1009:
own writings and beliefs. Peikoff presented his objections to Kelley in an article called "Fact and Value," arguing that Kelley's case itself contradicted Rand's understanding of the relationship between cognition and evaluation, facts, and moral values. Peikoff concluded that Kelley was not a genuine
Objectivist and urged anyone agreeing with Kelley to leave the Objectivist movement. Ultimately, Kelley responded by founding the Institute for Objectivist Studies in 1990, which later changed its name to The Objectivist Center and finally
339:
1076:
modifying or amending them because scientific knowledge derived from induction is contextual. In other words, those who on the basis of conclusive evidence make inductive scientific claims regarding science cannot argue that their claims are subject to no possible modification but can argue that they are the only rational claims that can be believed based on the available evidence. They conclude that the same process of induction is essential to every rational field (except
1609:
1174:, stating, "To send a child to rot in the prison of Cuba for the alleged sake of his own well-being is criminal hypocrisy. To send him there in order to preserve his father's rights is absurdity, since there are no parental or other rights in Cuba. To send him there because 'He needs a father, no matter what' is a mindless bromide. Does he need a father who has no choice but to watch his son being broken in mind and starved in body?"
44:
1595:
1623:
803:. He has supervised the editing and release of Rand's unpublished works in several volumes, which includes her letters, philosophical journals, and the fiction not published in her lifetime; he has also written forewords for all the current printings of her fiction. For several years, he continued Rand's tradition of lecturing annually at
695:(NBI), to promote Objectivism through lectures and educational seminars around the United States. Peikoff was among NBI's first lecturers, teaching a course on the history of philosophy. By the early 1960s, NBI had representatives in multiple cities who replayed taped versions of the lectures to local audiences.
1008:
The closed vs. open issue came to the fore when David Kelley, a philosopher then affiliated with
Peikoff and ARI, published his essay "A Question of Sanction", arguing for greater open-mindedness in working with other groups. Kelley sees Objectivism as an "open system" that can evolve beyond Rand's
1075:
is itself an inductive science and, therefore, that any attempt to deny the validity of induction contradicts itself by implicitly accepting the validity of induction. Peikoff and
Harriman also argue that scientific claims verified by induction should be considered true until new evidence warrants
1208:
in Iran "as quickly as possible and with the fewest U.S. casualties, regardless of the countless innocents caught in the line of fire," not ruling out the use of nuclear weapons, arguing that moral responsibility for innocent deaths would lie with their governments rather than the United States.
1190:
consisted solely of "nomadic tribes meandering across the terrain," and that "the Arabs" today have no concept of property rights; indeed, that their "primitivist" antagonism to such rights is the root cause of Arab terrorism. He argues that Israel is a moral beacon which should not return any
712:" when it was published in book form in 1979. Peikoff was also an active participant in Rand's 1969–71 workshops on the monograph, as well as subsequent, smaller philosophy workshops at Rand's apartment. Peikoff later used the transcripts of these workshops to create an expanded edition of
1004:
Peikoff views
Objectivism as a "closed system" that consists solely of the philosophical principles Rand herself had articulated, and he considers disagreement with any of these principles a departure from Objectivism. The Ayn Rand Institute promotes Peikoff's view of Objectivism
1148:
He also continues Rand's opposition to libertarianism, remaining sharply opposed to any description of
Objectivist political philosophy as "libertarian" and to any collaboration with most libertarian groups. He has been critical of American foreign policy, considering both
1029:. She later had reservations, and the bequest was not part of Rand's will. However, after her death, the Library of Congress requested the manuscripts. In July 1991, Peikoff had an assistant deliver the manuscripts of Rand's novels, except for the first and last pages of
847:
show focusing on philosophy and culture. From
February 2006 to June 2007, Peikoff posted an online Q&A featuring questions that had been e-mailed to him. This was replaced with a podcast that debuted on October 22, 2007, and continued until October 31, 2016.
2515:
1267:(whom he called "apocalyptically bad"), on the basis of Bush's religiosity and his refusal to crush Islamic regimes, especially Iran, along with his "doomed" economic policies. In advance of the 2006 elections, Peikoff recommended voting only for
1203:
in 1951—to be in violation of international law and refers to such efforts as "confiscation" and supports covert actions to reverse such efforts. He advocates bringing an end to what he claims are "terrorist states" and has routinely lobbied for
832:, published in 1991, the first comprehensive presentation of Objectivism. In the mid-1990s, Peikoff taught courses at the Ayn Rand Institute's Objectivist Graduate Center (which was renamed the Objectivist Academic Center in 2000), along with
1157:
views self-sacrificial. He objects to the terms "isolationist" or "interventionist" to describe his foreign policy views, stating that the only "intervention" the United States should enact is war and "only and when it is in self-defense."
1372:. However, Peikoff was not enthusiastic in his endorsement of Romney, calling him an "appeasing, directionless" candidate with "no political convictions" who would be useful for buying time. For the same reason, he endorsed the Republican
2140:, Prometheus, 1989, pp.125–162, 336–337, n17, n18, n31 (first pub. Nash, 1974; in note 31, p. 337, e.g., Smith indicates that his own "approach to certainty" is that presented by Peikoff in a series of lectures); Torres, Louis, and
719:
Following the dissolution of NBI in 1968, Peikoff continued to give private lecture courses on a variety of topics to large
Objectivist audiences, and recordings of these have been sold for many years. His lecture courses include:
662:(then Barbara Weidman) in California when he was 17. He reports that this meeting with Rand made him aware of the profound importance of philosophy. When Rand moved to New York City in 1951, Peikoff decided to study philosophy at
2276:
1279:
Given the choice between a rotten, enfeebled, despairing killer , and a rotten, ever stronger, and ambitious killer , it is immoral to vote for the latter, and equally immoral to refrain from voting at all because "both are
2954:
2511:
1049:
followed in
October 2000, claiming over a million dollars in damages unless Peikoff turned over the pages. After consulting his lawyer, Peikoff released the pages to a representative of the Library of Congress.
2449:
1323:, and why he does not see this as a contradiction to Objectivism's general rejection of immigration restrictions. In another 2010 podcast, Peikoff explained that he does not support the building of a
2303:
2909:
1288:, Peikoff said, "I wouldn't dream of voting", saying that the Republicans should be "wiped out" or "severely punished" for their association with the religious right. Furthermore, he characterized
2136:, Louisiana State University Press, 1986, pp. vii, 120 (on p. vii, Kelley credits Peikoff with helping to "shape" his "understanding of many issues ... at the deepest level"); Smith, George H.,
1041:
published an article about
Peikoff, including a joke he made about "stealing" the pages from the Library of Congress. The library demanded that he deliver the pages to them, deeming them to be
2497:
2272:
2061:
303:
to study philosophy, where he received his BA, MA, and PhD degrees in philosophy in 1954, 1957, and 1964, respectively. His doctoral dissertation adviser was the noted
American
2541:
2593:
2475:
2844:
2167:
641:
2365:
2445:
1732:
2874:
542:
2299:
2854:
2849:
2814:
2384:
2829:
2824:
1365:
338:
2249:
949:
1461:
1413:
1377:
1285:
964:
704:
538:
525:
2904:
2776:
1913:
1480:
1042:
828:
546:
120:
2914:
2091:
2740:
2707:
2672:
2642:
2334:
2050:
2026:
922:
Peikoff defines the three approaches to cognitive integration—disintegration, integration, and misintegration—and applies the hypothesis to
2864:
1238:
781:
and the present-day United States. In her introduction, Rand said it was the first book by an Objectivist philosopher other than herself.
1035:, which he had framed. In their stead, he had the pages photocopied so that the manuscripts would be "complete". On August 16, 1998, the
2889:
1046:
756:. Rand endorsed his 1976 lecture series on Objectivism as the best exposition of her philosophy, the only one she knew to be accurate.
709:
2949:
2819:
1580:
1361:
634:
389:
2537:
2834:
1967:
1926:
1808:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1474:
1455:
1442:
1429:
2763:
2879:
2589:
1995:
1268:
2964:
2959:
2944:
2869:
2633:
2471:
568:
2446:"Dr. Peikoff, for whom will you vote for the presidential election this November 2008, and why? « Podcast « Peikoff"
681:", met frequently with Rand to discuss philosophy and politics, as well as to read and discuss Rand's then-forthcoming novel,
2929:
2924:
2919:
1651:
1250:
1218:
860:
812:
596:
465:
2206:
2939:
2894:
2159:
1700:
1656:
1357:
881:
627:
592:
530:
426:
167:
2884:
1199:
Peikoff considers the nationalization of Middle Eastern oil properties developed by Western corporations—beginning with
2746:
2202:
2934:
2357:
2273:"Do you think the legal guardians of a male child have the right to circumcise him before he is old enough to refuse?"
1301:
1242:
692:
404:
1722:
267:, who designated him heir to her estate. He is a former professor of philosophy and host of a nationally syndicated
2839:
2409:
2121:
1226:
666:. While studying at NYU, he frequently discussed philosophy privately with Rand in depth across a range of issues.
1138:
978:
816:
558:
1380:
a "catastrophe", "the worst political event ever to occur in the history of this continent" and "worse than the
2859:
2380:
1762:
1335:
are always contextual and that preventing the construction is a wartime necessity. Similarly, he supported the
864:
550:
534:
460:
2567:
2424:
299:
from 1950 to 1953 as a pre-med student. However, following his early discussions with Rand, he transferred to
2014:
1319:
In a 2010 podcast, Peikoff explained why he supports immigration restrictions in the current context of the
943:
837:
563:
316:
150:
2809:
2241:
1373:
968:
554:
296:
90:
2899:
2660:
2141:
1671:
1666:
1614:
1420:
1392:
Peikoff has been married and divorced three times. By his second wife, Cynthia, Peikoff has a daughter,
1081:
959:
761:
196:
2773:
2804:
2699:
1547:
Teaching Johnny to Think: A Philosophy of Education Based on the Principles of Ayn Rand's Objectivism
1167:
1106:
1068:
999:
678:
330:
106:
2087:
2472:"What is the proper government attitude toward immigration? « Featured Podcast « Peikoff"
1636:
1026:
903:
898:
663:
300:
94:
1137:. He is a supporter of abortion rights but criticizes defenders of abortion who label themselves "
2751:
2326:
2163:
1727:
1381:
823:
396:
292:
272:
253:
160:
70:
2538:"What should an Objectivist make of the French banning of burqas? « Podcast « Peikoff"
1025:. During her lifetime, Rand had made a statement that she would bequeath her manuscripts to the
2713:
2703:
2678:
2668:
2648:
2638:
2032:
2022:
1963:
1932:
1922:
1804:
1628:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1470:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1222:
1037:
1010:
889:
by Louis Torres and Michelle Marder Kahmi, despite these authors' other differences with him.
670:
615:
507:
408:
400:
2590:"What do you think of the 2012 presidential election results? « Podcast « Peikoff"
1466:
1332:
1293:
1141:", arguing that the term ignores the deeper philosophical issues involved. He believes that
1031:
856:
833:
795:
572:
455:
376:
226:
98:
1959:
1952:
677:, Barbara Branden, and a number of other close associates, who jokingly called themselves "
2780:
2428:
2300:"Are you, Dr. Peikoff, an interventionist or an isolationist in regard to foreign policy?"
1676:
1369:
1272:
1150:
876:
808:
793:
of Rand's will, Peikoff handles the copyrights to all of her works, with the exception of
778:
774:
659:
362:
2692:
1641:
1264:
1246:
1154:
987:
983:
852:
699:
683:
674:
576:
512:
492:
450:
192:
102:
1999:
691:
apartment. In 1958, Branden founded the Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later renamed the
2798:
1328:
1320:
1205:
1122:
1098:
800:
770:
502:
367:
1594:
867:, writers who are associated with the Ayn Rand Institute, and also in works such as
702:
in the 1960s motivated Rand to complete an extended monograph on concept-formation,
1918:
1600:
1393:
1289:
1183:
1142:
1118:
1067:(which he co-wrote with physicist David Harriman), Peikoff argues that there is no
868:
766:
602:
497:
487:
475:
413:
184:
1646:
1401:
1349:
1313:
1309:
1126:
1077:
470:
358:
312:
308:
260:
172:
135:
2766:
A Peikoff lecture (audio/video) titled "Americans Versus America" presented at
1696:
43:
2405:
1590:
1260:
1130:
1102:
1072:
1022:
954:
927:
844:
811:, and his other lecture appearances have included an address to the cadets at
371:
304:
268:
256:
2717:
2682:
2652:
2036:
1217:
In April 1992, Peikoff endorsed "any Democrat nominated by his party for the
2148:, Open Court, 2000, pp. 30, 32, 41, 51, 298–299, 305, 332n81, 333n5, 333n86.
1936:
1305:
1134:
931:
896:
was edited into a book of the same title by Michael Berliner, editor of the
826:. Peikoff revised his 1976 lecture course on Rand's ideas into book form as
688:
2667:. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum.
1661:
1397:
1353:
1234:
935:
790:
777:
because of far-reaching philosophical and cultural parallels between the
655:
433:
343:
288:
284:
264:
2785:
2767:
2132:, University Press of America, 2005, pp. 172, 183, 188; Kelley, David,
1109:
conceptions of protecting individuals from the initiation of force and
1085:
923:
851:
Peikoff's lectures or books have been used extensively in the works of
17:
1263:(despite thinking of Kerry as a "disgustingly bad" candidate) against
1105:, arguing that the role of government in society should be limited to
2789:
1336:
1324:
1187:
973:
804:
188:
2757:
1996:"Objectivist Academic Center: A Timeline of ARI's Academic Projects"
1754:
1508:
Understanding Objectivism: A Guide to Learning Ayn Rand's Philosophy
1080:) and that, as a result, truth in any such field possesses the same
2563:
2421:
1341:
1297:
1229:, support for new employee protections, his foreign trade policy,
1110:
1308:
an "enjoyably hilarious windbag", and their Republican opponents
295:, a surgeon, and his wife Bessie, a band leader. He attended the
2116:, Wadsworth Philosophers Series, 2000, pp. 3, 100; Smith, Tara,
1200:
1171:
275:(ARI) in 1985 and is the author of several books on philosophy.
1170:' to remain in Florida, rather than returning to his father in
1145:
of a child too young to consent should be a crime and is evil.
843:
From 1995 through 1999, Peikoff hosted a nationally syndicated
2955:
New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science alumni
1230:
1114:
235:
1521:
The DIM Hypothesis: Why the Lights of the West Are Going Out
1125:, and business regulations. He also opposes laws regulating
914:, has been developed further by David Harriman in his book,
773:, and a warning that America was being led down the road to
319:. He taught philosophy for many years at various colleges.
2733:
1296:" and a "lying phoney" with troubling connections to both
1271:, to forestall what he sees is a rise in influence of the
241:
211:
1958:. By Peikoff, Leonard. New York: Stein and Day. pp.
941:
His articles have appeared in publications as diverse as
765:, was both an Objectivist explanation of the rise of the
1573:
Discovering Great Plays: As Literature and as Philosophy
789:
Rand named Peikoff the legal heir to her estate. As the
1998:. Ayn Rand Institute. December 14, 2001. Archived from
1316:
as a "tired moron" and an "opportunist", respectively.
1534:
Objective Communication: Writing, Speaking and Arguing
2749:
Originally published as a full-page advertisement in
1352:
for the Presidency, citing President Obama's alleged
244:
238:
2910:
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
1954:
The Ominous Parallels: The End of Freedom in America
232:
2203:"Peikoff's Experience with the Library of Congress"
1882:
1880:
229:
206:
178:
166:
156:
146:
127:
113:
86:
78:
53:
34:
2691:
2021:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 255.
1951:
1448:The Voice of Reason: Essays in Objectivist Thought
1437:(edit. and introductory essays by Peikoff) (1984)
953:, and his television appearances have ranged from
1789:, s.v. "Leonard Peikoff." Accessed March 2, 2008.
2118:Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: the Virtuous Egoist
1450:(edit. and additional essays by Peikoff) (1989)
1191:territory to Arabs or even negotiate with them.
1000:Objectivist movement § Peikoff–Kelley split
283:Leonard Peikoff was born on October 15, 1933 in
1400:. His third ex-wife is Objectivist philosopher
1277:
2128:, ARI, 1990, pp. 234, 237; Bernstein, Andrew,
2126:The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts
635:
8:
2146:What Art Is: the Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand
1233:to Russia, alleged hostility to Israel, the
1225:'s "truly disgraceful" record, specifically
887:What Art Is: the Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand
716:, which he co-edited with Harry Binswanger.
2358:"Israel's and America's Fundamental Choice"
2019:Objectively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed
642:
628:
326:
42:
31:
1898:
1886:
1871:
906:, first presented in the lecture courses
750:The Principles of Objective Communication
27:Canadian-American philosopher (born 1933)
2564:"Leonard on the Election « Peikoff"
2124:, 2006, pp. 148–191; Binswanger, Harry,
1697:"List of Peikoff's courses and lectures"
1462:Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology
1414:Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism
1286:2008 United States presidential election
714:Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology
708:. Rand included Peikoff's essay on the "
705:Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology
600:Objectivism's rejection of the primitive
539:Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology
2845:Canadian emigrants to the United States
2694:100 Voices: An Oral History of Ayn Rand
2422:Q&A: Peikoff on the coming election
1914:Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand
1688:
1510:(Michael Berliner, PhD, editor) (2012)
1481:Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand
829:Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand
547:Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand
329:
121:Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand
2774:Unofficial Index to Peikoff's Podcasts
2614:
2387:from the original on December 14, 2011
2279:from the original on September 8, 2017
2228:The Logical Leap: Induction in Physics
2201:Peikoff, Leonard (February 13, 2002).
2188:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1735:from the original on September 5, 2019
1065:The Logical Leap: Induction in Physics
976:panel discussions. He also appears in
916:The Logical Leap: Induction in Physics
311:, and his dissertation dealt with the
2760:7-minute audio of Peikoff on abortion
2518:from the original on November 7, 2010
2325:Peikoff, Leonard (January 20, 2000).
2240:Peikoff, Leonard (January 23, 2003).
2170:from the original on October 24, 2016
2086:Peikoff, Leonard (October 31, 2016).
2060:. January–February 1997. p. 10.
1782:
1780:
1497:(with Gary Hull, PhD, editor) (1999)
1245:views, and alleged failure to defend
7:
2478:from the original on October 5, 2010
2379:Peikoff, Leonard (October 2, 2001).
2306:from the original on October 8, 2017
2094:from the original on October 8, 2017
1801:Yesterday's Doctor: An Autobiography
1765:from the original on January 7, 2011
1348:In September 2012, Peikoff endorsed
2875:Jewish American non-fiction writers
2596:from the original on March 23, 2014
2570:from the original on March 23, 2014
2544:from the original on March 23, 2014
2452:from the original on March 23, 2014
2368:from the original on July 16, 2021.
2271:Peikoff, Leonard (April 25, 2011).
1723:"Susan Ludel Is Bride of Professor"
1304:. He labelled Obama's running mate
1047:United States Department of Justice
908:Induction in Physics and Philosophy
734:Induction in Physics and Philosophy
2855:21st-century Canadian philosophers
2850:20th-century Canadian philosophers
2815:21st-century American philosophers
2514:. Leonard Peikoff. June 28, 2010.
2381:"End States Who Sponsor Terrorism"
2337:from the original on July 16, 2021
2298:Peikoff, Leonard (April 6, 2010).
2252:from the original on July 16, 2021
2067:from the original on July 16, 2021
1186:prior to the establishment of the
25:
2830:American male non-fiction writers
2825:Jewish American atheism activists
2747:End States That Sponsor Terrorism
2356:Peikoff, Leonard (June 1, 1996).
2158:Peikoff, Leonard (May 18, 1989).
2088:"Leonard Peikoff's final podcast"
1983:Leonard Peikoff: In His Own Words
1703:from the original on June 3, 2019
1021:Peikoff inherited many of Rand's
2743:Peikoff's summary of Objectivism
2327:"A Sin to Deport Elian Gonzalez"
1950:Rand, Ayn (1982). Introduction.
1803:. Winnipeg: Prairie Publishing.
1621:
1607:
1593:
1465:(expanded second edition) (with
1376:nominees. Afterwards, he called
724:(in two "volumes" of lectures),
337:
323:Early involvement in Objectivism
225:
2634:Ayn Rand and the World She Made
1045:property. A complaint from the
815:and another while cruising the
569:The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies
2905:People from Irvine, California
2242:"Abortion Rights Are Pro-Life"
1652:Objectivism and libertarianism
892:Peikoff's 1983 lecture course
597:Objectivism and libertarianism
252:; born October 15, 1933) is a
1:
2915:University of Manitoba alumni
2741:The Philosophy of Objectivism
2138:Atheism: the Case Against God
1657:List of American philosophers
1560:The Cause of Hitler's Germany
912:Objectivism Through Induction
882:Atheism: The Case Against God
822:In 1985, Peikoff founded the
698:Discussions with Peikoff and
593:Objectivism and homosexuality
531:Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
291:, Canada, to Samuel Peikoff,
263:and was a close associate of
133:Cynthia P. Peikoff (divorced)
2435:. Accessed November 4, 2006.
2112:see, e.g., Gotthelf, Allan,
1249:'s freedom of speech during
799:, which has passed into the
710:analytic–synthetic dichotomy
2865:Genital integrity activists
1787:Contemporary Authors Online
1017:Library of Congress dispute
693:Nathaniel Branden Institute
405:Nathaniel Branden Institute
2981:
2890:New York University alumni
2427:February 26, 2011, at the
2134:The Evidence of the Senses
2122:Cambridge University Press
1985:(DVD), Ayn Rand Bookstore.
1411:
1259:In 2004, Peikoff endorsed
997:
986:-nominated documentary by
902:, and Peikoff's theory of
873:The Evidence of the Senses
2950:American critics of Islam
2820:American talk radio hosts
2690:McConnell, Scott (2010).
2013:Podritske, Marlene &
1911:Peikoff, Leonard (1991).
1213:Presidential endorsements
979:Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life
894:Understanding Objectivism
746:Understanding Objectivism
742:A Philosophy of Education
722:The History of Philosophy
559:The Virtue of Selfishness
202:
142:
41:
2835:Canadian anti-communists
2631:Heller, Anne C. (2009).
2130:The Capitalist Manifesto
1799:Peikoff, Samuel (1980).
1302:Reverend Jeremiah Wright
1195:Iran and nuclear weapons
726:An Introduction to Logic
551:Philosophy: Who Needs It
535:For the New Intellectual
2880:Jewish Canadian writers
2637:. New York: Doubleday.
2058:Los Angeles Radio Guide
1325:mosque near Ground Zero
1178:Palestinians and Israel
1166:Peikoff campaigned for
994:Split with David Kelley
564:Objectivist periodicals
317:law of noncontradiction
151:Contemporary philosophy
2965:Canadian anti-fascists
2960:American anti-fascists
2945:Jewish anti-communists
2870:Hunter College faculty
2779:July 17, 2011, at the
2661:Gladstein, Mimi Reisel
2142:Kamhi, Michelle Marder
1469:, PhD, editor) (1990)
1282:
759:Peikoff's first book,
555:The Romantic Manifesto
297:University of Manitoba
221:Leonard Sylvan Peikoff
131:Susan Ludel (divorced)
91:University of Manitoba
2930:21st-century atheists
2925:20th-century atheists
2920:Writers from Winnipeg
2592:. November 19, 2012.
2540:. November 15, 2010.
2498:"Capitalism Magazine"
2431:", October 19, 2006,
2002:on December 14, 2001.
1731:. September 3, 1971.
1672:Philosophy of history
1667:Philosophical realism
1615:Libertarianism portal
1421:The Ominous Parallels
1412:Further information:
998:Further information:
960:Politically Incorrect
950:The New Scholasticism
784:
762:The Ominous Parallels
279:Early life and career
2940:Jewish anti-fascists
2895:Objectivism scholars
2700:New American Library
2448:. October 20, 2008.
2051:"Peikoff Syndicates"
1921:. pp. xiii–xv.
1221:", citing President
1182:Peikoff claims that
1107:night-watchman state
1069:problem of induction
938:, and other fields.
885:, and the treatise,
669:Peikoff, along with
331:Objectivist movement
271:. He co-founded the
2885:Jewish philosophers
2758:Peikoff On Abortion
2566:. October 5, 2010.
2362:Capitalism Magazine
2331:Capitalism Magazine
2246:Capitalism Magazine
1637:American philosophy
1495:The Ayn Rand Reader
1378:Obama's re-election
1027:Library of Congress
969:The O'Reilly Factor
920:The DIM Hypothesis,
918:. In his 2012 book
899:Letters of Ayn Rand
730:The Art of Thinking
664:New York University
658:through his cousin
301:New York University
95:New York University
2935:Ayn Rand Institute
2752:The New York Times
2191:, pp. 412–413
2164:Ayn Rand Institute
1901:, pp. 341–342
1874:, pp. 339–340
1826:, pp. 242–243
1761:. March 19, 2010.
1728:The New York Times
1699:. March 22, 2010.
1435:The Early Ayn Rand
1252:The Satanic Verses
1184:Palestinian people
1135:stem cell research
824:Ayn Rand Institute
785:After Rand's death
654:Peikoff first met
440:Ayn Rand Institute
397:Ayn Rand Institute
273:Ayn Rand Institute
161:Western philosophy
71:Winnipeg, Manitoba
2840:Canadian atheists
2709:978-0-451-23130-7
2674:978-0-8264-4513-1
2644:978-0-385-51399-9
2209:on April 17, 2008
2028:978-0-7391-3195-4
1629:Philosophy portal
1368:, and his use of
1223:George H. W. Bush
1096:Peikoff supports
1038:Los Angeles Times
1011:The Atlas Society
904:logical induction
754:Eight Great Plays
671:Nathaniel Branden
652:
651:
616:Philosophy portal
508:Nathaniel Branden
409:Objectivist Party
401:The Atlas Society
254:Canadian American
218:
217:
197:theory of history
16:(Redirected from
2972:
2737:
2736:
2734:Official website
2721:
2697:
2686:
2656:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2474:. July 5, 2010.
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2160:"Fact and Value"
2155:
2149:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1467:Harry Binswanger
1402:Amy Lynn Peikoff
1370:executive orders
1119:public education
1043:U. S. government
1032:The Fountainhead
861:Andrew Bernstein
857:Harry Binswanger
834:Harry Binswanger
644:
637:
630:
573:The Fountainhead
566:
466:Andrew Bernstein
456:Harry Binswanger
377:Romantic realism
341:
327:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
214:
136:Amy Lynn Peikoff
116:
67:
64:October 15, 1933
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2860:Epistemologists
2795:
2794:
2781:Wayback Machine
2764:Peikoff Lecture
2732:
2731:
2728:
2710:
2689:
2675:
2659:
2645:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:Wayback Machine
2419:
2415:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2302:. Peikoff.com.
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:. Peikoff.com.
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:. Peikoff.com.
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2029:
2017:, eds. (2009).
2015:Schwartz, Peter
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1929:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1677:Rational egoism
1627:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1416:
1410:
1390:
1362:energy policies
1360:, economic and
1333:property rights
1331:, arguing that
1273:religious right
1215:
1197:
1188:State of Israel
1180:
1164:
1151:neoconservative
1094:
1061:
1056:
1019:
1002:
996:
965:Bill O'Reilly's
877:George H. Smith
809:Ford Hall Forum
787:
779:Weimar Republic
775:totalitarianism
660:Barbara Branden
648:
608:
607:
601:
599:
595:
588:
580:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
518:
517:
446:Leonard Peikoff
429:
419:
418:
407:
403:
399:
392:
382:
381:
370:
363:Rational egoism
361:
354:
346:
325:
281:
269:radio talk show
228:
224:
210:
181:
134:
132:
114:
93:
74:
68:
65:
59:
57:
49:
48:Peikoff in 2010
37:
36:Leonard Peikoff
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2771:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2727:
2726:External links
2724:
2723:
2722:
2708:
2687:
2673:
2657:
2643:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2581:
2555:
2529:
2503:
2489:
2463:
2437:
2413:
2398:
2371:
2348:
2317:
2290:
2263:
2232:
2220:
2193:
2181:
2150:
2105:
2078:
2042:
2027:
2005:
1987:
1975:
1968:
1942:
1927:
1903:
1899:McConnell 2010
1891:
1887:Gladstein 2009
1876:
1872:McConnell 2010
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1809:
1791:
1776:
1746:
1714:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Ethical egoism
1639:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:978-0979466199
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1477:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1409:
1406:
1389:
1386:
1265:George W. Bush
1247:Salman Rushdie
1243:anti-obscenity
1214:
1211:
1196:
1193:
1179:
1176:
1168:Elián González
1163:
1162:Elián González
1160:
1093:
1090:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1018:
1015:
995:
992:
988:Michael Paxton
853:Allan Gotthelf
838:Peter Schwartz
786:
783:
700:Allan Gotthelf
684:Atlas Shrugged
679:The Collective
675:Alan Greenspan
650:
649:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
610:
609:
606:
605:
589:
587:Related topics
586:
585:
582:
581:
577:Atlas Shrugged
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
513:Alan Greenspan
510:
505:
500:
495:
493:George Reisman
490:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Allan Gotthelf
448:
437:
436:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
393:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
365:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
334:
333:
324:
321:
315:status of the
280:
277:
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
193:applied ethics
182:
180:Main interests
179:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
129:
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2977:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Living people
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2617:, p. 413
2616:
2611:
2608:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2213:September 26,
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1969:0-8128-2850-X
1965:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:0-452-01101-9
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 314
1861:
1856:
1853:
1850:, p. 293
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:, p. 289
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1810:0-919576-16-8
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:0-14-218147-1
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:0-9794661-6-4
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:0-451-41815-8
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:0-451-46664-0
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:0-451-23629-7
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:0-452-28040-0
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:0-452-01101-9
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:0-453-00724-4
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:0-453-00634-5
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:0-453-00465-2
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:0-452-01117-5
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:Personal life
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Congressional
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:New York City
1326:
1322:
1321:welfare state
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:anti-American
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:anti-abortion
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:regime change
1202:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:. He opposes
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:laissez-faire
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:Academy Award
981:
980:
975:
971:
970:
966:
962:
961:
956:
952:
951:
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
890:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
820:
818:
817:Greek islands
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:public domain
798:
797:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:The Holocaust
768:
764:
763:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
623:
622:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
604:
598:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Stephen Hicks
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
423:
422:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:Organizations
386:
385:
378:
375:
373:
369:
368:Individualism
366:
364:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
345:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
249:
222:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
130:
126:
123:
122:
118:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
66:(age 90)
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2900:Objectivists
2750:
2698:. New York:
2693:
2664:
2632:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2506:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2440:
2432:
2416:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2374:
2361:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2330:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2245:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2196:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2153:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:
2018:
2008:
2000:the original
1990:
1982:
1978:
1953:
1945:
1919:E. P. Dutton
1917:. New York:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1889:, p. 82
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1767:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1739:September 5,
1737:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1601:Books portal
1572:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1479:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1419:
1394:Kira Peikoff
1391:
1347:
1340:
1318:
1290:Barack Obama
1283:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1216:
1198:
1181:
1165:
1147:
1143:circumcision
1097:
1095:
1064:
1063:In his book
1062:
1059:Epistemology
1036:
1030:
1020:
1007:
1003:
977:
967:
958:
948:
942:
940:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
893:
891:
886:
880:
872:
869:David Kelley
850:
842:
827:
821:
794:
788:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:Moral Virtue
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
713:
703:
697:
682:
668:
653:
603:Randian hero
543:The New Left
498:Tibor Machan
488:David Kelley
481:
480:
476:John Ridpath
445:
439:
438:
414:Libertarianz
313:metaphysical
307:philosopher
282:
220:
219:
185:Epistemology
119:
115:Notable work
29:
2805:1933 births
2786:Appearances
2625:Works cited
2615:Heller 2009
2522:November 7,
2482:October 30,
2433:Peikoff.com
2391:October 17,
2189:Heller 2009
2114:On Ayn Rand
1860:Heller 2009
1848:Heller 2009
1836:Heller 2009
1824:Heller 2009
1759:Peikoff.com
1755:"Biography"
1647:Free market
1350:Mitt Romney
1339:ban on the
1314:Sarah Palin
1310:John McCain
1254:controversy
1231:foreign aid
1155:libertarian
1127:pornography
1084:as that of
1082:objectivity
1078:mathematics
1023:manuscripts
767:Third Reich
471:Yaron Brook
359:Objectivism
309:Sidney Hook
261:Objectivist
259:. He is an
257:philosopher
212:Peikoff.com
173:Objectivism
79:Nationality
2799:Categories
2341:October 8,
2310:October 8,
2283:October 8,
2256:October 8,
2230:NAL Trade.
2174:October 8,
2098:October 8,
1769:January 4,
1683:References
1275:, adding:
1261:John Kerry
1219:Presidency
1139:pro-choice
1131:euthanasia
1103:capitalism
1073:philosophy
1071:, because
955:Bill Maher
928:philosophy
865:Tara Smith
845:talk-radio
813:West Point
526:Literature
461:Tara Smith
372:Capitalism
353:Philosophy
305:pragmatist
138:(divorced)
60:1933-10-15
2718:555642813
2683:319595162
2653:229027437
2600:March 23,
2574:March 23,
2548:March 23,
2512:"Podcast"
2456:March 23,
2037:267048088
1382:Civil War
1366:Obamacare
1306:Joe Biden
1269:Democrats
1227:tax hikes
932:education
689:Manhattan
687:, in her
427:Theorists
128:Spouse(s)
87:Education
2777:Archived
2665:Ayn Rand
2663:(2009).
2594:Archived
2568:Archived
2542:Archived
2516:Archived
2476:Archived
2450:Archived
2425:Archived
2385:Archived
2366:Archived
2335:Archived
2304:Archived
2277:Archived
2250:Archived
2168:Archived
2092:Archived
2062:Archived
1937:28423965
1763:Archived
1733:Archived
1701:Archived
1662:Ontology
1587:See also
1398:novelist
1358:taxation
1354:nihilism
1235:Gulf War
1115:taxation
1092:Politics
944:Barron's
936:politics
791:executor
656:Ayn Rand
434:Ayn Rand
344:Ayn Rand
289:Manitoba
285:Winnipeg
265:Ayn Rand
82:American
73:, Canada
2410:YouTube
1707:May 14,
1575:(2017)
1562:(2014)
1549:(2014)
1536:(2013)
1523:(2012)
1484:(1991)
1424:(1982)
1284:Of the
1123:welfare
1086:physics
1054:Thought
924:physics
207:Website
18:Peikoff
2790:C-SPAN
2716:
2706:
2681:
2671:
2651:
2641:
2071:May 8,
2035:
2025:
1966:
1935:
1925:
1807:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1473:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1337:French
982:, the
974:C-SPAN
863:, and
805:Boston
796:Anthem
752:, and
189:ethics
168:School
157:Region
2770:Forum
2406:Video
2065:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
1408:Books
1342:burqa
1298:Islam
1280:bad."
1133:, or
1111:fraud
482:Other
2768:WGBH
2714:OCLC
2704:ISBN
2679:OCLC
2669:ISBN
2649:OCLC
2639:ISBN
2602:2014
2576:2014
2550:2014
2524:2010
2484:2010
2458:2014
2393:2011
2343:2017
2312:2017
2285:2017
2258:2017
2215:2021
2176:2017
2100:2017
2073:2020
2033:OCLC
2023:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1933:OCLC
1923:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1771:2011
1741:2019
1709:2019
1577:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1396:, a
1312:and
1300:and
1292:as "
1241:and
1201:Iran
1172:Cuba
1153:and
963:and
947:and
910:and
836:and
769:and
54:Born
2788:on
2408:on
1960:vii
1384:".
1327:in
972:to
957:'s
879:'s
871:'s
807:'s
147:Era
107:PhD
2801::
2712:.
2702:.
2677:.
2647:.
2383:.
2364:.
2360:.
2333:.
2329:.
2248:.
2244:.
2166:.
2162:.
2144:,
2120:,
2056:.
2031:.
1962:.
1931:.
1879:^
1779:^
1757:.
1725:.
1404:.
1364:,
1356:,
1345:.
1256:.
1237:,
1129:,
1121:,
1117:,
1088:.
1013:.
990:.
934:,
930:,
926:,
875:,
859:,
855:,
840:.
819:.
748:,
744:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
673:,
293:MD
287:,
236:iː
195:,
191:,
187:,
105:,
103:MA
101:,
99:BA
62:)
2720:.
2685:.
2655:.
2604:.
2578:.
2552:.
2526:.
2500:.
2486:.
2460:.
2420:"
2395:.
2345:.
2314:.
2287:.
2260:.
2217:.
2178:.
2102:.
2075:.
2039:.
1972:.
1939:.
1813:.
1773:.
1743:.
1711:.
643:e
636:t
629:v
248:/
245:f
242:ɒ
239:k
233:p
230:ˈ
227:/
223:(
109:)
97:(
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
