360:, in lengths of from two to four or five feet to suit the distances at which the timbers of a floor or partition are set. Laths are about an inch Lathing-wide, and are made in three thicknesses; single (1/8 to 3/16 inch thick), lath and a half (1/4 inch thick), and double (3/8–1/2 inch thick). The thicker laths should be used in ceilings, to stand the extra strain, and the thinner variety in vertical work such as partitions, except where the latter will be subjected to rough usage, in which case thicker laths become necessary. Laths are usually nailed with a space of about 3/8 of an inch between them to form a plaster key. Laths were formerly all made by hand. A large quantity, however, are now made by machinery and are known as sawn laths, those made by hand being called rent or riven laths. Rent (riven) laths give the best results, as they split in a line with the grain of the wood, and are stronger and not so liable to twist as machine-made laths, some of the fibers of which are usually cut in the process of sawing. Care should be taken to check the PH value of the wood; oak contains tannic acid which attacks the lime, this can compromise bond strength.
410:(lanolin grease) because this protects against some degradation when introduced into the very high alkaline plaster. Before use it must be well beaten, or teased, to separate the lumps. In America, goats' hair is frequently used, though it is not so strong as ox-hair. The quantity used in good work is one pound of hair to two or three cubic feet of coarse stuff (in the UK up to 12 kg per metric cube). Hair reinforcement in lime plaster is common, and many types of hair and other organic fibres can be found in historic plasters . However, organic material in lime will degrade in damp environments, particularly on damp external renders. This problem has given rise to the use of polyprolene fibres in new lime renders . Research presented at the UK Building Limes Forum 2012 looked at the potential for hair degradation in lime plasters.
452:), the Plasterer uses the screeds as guides removing the excess render and leaving a rough flat surface. For a lower cost finish or if a rough surface is specified the screeds can be dispensed with. The render is then finished with a float (a smooth flat wooden tool with handle) to fill or remove larger imperfections. For some applications where a stronger key is required the surface is scored by later use of a float with nails protruding from the base. If the render is to be the finished surface then a float with a sponge attached to the base is then used on the wall until the surface is blemish free.
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in the following manner. Two barrels of mortar were made up of equal proportions of lime and sand, one containing the usual quantity of goats' hair, and the other Manila fiber. After remaining in a dry cellar for nine months the barrels were opened. It was found that the hair had been almost entirely eaten away by the action of the lime, and the mortar consequently broke up and crumbled quite easily. The mortar containing the Manila hemp, on the other hand, showed great cohesion, and required some effort to pull it apart, the hemp fiber being undamaged.
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392:, and is known as fat, pure, chalk or rich lime. Hydraulic limes are also used by the plasterer, chiefly for external work. Perfect slaking of the calcined lime before being used is very important as, if used in a partially slaked condition, it will "blow" when in position and blister the work. Lime should therefore be run as soon as the building is begun, and at least three weeks should elapse between the operation of running the lime and its use. Due to time constraints
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the timber frame. Every lath should be nailed at each end and wherever it crosses a joist or stud. All timbers over three inches (76 mm) wide should be counter-lathed, that is, have a fillet or double lath nailed along the centre upon which the laths are then nailed. This is done to preserve a good key for the plaster. Walls liable to damp are sometimes battened and lathed in order to form an air cavity between the damp wall and the plastering.
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be coated, two horizontal bands of render called "screeds" are applied, one at around head height and the other just above floor level, these are then marked for vertical/horizontal alignment, finished, then allowed to partially dry. In a process similar to laying concrete, the wall is then rendered to a slightly higher level than the screeds, and using a "straight edge" (
303:. The art had reached perfection in Greece more than five centuries before Christ, and plaster was frequently used to cover temples externally and internally, in some cases even where the building was of marble. It formed a splendid ground for decorative painting, which at this period of Grecian history had reached a very high degree of beauty. Also known as Gyporockers.
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431:. When coating or rendering concrete surfaces a "splash" coat of one part cement to one of sand in liquid form is either thrown with a trowel or sprayed on the surface. This not only provides a better key for the render but prevents the porous concrete from sucking the water from it. For external work
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contain plasterwork executed at least four thousand years ago, probably much earlier, and yet existing, hard and durable, at the present time. From recent discoveries it has been ascertained that the principal tools of the plasterer of that time were practically identical in design, shape and purpose
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The first coat of render is from 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick, and is mixed, dependant on the surface to be covered, in the proportions of from one part of cement to two of sand to one part to six of sand. A ½ shovel of Lime is often added to make the mix more pliable. After dampening the surface to
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mixed with plaster is normally used for modern construction. Slaking is not required if more time is allowed for finishing the surface after application which is a common practice where a quality finish is required, however in the housing industry it is often run for three days, the time it takes to
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Laths must be nailed so as to break joint in bays three or four feet wide with ends butted one against the other. By breaking the joints of the lathing in this way, the tendency for the plaster to crack along the line of joints is diminished and a better key is obtained and it provides restraint for
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The finishing or setting plaster coat which is about 3/16 inches thick is worked with a hand trowel on the surface of the rendering, which must first be well wetted. The plaster is applied in two coats to slow the drying speed of the second coat and after drying must still be wetted and worked
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For quality work, or where the wall is out of plumb requiring a large variation in render thickness, a thin "scratch" render coat is first applied then a second coat finished as described above. After around 24 hours the render has dried but before the final plaster coat is applied a trowel is used
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Manila hemp fiber has been used as a substitute for hair. Plaster for hair slabs made with manila hemp fiber broke at 195 pounds (88 kg), plaster mixed with sisal hemp at 150 pounds (68 kg), jute at 145 pounds (66 kg), and goats' hair at 144 pounds (65 kg). Another test was made
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Lathing of metal, either of wire or in the form of perforated sheets, is now extensively used on account of its fireproof and lasting quality. There are very many kinds of this material Metal made in different designs under various patents, the best known in
England being the Jhilmil, the Bostwick,
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Hair is used in plaster as a binding medium, and gives tenacity to the material. Traditionally horsehair was the most commonly used binder, as it was easily available before the development of the motor-car. Hair functions in much the same way as the strands in fiberglass resin, by controlling and
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Ox-hair, which is sold in three qualities, is now the kind usually specified; but horsehair, which is shorter, is sometimes substituted or mixed with the ox-hair in the lower qualities. Good hair should be long (In the UK cow and horse hair of short and long lengths is used), and left greasey
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employed in connection with building operations, the earliest evidence showing that the dwellings of primitive man were erected in a simple fashion with sticks and plastered with mud. Soon a more lasting and sightly material was found and employed to take the place of mud or slime, and that
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Lathing, and the
Expanded Metal lathing. The two last-named are also widely used in America. Lathing nails are usually of iron, cut, wrought or cast, and in the better class of work they are galvanized to prevent rusting. Zinc nails are sometimes used, but are costly.
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perfection in the compounding of plastering materials was approached at a very remote period is made evident by the fact that some of the earliest plastering which has remained undisturbed excels in its scientific composition that which we use at the present day.
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In the more common operations of plastering, comparatively few tools and few materials are required, but the workman efficient in all branches of the craft will possess a very large variety of implements. The materials of the workman are
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of the present time, and their methods of plastering on reeds resemble in every way our lath, plaster, float and set work. Hair was introduced to strengthen the stuff, and the whole finished somewhat under an inch thick.
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is undoubtedly the best material on account of its strength, durability, and weather resisting
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For fine plasterer's sand-work, special sands, not hitherto referred to, are used, such as silver sand or fine foundry sand, which is used when a light color and fine texture are required. In medical centres one part
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prepare an average house for plastering, to achieve a lower quality cost effective finish.
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Building Limes Forum UK, W. Revie, September 23rd 2012, Research
Presentation.
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are narrow strips of some straight-grained wood, generally Baltic or
American
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for a time to produce a thin film of watery plaster which has the effect of "
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is added to two parts cement and five of sand where the walls need to block
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Early 19th century plasterer at work – painting by John Cranch (1751–1821)
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Chartered
Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
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Lath seen from the back with brown coat oozing through
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563:"plaster of paris | Definition, Uses, & History"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
380:principally used for internal plastering is that
539:"plaster | Definition, Uses, Types, & Facts"
295:we find the use of plaster of a fine white lime
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953:Construction Management Association of America
987:National Association of Women in Construction
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266:Plasterwork is one of the most ancient of
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908:Associated General Contractors of America
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1349:List of tallest buildings and structures
1023:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
513:Brian F. Pegg, William D. Stagg (2007).
999:National Kitchen & Bath Association
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981:National Association of Home Builders
959:Construction Specifications Institute
388:, oyster shells or other nearly pure
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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896:American Society of Civil Engineers
890:American Institute of Constructors
16:Occupation of creating plasterwork
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34:needs additional citations for
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291:Very early in the history of
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1029:Scottish Building Federation
925:Construction History Society
1470:Construction trades workers
737:Chartered Building Surveyor
701:Water supply and sanitation
219:house painter and decorator
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1274:List of building materials
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1212:Environmental engineering
1175:Architectural engineering
299:, such has been found at
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1217:Geotechnical engineering
1195:Construction engineering
970:Home Builders Federation
696:Timeline of architecture
658:Underground construction
517:. Blackwell Publishing.
1402:Real estate development
1304:Construction management
1159:Vernacular architecture
1144:Indigenous architecture
1132:Industrial architecture
1017:Railway Tie Association
595:Loadsamoney Music Video
567:Encyclopedia Britannica
543:Encyclopedia Britannica
479:worked as a plasterer.
1248:Monocrete construction
1207:Earthquake engineering
1200:Structural engineering
1154:Landscape architecture
691:Structural engineering
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948:The Concrete Society
824:Construction foreman
43:improve this article
1417:Unfinished building
1190:Coastal engineering
829:Construction worker
772:Structural engineer
663:Tunnel construction
332:, and a variety of
307:Tools and materials
244:decorative moldings
133:A plasterer at work
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1309:Construction waste
1291:Construction delay
732:Building officials
727:Building estimator
468:In popular culture
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293:Greek architecture
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182:Education required
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1185:Civil engineering
819:Concrete finisher
762:Quantity surveyor
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1422:Urban design
1407:Stonemasonry
1319:Design–build
1262:Other topics
1253:Slip forming
1112:Architecture
853:
767:Site manager
686:Construction
681:Architecture
634:Construction
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206:Related jobs
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173:Competencies
162:Construction
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1366:Plasterwork
1356:Megaproject
1168:Engineering
1097:Site safety
869:Steel fixer
834:Electrician
804:Boilermaker
710:Professions
477:Loadsamoney
268:handicrafts
215:electrician
168:Description
99:August 2010
58:"Plasterer"
1480:Plastering
1464:Categories
1383:Parge coat
1314:Demolition
1080:Regulation
1044:By country
849:Millwright
844:Ironworker
809:Bricklayer
572:2020-10-16
548:2020-10-16
515:Plastering
500:References
489:Plastering
475:character
283:just like
248:plastering
196:employment
150:Vocational
139:Occupation
69:newspapers
1388:Roughcast
854:Plasterer
814:Carpenter
717:Architect
462:Polishing
390:limestone
236:tradesman
232:plasterer
211:Carpenter
194:Fields of
122:Plasterer
1451:Category
1376:Proofing
1279:Millwork
920:Build UK
799:Banksman
483:See also
382:calcined
1443:Outline
1393:Harling
1226:Methods
1137:British
1066:Romania
989:(NAWIC)
938:(CIPHE)
932:(CICES)
859:Plumber
839:Glazier
674:History
494:Plaster
418:Methods
334:cements
301:Mycenae
254:History
240:plaster
223:plumber
83:scholar
1475:Crafts
1102:Zoning
1025:(RICS)
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1001:(NKBA)
995:(NFPA)
983:(NAHB)
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898:(ASCE)
874:Welder
864:Roofer
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450:screed
442:Sizing
429:X-rays
425:Barium
297:stucco
281:gypsum
234:is a
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1120:Style
1061:Japan
1051:India
1031:(SBF)
1019:(RTA)
1007:(NRC)
972:(HBF)
965:FIDIC
961:(CSI)
910:(AGC)
892:(AIC)
641:Types
386:chalk
384:from
354:laths
352:Wood
340:Laths
314:laths
90:JSTOR
76:books
1371:Damp
1329:DfMA
1233:List
1125:List
1056:Iran
790:List
519:ISBN
401:Hair
378:lime
376:The
372:Lime
326:hair
322:sand
318:lime
274:The
62:news
358:fir
45:by
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