238:(61 to 73 inches, 155 to 185 cm) and weight from 1,100 to 2,600 pounds (500 to 1,200 kg). Percherons in the United States generally stand between 16.2 and 17.3 hands (66 and 71 inches, 168 and 180 cm), with a range of 15–19 hands (60–76 inches, 152–193 cm). American Percherons average 1,900 pounds (860 kg), and their top weight is around 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg). In Great Britain, 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) is the shortest acceptable height for stallions and 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) for mares, while weights range from around 2,000–2,200 pounds (910–1,000 kg) for stallions and 1,800–2,000 pounds (820–910 kg) for mares.
691:
227:
407:, the emphasis in horse breeding was shifted so as to develop horses better able to pull heavy stage coaches at a fast trot. Gray horses were preferred because their light coloring was more visible at night. This new type of horse was called the "Diligence Horse", because the stage coaches they pulled were named "diligences". After the stage coach was replaced by rail, the modern Percheron type arose as a slightly heavier horse for use in agriculture and heavy hauling work, moving goods from docks to railway terminals.
575:
toll on the
Percheron breed as horses, fodder, and handlers were requisitioned for the fighting, and even after the embargo was lifted France did not have the quality or quantity of stock to fulfill the needs of American breeders. The embargo created a breeding boom in the US, replacing the previous practice of importing the majority of Percherons from France, and late in the war horses were shipped the other way – from the US to Europe – to supply those needed in the war. The lack of
416:
747:
272:
502:, and virtually no Percheron imports occurred between 1894 and 1898. In addition, many existing horses were lost as people were too poor to purchase or care for large draft horses. In 1898, importations began again as abruptly as they had ceased, with an average of 700 horses a year imported between 1898 and 1905. In 1906 alone, over 13,000 horses were imported to the United States from France. In the American
596:, increasing mechanization prompted a decline in the Percheron population. In 1954, only 85 Percherons were registered in the US, a record low. The 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s were bad years for the US Percheron population, and breeding was reduced to only a few farms. These breeders kept the American population alive through these years, however, and the 1980s saw renewed interest in the breed.
600:
536:
679:. The status of the subtype has been repeatedly debated because of its origin from Percherons bred in Pays d'Auge, a breeding group that was modified from the original breed standard due to the influence of soil and climate over the years, creating the Augeron type. Augerons are light gray in color, tall, strong, well-built, and energetic. They stand 158–170 cm (15.2–16.3
40:
522:
In the late 19th century, Percherons also began to be exported from the United States to Great
Britain, where they were used to pull horse-drawn buses in large cities. The first Percherons imported to Britain included some of the thousands of crossbreds from the United States. In Britain, many of the
479:
were imported; one mare died shortly after arrival and one stallion went blind and was retired within a year. Although the first importations of
Percherons were less than successful, the remaining stallion owned by Edward Harris II, named Diligence, was credited with siring almost 400 foals. In 1851,
449:
in 1823. Today, all
Percherons trace their ancestry to this stallion. At this time the breed also became larger, with horses from other French districts being imported to Perche to change the Percheron from a coach horse averaging 1,200–1,400 pounds (540–640 kg) to a draft horse averaging 2,000
639:
market. The largest and heaviest stallions were selected for breeding. Beginning at the 1989 World
Percheron Congress, French breeders realized that they needed a lighter breed for tourism, export to Japan for draft work, and other markets. In 1993, a trend of importing American stallions to France
583:
Between 1918 and 1922, over 350 Percherons were imported to
Britain from France and, combined with stock from the US and Canada, were used as breeding stock to establish the breed in the country. In 1918, the British Percheron Horse Society was formed. British breeders and owners continue to import
574:
and the United States. However, after the war began, an embargo was placed on French
Percherons, disallowing them from exportation. Other than an exception in April 1916 to allow 59 horses to be shipped from France to the US, this embargo remained in place until the end of the war. The war took its
644:
stallion Silver
Shadows Sheik. This stallion and others were used to create a more elegant, smaller and sleeker look in the French Percheron, while still retaining the traditional bone and foot structure. All the imported stallions were black, reviving the popularity of black Percherons in France.
830:
In 1978, the first World
Percheron Congress was held in Great Britain, and has been held annually ever since. Although the majority of the shows have been held in North America, four – in 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2011 – have been held in France. Each year, in July, the French national breed
518:
livestock association. In 1877, the word "Norman" was dropped from the name. Later, in the panic of 1893, the
Percheron Association went bankrupt and ceased to function. In 1905, also in Chicago, Percheron breeders met again to reform as the Percheron Society of America. Since 1934, the group has
645:
French breeders continue to import American-bred Percheron stallions in order to produce lighter foals, moving away from the heavier meat-type horses of the late 20th century. Also in 1993, the Société Hippique Percheronne anticipated the increasing tourist and exportation markets by prohibiting
178:
stopped shipping. The breed was used extensively in Europe during the war, with some horses being shipped from the United States back to France to help in the war effort. Beginning in 1918, Percherons began to be bred in the United Kingdom; in 1918, the British Percheron Horse Society (BPHS) was
698:
In the 19th century, the existence of the Augeron population was, despite its popularity, generally ignored by authors. In Paris, they were named "Caen" and "Virois", after their region of origin, although specialists included the "Caen Virois" breed with the Augeron in a 1904 text. In the 19th
440:
Arabian of ordinary conformation and no special worth, while Gallipoly was a gray saddle horse of unknown breeding. Modern breed historians contest that there was enough breeding stock left after the early 19th century to restart the breed without further Arabian influence, and state that it is
283:
long and level. The feet and legs are clean and heavily muscled. The overall impression of the Percheron is one of power and ruggedness. Enthusiasts describe the temperament as proud and alert, and members of the breed are considered intelligent, willing workers with good dispositions. They are
770:
and the Percheron. By the end of the 19th century, Percherons made up the majority of driving horses in Paris. The Percheron is still used extensively for draft work and, like other draft breeds, it is also used in France for meat production. Around the world, Percherons are used for parades,
497:
in the 1860s greatly reduced the number of horses, there was a significant need for large draft horses, especially in growing cities and in the expanding West. Large numbers of Percherons were imported to the United States beginning in the early 1870s, and they became popular with draft horse
591:
maintained stables of Percherons. A 1930 census of horses found over 33,000 Percherons in the United States, with the next most popular breed, the Belgian, having a population of less than 10,000. One Percheron historian attributes this popularity to the breed's "strength, energy, activity,
579:
on the Percheron's lower legs made them easier to care for in the mud that they often worked in during wartime. Their quick trot on paved roads made them more versatile than motorized vehicles, and they were useful for work with guns and in forward units due to their calm temperaments.
658:
In 1988, there were 1,088 Percherons in the United States, rising to 2,257 by 1998. As of 2009, the Percheron Horse Association of America had horses registered in all 50 states, and had nearly 3,000 members, with around 2,500 new horses being registered annually. The French
398:
During the 17th century, horses from Perche, ancestors of the current Percheron, were smaller, standing between 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm) high, and more agile. These horses were almost uniformly gray; paintings and drawings from the
488:
and Gray Billy. Throughout their stud careers, each had significant influence on American draft horse stock. In the mid-19th century in the United States, Percheron stallions were crossed with homebred mares to improve the local stock, resulting in thousands of
150:
in color, Percherons are well-muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to work. Although their exact origins are unknown, the ancestors of the breed were present in the valley by the 17th century. They are believed to descend from
454:
was created in France. By 1910, French registrations had risen to almost 32,000 horses. Between 1880 and 1920, Percheron breeders in France exported horses all over the world, including South Africa, South America, Australia and North America.
389:. No matter the theory of origin, breed historians agree that the terrain and climate of the Perche area had the greatest influence on the development of the breed. A possible reference to the horse is made in the 13th-century romance
435:
and its aftermath. Early histories of the breed point to two gray Arabian stallions from Le Pin, Godolphin and Gallipoly, as the blood that helped to restart Percheron breeding. However, later research found that Godolphin was a
395:, in which the title character asks for "the Count of Perche's horse" to be made ready, possibly indicating the "'great horse,' which could accommodate an armored knight" and was bred in the geographical setting of the poem.
1284:
818:
with greater stamina. These crossbred horses are used extensively in both the sub-Antarctic climate of the Falklands and the sub-tropical climate of Australia for working stock. In Australia they are also crossed with
519:
been known as the Percheron Horse Association of America. At its height, the organization was the largest draft horse association in the world, in the early 20th century registering over 10,000 horses annually.
79:
513:
In 1876, the Norman-Percheron Association was formed by a group of Percheron breeders in Chicago, and at the same time the stud book was begun. The Norman-Percheron Association was the United States' first
1701:
Zootechnie générale : production et alimentation du bétail. Zootechnie spéciale; cheval, âne, mulet [General husbandry : production and feeding of livestock. Special husbandry: horse, donkey,
1585:
Hygiène vétérinaire appliquée : Étude de nos races d'animaux domestiques et des moyens de les améliorer [Applied Animal Health: Study of our breeds of domestic animals and ways to improve them
523:
horses, once they finished their bus-pulling career, were sold to farmers. Other imported horses were sold to the British Army, and in 1900, 325 horses were shipped to South Africa for use in the
783:, where the breed makes up 30 percent of the horses in the park and the horses work to pull trams on the main park street. One of the most famous horse teams in the United States is the
1292:
671:
The Augeron, also known as Caen or Virois, was developed from the Percheron during the 19th century and was merged back into the Percheron in the 1960s. Bred mainly in the
506:
of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Percheron was the most frequently seen draft horse. Drivers appreciated the breed's agility, stamina and quick-footed
498:
breeders and owners. In the 1880s, approximately 7,500 horses were exported to the United States. This extensive importation lasted until 1893, when the US experienced a
319:
province, from which the breed gets its name. Several theories have been put forth as to the ancestry of the breed, though its exact origins are unknown. One source of
2295:
547:
to horses with both parents already registered with the society. In the early 20th century, the Percheron was one of the four major draft horse breeds, along with the
794:
In Great Britain, the Percheron is used for advertising and publicity, as well as forestry and farm work. They are crossbred with lighter horses by breeders of heavy
607:
In 1966, the French stud book was changed to include draft types from other areas of France that were closely related to the Percheron – including the horses of
908:
183:
was created in 1934. In the 1930s, Percherons accounted for 70% of the draft horse population in the United States, but their numbers declined substantially after
649:, which was not prohibited for other draft breeds until 1996. This was partly at the request of the Germans, and partly due to the influence of magazines such as
559:. Breeders could sell their horses for significant amounts of money, especially in the United States and Canada, where breeding stock brought a premium price.
635:. French Percherons were also hit hard by the advent of mechanization, and between 1970 and 1990 focus was placed on breeding horses of greater mass for the
2666:
187:. However, the population began to recover; and, as of 2009, around 2,500 Percheron horses were registered annually in the United States alone.
1961:
734:, and hence to use the name of "Percheron". This limitation excluded several nearby populations of horses foaled outside of Perche, such as the
2237:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2024:
2001:
850:
in a funeral procession. In addition to funeral details, which they perform year round, the Caisson Percherons are routinely featured at the
1426:
163:
blood was added to the breed. Exports of Percherons from France rose exponentially in the late 19th century, and the first purely Percheron
2288:
1099:
288:
and adapt well to many conditions and climates. In the 19th century, they were known to travel up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) a day at a
711:. They were noticed several times for their homogeneity, beauty, and high value. In 1858, Augerons were sold for between 600 and 1200
846:
during funeral details. As of 2019, the Fort Sam Houston Caisson Platoon had 11 working Percherons and one lighter horse used as the
427:
Arabian stallions were made available to Percheron breeders for use in breeding army mounts, beginning in 1760 at the royal stud at
370:
1483:
851:
345:
in 732 AD, and some of their horses may have been taken by warriors from Perche. A final theory posits that the Percheron and the
754:
The Percheron is the most famous and populous of all French draft breeds in the world today. They were used to improve both the
431:. Between 1789 and the early 1800s, the Percheron was in danger of becoming extinct as horse breeding was suppressed during the
2281:
1800:
587:
By the 1930s, Percherons accounted for over 70 percent of the purebred draft horses in the United States, and all of the major
441:
unlikely that two horses of unremarkable breeding and conformation had a significant influence on the breed. Jean le Blanc, a
940:
464:
1144:
1255:
779:, as well as being used to pull carriages in large cities. The largest team of working Percherons in Europe is found at
690:
798:
in order to increase size and improve disposition. Purebred Percherons are also ridden, and some have proven useful at
726:. One reason for this lay in the desire to protect the cradle of breeding Percheron horses: only animals born near the
2304:
386:
382:
234:
The size considered ideal for the Percheron varies between countries. In France, height ranges from 15.1 to 18.1
2619:
1745:
788:
1747:
L'animal inventé: ethnographie d'un bestiaire familier (The invented animal: ethnography of a familiar bestiary)
1366:
279:
The head has a straight profile, broad forehead, large eyes and small ears. The chest is deep and wide and the
663:(Percheron Horse Society of France) registered between 750 and 885 horses in each year between 2007 and 2010.
226:
89:
295:
Horses in the French registry are branded on the neck with the intertwined letters "SP", the initials of the
2545:
2539:
84:
2550:
468:
428:
2597:
2671:
2661:
2533:
2517:
588:
442:
320:
1673:(in French). Vol. Traité de zootechnie, II. Librairie agricole de la maison rustique. p. 114.
2511:
415:
349:
breed are closely related, and that the Boulonnais influenced the Percheron when they were brought to
2640:
2603:
843:
763:
759:
650:
174:, thousands of Percherons were shipped from France to the United States, but after the war began, an
2573:
1941:
2555:
746:
179:
formed. After a series of name and studbook ownership changes, the current United States Percheron
2561:
2494:
832:
2477:
2396:
1435:
616:
576:
494:
159:; and later, for agriculture and hauling heavy goods. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
24:
20:
1107:
271:
722:, or Augeron Horse Society, was formed in 1913 by breeders in Auge to record these horses in a
2614:
2609:
2505:
2499:
2446:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2134:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2039:
2020:
1997:
1551:
632:
432:
391:
289:
584:
Percherons from France, and also occasionally from Canada, when not prohibitively expensive.
2629:
2585:
2522:
2346:
2338:
1652:
839:
807:
780:
767:
646:
567:
552:
544:
503:
346:
1007:
2527:
2482:
2421:
863:
847:
612:
608:
548:
437:
342:
258:
2416:
2624:
2591:
2567:
2436:
2401:
2386:
2366:
2351:
2328:
944:
842:
Caisson and Funeral Honors Platoon have used Percherons for pulling the casket-bearing
824:
755:
723:
708:
672:
366:
265:
261:
horses. Only gray or black horses may be registered in France and the United Kingdom.
211:
207:
180:
190:
The breed is still used extensively for draft work; in France, they are also bred for
2655:
2472:
2467:
2451:
2391:
2376:
2371:
811:
641:
499:
378:
354:
280:
268:
on their heads and legs, but registries consider excessive white to be undesirable.
246:
160:
147:
1804:
1527:(Thèse d'exercice) (in French). École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse. p. 19.
1148:
2411:
2406:
2381:
2358:
1853:
1733:(in French). France, Belgique, Angleterre: Bureaux de l'Acclimatation. p. 368.
1259:
969:
820:
799:
795:
712:
420:
250:
242:
215:
143:
1646:
599:
1583:
810:
and northern Australia, Percherons have been crossed with local mares, primarily
94:
66:
Agile draft horse breed. Mostly gray or black. Clean-limbed, powerful and docile.
2488:
815:
680:
624:
556:
471:. Only one of the initial four horses survived the ocean trip. Soon after, two
400:
285:
254:
235:
199:
195:
171:
131:
127:
535:
2579:
2426:
1508:
Pilley-Mirande, Nathalie (October 2002). "Les traits français dans le monde".
636:
507:
334:
191:
156:
1880:
403:
generally show French knights on mounts of this color. After the days of the
2318:
490:
451:
249:
in coloring, although the American registry also allows the registration of
164:
152:
1902:
2273:
2013:
1704:(in French). Encyclopédie agricole, J.-B. Baillière et fils. p. 352.
803:
731:
700:
571:
524:
515:
472:
374:
358:
350:
325:
203:
194:. They have been crossed with several light horse breeds to produce both
854:
and other United States Army recruiting events in the south Texas area.
2150:
Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait
776:
620:
330:
175:
39:
2441:
2333:
1370:
727:
704:
404:
316:
308:
139:
135:
377:
and expeditions into territory claimed by Spain. Further blood from
2253:
784:
745:
689:
628:
598:
534:
414:
338:
270:
225:
109:
2258:
1718:(in French). Académie d'agriculture de France. 1953. p. 342.
463:
Percherons were first imported into the United States in 1839 by
210:, as well as work under saddle, including competition in various
2323:
772:
684:
476:
446:
362:
312:
2277:
2268:
2263:
1962:"Newest member of the Fort Sam Houston Caisson makes his debut"
1716:
Proceedings of the Académie d'agriculture de France: Volume 39
675:
region, it previously had its own studbook, registered by the
787:
hitch of Percherons, having appeared multiple times at the
566:, a flourishing trade route for Percherons existed between
1621:(in French). Vol. 2. Librairie Larousse. p. 120.
1258:. Percheron Horse Association of America. Archived from
1147:. Percheron Horse Association of America. Archived from
943:. Percheron Horse Association of America. Archived from
423:, depicting a French horse fair that includes Percherons
142:
province, from which the breed takes its name. Usually
1603:(in French). Vol. II. S. Milon fils. p. 491.
802:. Crossbred Percherons have been used successfully in
2154:
Hitches and harness: a century of using the workhorse
1994:
Races d'hier pour l'Ă©levage de demain: Espaces ruraux
1688:(in French). Vol. II. C. Delagrave. p. 124.
1686:
La France et ses colonies (géographie et statistique)
341:
in the 8th century. The Moorish were defeated at the
1854:"Heinz Hitch Percheron Horses Appear In Rose Parade"
2460:
2311:
2171:McDermott, Rowena (1998). "The British Percheron".
1905:. Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia
1803:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from
1554:(in French). Société Hippique Percheronne de France
1291:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from
1010:(in French). Société Hippique Percheronne de France
450:pounds (910 kg). In 1893, the first Percheron
138:river valley in western France, part of the former
70:
62:
57:
49:
2012:
1852:
1434:
884:"généralement passée sous silence par les auteurs"
603:A stallion led out for inspection at a French stud
206:Percherons are used for forestry work and pulling
2269:Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia
2015:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
1588:(in French). Vol. 1. Labe. pp. 260–261.
1369:. British Percheron Horse Society. Archived from
1315:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
95:Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia
2354:- Trait Picard - Bourbourien - Petit Boulonnais)
2112:Circus Baggage Stock: A Tribute to the Percheron
1427:"France Hosts the 2011 World Percheron Congress"
1367:"History of the British Percheron Horse Society"
838:Since the early 2000's the United States Army's
357:. It is known that during the 8th century, Barb
2209:Roger, Alain & Beaune, Jean-Claude (1991).
1145:"The Origin and History of the Percheron Horse"
333:some time after 496 AD. Another may have been
155:. Over time, they began to be used for pulling
1612:
1610:
1525:Origine et avenir du cheval de trait Percheron
964:
962:
2289:
2156:] (in French). France Agricole Éditions.
2095:(1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.
1750:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 317.
989:
987:
8:
2230:The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole
2228:Terry, Patricia; Nancy Vine Durling (1993).
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1186:
1184:
1078:The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume de Dole
909:"Règlement du stud-book du cheval Percheron"
699:century, these horses were sold at fairs in
32:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1106:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
687:are known to be smaller than the standard.
2296:
2282:
2274:
2131:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
1651:(in French). Lacroix and Baudry. pp.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1052:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
970:"Characteristics of the British Percheron"
38:
31:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
750:The breed is sometimes used under saddle.
1250:
1248:
337:cavalry stallions brought from Spain by
311:river valley in France, which arises in
935:
933:
931:
929:
903:
901:
897:
875:
2259:Percheron Horse Association of America
2254:Société hippique Percheronne de France
1425:Kouyoumdjian, Virginia (27 May 2011).
1279:
1277:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
914:(in French). Les Haras Nationaux. 2010
683:) in height, but those horses bred in
661:Société Hippique Percheronne de France
459:In the United States and Great Britain
307:The Percheron breed originated in the
85:Percheron Horse Association of America
1960:Hickman, Timothy (21 February 2019).
1942:"Caisson Section: The Ultimate Honor"
1599:Jacoulet, J.; Chomel, Claude (1895).
1472:Races d'hier pour l'Ă©levage de demain
730:were entitled to registration in the
353:as reinforcements for the legions of
7:
2232:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
814:in the Falklands, to produce larger
2211:Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature
1539:Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature
2667:Horse breeds originating in France
2055:Sur les traces du cheval percheron
1671:Traité de zootechnie: Les équidés
1030:Sur les traces du cheval percheron
852:San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo
14:
2011:Bongianni, Maurizio, ed. (1988).
1940:Warren, Chris (28 January 2015).
1883:. British Percheron Horse Society
972:. British Percheron Horse Society
720:Société hippique du trait augeron
677:Société hippique du trait augeron
592:robustness and endurance". After
2133:. University of Oklahoma Press.
323:may have been mares captured by
16:Breed of draft horse from France
2264:British Percheron Horse Society
2091:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994).
2072:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2006).
2038:(in French). Artemis Éditions.
1619:La France, géographie-tourisme
480:three stallions were imported:
419:A mid-19th century painting by
167:was created in France in 1893.
90:British Percheron Horse Society
2192:The Percheron Horse in America
2034:Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006).
1881:"Use of the British Percheron"
1406:The Percheron Horse in America
1393:The Percheron Horse in America
1354:The Percheron Horse in America
1205:The Percheron Horse in America
1192:The Percheron Horse in America
1:
2093:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
2019:. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
1788:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
1731:Les races de chevaux de trait
1176:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
539:A 1904 drawing of a Percheron
365:native to the area, and more
2110:Fox, Charles Philip (1983).
1996:(in French). Éditions Quae.
1523:Leboucq, Christophe (2002).
543:In 1911, the French society
445:of the Percheron breed, was
369:blood was introduced by the
297:Société Hippique Percheronne
1729:H. Vallé de Loncey (1888).
766:breed, a cross between the
19:For the novel trilogy, see
2688:
2129:Hendricks, Bonnie (2007).
1582:Magne, Jean Henri (1857).
882:Original quote in French:
789:Tournament of Roses Parade
762:horses, and to create the
18:
2638:
2213:. Éditions Champ Vallon.
2053:Dugast, Jean-LĂ©o (2007).
1684:Levasseur, Emile (1890).
1512:(in French) (371): 62–65.
373:upon his return from the
103:
75:
37:
2190:Mischka, Joseph (1991).
2173:The Working Horse Manual
1669:Dechambre, Paul (1928).
1617:Faucher, Daniel (1951).
1227:The Working Horse Manual
80:Haras nationaux (France)
2620:Trait de SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
2194:. Heart Prairie Press.
2114:. Heart Prairie Press.
2076:(in French). De Borée.
1992:Audiot, Annick (1995).
1744:Cegarra, Marie (1999).
1699:Diffloth, Paul (1904).
1431:The Draft Horse Journal
589:land-grant universities
545:restricted registration
531:20th and 21st centuries
214:disciplines, including
134:that originated in the
63:Distinguishing features
2551:Demi-sang de la Dombes
2305:Horse breeds of France
2148:Mavré, Marcel (2004).
1966:Joint Base San Antonio
1903:"History of the Breed"
1645:Gossin, Louis (1858).
883:
751:
695:
604:
540:
469:Moorestown, New Jersey
424:
276:
231:
44:A Percheron in harness
23:. For the rocket, see
1762:Attelages et attelées
1633:Attelages et attelées
1552:"Règlement Stud Book"
1496:Attelages et attelées
1459:Attelages et attelées
1328:Attelages et attelées
1065:Attelages et attelées
749:
693:
640:was started with the
602:
538:
418:
385:imported horses from
321:foundation bloodstock
315:, part of the former
274:
229:
2641:List of horse breeds
2036:Les chevaux de trait
1946:San Antonio Magazine
1925:Les chevaux de trait
1840:Les chevaux de trait
1827:Les chevaux de trait
1537:Roger & Beaune,
1341:Les chevaux de trait
1240:Circus Baggage Stock
995:Les chevaux de trait
760:Vladimir Heavy Draft
110:Equus ferus caballus
2556:Demi-sang du Centre
2342:(Cheval de Vercors)
1601:Traité d'Hippologie
1373:on 23 February 2020
1289:Breeds of the World
1262:on 10 February 2015
1151:on 10 February 2015
1104:Breeds of Livestock
1076:Terry and Durling,
694:A four-in-hand team
241:They are generally
34:
2546:Demi-sang de l'Ain
2540:Chevaux d'Ouessant
2518:Carrossier Normand
2397:French Saddle Pony
1807:on 9 February 2015
1648:French agriculture
947:on 10 January 2014
752:
696:
605:
541:
504:traveling circuses
495:American Civil War
493:horses. After the
425:
361:were crossed with
343:Battle of Poitiers
277:
232:
25:Percheron (rocket)
21:Percheron (series)
2647:
2646:
2615:Trait de la Loire
2461:Extinct or merged
2392:French Anglo-Arab
2363:
2362:(Trait - Postier)
2355:
2343:
2239:978-0-8122-1388-1
2220:978-2-87673-099-1
2201:978-0-9622663-5-5
2182:978-0-85236-401-7
2175:. Farming Press.
2163:978-2-85557-115-7
2140:978-0-8061-3884-8
2121:978-0-9622663-0-0
2102:978-1-56458-614-8
2083:978-2-84494-449-8
2064:978-2-909599-80-9
2045:978-2-84416-459-9
2026:978-0-671-66068-0
2003:978-2-7380-0581-6
1861:. 1 February 1999
1110:on 4 January 2012
941:"Disposition and"
738:and the Augeron.
443:founding stallion
433:French Revolution
392:Guillaume de Dole
275:A black Percheron
264:Many horses have
120:
119:
50:Country of origin
2679:
2361:
2349:
2341:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2243:
2224:
2205:
2186:
2167:
2144:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2030:
2018:
2007:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1801:"Spanish-Norman"
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1439:on 27 March 2012
1438:
1433:. Archived from
1422:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1004:
998:
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
966:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
924:
923:
921:
919:
913:
905:
886:
880:
844:military caisson
840:Fort Sam Houston
831:show is held in
808:Falkland Islands
781:Disneyland Paris
595:
568:Nogent-le-Rotrou
565:
487:
483:
465:Edward Harris II
328:
230:A gray Percheron
186:
112:
42:
35:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2456:
2307:
2302:
2250:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2147:
2141:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1657:CHEVAL AUGERON.
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:Cheval Magazine
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
985:
975:
973:
968:
967:
960:
950:
948:
939:
938:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:
899:
895:
890:
889:
881:
877:
872:
864:Prince Chaldean
860:
848:riderless horse
744:
669:
593:
563:
533:
500:financial panic
485:
481:
461:
413:
381:was added when
371:Comte du Perche
324:
305:
224:
222:Characteristics
184:
116:
108:
99:
71:Breed standards
45:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:Trait du Maine
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:Selle Français
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:French Trotter
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2248:External links
2246:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2145:
2139:
2126:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2044:
2031:
2025:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1936:
1929:
1916:
1894:
1872:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1792:
1790:, pp. 262, 276
1779:
1766:
1753:
1736:
1721:
1707:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1637:
1624:
1606:
1591:
1565:
1543:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1487:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1295:on 24 May 2013
1273:
1244:
1231:
1209:
1196:
1180:
1162:
1121:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1034:
1021:
999:
983:
958:
925:
896:
894:
891:
888:
887:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
859:
856:
825:mounted police
806:. In both the
764:Spanish-Norman
743:
740:
724:breed registry
709:Lower Normandy
668:
665:
633:SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
532:
529:
460:
457:
412:
409:
405:armored knight
379:Spanish breeds
367:Oriental horse
304:
301:
266:white markings
223:
220:
212:English riding
118:
117:
115:
114:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2684:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2452:Trait du Nord
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Castillonnais
2370:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:, pp. 335–337
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
984:
971:
965:
963:
959:
946:
942:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
910:
904:
902:
898:
892:
885:
879:
876:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
828:
826:
822:
821:Thoroughbreds
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
601:
597:
590:
585:
581:
578:
573:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
530:
528:
526:
520:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
492:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
453:
448:
444:
439:
434:
430:
422:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
396:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
273:
269:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
182:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
113:
111:
106:
105:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2672:Draft horses
2662:Horse breeds
2649:
2495:Bidet Breton
2478:Anglo-Norman
2431:
2350:(Mareyeur -
2229:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2130:
2111:
2092:
2073:
2057:. L'Étrave.
2054:
2035:
2014:
1993:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1858:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1584:
1556:. Retrieved
1546:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1430:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1361:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1288:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1239:
1234:
1226:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1175:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1103:
1080:, pp. 32, 96
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1032:, cover copy
1029:
1024:
1014:13 September
1012:. Retrieved
1002:
994:
974:. Retrieved
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
916:. Retrieved
878:
837:
833:Haras du Pin
829:
816:stock horses
800:show jumping
793:
753:
735:
719:
717:
697:
676:
670:
660:
657:
651:
606:
594:World War II
586:
582:
561:
542:
521:
512:
486:Napoleon 281
482:Normandy 351
462:
426:
421:Rosa Bonheur
411:19th century
397:
390:
306:
296:
294:
286:easy keepers
278:
263:
240:
233:
216:show jumping
200:sport horses
196:stock horses
189:
185:World War II
169:
157:stagecoaches
123:
121:
107:
29:
2506:Bourguignon
2500:Bourbonnais
2339:Barraquand
2074:Les chevaux
1971:25 November
1951:25 November
1923:Dal'Secco,
1865:27 December
1838:Dal'Secco,
1825:Dal'Secco,
1775:Les chevaux
1558:8 September
1443:7 September
1395:, pp. 14–16
1339:Dal'Secco,
1313:Bongianni,
1285:"Percheron"
1229:, pp. 22–23
1225:McDermott,
1207:, pp. 34–35
1194:, pp. 30–31
1178:, pp. 94–95
1100:"Percheron"
1050:Hendricks,
1008:"La marque"
993:Dal'Secco,
918:6 September
823:for use as
673:Pays d'Auge
625:Bourbonnais
564:World War I
401:Middle Ages
284:considered
172:World War I
132:draft horse
2656:Categories
2580:Merlerault
2523:Charentais
2427:Norman Cob
2347:Boulonnais
1317:, Entry 87
1299:29 January
1256:"About Us"
1114:26 January
893:References
775:rides and
768:Andalusian
577:feathering
553:Clydesdale
383:Rotrou III
347:Boulonnais
335:Barb horse
192:horse meat
153:war horses
2598:Rochefort
2528:Charolais
2483:Berrichon
2432:Percheron
2422:Nivernais
2319:Ardennais
1887:7 October
1859:The Horse
1786:Edwards,
1773:Edwards,
1404:Mischka,
1391:Mischka,
1356:, pp. 4–6
1352:Mischka,
1266:7 October
1242:, pp. 3–4
1203:Mischka,
1190:Mischka,
1174:Edwards,
1155:7 October
951:7 October
613:Nivernais
609:Berrichon
562:Prior to
491:crossbred
473:stallions
452:stud book
359:stallions
329:from the
208:carriages
165:stud book
124:Percheron
33:Percheron
2610:Tarbésan
2604:Solognot
2592:Navarrin
2568:Limousin
2534:Cotentin
2437:Poitevin
2387:Corsican
2367:Camargue
2352:Cauchois
2329:Auvergne
1927:, p. 108
1909:27 April
1777:, p. 192
1635:, p. 223
1541:, p. 292
1470:Audiot,
1028:Dugast,
858:See also
827:horses.
812:Criollos
804:dressage
777:hayrides
756:Ardennes
732:studbook
701:Argences
572:Le Havre
555:and the
525:Boer War
516:purebred
484:, Louis
475:and two
438:chestnut
375:Crusades
351:Brittany
326:Clovis I
259:chestnut
204:Purebred
181:registry
2630:Vendéen
2574:Lorrain
2473:Augeron
2468:Angevin
2412:Landais
2377:Comtois
1986:Sources
1829:, p. 59
1811:4 April
1764:, p. 44
1760:Mavré,
1631:Mavré,
1498:, p. 36
1494:Mavré,
1474:, p. 26
1461:, p. 31
1457:Mavré,
1408:, p. 21
1343:, p. 42
1330:, p. 80
1326:Mavré,
1067:, p. 40
1063:Mavré,
997:, p. 28
796:hunters
667:Augeron
647:docking
621:Augeron
549:Belgian
387:Castile
331:Bretons
303:History
176:embargo
170:Before
161:Arabian
2586:Morvan
2562:Dombes
2512:Bresse
2442:Pottok
2417:MĂ©rens
2407:Henson
2382:Corlay
2359:Breton
2334:Auxois
2312:Extant
2236:
2217:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2137:
2118:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2023:
2000:
1842:, p. 9
1655:–317.
1484:, p. 2
773:sleigh
728:Perche
713:francs
705:Bayeux
652:Cheval
551:, the
447:foaled
429:Le Pin
355:Caesar
317:Perche
309:Huisne
140:Perche
136:Huisne
58:Traits
53:France
2489:Bidet
2152:[
1377:3 May
1238:Fox,
976:1 May
912:(PDF)
870:Notes
785:Heinz
736:Maine
681:hands
642:black
629:Loire
617:Marne
557:Shire
477:mares
363:mares
339:Moors
281:croup
247:black
236:hands
148:black
128:breed
126:is a
2324:AQPS
2234:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1973:2023
1953:2023
1911:2012
1889:2009
1867:2009
1813:2012
1702:mule
1560:2011
1445:2011
1379:2012
1301:2012
1268:2009
1157:2009
1116:2012
1016:2011
978:2012
953:2009
920:2011
758:and
742:Uses
718:The
703:and
685:Vire
637:meat
631:and
508:gait
313:Orne
290:trot
257:and
251:roan
243:gray
198:and
144:gray
122:The
1653:316
707:in
467:of
292:.
255:bay
245:or
146:or
130:of
2658::
1964:.
1944:.
1857:.
1609:^
1568:^
1429:.
1413:^
1287:.
1276:^
1247:^
1212:^
1183:^
1165:^
1124:^
1102:.
1085:^
1037:^
986:^
961:^
928:^
900:^
835:.
791:.
715:.
655:.
627:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
570:,
527:.
510:.
299:.
253:,
218:.
202:.
2608:â€
2602:â€
2596:â€
2590:â€
2584:â€
2578:â€
2572:â€
2566:â€
2560:â€
2544:â€
2538:â€
2532:â€
2516:â€
2510:â€
2504:â€
2493:â€
2487:â€
2297:e
2290:t
2283:v
2242:.
2223:.
2204:.
2185:.
2166:.
2143:.
2124:.
2105:.
2086:.
2067:.
2048:.
2029:.
2006:.
1975:.
1955:.
1913:.
1891:.
1869:.
1815:.
1562:.
1447:.
1381:.
1303:.
1270:.
1159:.
1118:.
1018:.
980:.
955:.
922:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
