492:, and so on) that would move the cutter as the information directed. Today most commercial machining is done via such programmable, computerized methods. Home machinists are likely to work via manual control, but computerized control has reached the home-shop level as well (it is just not yet as pervasive as its commercial counterparts). Thus pantograph milling machines are largely a thing of the past. They are still in commercial use, but at a greatly reduced and ever-dwindling level. They are no longer built new by machine tool builders, but a small market for used machines still exists. As for the magnification-and-reduction feature of a pantograph (with the scale determined by the adjustable arm lengths), it is achieved in CNC via mathematic calculations that the computer applies to the program information practically instantaneously. Scaling functions (as well as mirroring functions) are built into languages such as
321:, supplied cylinder masters for smaller companies so that they could duplicate them, sometimes pantographically. Pantographs could turn out about 30 records per day and produce up to about 150 records per master. In theory, pantograph masters could be used for 200 or 300 duplicates if the master and the duplicate were running in reverse and the record would be duplicated in reverse. This, in theory, could extend the usability of a pantograph master by using the unworn/lesser worn part of the recording for duplication.
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produced very poor copies), or to acoustically copy the sound by placing the horns of two phonographs together or to hook the two together with a rubber tube (one phonograph recording and the other playing the cylinder back). Instead of copying a master cylinder, the other alternative was to record a performance to multiple gramophones simultaneously, over and over again, making each cylinder a master copy.
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130:(Rome 1631). One arm of the pantograph contained a small pointer, while the other held a drawing implement, and by moving the pointer over a diagram, a copy of the diagram was drawn on another piece of paper. By changing the positions of the arms in the linkage between the pointer arm and drawing arm, the scale of the image produced can be changed.
326:
Then, the cylinder would be placed on the mandrel of a duplicating pantograph that would be played with a stylus on the end of a lever, which would transfer the sound to a wax disc master, which would be electroplated and be used to stamp copies out. This system resulted in some fidelity reduction and rumble, but relatively high quality sound.
444:) or to trace a cam, template, or model in some way, and have the cutter mimic the movement of the tracing stylus. If the milling head was mounted on a pantograph, a duplicate part could be cut (and at various scales of magnification besides 1:1) simply by tracing a template. (The template itself was usually made by a
325:
employed this system with mastering their vertically-cut records until 1923; a 5-inch-diameter (130 mm), 4-or-6-inch-long (100 or 150 mm) master cylinder, rotating at a high speed, would be recorded on. This was done as the resulting cylinder was considerably loud and of very high fidelity.
78:
so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other. Using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used
295:
and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before electronic amplification was availableâwas that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply. In 1890, the only ways of manufacturing copies of a master cylinder were to mold the cylinders (which was slow and, early on,
181:
Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph, usually a large boom connected to a fixed point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. This device, now
308:
and others solved this problem (partly) by mechanically linking a cutting stylus and a playback stylus together and copying the "hill-and-dale" grooves of the cylinder mechanically. When molding improved somewhat, molded cylinders were used as pantograph masters. This was employed by Edison and
504:
In another application similar to drafting, the pantograph is incorporated into a pantograph engraving machine with a revolving cutter instead of a pen, and a tray at the pointer end to fix precut lettered plates (referred to as 'copy'), which the pointer follows and thus the cutter, via the
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39:
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in 1836. Cheverton's machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures. A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy.
137:(1768â1843) invented the eidograph to improve upon the practical utility of the pantograph. The eidograph relocates the fixed point to the center of the parallelogram and uses a narrow parallelogram to provide improved mechanical advantages.
572:
invented a pantographic engraving machine for type design, which was capable not only of scaling a single font design pattern to a variety of sizes, but could also condense, extend, and slant the design (mathematically, these are cases of
475:
The development and dissemination throughout industry of NC, CNC, PLC, and other control technologies provided a new way to control the movement of the milling cutter: via feeding information from a program to actuators
505:
pantograph, reproduces the 'copy' at a ratio to which the pantograph arms have been set. The typical range of ratio is
Maximum 1:1 Minimum 50:1 (reduction) In this way machinists can neatly and accurately
440:
in a "connect-the-dots" ("by-the-numbers") fashion. The only ways to control the movement of the cutting tool were to dial the positions by hand using dexterous skill (with natural limits on a human's
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566:
machine operators may trace a pantograph, paper pattern, with a laser pointer to stitch a custom pattern onto the quilt. Digitized pantographs are followed by computerized machines.
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numbers and letters onto a part. Pantographs are no longer commonly used in modern engraving, with computerized laser and rotary engraving taking favor.
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846:"Enlarging a copy of the Statue of Liberty (French) by means of a 3d-pantograph with a scanning wheel and a cutting edge, in clay"
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points.) This was essentially the same concept as reproducing documents with a pen-equipped pantograph, but applied to the
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in 1898, and was used until about
January 1902 (Columbia brown waxes after this were molded). Some companies like the
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patented a prize-winning calculating machine based on the pantograph, although it was not commercially successful.
468:, which is conceptually identical to pantograph milling, also exists (as does CNC routing). The Blanchard lathe, a
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and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size, was invented by inventor and steam pioneer
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This article is about the duplication instrument. For the electrical device used above trains or trams, see
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724:"An Unfinished Symphony In Stone: A video with sculptor CS Jagger using a three-dimensional pantograph"
577:, which is the fundamental geometric operation of most systems of digital typography today, including
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used the analogy of a pantograph as a way of scaling down tools to the nanometer scale in his talk "
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used a pantograph to copy and scale diagrams, and wrote about the invention over 27 years later, in
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Distinguished
Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies
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128:"Pantographice seu Ars delineandi res quaslibet per parallelogrammum lineare seu cavum"
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702:"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. - Edinburgh, Dickson 1788-1905"
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The
Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940
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was a pantograph design and sometimes referred to as "The
Pantograph Punch".
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Pantograph used for scaling a picture. The red shape is traced and enlarged.
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The
Bentons: How an American Father and Son Changed the Printing Industry
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methods, including milling via dialing followed by hand sculpting with
107:
Diagram illustrating the principles used by
William Wallace's eidograph
209:
Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large
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1040:
R&I Industry
Scrapbook Part 2: The Pantograph Era by Kristin Huff
751:"Making the Personal Monumental: A Conversation with Patricia Cronin"
553:, which produces a duplicate of a letter as the original is written.
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70: 'to write', from their original use for copying writing) is a
791:"The man who brought marble sculpture down to size - WriteAntiques"
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603: â Device for automatically signing a signature or autograph
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of hard materials such as metal, wood, or plastic. Pantograph
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An early 19th-century device employing this mechanism is the
420:
Detail of the table of a larger pantograph milling machine
1023:
Pantograph Cradle used in
Building Facade Access System
512:
The device which maintains electrical contact with the
436:
could not have their contours mapped out by moving the
166:
The original use of the pantograph was for copying and
672:"The Galileo Project â Scheiner, Christoph" (history)"
1550:
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424:Before the advent of control technologies such as
79:for other forms of duplication in areas such as
706:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
173:. Modern versions are sold as technical toys.
1098:
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8:
749:Castro, Jan Garden (JanuaryâFebruary 2003).
16:Mechanical linkage used for copying drawings
470:copying lathe developed by Thomas Blanchard
376:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
259:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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962:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
516:and transfers power from the wire to the
432:(PLC), duplicate parts being milled on a
396:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:Learn how and when to remove this message
631:
615: â Six-bar straight-line mechanism
217:down to the required size of the coin.
955:
7:
589:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
374:adding citations to reliable sources
257:adding citations to reliable sources
771:from the original on 1 October 2019
472:, used the same essential concept.
821:"Enlarging and Reducing Sculpture"
412:A small pantograph milling machine
115:described pantographs in his work
14:
609: â Template for writing text
979:"Font Designer-Linn Boyd Benton"
682:from the original on 9 July 2004
621: â Geometric drawing device
346:
315:United States Phonograph Company
229:
730:. 28 January 1935. 1 min. 7 sec
74:connected in a manner based on
66: 'all, every' and
1364:Electrical discharge machining
1153:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
765:International Sculpture Center
712:. Dickson: 418â439, 637. 1836.
1:
873:"Designing and minting coins"
221:Acoustic cylinder duplication
149:Pantograph etching mechanism
1211:List of drill and tap sizes
670:Van Helden, Albert (1995).
328:Edison Diamond Disc Records
157:Francis Galton's pantograph
111:The ancient Greek engineer
25:Pantograph (disambiguation)
1702:
1527:Magnetic switchable device
639:Ceccarelli, Marco (2007).
430:programmable logic control
334:onto the wax master disc.
34:Drafting pantograph in use
18:
1605:
1369:Electrochemical machining
1082:
1035:Mechanism of a pantograph
1018:How to build a pantograph
825:www.keropiansculpture.com
1014:at mathworld.wolfram.com
938:Cost, Patricia. (2011).
917:Eine neue Rechenmaschine
1681:Technical drawing tools
1449:Rotary transfer machine
1434:Photochemical machining
1374:Electron-beam machining
1336:Tool and cutter grinder
613:Parallel motion linkage
330:were made by recording
50:Pantograph 3d rendering
1007:Pantograph Java applet
871:Androulakis, Ioannis.
442:accuracy and precision
421:
413:
158:
150:
108:
51:
43:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
21:Pantograph (transport)
1676:Linkages (mechanical)
1645:Tools and terminology
877:www.fleur-de-coin.com
575:affine transformation
419:
411:
182:largely overtaken by
177:Sculpture and minting
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106:
49:
41:
33:
1563:Machining vibrations
1469:Ultrasonic machining
925:10.3931/e-rara-18446
919:. Berlin: Springer.
915:Selling, E. (1887).
528:, is also called a "
522:electric locomotives
370:improve this section
253:improve this section
1583:Tool and die making
1271:Cylindrical grinder
674:. Galileo Project,
133:In 1821, Professor
1671:Art and craft toys
1251:Abrasive machining
1028:2014-01-01 at the
898:Truesdell, Leon E.
488:, machine slides,
446:tool and die maker
422:
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319:Newark, New Jersey
203:Benjamin Cheverton
159:
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124:Christoph Scheiner
113:Hero of Alexandria
109:
72:mechanical linkage
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977:Linotype (2022).
949:978-1-933360-42-3
942:. Rochester, NY.
801:on 23 August 2017
795:writeantiques.com
656:978-1-4020-6366-4
428:(NC and CNC) and
426:numerical control
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291:One advantage of
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201:and perfected by
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1568:Speeds and feeds
1321:Sharpening stone
1296:Grinding machine
1291:Grinding dresser
1158:Stewart platform
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983:www.linotype.com
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848:. Archived from
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570:Linn Boyd Benton
564:Longarm quilting
544:1890 U.S. Census
540:"Keyboard punch"
536:Herman Hollerith
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338:Milling machines
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1331:Surface grinder
1266:Coated abrasive
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1201:Drill bit sizes
1196:Drill bit shank
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1030:Wayback Machine
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852:on 16 July 2004
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649:. p. 230.
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607:Lettering guide
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728:British Pathé
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542:used for the
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518:traction unit
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355:This section
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307:
306:Leon Douglass
303:
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238:This section
236:
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200:
196:
192:
189:systems that
188:
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171:line drawings
169:
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48:
40:
32:
26:
22:
1537:Rotary table
1517:Lathe center
1428:
1404:Machine tool
1236:Grinding and
1076:Metalworking
986:. Retrieved
982:
972:
939:
933:
916:
910:
901:
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:
866:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:
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803:. Retrieved
799:the original
794:
785:
773:. Retrieved
760:
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744:
732:. Retrieved
718:
709:
705:
696:
684:. Retrieved
665:
641:
634:
583:
568:
562:
555:
548:
534:
514:contact wire
511:
503:
474:
423:
392:
383:
368:Please help
356:
331:
290:
275:
266:
251:Please help
239:
213:designs for
208:
180:
165:
132:
127:
121:
116:
110:
67:
63:
55:
53:
1615:Fabrication
1551:Terminology
1487:Angle plate
1414:Metal lathe
1306:Jig grinder
1216:Tap and die
1125:engineering
458:die grinder
1665:Categories
1635:Metallurgy
1429:Pantograph
1221:Tap wrench
1012:Pantograph
626:References
619:Spirograph
579:PostScript
530:pantograph
520:, used in
500:Other uses
486:leadscrews
293:phonograph
199:James Watt
58:(from
56:pantograph
1630:Machining
1625:Jewellery
1593:Workpiece
1588:Tramp oil
1578:Tolerance
1409:Machining
1399:Jig borer
1384:Engraving
1359:Broaching
1346:Machining
1226:Threading
1191:Drill bit
1173:threading
1114:Machining
988:8 October
958:cite book
904:. US GPO.
882:23 August
856:23 August
830:23 August
805:23 August
775:23 August
756:Sculpture
556:In 1886,
551:polygraph
462:machining
386:July 2018
357:does not
269:July 2018
240:does not
122:In 1603,
117:Mechanics
89:engraving
81:sculpting
1640:Smithing
1379:End mill
1286:Grinding
1246:Abrasive
1206:Drilling
1181:Die head
1168:Drilling
1026:Archived
900:(1965).
769:Archived
734:24 March
686:24 March
680:Archived
647:Springer
595:See also
490:spindles
450:toolroom
332:directly
311:Columbia
162:Drafting
1686:Copying
1650:Welding
1620:Forming
1610:Casting
1542:Wiggler
1532:Mandrel
1502:Fixture
1464:Turning
1459:Skiving
1419:Milling
1394:Hobbing
1316:Sanding
1311:Lapping
1238:lapping
601:Autopen
507:engrave
482:selsyns
466:routing
456:and/or
378:removed
363:sources
302:Bettini
261:removed
246:sources
168:scaling
99:History
93:milling
85:minting
1497:Collet
1454:Shaper
1444:Reamer
1439:Planer
1389:Facing
1354:Boring
1148:G-code
946:
653:
494:G-code
478:servos
448:using
298:Edison
211:relief
187:router
91:, and
1573:Swarf
1492:Chuck
1186:Drill
763:(1).
526:trams
454:files
323:Pathé
215:coins
195:model
68:ÎłÏαÏ-
64:ÏαΜÏ-
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60:Greek
1133:2.5D
990:2022
964:link
944:ISBN
884:2017
858:2017
832:2017
807:2017
777:2017
736:2020
688:2020
651:ISBN
524:and
361:any
359:cite
244:any
242:cite
191:scan
141:Uses
1512:Jig
1170:and
1143:CAM
1138:CAD
921:doi
591:".
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538:'s
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372:by
317:of
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249:.
27:.
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