085:King Mindon
1079:or via the
961:Capture of
798:King Mindon
747:as well as
691:Hēiyī Dàshí
674:Hēiyī Dàshí
635:Han Chinese
501:South Asian
423:Hanthawaddi
400:During the
110:August 2014
4325:Hui people
4309:Categories
4283:Yunnanese
4175:Minh Hương
4090:Fuzhounese
4061:Sichuanese
4002:Taishanese
3643:Bangladesh
3610:Minh Hương
3488:East Timor
3429:Kyrgyzstan
3424:Kazakhstan
3336:Costa Rica
3149:Seychelles
3132:Mozambique
3117:Madagascar
3009:Cape Verde
2191:Manu Manaw
2171:Geba Karen
2028:2006-07-07
1805:2010-06-28
1583:9004068449
1481:2011-01-11
1432:References
1352:Kuomintang
1341:Kuomintang
1296:Burma Road
1245:Chiang Mai
1158:, had 130
1102:See also:
1053:Mah Too-tu
1010:See also:
981:, visited
888:Shan State
818:tayoke tan
757:Marco Polo
629:and lower
425:in 1960..
354:anglicised
282:Shan State
196:Hui people
80:newspapers
69:"Panthays"
4204:Taiwanese
4187:Peranakan
4160:Chuanqing
4117:Putianese
4095:Hainanese
4044:Jianghuai
4040:Mandarin
3997:Cantonese
3986:subgroups
3880:Australia
3658:Sri Lanka
3571:Singapore
3493:Indonesia
3464:Southeast
3397:Venezuela
3362:Argentina
3341:Nicaragua
3281:Vancouver
3192:Caribbean
3127:Mauritius
2910:Pakistani
2740:Shan Gale
2656:Maramagyi
2479:Saing Zan
2324:Eik-swair
2270:Shu (Pwo)
2230:Pa-Le-Chi
2206:Yin Talai
2164:Kayah (9)
1909:CPA Media
1589:17 August
1505:17 August
1280:Myitkyina
1195:mines of
1183:mines of
1066:Amarapura
1036:in 1875.
948:Tengchong
924:Yongcheng
920:Du Wenxiu
872:Du Wenxiu
814:တရုတ်တန်း
648:state of
569:gold-leaf
386:Khauk swè
292:The name
288:Etymology
4287:Chin Haw
4226:Hoklokeh
4078:Panthays
4056:Shandong
4036:Hunanese
3938:See also
3835:Bulgaria
3814:Portugal
3802:Southern
3709:Northern
3653:Pakistan
3593:Chin Haw
3588:Thailand
3520:Malaysia
3476:Cambodia
3455:Mongolia
3387:Suriname
3235:Suriname
3184:Americas
3171:Zimbabwe
3107:Botswana
3095:Southern
3076:Cameroon
3055:Tanzania
3045:Ethiopia
2915:Taungtha
2900:Rohingya
2873:Bayingyi
2835:Maingtha
2830:Maw Shan
2745:Shan Gyi
2651:Daingnet
2629:Rakhine
2494:Tangkhul
2489:Senthang
2369:Kwelshin
2265:Monnepwa
2155:Ngochang
2006:Panthays
1983:Reprint.
1410:Chin Haw
1363:See also
1327:Thailand
1315:Panglong
1298:between
1276:Nmai Hka
1272:Mali Hka
1264:peddling
1241:Kengtung
1237:Moulmein
1229:Mandalay
1213:Taunggyi
1205:Kengtung
1133:peddling
1118:Pangkham
1114:Wa State
1081:Wa State
1057:Mandalay
1051:Colonel
1047:Mandalay
1034:Panglong
1030:Wa State
1021:Panglong
991:Calcutta
987:Kengtung
963:Shunning
916:Jianshui
884:Wa State
794:Konbaung
625:and the
554:Religion
522:Thailand
466:madrasas
442:Kengtung
438:Taunggyi
434:Mandalay
410:Mandalay
384:Panthay
306:Pang hse
278:Mandalay
274:Taunggyi
212:Panthays
200:Chin Haw
178:Religion
4279:Waxiang
4199:Sangley
4192:Benteng
4153:Wenzhou
4122:Teochew
3873:Oceania
3845:Romania
3828:Eastern
3769:Ireland
3764:Hungary
3759:Germany
3742:Belgium
3735:Western
3721:Finland
3716:Denmark
3625:San Diu
3605:Vietnam
3564:Sangley
3547:Panthay
3537:Myanmar
3481:Hokkien
3417:Central
3392:Uruguay
3329:Central
3287:Toronto
3225:Jamaica
3143:Réunion
3137:Namibia
3112:Lesotho
3069:Central
3029:Senegal
3024:Nigeria
2993:Morocco
2978:Algeria
2866:Panthay
2861:Chinese
2795:Yin Net
2790:Yin Kya
2780:Wa (Va)
2775:Taungyo
2770:Taishon
2765:Tai-Lay
2760:Tai-Lon
2755:Tai Nua
2750:Tai-Loi
2735:Palaung
2642:(Kaman)
2612:Mon (1)
2524:Yin Gog
2504:Tay-Zan
2374:Kwe Myi
2349:Kaungso
2339:Hualngo
2201:Yin Baw
2181:Karenni
2100:Dalaung
2095:Jingpaw
1771:28 June
1672:13 June
1668:: 77–89
1309:During
1304:Kunming
1233:Rangoon
1197:Mogaung
1110:Panlong
1098:Panlong
1070:Manipur
983:Rangoon
979:pilgrim
935:Kakhyen
896:Chinese
876:Chinese
832:route.
810:Burmese
749:mosques
678:Chinese
672:as the
650:Nanzhao
604:History
542:Guangxi
538:Guizhou
534:Sichuan
530:Tongkin
462:mosques
376:Culture
366:Panthay
362:Dengyue
350:Panthay
343:Persian
322:Chinese
314:Chinese
298:Burmese
294:Panthay
262:Tangyan
250:Myanmar
238:Chinese
216:Burmese
168:Myanmar
151:Chinese
147:ပန်းသေး
143:Burmese
136:Panthay
94:scholar
18:Panthay
4292:Kokang
4274:Tunbao
4073:Dungan
3897:Hawaii
3860:Turkey
3855:Serbia
3850:Russia
3791:London
3747:France
3726:Sweden
3702:Europe
3684:Turkey
3679:Israel
3542:Kokang
3471:Brunei
3377:Guyana
3367:Brazil
3346:Panama
3294:Mexico
3258:Canada
3215:Guyana
3200:Belize
3166:Zambia
3122:Malawi
3102:Angola
3060:Uganda
2964:Africa
2893:Tamils
2888:Indian
2878:Gurkha
2805:Man Zi
2725:Kokang
2640:Kamein
2588:Yabein
2549:Zotung
2544:Zophei
2539:Sizang
2499:Tapong
2484:Saline
2474:Rongtu
2444:Lusayy
2404:Lyente
2399:Lhinbu
2394:Laymyo
2389:Lawhtu
2384:Laizao
2359:Khawno
2260:Monpwa
2211:Zayein
2145:Rawang
2115:Duleng
2110:Hkahku
2086:Kachin
1937:
1796:
1744:
1720:31 Mar
1639:
1580:
1472:
1323:Yunnan
1300:Lashio
1201:Lashio
1160:Mauser
1149:Yunnan
1145:Tonkin
1092:mosque
1006:Exodus
898::
878::
830:Hsenwi
733:Yunnan
688::
686:pinyin
680::
619:Yunnan
581:cotton
517:Yunnan
497:Muslim
485:Arabic
454:Lashio
430:Yangon
358:Sladen
324::
316::
310:Yunnan
272:, and
266:Maymyo
244:) are
240::
204:Dungan
153::
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4257:Tanka
4245:]
4233:]
4221:Hoklo
4216:]
4134:]
4100:Hoklo
4024:Hakka
3922:Tonga
3917:Samoa
3902:Palau
3819:Spain
3809:Italy
3752:Paris
3648:India
3636:South
3552:Pashu
3450:Korea
3445:Japan
3372:Chile
3355:South
3250:North
3220:Haiti
3050:Kenya
3014:Ghana
2988:Libya
2983:Egypt
2971:North
2905:Malay
2700:Intha
2646:Khami
2598:Ganan
2573:Dawei
2529:Zahau
2509:Thado
2469:Panun
2464:Oo-Pu
2459:Ngawn
2439:Mi-er
2419:Marma
2414:Malin
2409:Magun
2354:Kebar
2334:Guite
2309:Cumtu
2240:S'gaw
2176:Gheko
2150:Taron
2105:Gauri
1706:"杜文秀"
1532:(2).
1221:Karen
1209:Bhamo
1189:Namtu
1185:Mogok
1125:opium
1077:Bhamo
977:as a
975:Mecca
952:Bhamo
943:hanfu
697:Tay'ī
639:Bamar
615:Burma
597:Bhamo
573:ivory
550:Islam
450:Mogok
446:Bhamo
418:Burma
338:Pathi
304:word
296:is a
270:Mogok
228:MLCTS
184:Islam
172:China
101:JSTOR
87:books
4180:Nùng
3892:Fiji
3674:Iran
3667:West
3620:Nùng
3615:Ngái
3515:Laos
3438:East
3410:Asia
3382:Peru
3205:Cuba
3038:East
3019:Mali
3002:West
2883:Mizo
2810:Pyin
2730:Lahu
2705:Pa-O
2695:Danu
2683:(33)
2681:Shan
2671:Thet
2603:Hpon
2578:Beik
2454:Naga
2434:Mgan
2424:Matu
2299:Asho
2294:Anun
2282:(53)
2280:Chin
2250:Paku
2223:(11)
2196:Pale
2140:Lisu
2135:Atsi
2125:Hpon
2088:(12)
1935:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1773:2010
1742:ISBN
1722:2017
1674:2015
1637:ISBN
1591:2018
1578:ISBN
1507:2018
1470:ISBN
1331:Laos
1329:and
1302:and
1284:silk
1274:and
1247:and
1231:and
1219:and
1217:Shan
1211:and
1193:jade
1181:ruby
1147:and
1141:Laos
1137:Siam
1061:Dali
933:and
931:Shan
908:Qing
802:jade
721:Yuan
682:黑依大使
666:Song
664:and
662:Tang
565:silk
558:Hajj
540:and
528:and
526:Laos
503:and
489:imam
464:and
302:Shan
280:and
170:and
73:news
4269:Taz
4170:Hoa
4085:Min
4068:Hui
4019:Gan
3932:An
2820:Son
2815:Eng
2800:Yun
2785:Yao
2720:Kwi
2633:(7)
2619:Mon
2583:Yaw
2566:(9)
2554:Zou
2319:Dim
2289:Anu
2255:Bwe
1534:doi
1266:or
1260:gem
1112:in
996:hao
900:馬靈驥
880:杜文秀
842:hao
785:清真寺
637:or
595:to
477:Hui
356:by
284:.
276:in
248:in
242:潘泰人
56:by
4311::
4243:zh
4231:zh
4214:zh
4143:Wu
4132:zh
3940::
2016:.
1917:^
1907:.
1814:^
1664:.
1660:.
1530:26
1528:.
1524:.
1498:.
1251:.
1243:,
1207:,
1203:,
1143:,
1139:,
954:.
812::
684:;
646:Yi
536:,
524:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
436:,
432:,
404:,
326:回回
318:回族
268:,
264:,
236:;
230::
226:;
218::
202:,
198:,
155:潘泰
149:,
145::
3975:e
3968:t
3961:v
3887:)
3883:(
3283:)
3279:(
2949:e
2942:t
2935:v
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
2031:.
1943:.
1911:.
1808:.
1775:.
1750:.
1726:}
1724:.
1676:.
1666:9
1645:.
1540:.
1536::
1509:.
1484:.
946:(
874:(
816:;
676:(
499:(
214:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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