122:
1885:
1519:
260:
pessaries to help prevent preterm birth is an ongoing area of research. The use of pessaries for an incompetent cervix is not commonly practiced today, but they have been used in the past. Specifically, an incompetent cervix is when the cervix begins to open up prematurely. This can lead to a preterm birth or even a miscarriage. Pessaries can be used to correctly position the cervix, increasing the success of pregnancy.
1992:
2232:
1513:
25:
217:
are inserted into the vagina to help support and reposition descended pelvic organs, which helps to prevent the worsening of prolapse, helps with symptom relief, and can delay or prevent the need for surgery. Further, pessaries can be used for surgery preparation as a way to maintain prolapse without progression. This is especially useful when a surgery may need to be delayed.
480:
2054:
166:
269:
385:
used to help with stress urinary incontinence such as urine leaks during exercising or coughing. These types of pessaries need to be fitted by a health care professional to ensure proper size. Once placed it should not move when standing, sitting, or squatting. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water every day or two.
1758:
455:
a spermicide in order to be effective in preventing pregnancy. When used correctly the cap is thought to be 92–96% effective. These caps are reusable but come in different sizes. It is recommended for anyone attempting this form of contraception to be fitted for the correct size by a trained health care professional.
454:
Occlusive pessaries are most commonly used for contraception. Also known as a contraceptive cap, they work similar to a diaphragm as a barrier form of contraception. They are inserted into the vagina and block sperm from entering the uterus through the cervix. The cap must be used in conjunction with
377:
are space-occupying pessaries in the shape of a cube that are available in 7 sizes. The pessary is inserted into the vagina and kept in place by the suction of its 6 surfaces to the vaginal wall. Cube pessaries must be removed before sexual intercourse and replaced daily. Cube pessaries are generally
358:
are another type of supporting pessary. These are used to treat pelvic organ prolapse as well as stress urinary incontinence. These pessaries have a ring at their base and a wedge-shaped ridge on one side. Although these pessaries are less likely to fall out than standard ring with support pessaries,
332:
There are different types of pessaries but most of them are made out of silicone—a harmless and durable material. Pessaries are mainly categorized into two types, supporting pessaries and space-occupying pessaries. Support pessaries function by supporting the prolapse and space-occupying pessaries by
230:
which usually help prevent urine leakage. Stress urinary incontinence is a common medical problem especially in women as about 1 in 3 women are affected by this condition at some point in their lives. Pessaries are considered a safe non-surgical treatment option for stress urinary incontinence as it
216:
can all be causes for pelvic organ prolapses as well. Some signs and symptoms include feeling pressure in the pelvic area, lower back pain, painful intercourse, urinary incontinence, a feeling that something is out of place, constipation, or bleeding from the vagina. Pessaries are manual devices that
156:
Pessaries come in different shapes and sizes, so it is important that individuals be fitted for them by health care professionals to avoid any complications. However, there are a few instances and circumstances that allow pessaries to be purchased without a prescription or without seeking help from a
512:
If pessaries are not used properly or not maintained periodically, more serious complications can occur. For example, the pessary can become embedded into the vagina, which makes it harder to remove. Estrogen can decrease the inflammation of the vaginal walls and promote skin cells in the vagina to
508:
of the cervix and uterus can occur through the opening of the pessary. This can lead to tissue necrosis in the cervix and uterus. To prevent these side effects, individuals can be fitted properly for their pessaries and undergo routine follow-up visits with their health care professionals to ensure
384:
are space-occupying pessaries that are similar to the
Gellhorn pessaries. They are silicone devices that are placed into the vagina and used for second or third degree (more severe) uterine prolapse. These contain metal and should be removed prior to any MRI, ultrasound or X-rays. They can also be
173:
Early use of pessaries dates back to the ancient
Egyptians, as they described using pessaries to treat pelvic organ prolapse. The term 'pessary' itself, is derived from the Ancient Greek word 'pessós', meaning round stone used for games. Pessaries are even mentioned in the oldest surviving copy of
491:
When pessaries are used correctly, they are tolerated well for pelvic organ prolapse or stress urinary incontinence. However, pessaries are still a foreign device that is inserted into the vagina, so side effects can occur. Some more common side effects include vaginal discharge and odor. Vaginal
203:
The most common use for pessaries is to treat pelvic organ prolapse. A pelvic organ prolapse can occur when the muscles and tissues surrounding the bladder, uterus, vagina, small bowel, and rectum stop working properly to hold the organs in place and the organs begin to drop outside the body. The
503:
formation between the vagina and rectum or the vagina and bladder, or erosion, or thinning, of the vaginal wall. Fistula formation is rare, but erosion of the vaginal wall occurs more frequently. Low estrogen production can also increase the risk of vaginal wall thinning. For individuals with
259:
can be displaced, which can lead to pain and rectal and urinary complications. A pessary can be used to treat this condition and support the uterus. Preterm birth is when babies are born prematurely, which puts the baby at increased risk for complications and even death. Currently, the use of
378:
used as a last resort only if the individuals cannot retain any other pessaries. This is due to undesirable side effects such as vaginal discharge and erosion of the vaginal wall. In order to remove the cube pessary, the suction must be broken by grasping the device.
225:
Stress urinary incontinence is leakage of urine that is caused by sudden pressure on the bladder. It occurs during activities that increase the amount of pressure on the bladder such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, and exercising. The pressure causes opening of the
520:
to pessary use include current infections in the pelvis or vagina, or allergies to the material of the pessary (which can be silicone or latex). In addition, individuals should not be fitted for a pessary if they are less likely to properly maintain their pessary.
351:
are considered a type of supporting and space-occupying pessary. These resemble the shape of a mushroom and are used for more advanced pelvic organ prolapse. These are less preferred than ring with support pessary due to difficulty with self-removal and insertion.
370:
are considered space-occupying pessaries. These are used for more advanced pelvic organ prolapse including cystocele or rectocele as well as a second or third-degree uterine prolapse. Due to its shape and size, it is one of the hardest ones to insert and remove.
344:
are the supporting type. These are often used as a first-line treatment and used for earlier stage prolapse since individuals can easily insert and remove them on their own without a doctor's help. These can be easily folded in half for insertion.
178:, as something that physicians should never administer for the purposes of an abortion: "Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion." The earliest documented pessaries were natural products. For example, Greek physicians
509:
the individual has the correct pessary size and no other complications. In addition, those with an increased risk of vaginal wall thinning can be prescribed estrogen to prevent erosion and prevent these complications.
1430:
190:
was described as making oval pessaries from hammered brass and waxed cork. Nowadays, pessaries are generally made from silicone and are well tolerated and effective among patients who need them.
157:
health care professional. Some side effects may occur if pessaries are not sized properly or regularly maintained, but with the appropriate care, pessaries are generally safe and well tolerated.
305:. Pessaries are most commonly used for pelvic organ prolapse and considered a good treatment option for women who need or desire non-surgical management or future pregnancy. It is used to treat
186:
described inserting half of a pomegranate into the vagina to treat prolapse. It was not until the 16th century that the first purpose-made pessaries were made. For instance, in the late 1500s,
585:
1423:
467:. Shaped like a dome, it covered the cervix, and a central rod or "stem" entered the uterus through the external orifice of the uterus, also known as the cervical canal or the
531:
423:
Pessaries can also be used in a similar way to help induce labor for women who have overdue expected delivery dates or who experience premature rupture of membranes.
1502:
1416:
513:
mature, so use of estrogen cream can allow removal of the pessary more easily. In rare cases, pessaries would need to be removed through surgical procedures.
1108:
400:
and stress urinary incontinence, they are not commonly used. Smith, and Risser pessaries are other types of lever pessaries and they differ in shape.
756:
Hippocrates of Cos (1923). "The Oath". Loeb
Classical Library. 147: 298–299. doi:10.4159/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-oath.1923. retrieved 18 September 2018
496:, characterized by an overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. These symptoms can be treated with the appropriate medications.
1248:
149:
to maintain the location of organs in the pelvic region. It can also be used to administer medications locally in the vagina or as a method of
516:
To prevent complications, individuals should not use pessaries if they have characteristics that exclude them from this method of therapy.
1787:
108:
875:
1365:
121:
1389:
2375:
1868:
1235:"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, Book XXII. The Properties of Plants and Fruits, Chap. 49.—Laser: Thirty-Nine Remedies"
468:
408:
Treating vaginal yeast infections is one of the most common uses of pharmaceutical pessaries. They are also known as vaginal
46:
1884:
1965:
1808:
2380:
2339:
2301:
1644:
1460:
586:"Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition"
2253:
798:
714:
Oliver, Reeba; Thakar, Ranee; Sultan, Abdul H. (June 2011). "The history and usage of the vaginal pessary: a review".
413:
89:
646:
61:
2385:
2281:
1850:
1234:
427:
are usually the medication used in these kinds of pessaries in order to relax the cervix and promote contractions.
35:
2329:
2258:
1845:
1792:
1626:
537:
286:
2248:
1622:
68:
42:
2276:
416:
and are designed to dissolve at body temperature. They usually contain a single use antifungal agent such as
2319:
2286:
2085:
1917:
1649:
1570:
1497:
1439:
905:
2314:
2268:
2210:
2116:
1983:
1590:
1464:
75:
2370:
2324:
2205:
1618:
244:
146:
769:
1137:
2169:
2014:
1932:
1877:
1797:
1782:
1585:
326:
57:
2222:
1959:
1840:
1835:
1555:
1451:
493:
227:
142:
126:
1518:
1297:
799:"Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment - Urology Care Foundation"
2296:
2090:
2045:
1742:
1487:
1086:
183:
2146:
2141:
1979:
1720:
1482:
1347:
1339:
1216:
1198:
1078:
1070:
1020:
1012:
978:
960:
853:
835:
739:
731:
2080:
1206:
1190:
1062:
968:
843:
723:
517:
306:
187:
175:
2390:
1970:
431:
298:
1408:
2031:
1991:
1664:
1211:
1178:
973:
948:
848:
823:
1109:"Pessaries for vaginal prolapse: Critical factors to successful fit and continued use"
2364:
2240:
2174:
2096:
2065:
1830:
1659:
424:
310:
248:
150:
82:
2231:
1177:
Thomas, Jane; Fairclough, Anna; Kavanagh, Josephine; Kelly, Anthony J (2014-06-19).
1090:
2215:
2151:
2136:
2111:
1949:
1669:
1512:
1194:
464:
443:
417:
294:
213:
209:
138:
1066:
727:
2309:
2197:
2070:
2026:
2004:
1922:
1892:
1826:
1675:
1614:
1443:
1327:
1161:
1053:
Culligan, Patrick J. (2012). "Nonsurgical
Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse".
1000:
564:
542:
409:
179:
24:
2193:
2164:
1724:
1698:
1560:
322:
141:
for structural and pharmaceutical purposes. It is most commonly used to treat
1343:
1272:
1202:
1074:
1016:
964:
839:
735:
1803:
1693:
1545:
1535:
484:
479:
449:
397:
318:
314:
2053:
1351:
1220:
1082:
1024:
982:
857:
743:
670:
204:
most common cause of such prolapse is childbirth, usually multiple births.
1166:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2019-06-19.
2345:
2334:
2126:
2106:
2101:
2075:
2019:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1654:
1600:
1565:
1550:
1492:
1179:"Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term"
716:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
463:
The stem pessary, a type of occlusive pessary, was an early form of the
2131:
2060:
1999:
1939:
1907:
1747:
1703:
1580:
500:
232:
205:
1273:"Contraceptive Stem Pessary in Aluminium - Phisick - Medical Antiques"
165:
2121:
2041:
1954:
1774:
1685:
1575:
1540:
1527:
505:
359:
individuals find it difficult to insert or remove them on their own.
302:
290:
256:
252:
1757:
268:
2009:
1734:
1636:
1595:
1474:
478:
267:
164:
120:
396:
are a type of lever pessary. Although these can be used for mild
333:
filling the vaginal space. There are also lever type pessaries.
1412:
949:"Pessary Use in Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence"
1873:
1818:
18:
1326:
Viera, Anthony J.; Larkins-Pettigrew, Margaret (2000-05-01).
2052:
1990:
1883:
434:, pessaries were used as birth control in ancient times.
999:
Viera, Anthony J.; Larkins-Pettigrew, Margaret (2000).
16:
Device inserted into the vagina for medical purposes
2295:
2267:
2239:
2192:
2159:
2040:
1978:
1931:
1867:
1817:
1773:
1733:
1719:
1684:
1635:
1613:
1526:
1473:
1459:
1450:
824:"Treatment Options for Stress Urinary Incontinence"
487:
after being left in the vagina for an extended time
285:is a medical device similar to the outer ring of a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
532:United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries
289:. Therapeutic pessaries are used to support the
1107:Tam, Theresa; Davies, Matthew (December 2013).
1163:Vaginal yeast infections (thrush): What helps?
243:Some additional uses for pessaries are for an
1424:
420:. Oral antifungal agents are also available.
231:can control the urine leakage by pushing the
8:
671:"Pessary - Define Pessary at Dictionary.com"
1366:"Bacterial vaginosis - Symptoms and causes"
235:closed. Pessaries can be removed any time.
2189:
1730:
1632:
1470:
1456:
1431:
1417:
1409:
492:discharge and odor may be associated with
1210:
972:
847:
647:"Contemporary Use of the Pessary | GLOWM"
137:is a prosthetic device inserted into the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
874:Berghella, Vincenzo (December 1, 2016).
504:pessaries that are not fitted for them,
1390:"Vaginal atrophy - Symptoms and causes"
1183:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
553:
1249:"The different types of contraception"
947:Jones, Keisha A; Harmanli, Oz (2010).
876:"Can pessaries prevent preterm birth?"
869:
867:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1102:
1100:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
994:
992:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
822:Rovner, Eric S; Wein, Alan J (2004).
793:
791:
789:
764:
762:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
145:to stop urinary leakage and to treat
7:
953:Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
559:
557:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1788:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1138:"Medline Gehrung Pessary | Pessary"
1119:. OBG Management: 42–44, 48–52, 59
590:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
499:More serious side effects include
208:, long-term respiratory problems,
14:
2230:
1756:
1517:
1511:
770:"What Is Pelvic Organ Prolapse?"
23:
34:needs additional citations for
1328:"Practical Use of the Pessary"
1195:10.1002/14651858.cd003101.pub3
1001:"Practical Use of the Pessary"
910:American Pregnancy Association
475:Side effects and complications
1:
1556:Effervescent powder or tablet
2340:Patient-controlled analgesia
1645:Orally disintegrating tablet
1142:www.healthproductsforyou.com
1067:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824c0806
728:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.12.039
325:). It is also used to treat
272:Different types of pessaries
212:, pelvic organ cancers, and
1055:Obstetrics & Gynecology
880:Contemporary Ob/Gyn Journal
342:Ring with support pessaries
327:stress urinary incontinence
221:Stress urinary incontinence
143:stress urinary incontinence
2407:
1851:Relative analgesia machine
447:
441:
169:An assortment of pessaries
125:Gold-plated stem pessary (
2228:
1754:
1509:
1332:American Family Physician
1005:American Family Physician
538:Diaphragm (birth control)
255:. In early pregnancy the
1440:Routes of administration
565:"Pessaries - Treatments"
414:inserted into the vagina
404:Pharmaceutical pessaries
174:the Greek medical text,
1966:Extra-amniotic infusion
1571:Molecular encapsulation
1503:Osmotic delivery system
1498:Time release technology
471:, to hold it in place.
363:Space-occupying pessary
2269:Central nervous system
2057:
1995:
1923:Mucoadhesive microdisc
1888:
488:
273:
170:
130:
2376:Drug delivery devices
2112:Transfersome vesicles
2056:
1994:
1971:Intravesical infusion
1887:
1302:Northwestern Medicine
803:www.urologyhealth.org
482:
277:Therapeutic pessaries
271:
199:Pelvic organ prolapse
168:
147:pelvic organ prolapse
124:
1798:Metered-dose inhaler
1783:Anesthetic vaporizer
906:"Incompetent Cervix"
834:(Suppl 3): S29–S47.
43:improve this article
2381:Implants (medicine)
2223:Transdermal implant
2183:(into tissue/blood)
1960:Intrauterine device
1841:Anaesthetic machine
1836:Oxygen concentrator
494:bacterial vaginosis
483:Pessary covered in
438:Occlusive pessaries
321:), or small bowel (
307:prolapse of uterine
283:therapeutic pessary
251:and an incompetent
245:incarcerated uterus
127:intrauterine device
2335:Nanocell injection
2058:
1996:
1889:
1743:Dry-powder inhaler
1253:www.nhsinform.scot
828:Reviews in Urology
489:
349:Gellhorn pessaries
274:
264:Types of pessaries
171:
131:
2386:Medical equipment
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2185:
2147:Transdermal spray
2142:Transdermal patch
2132:Medicated shampoo
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1846:Medical inhalants
1793:Medical inhalants
1721:Respiratory tract
1715:
1714:
1609:
1608:
518:Contraindications
382:Gehrung pessaries
356:Marland pessaries
228:sphincter muscles
119:
118:
111:
93:
2398:
2234:
2190:
2181:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1731:
1660:Sublingual drops
1633:
1521:
1515:
1471:
1457:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1338:(9): 2719–2726.
1323:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1050:
1029:
1028:
1011:(9): 2719–2726.
996:
987:
986:
976:
944:
921:
920:
918:
917:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
882:. Vol 65 No 08.
871:
862:
861:
851:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
795:
784:
783:
781:
780:
766:
757:
754:
748:
747:
711:
686:
685:
683:
681:
667:
661:
660:
658:
657:
643:
600:
599:
597:
596:
582:
576:
575:
573:
572:
567:. Voices for PFD
561:
309:, vaginal wall (
247:, prevention of
176:Hippocratic Oath
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2330:Intraperitoneal
2302:musculoskeletal
2300:
2291:
2263:
2259:Intra-articular
2235:
2226:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2155:
2036:
1974:
1927:
1872:
1855:
1813:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1711:
1680:
1605:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1461:Digestive tract
1446:
1437:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1277:www.phisick.com
1271:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1189:(6): CD003101.
1176:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1052:
1051:
1032:
998:
997:
990:
946:
945:
924:
915:
913:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
873:
872:
865:
821:
820:
816:
807:
805:
797:
796:
787:
778:
776:
768:
767:
760:
755:
751:
713:
712:
689:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
655:
653:
645:
644:
603:
594:
592:
584:
583:
579:
570:
568:
563:
562:
555:
551:
527:
477:
461:
452:
446:
440:
432:Pliny the Elder
406:
394:Hodge pessaries
391:
368:Donut pessaries
365:
339:
337:Support pessary
279:
266:
241:
223:
201:
196:
163:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Intracavernous
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2032:Nutrient enema
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1381:
1357:
1313:
1289:
1264:
1240:
1226:
1169:
1153:
1129:
1113:www.mdedge.com
1096:
1061:(4): 852–860.
1030:
988:
922:
897:
863:
814:
785:
758:
749:
722:(2): 125–130.
687:
675:dictionary.com
662:
601:
577:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
526:
523:
476:
473:
460:
457:
442:Main article:
439:
436:
425:Prostaglandins
405:
402:
390:
387:
375:Cube pessaries
364:
361:
338:
335:
278:
275:
265:
262:
240:
237:
222:
219:
214:hysterectomies
200:
197:
195:
192:
162:
159:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Intramuscular
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Intracerebral
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Iontophoresis
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Topical cream
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Nasal cannula
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
923:
911:
907:
901:
898:
885:
881:
877:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
804:
800:
794:
792:
790:
786:
775:
771:
765:
763:
759:
753:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
688:
676:
672:
666:
663:
652:
651:www.glowm.com
648:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
602:
591:
587:
581:
578:
566:
560:
558:
554:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
514:
510:
507:
502:
497:
495:
486:
481:
474:
472:
470:
466:
458:
456:
451:
445:
437:
435:
433:
430:According to
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:suppositories
403:
401:
399:
395:
389:Lever pessary
388:
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
362:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
336:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:vaginal vault
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
270:
263:
261:
258:
254:
250:
249:preterm birth
246:
238:
236:
234:
229:
220:
218:
215:
211:
207:
198:
193:
191:
189:
188:Ambroise Paré
185:
181:
177:
167:
160:
158:
154:
152:
151:contraception
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2371:Dosage forms
2325:Intraosseous
2315:Intracardiac
2254:Intravitreal
2216:Injector pen
2211:Subcutaneous
2182:
2152:Jet injector
2137:Dermal patch
1950:Vaginal ring
1944:
1918:Insufflation
1670:Effervescent
1444:dosage forms
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1229:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1112:
1058:
1054:
1008:
1004:
956:
952:
914:. Retrieved
912:. 2012-04-27
909:
900:
888:. Retrieved
883:
879:
831:
827:
817:
806:. Retrieved
802:
777:. Retrieved
773:
752:
719:
715:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
654:. Retrieved
650:
593:. Retrieved
589:
580:
569:. Retrieved
530:
515:
511:
498:
490:
465:cervical cap
462:
459:Stem pessary
453:
444:Cervical cap
429:
422:
418:clotrimazole
412:, which are
407:
393:
392:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
355:
354:
348:
347:
341:
340:
331:
313:), bladder (
282:
280:
242:
224:
210:constipation
202:
194:Medical uses
172:
155:
134:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2310:Intravenous
2297:Circulatory
2282:Intrathecal
2206:Intradermal
2198:transdermal
2165:Parenterals
2071:Topical gel
2027:Murphy drip
2005:Suppository
1893:Nasal spray
1827:Oxygen mask
1676:Chewing gum
1615:Oral mucosa
1394:Mayo Clinic
1370:Mayo Clinic
543:Suppository
506:herniations
317:), rectum (
180:Hippocrates
129:) from 1920
2365:Categories
2170:Injections
1933:Urogenital
1869:Ophthalmic
1725:inhalation
1699:Toothpaste
1627:sublingual
1591:Suspension
1561:Herbal tea
1399:2020-07-31
1375:2020-07-31
1307:2020-07-30
1258:2020-07-30
1147:2020-07-31
1123:2020-08-03
959:(1): 3–9.
916:2020-08-28
808:2020-08-05
779:2020-08-28
656:2020-07-31
595:2017-12-29
571:2020-07-28
549:References
448:See also:
323:enterocele
69:newspapers
2175:infusions
2107:Liposomes
1903:Eye drops
1898:Ear drops
1809:Vaporizer
1804:Nebulizer
1694:Mouthwash
1623:sublabial
1546:Electuary
1536:Decoction
1344:0002-838X
1298:"Pessary"
1203:1465-1858
1075:0029-7844
1017:0002-838X
965:1941-2797
890:August 5,
840:1523-6161
736:0301-2115
485:phosphate
450:womb veil
398:cystocele
319:rectocele
315:cystocele
287:diaphragm
58:"Pessary"
2346:PIC line
2287:Epidural
2127:Lip balm
2102:Hydrogel
2093:solution
2076:Liniment
2061:Ointment
2020:Hydrogel
2015:Solution
2000:Ointment
1940:Ointment
1913:Hydrogel
1908:Ointment
1704:Ointment
1665:Lozenges
1655:Lollipop
1601:Tincture
1586:Solution
1566:Hydrogel
1551:Emulsion
1493:Pastille
1352:10821152
1221:24941907
1091:21218937
1083:22433350
1025:10821152
983:20508777
858:16985862
744:21255901
525:See also
99:May 2008
2046:topical
1984:enteral
1945:Pessary
1775:Liquids
1748:Smoking
1686:Liquids
1581:Softgel
1528:Liquids
1488:Capsule
1465:enteral
1282:9 April
1212:7138281
974:2876320
849:1472859
680:9 April
501:fistula
299:bladder
233:urethra
206:Obesity
184:Soranus
161:History
135:pessary
83:scholar
2391:Vagina
2241:Organs
2122:Lotion
2042:Dermal
1980:Rectal
1955:Douche
1735:Solids
1672:tablet
1637:Solids
1619:buccal
1576:Powder
1541:Elixir
1483:Tablet
1475:Solids
1350:
1342:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1023:
1015:
981:
971:
963:
856:
846:
838:
742:
734:
303:rectum
295:vagina
291:uterus
257:uterus
253:cervix
139:vagina
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2117:Cream
2081:Paste
2010:Enema
1962:(IUD)
1878:nasal
1800:(MDI)
1708:Spray
1596:Syrup
1087:S2CID
774:WebMD
301:, or
239:Other
90:JSTOR
76:books
2342:pump
2194:Skin
2091:DMSO
2086:Film
1874:otic
1829:and
1650:Film
1452:Oral
1348:PMID
1340:ISSN
1284:2018
1217:PMID
1199:ISSN
1187:2014
1079:PMID
1071:ISSN
1021:PMID
1013:ISSN
979:PMID
961:ISSN
892:2020
854:PMID
836:ISSN
740:PMID
732:ISSN
682:2018
182:and
62:news
1819:Gas
1207:PMC
1191:doi
1063:doi
1059:119
969:PMC
886:(8)
844:PMC
724:doi
720:156
153:.
45:by
2367::
1876:,
1625:,
1621:,
1442:,
1392:.
1368:.
1346:.
1336:61
1334:.
1330:.
1316:^
1300:.
1275:.
1251:.
1215:.
1205:.
1197:.
1185:.
1181:.
1140:.
1117:25
1115:.
1111:.
1099:^
1085:.
1077:.
1069:.
1057:.
1033:^
1019:.
1009:61
1007:.
1003:.
991:^
977:.
967:.
955:.
951:.
925:^
908:.
884:64
878:.
866:^
852:.
842:.
830:.
826:.
801:.
788:^
772:.
761:^
738:.
730:.
718:.
690:^
673:.
649:.
604:^
588:.
556:^
469:os
329:.
297:,
293:,
281:A
133:A
2299:,
2200:)
2196:(
2048:)
2044:(
1986:)
1982:(
1871:,
1767:0
1763:0
1727:)
1723:(
1629:)
1617:(
1467:)
1463:(
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1402:.
1378:.
1354:.
1310:.
1286:.
1261:.
1237:.
1223:.
1193::
1150:.
1126:.
1093:.
1065::
1027:.
985:.
957:3
919:.
894:.
860:.
832:6
811:.
782:.
746:.
726::
684:.
659:.
598:.
574:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
