602:
616:
1070:
3854:
1177:, the inner part of the astragalus and the entire calcaneum being absent or non-ossified cartilage elements. As in all known ankylosaurids, the foot has three toes, not four as Maryańska assumed in 1977, misled by the damaged specimen ZPAL MgD−II/9. The phalangeal formule of the toes is variable: most individuals have 0−3−3−4−0 but some exemplars possess an extra penultimate phalanx in the third toe, resulting in 0-3-4-4-0, while others lack a phalanx in the fourth toe, which causes a 0-3-3-3-0 configuration.
476:
1761:
having an average length of circa 1.5 metres. This could be explained by the larger individuals being able to extract themselves from the sand, leaving the small members of the herd behind but in that case it is strange that no very young animals were found, the smallest being about one metre in length. The concentration of fossils at Alag Teeg has been explained as caused by a drying pool, but later research showed the sediments were deposited during a flood. During their
3849:
1709:
681:
139:
1140:
922:
1806:, similar to those of non-avian reptiles. However its mobile cricoid-arytenoid joint and long arytenoid cartilages would have enabled easy opening of the glottis, thus allowing air-flow control similar to that of birds. Also, the cartilages were ossified, implying that laryngeal ossification is a feature of some non-avian dinosaurs. This structure represents the oldest known example of a larynx preserved in a dinosaur, and suggests that
1125:
1154:
1753:
1765:, in juveniles at first the ribs fused with their vertebrae. The forelimbs strongly increased in robustness, while the hindlimbs did not become larger relative to the rest of the skeleton, indicating that the arms bore most of the weight. In the cervical halfrings, the underlying bone band developed outgrowths connecting it with the underlying osteoderms, which simultaneously fused to each other. On the skull, the
3877:
823:
1012:
1779:
997:
1234:
1823:
593:, entire bonebeds have been uncovered of juvenile animals. Soviet-Mongolian expeditions in 1969 and 1970 reported thirty skeletons. Mongolian-Japanese expeditions added another thirty between 1993 and 1998. Forty were reported by Canadian expeditions between 2001 and 2006. The remains have not been all dug up and it is possible the reports partly pertain to the same material.
636:, the Canada−China Dinosaur Project in 1987, 1988, and 1990 found specimens IVPP V16853: a skull with cervical halfrings; IVPP V16283: a partial skull, IVPP V16854: a nearly complete skeleton; IVPP V16346: a partial skull; and IVPP V16855: a skeleton. Other, as yet undescribed material included two finds of several juveniles huddled together, evidently killed by a
1876:
118:
1041:, a hypothesis today entirely discarded. Godefroit in 1999 called it a "secondary dermal squamosal". A real distinctive trait is that the quadratojugal touches the postorbital, whereas in other Thyreophora for which the condition is known, these bones are separated by the jugal. Usually it is assumed that this configuration is not unique for
1087:
holotype, is no longer than about 3 m (9.8 ft). Juveniles had four rear back vertebrae fused into a "sacral rod", three true sacrals, and a tail base of seven vertebrae possessing transverse processes. Behind these about eight "free" vertebrae are present, followed by about twenty vertebrae
1032:
and the temporal fenestrae apparently closed at a very young age for they are no longer visible even in the juveniles found. The squamosal horn does not cover the entire squamosal, creating the illusion that an additional skull bone is present in front of the horn. Maryańska in 1977 thought that this
578:
or worldwide ankylosaur with numerous specimens having been discovered. From the original
Flaming Cliffs or Shabarakh Usu several other fossils have been reported including ZPAL MgD II/1: a nearly complete skeleton; ZPAL MgD II/9: a postcranial skeleton; ZPAL MgD II/31: the handle of a tail club; and
462:
was formed as a large depression pierced by between three and five smaller holes, the purpose of which is uncertain. A smooth beak bit off low-growing plants that were sliced by rows of small teeth and then swallowed to be processed by the enormous hind gut. Neck, back and tail were protected by an
651:
especially provides information on the build of the ankylosaurian skull, as in the juveniles the head armour has not yet fused with the skull proper and the sutures of the various elements are still visible. Modern studies have not yet fully covered the abundance of data. A well-preserved juvenile
1056:
or tongue bone apparatus. It included paraglossalia at the sides, paired first and second ceratobranchials and higher epibranchials. Also the bone structure suggested that in the middle a cartilaginous basihyal was present. The strong development of the hyoid would indicate that a powerful tongue
1760:
In the group of juveniles found together at Bayan
Mandahu, the individuals were all oriented into the same direction, suggesting they represent a travelling true herd simultaneously killed and covered by a sandstorm. It is remarkable that the members of such groups are all of about the same age,
1193:
differed from other species in having three or four segments instead of the usual six, but Arbour concluded that the normal number was in fact present. The sides of the rump and the tail were occupied by moderately long, flat, recurved, triangular spikes. Parallel rows of smaller oval keeled
984:. The precise function of this arrangement is unclear. There are several chambers in the praemaxilla and maxilla to which these holes are connected but it has also been suggested that some extra holes are the result of damage. The larger number with juveniles could be explained by
951:
there are at least three per side. Gilmore already noticed this configuration in the original specimen. To allow a comparison between the holes of the several ankylosaurine species, they have been dubbed "A", "B" and "C". The top hole A seems to access the main air-passage of the
1111:
holotype has a quite robust humerus and ulna, however. The hand is completely known, which is exceptional for ankylosaurids. It has five digits, and the phalangeal formula is 2-3-3-3-2, meaning that the innermost finger of the forelimb has two bones, the next has three, etc. The
1172:
In the pelvis, the ilia flare strongly outwards to the front. The ischium is thin and curves forwards. The hindlimbs are moderately robust. The shinbone has a wide underside with well-formed condyles. Currie therefore assumed that the lower leg articulated directly with the
1057:
compensated for the weakly developed dentition. It was inferred that all dinosaurs had such complex tongue bones but that these were generally lost during fossilisation. However, some of these bones from the specimen were later reinterpreted as the
2201:
Burns, Michael; Arbour, Victoria; Sissons, Robin; Currie, Philip (2011). "Juvenile specimens of
Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1933 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China, with comments on the specific taxonomy of
1027:
The visible sutures of the skull elements in juvenile specimens allowed for the first time to determine their precise arrangement. They generally consisted of indistinctly formed simple shapes. Several skull openings like the
1769:
first ossified at the snout and the rear rim; gradually the ossification extended towards the middle regions. On the rest of the body, the ossification process progressed from the neck onwards in the direction of the tail.
1188:
exemplar. The neck is protected by two cervical halfrings, consisting of keeled rectangular segments fused to an underlying bone band. This band is completely ossified even in juvenile individuals. Godefroit assumed
453:
was a medium-sized ankylosaurine, about 5 metres (16 ft) long and weighed up to 1.9 metric tons (2.1 short tons). Its body was flat and low-slung but not as heavily built as in some other members of the
946:
bears about fourteen teeth. A typical and remarkable element of ankylosaurine skulls is that the nostril is in the shape of a large "narial vestibule" in which several smaller oval holes are present. With
2444:
1732:) when feeding, since their teeth were fairly small and were replaced at a relatively slow rate. Some modern salamanders have similar tongue bones, and use prehensile tongues to pick up food. Though
2349:
Arbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur
Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus".
2241:
Carpenter, K.; Hayashi, S.; Kobayashi, Y.; Maryańska, T.; Barsbold, R.; Sato, K.; Obata, I. (2011). "Saichania chulsanensis (Ornithischia, Ankylosauridae) from the Upper
Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2505:
1724:
preserves large paraglossalia (triangular bones or cartilages located in the tongue) which show signs of muscular stress, and it is thought this was a common feature of ankylosaurs.
897:
has squamosal horns extending to behind beyond the rear of the skull roof, their points representing the widest point of the skull, instead of the upper rims of the eye sockets.
660:
studied the juvenile specimen IGM 100/1014. In 2011, Currie published a study on the hand and foot, body parts often incompletely known with other ankylosaurs. The same year
541:. It consists of a partially crushed skull, lower jaws, the first two neck vertebrae, and dermal bones collected in 1923. The skull is still the largest known of the genus.
664:
dedicated an article to four juveniles from the Bayan
Mandahu. Also in 2011, the postcranial skeleton MPC 100/1305 was described in detail, though at the time referred to
841:
estimated it to have a body mass of a horse. The postcranial skeleton PIN 614 measures 3.66 m (12.0 ft) from the first neck vertebrae to the end of the tail.
4039:
901:
also has a clear transverse narrowing of the skull roof at level of the lacrimals, just in front of the eye sockets. It had been suggested that the rear skull roof of
544:
In 1923, a well-preserved sacrum with the attached right ilium and part of the presacral rod, caudal vertebrae, a left femur and a dermal scute was collected from the
3955:
1184:, of the body is partly known: no single specimen conserves a complete set. Additional information can be gleaned from the larger specimen MPC 100/1305, a possible
976:
described four pairs of openings in total in 1999, and in 2003 a juvenile specimen with five pairs of openings was described. The extra C openings have been named C
447:
skeletons have been found, possibly more than of any other ankylosaur. These predominantly consist of juveniles. Adult fossils have not been found in groups.
1736:
may not have fed on fibrous and woody plants, they may have had a more varied diet, including tough leaves and pulpy fruits. Inversely, this might suggest
4009:
2283:(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs".
4024:
3942:
2712:
Thompson, R. S.; Parish, J. C.; Maidment, S. C. R.; Barrett, P. M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
942:
has exceptionally smooth praemaxillae, front snout bones, forming the bone core of the upper beak, that was in life covered with a horn sheet. The
1083:
The postcranial skeleton of the known fossils is rather lightly built. Most of these represent juveniles, however: even specimen IMM 96BM3/1, the
601:
3853:
1986:"A New Specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Ankylosaurs"
4029:
2808:
2483:
1864:
was an adaptation to gain agility to better fight small theropods, the moderately large club being fast enough to hit these swift targets.
844:
In 2015, Arbour and Currie established some distinguishing traits of the genus. The upper snout armour does not consist of distinct tiles,
487:
2696:
2397:
Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (2015-07-28). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
672:
and colleagues described and illustrated the original Alag Teeg material from the Soviet-Mongolian expeditions in 1969 and 1970.
848:, but of a fused mass. Adult individuals have a skull that is longer than wide. This trait is shared with the distant relatives
615:
3870:
1889:
443:
named in 1999, is a second possibly valid species differing from the type species in details of the skull armour. At least 24
4034:
3848:
711:
1069:
702:
in 1935. The rather complete skeleton lacks a present inventory number; it is now considered to be the same species as
138:
2755:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
794:
669:
661:
2801:
833:
was a lightly built, medium-sized animal, fully grown individuals reached a total length of 5 m (16 ft).
790:
657:
2445:"A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China)"
1997:
1230:
is an adult with a skull that is longer than it is wide, which might cause a more basal position of the latter.
758:-Chinese expedition discovered a large and articulated skeleton in the Bayan Mandahu Formation. It was named as
4014:
2899:
1194:
osteoderms were present on the back. A continuous "sacral shield" on the hip, made of fused plates, is absent.
1948:
Gilmore, C. W. (1933). "Two new dinosaurian reptiles from
Mongolia with notes on some fragmentary specimens".
2576:
633:
526:
511:
4019:
3897:
607:
Mass-mortality juvenile specimens from Bayan
Mandahu. Under excavation in 1988 (A), and juvenile skull (B)
878:
in the lack of an ornamented rear edge of the skull roof and in the cheek horn not being curved upwards.
3981:
2926:
2794:
1249:
931:
905:
was more convex but Arbour and Currie concluded it essentially had the same curvature. The holotype of
475:
3929:
3880:
2721:
2533:
2358:
2292:
2250:
2215:
2040:
281:
2596:"A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia"
733:, which is known from poorly preserved cranial and postcranial fragments, to be a junior synonym of
3286:
3183:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1803:
1037:, otherwise unknown in dinosaurs, proving that the Ankylosauria had independently evolved from the
1029:
653:
583:); and possibly MPC 100/1305, a postcranial skeleton erroneously described in 2011 as belonging to
499:
793:
in 2012, based on the "secondary dermal" (squamosal) horns and narial characteristics. Arbour and
3022:
2772:
2737:
2549:
2422:
2374:
2308:
2123:
2064:
2009:
972:
juveniles the C hole seems to consist of secondary smaller openings of varying number: Godefroit
968:
the C hole is below the A hole and the B opening is on the lower outer side of the vestibule. In
590:
345:
277:
133:
2524:
Buffetaut, E. (1995). "An ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Upper
Cretaceous of Shandong (China)".
2173:
2098:
1708:
680:
3986:
1929:
3968:
3960:
3779:
3043:
2692:
2669:
2651:
2579:
2479:
2414:
2331:
2056:
1811:
1799:
1496:
864:
differs from those in the possession of extra openings in the nostril and a pointy protruding
507:
3973:
2142:
3244:
3191:
3029:
2764:
2729:
2659:
2643:
2607:
2541:
2406:
2366:
2300:
2258:
2223:
2113:
2048:
2001:
1993:
1953:
1881:
1139:
921:
763:
738:
695:
1222:
species between the respective analyses, is influenced by the fact that the best preserved
1218:. As indicated by Thompson et al. 2012, the difference in the relative position of the two
3709:
3673:
3613:
3579:
3572:
3465:
3406:
3278:
3175:
3091:
3051:
2884:
2632:"An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs"
1314:
838:
834:
778:
726:
715:
414:
2725:
2537:
2362:
2296:
2254:
2219:
2097:
Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Sissons, R.; Vickaryous, M. K. (2011).
2044:
1124:
3772:
3758:
3744:
3652:
3625:
3521:
3502:
3417:
3363:
3228:
3198:
3168:
3131:
3107:
2664:
2631:
1752:
1579:
1553:
1259:
1215:
1097:
1089:
798:
770:
730:
691:
629:
495:
455:
257:
244:
2452:
Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre
2279:
Burns, Michael; Tumanova, Tatiana; Currie, Philip (Jan 2015). "Postcrania of juvenile
1153:
964:
the armour overhangs the hole. The opening pattern is characteristic of the genus: in
4003:
3735:
3645:
3638:
3590:
3534:
3481:
3447:
3348:
3294:
3269:
3251:
3154:
3100:
3073:
3065:
2776:
2572:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages
2553:
2426:
2312:
2127:
2068:
1899:
1741:
1434:
1273:
874:
720:
545:
364:
68:
2741:
2378:
909:
has very long cheek horns but a juvenile specimen, MPC 100/1344, found as part of a
640:. Whereas ankylosaur skeletons have often been preserved laying on their back, most
3765:
3751:
3564:
3488:
3433:
3384:
3356:
3341:
3328:
3301:
3220:
3205:
3161:
3141:
3008:
2990:
2968:
2938:
2911:
2859:
2817:
2013:
1856:
1778:
1536:
1448:
1211:
1203:
1046:
1034:
953:
743:
644:
juveniles are found on their belly in a resting position, with the legs tucked in.
557:
515:
433:
400:
289:
231:
199:
2768:
2410:
2262:
2227:
1011:
822:
2733:
1728:
and other ankylosaurs likely relied heavily on muscular tongues and hyobranchia (
960:
this hole is visible in top view through a notch in the snout armour, whereas in
3800:
3717:
3666:
3606:
3557:
3399:
3377:
3309:
3258:
3058:
3036:
2868:
1843:
1603:
1297:
1233:
1113:
856:
491:
403:
215:
43:
2647:
2028:
1822:
996:
647:
Because of the many finds, in principle the entire juvenile skeleton is known.
525:, "plank", in reference to the small rectangular scutes covering the head. The
3793:
3786:
3724:
3599:
3550:
3542:
3495:
3440:
3426:
3392:
3370:
3236:
3080:
3015:
2545:
2052:
1871:
1403:
1181:
1174:
1130:
1053:
1038:
850:
637:
529:
honours Granger, who accompanied the 1923 expedition as a paleontologist. The
464:
296:
88:
53:
30:
2655:
2418:
2060:
1088:
stiffened by projections and forming the "handle" of the tail club. Like all
3807:
3687:
3474:
3454:
3316:
3213:
3115:
2335:
1851:
1737:
1479:
1362:
1245:
1161:
1101:
985:
585:
538:
418:
150:
93:
37:
3920:
2673:
2118:
1100:
at the end of its tail which it likely used as a defensive weapon against
893:
has a notch in the snout armour just above the innermost nostril opening.
706:. The same is true of fragmentary remains, specimen PIN 614, described as
117:
3914:
3814:
2850:
2841:
2370:
1762:
1620:
1073:
802:
549:
530:
494:
in Mongolia in the 1920s. Among the many paleontological finds from the "
422:
406:
183:
170:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2304:
2099:"Hands, feet and behaviour in Pinacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae)"
2029:"An ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong (China)"
579:
PIN 3780/3: a skull; PIN 614: a nearly complete postcranial skeleton (=
467:. The animal could also actively defend itself by means of a tail club.
3947:
3702:
3694:
1860:
were present. It has been suggested that the relatively light build of
1835:
1386:
943:
755:
459:
98:
73:
2612:
2595:
2507:
Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs
2835:
2630:
Yoshida, Junki; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Norell, Mark A. (2023-02-15).
2005:
1957:
1787:
1058:
160:
3891:
1985:
1116:
are closely appressed and held vertical. The claws are hoof-shaped.
777:, "head", in reference to the "devilish" squamosal horns. In 2010,
537:, was found in a layer of the Djadokhta Formation, dating from the
3659:
2478:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 232.
2443:
Godefroit, P.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Li, H.; Dong, Z. M. (1999).
1847:
1821:
1777:
1751:
1729:
1707:
1232:
1068:
938:
The adult skulls known have a length of about thirty centimetres.
920:
821:
698:
at the Bayan Mandahu Formation, and described it as a new species
679:
553:
474:
426:
396:
1107:
The torso is very flat. The forelimbs are moderately robust; the
3934:
3821:
2594:
Hill, R. V.; D'Emic, M. D.; Bever, G. S.; Norell, M. A. (2015).
575:
410:
3895:
2828:
2790:
2786:
2143:"New data on the skull of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ankylosauria)"
1756:
Mass-mortality juveniles from Bayan Mandahu, showing quarry map
563:
1052:
In 2015, a juvenile specimen was described showing a complex
837:
estimated its body mass at 1.9 t (4,200 lb), while
458:. The head was protected by bone tiles, hence its name. Each
502:
in Shabarakh Usu (Bayn Dzak) were the original specimens of
2691:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 560.
1998:
10.1206/0003-0082(2003)395<0001:ANSOPG>2.0.CO;2
432:
The first remains of the genus were found in 1923, and the
2326:
Young, C. C. (1935). "On a new nodosaurid from Ninghsia".
881:
Arbour and Currie also provided a list of traits in which
589:. At another site, Alag Teeg now considered part of the
621:
Skull of specimen IVPP V16853, from previous photograph
1712:
Snout morphology and diet of Mongolian ankylosaurids;
1252:
of the Ankylosaurinae conducted by Arbour and Currie:
747:. In 2015, Arbour and Currie again concluded it was a
1850:. No large theropods are known to have inhabited the
797:
have confirmed that the species was valid. In 1995,
490:
sponsored several Central Asiatic Expeditions to the
3904:
3734:
3624:
3589:
3520:
3464:
3416:
3327:
3268:
3140:
3129:
3090:
2988:
2937:
2910:
2883:
2274:
2272:
16:
Genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from Late Cretaceous
1984:Hill, R. V.; Witmer, L. W.; Norell, M. A. (2003).
1226:skulls are from juveniles, while the holotype of
694:("C. C. Young") discovered a new specimen in the
421:, roughly 75 to 71 million years ago), mainly in
2438:
2436:
1180:The configuration of the skin ossifications, or
725:("thick-headed Black Mountain lizard") from the
521:. The generic name is derived from Greek πίναξ,
2167:
2165:
2163:
769:in 1999. The specific name is a contraction of
2802:
2499:
2497:
2495:
1943:
1941:
1939:
737:as well. It was first described in 1953 as a
8:
2565:
2563:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1810:was likely capable of making loud, possibly
1165:skull cast, showing armour on back and limbs
2589:
2587:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2196:
2194:
2174:"Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia"
3892:
3630:
3526:
3333:
3146:
3137:
3000:
2996:
2985:
2916:
2889:
2880:
2825:
2809:
2795:
2787:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
868:on the prefrontal, directed to the front.
116:
20:
2663:
2611:
2600:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2117:
801:referred ankylosaurian remains found in
4040:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
1921:
789:. It was considered a valid species by
2689:Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs
2476:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
826:Size compared to an average human male
718:, Burns and Sissons (2009) considered
2625:
2623:
2392:
2390:
2388:
988:sheets not having been ossified yet.
729:, near Heishan (= "Black Mountain"),
7:
2513:(PhD Thesis). University of Alberta.
929:on the left, compared with those of
762:, holotype specimen IMM 96BM3/1, by
2757:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2714:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2399:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1595:
1528:
1521:
1471:
1464:
1440:
1378:
1354:
1347:
1289:
1265:
1255:
913:group, shows a similar elongation.
2351:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1104:. This club was relatively small.
1049:of the Ankylosauridae as a whole.
741:and had been usually considered a
488:American Museum of Natural History
14:
4010:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
2570:Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007).
1790:was described from a specimen of
4025:Taxa named by Charles W. Gilmore
3876:
3875:
3852:
3847:
2328:Palaeontologica Sinica, Series C
1874:
1152:
1138:
1123:
1010:
995:
614:
600:
137:
1890:Timeline of ankylosaur research
676:Additional species and synonyms
2243:Palaeontographica, Abteilung A
1826:Map of Mongolia showing where
818:Size and distinguishing traits
395:(meaning "Plank lizard") is a
1:
4030:Fossil taxa described in 1933
2769:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
2411:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
2228:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.11.007
2106:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1798:. The larynx was composed of
760:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
712:Evgenii Aleksandrovich Maleev
441:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
127:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
2734:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
1854:, though smaller ones like
1214:and a likely member of the
1210:is now considered to be an
656:in 1971 and 1977. In 2003,
4056:
2648:10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x
889:differed from each other.
3865:
3845:
3633:
3529:
3336:
3149:
3003:
2999:
2984:
2965:
2919:
2892:
2879:
2824:
2577:Genus List for Holtz 2012
2546:10.1017/S0016756800018914
2053:10.1017/s0016756800018914
1990:American Museum Novitates
1950:American Museum Novitates
1617:
1600:
1593:
1576:
1550:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1493:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1445:
1438:
1400:
1383:
1376:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1287:
1270:
1263:
1202:Originally placed in the
785:were a junior synonym of
700:Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis
355:Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis
351:
344:
316:
311:
295:
288:
134:Scientific classification
132:
125:Mounted skeleton cast of
124:
115:
23:
2027:Buffetaut, Eric (1995).
925:The skull of a juvenile
708:Syrmosaurus viminocaudus
581:Syrmosaurus viminocaudus
514:named and described the
377:Syrmosaurus viminocaudus
2285:Journal of Paleontology
2263:10.1127/pala/294/2011/1
2181:Palaeontologia Polonica
2150:Palaeontologia Polonica
1830:fossils have been found
1812:bird-like vocalizations
1763:ontogenetic development
1720:A juvenile specimen of
652:skull was described by
634:Bayan Mandahu Formation
512:Charles Whitney Gilmore
2687:Martin, A. J. (2006).
2636:Communications Biology
2504:Arbour, V. M. (2014).
2172:Maryańska, T. (1977).
2141:Maryańska, T. (1971).
1831:
1794:by Norell and Yoshida
1786:In 2023, a fossilized
1783:
1757:
1717:
1241:
1133:of a juvenile specimen
1080:
935:
827:
688:
483:
3982:Paleobiology Database
2281:Pinacosaurus grangeri
2119:10.4202/app.2010.0055
1825:
1781:
1755:
1711:
1250:phylogenetic analysis
1248:is based on the 2015
1236:
1072:
932:Anodontosaurus lambei
927:Pinacosaurus grangeri
924:
825:
684:Holotype specimen of
683:
568:by Buffetaut (1995).
560:and was described as
519:Pinacosaurus grangeri
478:
437:Pinacosaurus grangeri
301:Pinacosaurus grangeri
4035:Ornithischian genera
2474:Paul, G. S. (2010).
2371:10.1671/039.029.0405
1804:arytenoid cartilages
1065:Postcranial skeleton
471:Discovery and naming
2726:2012JSPal..10..301T
2538:1995GeoM..132..683B
2526:Geological Magazine
2363:2009JVPal..29.1117A
2305:10.1017/jpa.2014.14
2297:2015JPal...89..168B
2255:2011PalAA.294....1C
2220:2011CrRes..32..174B
2208:Cretaceous Research
2045:1995GeoM..132..683B
2033:Geological Magazine
1895:Djadokhta Formation
1228:P. mephistocephalus
1109:P. mephistocephalus
1085:P. mephistocephalus
1030:antorbital fenestra
1018:P. mephistocephalus
962:P. mephistocephalus
907:P. mephistocephalus
903:P. mephistocephalus
899:P. mephistocephalus
895:P. mephistocephalus
887:P. mephistocephalus
783:P. mephistocephalus
686:P. mephistocephalus
500:Djadokhta Formation
439:was named in 1933.
2580:Weight Information
1846:interspersed with
1832:
1784:
1758:
1718:
1242:
1159:MPC 100/1305 with
1081:
936:
828:
773:and Greek κεφαλή,
689:
591:Alagteeg Formation
574:is the best known
556:by H. C. T'an and
510:in 1923. In 1933,
484:
479:Holotype skull of
3997:
3996:
3969:Open Tree of Life
3898:Taxon identifiers
3889:
3888:
3861:
3860:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3780:Nodocephalosaurus
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3125:
3124:
3044:Serendipaceratops
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2613:10.1111/zoj.12293
2485:978-0-6911-3720-9
2458:(supp. B): 17–36.
2214:(2011): 174–186.
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1565:
1564:
1508:
1507:
1497:Nodocephalosaurus
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
983:
979:
668:. Most recently,
508:Walter W. Granger
463:armour of keeled
388:
387:
382:
373:
360:
338:
284:
4047:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3893:
3879:
3878:
3856:
3851:
3631:
3527:
3334:
3245:Propanoplosaurus
3192:Glyptodontopelta
3147:
3138:
3030:Priodontognathus
3001:
2997:
2986:
2917:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2826:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2103:
2094:
2073:
2072:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1981:
1962:
1961:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1910:Teresa Maryańska
1905:Halszka Osmólska
1884:
1882:Dinosaurs portal
1879:
1878:
1877:
1818:Paleoenvironment
1596:
1529:
1522:
1472:
1465:
1441:
1379:
1355:
1348:
1290:
1266:
1256:
1156:
1142:
1127:
1074:Life restoration
1014:
999:
981:
977:
764:Pascal Godefroit
739:pachycephalosaur
696:Ningxia Province
654:Teresa Maryańska
618:
604:
380:
371:
358:
332:
328:mephistocephalus
276:
269:
256:
243:
230:
214:
198:
142:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4015:Djadochta fauna
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3857:
3827:
3730:
3710:Tianzhenosaurus
3674:Minotaurasaurus
3620:
3614:Zhongyuansaurus
3585:
3580:Zhejiangosaurus
3573:Liaoningosaurus
3508:
3466:Struthiosaurini
3460:
3412:
3407:Tatankacephalus
3323:
3279:Gargoyleosaurus
3264:
3176:Gargoyleosaurus
3134:
3121:
3092:Parankylosauria
3086:
3052:Sinankylosaurus
2993:
2972:
2953:
2933:
2906:
2900:Avemetatarsalia
2885:Avemetatarsalia
2875:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2785:
2784:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2574:. Random House.
2569:
2568:
2561:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2076:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1983:
1982:
1965:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1842:consisted of a
1820:
1776:
1750:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1566:
1509:
1425:
1416:
1315:Zhejiangosaurus
1237:Restoration of
1200:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1067:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1000:
919:
839:Thomas R. Holtz
835:Gregory S. Paul
820:
815:
781:suggested that
779:Gregory S. Paul
727:Minhe Formation
678:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
619:
610:
609:
608:
605:
473:
415:Late Cretaceous
379:
370:
357:
331:
307:
304:
275:
267:
254:
241:
228:
212:
196:
136:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3773:Euoplocephalus
3769:
3762:
3759:Anodontosaurus
3755:
3748:
3745:Akainacephalus
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3653:Crichtonsaurus
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3626:Ankylosaurinae
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3522:Ankylosauridae
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3503:Struthiosaurus
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3418:Panoplosaurini
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3364:Niobrarasaurus
3360:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:Polacanthoides
3225:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3199:Horshamosaurus
3195:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3169:Dongyangopelta
3165:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3132:Euankylosauria
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3108:Kunbarrasaurus
3104:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2763:(5): 385–444.
2747:
2704:
2697:
2679:
2619:
2606:(4): 892–909.
2583:
2559:
2532:(6): 683–692.
2516:
2491:
2484:
2461:
2432:
2405:(5): 385–444.
2384:
2341:
2318:
2291:(1): 168–182.
2268:
2233:
2190:
2159:
2133:
2112:(3): 489–504.
2074:
2039:(6): 683–692.
2019:
1992:(3395): 1–29.
1963:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1869:
1866:
1819:
1816:
1775:
1772:
1749:
1746:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:Euoplocephalus
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:Anodontosaurus
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1260:Ankylosaurinae
1254:
1244:The following
1216:Ankylosaurinae
1199:
1198:Classification
1196:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1066:
1063:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
918:
915:
819:
816:
814:
811:
799:Eric Buffetaut
771:Mephistopheles
731:Gansu Province
692:Yang Zhongjian
677:
674:
630:Inner Mongolia
620:
613:
612:
611:
606:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
496:Flaming Cliffs
472:
469:
456:Ankylosaurinae
409:that lived in
386:
385:
384:
383:
374:
361:
349:
348:
342:
341:
340:
339:
314:
313:
312:Other species
309:
308:
305:
293:
292:
286:
285:
265:
261:
260:
258:Ankylosaurinae
252:
248:
247:
245:Ankylosauridae
239:
235:
234:
226:
219:
218:
210:
203:
202:
194:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Ankylosaurids
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3855:
3850:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3736:Ankylosaurini
3733:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:Crichtonpelta
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:Bissektipelta
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3591:Shamosaurinae
3588:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:Ahshislepelta
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:Hungarosaurus
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:Panoplosaurus
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:Ahshislepelta
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:Hoplitosaurus
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3270:Polacanthinae
3267:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:Rhadinosaurus
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:Acanthopholis
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:Antarctopelta
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:Tianchisaurus
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:Stegosaurides
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2698:1-4051-3413-5
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:(1–3): 1–61.
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1952:(679): 1–20.
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Evgeny Maleev
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:Larynx fossil
1780:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1742:insectivorous
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:Ankylosaurini
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:Crichtonpelta
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:ankylosaurids
1086:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1004:
998:
989:
987:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
934:
933:
928:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
876:
875:Crichtonpelta
872:differs from
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
824:
817:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Michael Burns
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:pachycephalus
722:
721:Heishansaurus
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
682:
675:
673:
671:
670:Michael Burns
667:
663:
662:Michael Burns
659:
655:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
617:
603:
594:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
573:
569:
567:
565:
562:Pinacosaurus
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Wangshi Group
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:specific name
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
477:
470:
468:
466:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
393:
378:
375:
368:
367:pachycephalus
366:
365:Heishansaurus
362:
356:
353:
352:
350:
347:
343:
336:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
315:
310:
306:Gilmore, 1933
303:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
3906:Pinacosaurus
3905:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3766:Dyoplosaurus
3764:
3757:
3752:Ankylosaurus
3750:
3743:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3681:Pinacosaurus
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3578:
3571:
3565:Hylaeosaurus
3563:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3501:
3494:
3489:Pawpawsaurus
3487:
3480:
3473:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3434:Denversaurus
3432:
3425:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3385:Peloroplites
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3357:Borealopelta
3355:
3347:
3342:Acantholipan
3340:
3329:Nodosaurinae
3315:
3308:
3302:Peloroplites
3300:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3221:Mymoorapelta
3219:
3212:
3206:Hylaeosaurus
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3162:Anoplosaurus
3160:
3153:
3142:Nodosauridae
3114:
3106:
3099:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3009:Cryptosaurus
3007:
2991:Ankylosauria
2969:Ankylosauria
2967:
2939:Ankylosauria
2927:Ornithischia
2912:Ornithischia
2864:
2860:Ornithischia
2855:
2846:
2818:Ankylosauria
2760:
2756:
2750:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2639:
2635:
2603:
2599:
2571:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2506:
2475:
2455:
2451:
2402:
2398:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2330:(11): 1–34.
2327:
2321:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2211:
2207:
2204:Pinacosaurus
2203:
2184:
2180:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2109:
2105:
2036:
2032:
2022:
1989:
1949:
1924:
1862:Pinacosaurus
1861:
1857:Velociraptor
1855:
1840:Pinacosaurus
1839:
1833:
1828:Pinacosaurus
1827:
1808:Pinacosaurus
1807:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1774:Vocalization
1766:
1759:
1734:Pinacosaurus
1733:
1730:tongue bones
1726:Pinacosaurus
1725:
1722:Pinacosaurus
1721:
1719:
1713:
1699:Paleobiology
1619:
1618:
1602:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1552:
1551:
1537:Ankylosaurus
1535:
1534:
1495:
1494:
1478:
1477:
1449:Dyoplosaurus
1447:
1446:
1402:
1401:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1360:
1332:Pinacosaurus
1331:
1330:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1295:
1272:
1271:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1220:Pinacosaurus
1219:
1212:ankylosaurid
1208:Pinacosaurus
1207:
1206:by Gilmore,
1204:Nodosauridae
1201:
1191:Pinacosaurus
1190:
1186:Pinacosaurus
1185:
1179:
1171:
1160:
1108:
1106:
1094:Pinacosaurus
1093:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1051:
1047:synapomorphy
1043:Pinacosaurus
1042:
1035:tabular bone
1026:
1017:
1002:
973:
970:Pinacosaurus
969:
966:Pinacosaurus
965:
961:
957:
954:nasal cavity
949:Pinacosaurus
948:
940:Pinacosaurus
939:
937:
930:
926:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
873:
870:Pinacosaurus
869:
865:
862:Pinacosaurus
861:
855:
849:
845:
843:
831:Pinacosaurus
830:
829:
807:Pinacosaurus
806:
786:
782:
774:
766:
759:
753:
749:nomen dubium
748:
744:nomen dubium
742:
734:
719:
707:
703:
699:
690:
685:
665:
649:Pinacosaurus
648:
646:
642:Pinacosaurus
641:
627:
584:
580:
572:Pinacosaurus
571:
570:
561:
558:Otto Zdansky
543:
534:
522:
518:
516:type species
504:Pinacosaurus
503:
485:
480:
451:Pinacosaurus
450:
449:
445:Pinacosaurus
444:
440:
436:
434:type species
431:
404:thyreophoran
401:ankylosaurid
392:Pinacosaurus
391:
390:
389:
381:Maleev, 1952
376:
372:Bohlin, 1953
363:
354:
334:
327:
326:
321:
320:
300:
299:
290:Type species
272:Pinacosaurus
271:
270:
232:Ankylosauria
222:
206:
200:Ornithischia
190:
177:
126:
25:Pinacosaurus
24:
18:
3801:Scolosaurus
3718:Tsagantegia
3667:Jinyunpelta
3607:Shamosaurus
3558:Chuanqilong
3400:Silvisaurus
3378:Patagopelta
3310:Polacanthus
3259:Sauroplites
3059:Spicomellus
3037:Sarcolestes
2869:Thyreophora
2357:(4): 1117.
1844:semi-desert
1792:P. grangeri
1767:caputegulae
1744:behaviour.
1714:P. grangeri
1604:Scolosaurus
1298:Tsagantegia
1239:P. grangeri
1224:P. grangeri
1114:metatarsals
1078:P. grangeri
1003:P. grangeri
958:P. grangeri
911:P. grangeri
891:P. grangeri
883:P. grangeri
857:Shamosaurus
846:caputegulae
813:Description
791:Robert Hill
787:P. grangeri
754:In 1996, a
735:P. grangeri
704:P. grangeri
658:Robert Hill
506:, found by
492:Gobi Desert
481:P. grangeri
413:during the
359:Young, 1935
251:Subfamily:
216:Thyreophora
36:75–71
4004:Categories
3869:See also:
3794:Platypelta
3787:Oohkotokia
3725:Zaraapelta
3600:Gobisaurus
3551:Cedarpelta
3543:Aletopelta
3496:Stegopelta
3441:Edmontonia
3427:Animantarx
3393:Sauropelta
3371:Nodosaurus
3237:Priconodon
3081:Vectipelta
3016:Dracopelta
2948:see below↓
2851:Dinosauria
2720:(2): 301.
2642:(1): 152.
1916:References
1404:Zaraapelta
1182:osteoderms
1175:metatarsus
1145:Limb bones
1131:Metacarpus
1054:hyoid bone
1039:Aetosauria
866:caputegula
851:Gobisaurus
465:osteoderms
333:Godefroit
184:Dinosauria
31:Cretaceous
3808:Talarurus
3688:Saichania
3475:Europelta
3455:Texasetes
3317:Taohelong
3214:Invictarx
3116:Stegouros
2834:Kingdom:
2777:214625754
2656:2399-3642
2554:130743586
2427:214625754
2419:1477-2019
2313:130610291
2187:: 85–151.
2128:129291148
2069:130743586
2061:0016-7568
2006:2246/2821
1958:2246/2076
1852:ecosystem
1738:ant-eater
1480:Talarurus
1363:Saichania
1246:cladogram
1162:Saichania
1102:predators
1098:bony club
986:cartilage
714:in 1952.
666:Saichania
638:sandstorm
586:Saichania
539:Campanian
535:AMNH 6523
498:" of the
419:Campanian
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
3915:Wikidata
3881:Category
3871:Timeline
3815:Ziapelta
3287:Gastonia
3184:Gastonia
2842:Chordata
2840:Phylum:
2836:Animalia
2742:86002282
2674:36792659
2379:85665879
2336:18514008
2156:: 45–53.
1868:See also
1621:Ziapelta
803:Shandong
566:grangeri
550:Shandong
531:holotype
423:Mongolia
407:dinosaur
346:Synonyms
238:Family:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
3974:4946566
3961:1115188
3948:4574575
3935:4530851
3703:Tarchia
3695:Shanxia
2722:Bibcode
2665:9932143
2534:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2293:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2216:Bibcode
2041:Bibcode
2014:3253690
1836:habitat
1800:cricoid
1716:in left
1387:Tarchia
944:maxilla
775:kephalè
756:Belgian
632:at the
460:nostril
278:Gilmore
264:Genus:
105:↓
3921:Q31422
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1930:"PBDB"
1788:larynx
1748:Growth
1740:-like
1096:had a
1059:larynx
1045:but a
1033:was a
974:et al.
860:, but
767:et al.
716:Arbour
335:et al.
3987:38833
3956:IRMNG
3660:Datai
3023:Minmi
2865:Clade
2856:Clade
2847:Clade
2773:S2CID
2738:S2CID
2550:S2CID
2511:(PDF)
2448:(PDF)
2423:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2177:(PDF)
2146:(PDF)
2124:S2CID
2102:(PDF)
2065:S2CID
2010:S2CID
1848:oases
1796:et al
1020:skull
1005:skull
980:and C
956:. In
917:Skull
805:to a
576:Asian
554:China
523:pinax
427:China
397:genus
223:Clade
207:Clade
191:Clade
178:Clade
3943:GBIF
3822:Zuul
2925:see
2898:see
2693:ISBN
2670:PMID
2652:ISSN
2480:ISBN
2415:ISSN
2332:OCLC
2057:ISSN
1834:The
1802:and
1704:Diet
885:and
854:and
809:sp.
486:The
425:and
411:Asia
337:1999
282:1933
44:PreꞒ
3930:EoL
2765:doi
2730:doi
2660:PMC
2644:doi
2608:doi
2604:175
2542:doi
2530:132
2407:doi
2367:doi
2301:doi
2259:doi
2247:294
2224:doi
2206:".
2114:doi
2049:doi
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2002:hdl
1994:doi
1954:hdl
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