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313:(Justice and Freedom) operating in Turin. An Italian post-war government committee investigating collaborators and OVRA concluded about the writer: "…the last doubt (on Pitigrilli being OVRA informant number 373) could not stand after the unequivocal and categorical testimonies … about encounters and confidential conversations that took place exclusively with Pitigrilli".
224:, the secret service of the Fascist government. He provided information about anti-fascist Jewish writers in his circle, as well as Jewish relatives. OVRA dismissed him in 1939, after he was exposed in Paris when a file including his name was found by French police in the flat of Vincenzo Bellavia, the OVRA director there.
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Despite his work for the government, Pitigrilli began to be persecuted as a Jew. His books were banned, as was his magazine, and he could not write for other magazines. In June 1940, Italy entered the war as an ally of Nazi
Germany. Turin police included Pitigrilli on a list of "dangerous Jews" to be
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It was
Pitigrilli's marriage to a Jewish woman more than his own ancestry that initially made him the focus of the 1938 Racial Laws. By 1939 he was being referred to in OVRA files as a "Jewish writer." Claiming to seek exemption from the Racial Laws for his son, in 1938 Pitigrilli sought a ruling on
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Pitigrilli appealed directly to the government for release from internal exile and was freed by the end of the year. By 1941 he went to Rome, where he wrote movie dialogue anonymously to circumvent the racial law and make some kind of living. He offered his services again to OVRA, saying his status
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In July 1940 in Genoa, after he had already been interned as a Jew in Uscio, a small town nearby, Pitigrilli married the attorney Lina Furlan of Turin, who had handled his case with the
Vatican. A Catholic, she was violating racial purity laws by marrying someone considered to be Jewish. They had a
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Pitigrilli had travelled in Europe in the 1930s while maintaining his house in Turin. His efforts, beginning in 1938, to change his racial status were not successful, and he was interned as a Jew in 1940, after Italy's entrance into the war as an ally of
Germany. He was released the same year, and
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In July 1943 Mussolini's fascist regime fell. Six weeks later the
Germans occupied Italy, and Pitigrilli fled to neutral Switzerland. His wife and daughter, who were recorded as Catholic, could travel openly and joined him there. They lived in Switzerland until 1947 and after the war's end.
118:. In 1932 he married a Jewish woman after she became pregnant during their relationship. They married outside the Catholic Church. They had one son, Gianni Segre. By the late 1930s, they had long been separated and were living apart, but there was no divorce in Italy.
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From 1930 Segre started travelling around Europe, staying mainly in Paris with brief periods in Italy. In 1936 the fascist government prevented reprinting of his books, on moral grounds. Seeking to join the
Fascist Party, he wrote directly to Mussolini in 1938.
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Race Laws of the
Fascist government. Although baptized a Catholic, Segre was classified as Jewish at that time. His father was Jewish, and Pitigrilli had married a Jewish woman (although they had long lived apart). He had worked in the 1930s as an informant for
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wrote: “The name of the author
Pitigrilli … is so well known in Italy as to be almost a byword for ‘naughtiness’ … The only wonder to us is that some enterprising translator did not render some of his books available in English sooner.”
208:. Among his most well-known aphorisms are "Fragments: a providential resource for writers who don't know how to put together an entire book" and "Grammar: a complicated structure that teaches language but impedes speaking".
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by the
Catholic Church because of his treatment of drug use and sex. It has been translated into several languages and re-issued in several editions. Pitigrilli published novels up until 1974, the year before his death.
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during the 1930s, until 1939. Stille noted that the
Fascist secret police used intelligence from these conversations to arrest and prosecute anti-fascist Jewish friends and relatives of Pitigrilli.
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as a persecuted Jew would provide him cover. He was seeking to have Aryan status confirmed, as he had been baptized Catholic. He was never rehired, and never gained a change in his racial status.
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As a young adult, Segre started working as a journalist and novelist in Turin, a centre of literary culture. His early experiences in Paris inspired his most famous novel,
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Pitigrilli is a highly emblematic forgotten figure, a 'poète maudit' of Italy of the 1920s; his cynical comic satire describes the disillusioned world that followed
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established Pitigrilli as a literary figure in Italy. It was not translated into English until 1933; it was reissued in the 1970s, and a release by
142:(1921), published in Italian under his pseudonym of "Pitigrilli". Due to his portrayal of drug use and sex, the Catholic Church listed it as a "
186:, which attracted a large readership of young literati. Rising young writers and illustrators had work featured in the magazine. Redesigned by
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126:, which held it had never happened, as it took place outside the church. They ruled his first wife was effectively a concubine.
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267:, which he had managed to keep. He continued to write and publish novels as Pitigrilli until 1974. He died in Turin in 1975.
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In 1958, Pitigrilli moved with his family again, returning to Europe to live in Paris. He occasionally visited his house in
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42:, (9 May 1893 - 8 May 1975), an Italian writer who made his living as a journalist and novelist. His most noted novel was
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107:. His mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish; he was baptized a Catholic. He went to local schools and to the
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86:, where his second wife (a Catholic) and their daughter joined him. They lived there until 1947, then moved to
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Alexander Stille, who documented Segre's later collaboration with the fascist government (see below), wrote:
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620:, Torino: Casa Editrice Sfinge, 1922, text online at Hathi Trust Digital Library, University of California
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two early novels, were re-issued in one edition in 1976 with an introduction by the noted Italian author
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146:." It has been translated into numerous languages, reprinted in new editions, and become a classic.
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416:, New York: Greenberg, 1933. Reissued in 1974, AND/OR Press, San Francisco. Reissue in 2013 by
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Stille used many documents and accounts by members of the clandestine anti-fascist movement
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282:. Eco wrote: “Pitigrilli was an enjoyable writer – spicy and rapid – like lightning”.
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598:, Hathi Trust Digital Library, University of California, accessed 23 June 2013
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which was published in Turin from 1924 to 1938, when it was banned under the
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In 1948 Segre and his family moved to Argentina, then under the rule of
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Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families under Fascism
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Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families under Fascism
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son in mid-1943, Pier Maria Furlan, who was baptized a Catholic.
298:. Stille documents how Pitigrilli acted as an informant for the
240:, a small town near the Riviera that was two hours from Turin.
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by Pitigrilli in 1933. It was first published in Italy in 1924.
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By that time, he was already working as an informant for
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497:, p. 356. Picador, 1991 (reissued by Macmillan, 2003)
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