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biodiversity of thousands of acres of land. Today the effects of these operations have been investigated and through the dumping crude in open pits, burying oil extraction byproducts, and burning unwanted oil without proper treatment, cancer rates amongst indigenous and non-indigenous residence has increased dramatically with in a ten-year time period. As oil weathers, contamination occurs as aromatic compounds are released and invade surrounding aquifers.
338:(OPEC) and, although it is the smallest member, the country produced 531,000 barrels of crude oil per day in 2019. The oil corporation is a significant part of the Ecuadorian economy. The petroleum industry has expanded to the production of refined commodities such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum, and jet fuel. The government of Ecuador is highly dependent on the revenues from the energy sector to support its budget and finance state projects.
124:
413:
the growing energy sector in
Ecuador as it seeks to expand. The state policies have caused domestic conflicts among local communities were the indigenous territories and practices are overlooked in expense to the state economic benefits. In 2003 and in 2010, the protest escalated due to political campaigns urging privatization ( 2003) and expansionist policies enabling foreign corporations access to the market ( 2010)
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Between the years 1964 and 1992 the Texaco
Corporation and years later Petroecuador carried on intensive oil operations in the northeastern region of the Ecuadorian Amazon. These operations affected indigenous and non-indigenous local livelihoods in the area by impairing the ecological functions and
412:
is said to hold 909 million barrels of oil reserves, yet controversial social relations causes protests and political conflicts. The indigenous social relations regarding the oil production of
Ecuador are facing controversial issues. The indigenous communities have suffered various consequences for
375:, and retailing petroleum products. It operates through subsidiaries, such as Petroproduccion (exploration and production), Petroindustrial (refining), and Petrocomercial (transportation and marketing of refined products). The company operates several oil fields, including Shushufindi, Sacha, Auca,
362:
was also invited. From 1977, Texaco became the majority owner (62.5%) until it transferred ownership back to the
Ecuadorean state in 1992, maintaining a 37.5% ownership. The transfer of ownership was due to political policies within Ecuador limiting foreign ownership as well as the decision not to
404:
The Sector organization in 2012 was organized into the
National Oil Companies (NOC's), Petroecuador, Petroamazonas and the Operaciones Rio Napo (which is jointly owned between Ecuador and Venezuela). The company's marketing network includes 148 Petrocomercial service stations.
532:
Petroecuador has been the sole owner and operator of the oil facilities since 1990. In 2000–2008, the company was responsible for 1,415 oil spills. Petroecuador has also failed to clean up sites that were its responsibility under the joint venture.
1053:
O’Reilly K, Thorsen W. Impact of Crude Oil
Weathering on the Calculated Effective Solubility of Aromatic Compounds: Evaluation of Soils from Ecuadorian Oil Fields, Soil and Sediment Contamination 2010; 19 (4):
466:. This happened 14 km. across from the border with Ecuador and approximately 50 miles (80 km.) from its destination. The 21 passengers (all Petroecuador employees) plus the five crew members were killed. The
1283:
350:, founded on September 26, 1989. In its conception, Petroecuador began as a fiscal agent; however, in time, it came to manage and operate most of the country's oil sector. It is the successor to
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according to some critics. The violations are on the health basis concerning the local populations due to bad practice of
Petroecuador as well as foreign industries established within Ecuador.
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indigenous peoples within the Amazon basin in
Ecuador's Oriente (eastern) region. In 1964 oil drilling operations began to take place in previously roadless rainforest carried out by Texaco.
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The largest production of oil in
Ecuador is concentrated in the Northeastern part of the province. The Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini (ITT) in the
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Center for
Economic and Social Rights, Health and Human Rights Vol 01, No01, (1994) Published by The President and fellows of Harvard College.
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Sawyer, Suzanna. Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador.Durham; Duke University Press, 2004.
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On February 26, 1998 there was an explosion and fire at the Petroecuador pipeline in Esmeraldas, a port city in northwest Ecuador.
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Petroecuador has been the subject of controversy over the impact of exploration and pipeline operations on the environment and
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International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 4. St. James Press, 1991,Petroleos del Ecuador History, FundingUniversity.
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E passenger plane (reg. HC-AYM, sn. 511), belonging to the aviation unit of Petroproducción, flying from Quito's
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383:(SOTE), built in 1972 for Texaco-Gulf. Ecuador is the fifth largest oil producer in the Latin American region.
72:
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Dematteis L. Photo Essay: Crude Reflections from the Amazon. Yes! Magazine . 2011 May 4 ; Available from:
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Sawyer, Suzana. “Crude Chronicles.” Durham and London: Duke University Press,2004. 1-294.
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864:"Descripción del Accidente ASN 17 JAN 2002 Fairchild FH-227E HC-AYM - Cerro el Tigre"
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513:, ecological damage and human impacts of these operations. Prof. Judith Kimerling of
734:"Court Appointee in Chevron Ecuador Lawsuit Tied to Ecuador State-Owned Oil Company"
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482:. All these factors were compounded by bad weather (fog) and the plane's lack of a
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In another incident, this one unrelated to oil exploitation, on January 17, 2002 a
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U.S. Energy Information Administration( eia), Jan 2014, Ecuador Countries overview
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http://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/photo-essay-crude-reflections-from-the-amazon-1
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An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy
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21:
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379:, and Libertador. It also operates the Trans-Ecuadorian oil pipeline network,
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Petroecuador is engaged in the exploration, production, storage, refining of
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Esmeraldas Refinery, 110,000 barrels per day (17,000 m/d) (began 1978)
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454:(150 km. west of Quito), went off course and struck the 4500 meter-high
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952:"Background on Texaco Petroleum Company's Former Operations in Ecuador"
811:"BBC News | AMERICAS | Oil explosion in Ecuador kills eleven"
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608:"Special Report: How China took control of an OPEC country's oil"
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Shushufindi Refinery, 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m/d)
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La Libertad Refinery, 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d)
709:"De CEPE a PETROAMAZONAS, privatización y tercerización"
180:
Petroecuador petrol station on the Pan-American Highway
141:
326:; meaning: State Petroleum Company of Ecuador) is the
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Non-renewable resource companies established in 1972
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As of August 2016, the company owns and operates an
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
354:which was formed in 1972. In 1973 Ecuador granted
797:"Embraer delivers ERJ-145 to Ecuador oil company"
509:and ChevronToxico have attempted to document the
336:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
879:"Ecuadorean Amazon oil slick heads towards Peru"
850:"Detresfa, Fairchaild F- 27, Matricula Hc - Aym"
825:"Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley"
352:Corporación Estatal Petrolera Ecuatoriana (CEPE)
748:"Gerencia de Oleoduct o de Petroecuador (SOTE)"
768:"Empresa Pública de Hidrocarburos del Ecuador"
474:by the pilots, owing to distractions (lack of
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627:"Oil production in Ecuador from 1999 to 2019"
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8:
420:aircraft, which was delivered directly from
193:Empresa Pública de Hidrocarburos del Ecuador
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432:Petroecuador has allegedly contributed to
174:
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225:Corporación Estatal Petrolera Ecuatoriana
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
781:"Global Airline Guide 2016 (Part One)".
529:) which details many of these problems.
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1304:Government-owned companies of Ecuador
381:Sistema de Oleoducto Transecuatoriano
320:Empresa Estatal Petróleos del Ecuador
165:National petroleum company of Ecuador
7:
1294:Energy companies established in 1972
44:adding citations to reliable sources
910:Kenneth A. Reinert (26 Dec 2011).
14:
666:Escribano, Gonzalo (2013-06-01).
334:. Ecuador who is a member of the
135:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1274:Oil and gas companies of Ecuador
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975:Santacruz, Silvia (2009-07-21).
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537:Lago Agrio oil field operations
484:ground proximity warning system
358:drilling concessions. In 1964,
31:needs additional citations for
1299:1972 establishments in Ecuador
1279:National oil and gas companies
916:. Cambridge University Press.
877:Watts, Jonathan (2013-06-11).
468:controlled flight into terrain
1:
241:(September 26, 1989
1096:Ecuador Crude Oil Production
1011:. 2008-04-07. Archived from
324:Empresa Pública Petroecuador
1136:Companies headquartered in
684:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.022
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940:. CBS news. 22 April 2014.
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1154:Banco Central del Ecuador
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517:in 1991 published a book
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1008:Latin Business Chronicle
897:"A Rainforest Chernobyl"
505:Advocacy groups such as
480:crew resource management
470:was caused by a loss of
386:Petroecuador owns three
148:may contain suggestions.
133:may need to be rewritten
938:""Amazon Crude" update"
434:human rights violations
1184:DK Management Services
448:Mariscal Sucre Airport
363:re-new the contracts.
348:state-owned enterprise
192:
472:situational awareness
1179:Corporacion Favorita
543:Lago Agrio oil field
490:Environmental record
476:sterile cockpit rule
410:Yasuni National Park
388:petroleum refineries
328:national oil company
279:refined oil products
40:improve this article
785:(October 2016): 13.
464:Putumayo Department
170:
1003:"Ecuadorian Farce"
515:CUNY School of Law
452:Lago Agrio Airport
346:Petroecuador is a
1289:Ecuadorian brands
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424:in October 2008.
418:Embraer ERJ 145LR
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206:(Empresa Pública)
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305:.eppetroecuador
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29:This article
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1244:Teleamazonas
1224:Petroecuador
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1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1006:
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986:. Retrieved
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959:. Retrieved
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883:The Guardian
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688:the original
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635:. Retrieved
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519:Amazon Crude
518:
507:Amazon Watch
504:
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458:mountain in
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390:in Ecuador:
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285:Subsidiaries
254:Headquarters
224:
200:Company type
169:Petroecuador
151:
142:You can help
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1194:El Comercio
678:: 152–159.
478:) and poor
221:Predecessor
215:Oil and gas
187:Native name
1268:Categories
1229:Produbanco
1019:2014-04-25
988:2014-04-25
961:2016-10-14
956:texaco.com
835:2007-03-04
736:. Chevron.
719:2015-10-06
694:2019-10-12
653:"Overview"
637:26 January
594:References
527:0960935851
511:oil spills
377:Lago Agrio
367:Operations
245:1989-09-26
154:April 2014
96:April 2014
66:newspapers
1169:Canal Uno
753:Microsoft
373:crude oil
356:Shell Oil
276:petroleum
146:talk page
1189:Ecuavisa
1054:391-404.
631:Statista
588:Sarayaku
552:See also
496:Huaorani
460:Colombia
272:Products
211:Industry
1209:La Hora
612:Reuters
422:Embraer
342:History
332:Ecuador
298:Website
265:Ecuador
243: (
239:Ecuador
231:Founded
80:scholar
1234:SAEREO
982:Forbes
920:
655:. eia.
525:
360:Texaco
144:. The
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1138:Quito
500:Cofan
259:Quito
235:Quito
87:JSTOR
73:books
1239:TAME
918:ISBN
639:2021
523:ISBN
498:and
59:news
1204:Hoy
680:doi
462:'s
450:to
330:of
307:.ec
303:www
42:by
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