1635:
43:
1647:
288:), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on a more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste. Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority.
756:. As he subsequently became the effective ruler of the country, his title was seen as being insufficient. As a result, Zauditu then gave him the further position of regent plenipotentiary. By virtue of it, he continued to serve as the most powerful man in Ethiopia until he was given another title, that of
801:
by-election defeat in
February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the
280:
Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when the remoteness of the
196:), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full (plenipotentiary) powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with a plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government.
263:
had become a common title, and was established as the only class above minister plenipotentiary. It gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal.
271:
and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors do not require plenipotentiary powers, even though they are designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary".
778:
It may be impractical to hold a new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the
882:
826:
created on 13 May: Dalnevostochny (Far
Eastern), Privolzhsky (Volga Region), Severo-Zapadny (North Western), Sibirsky (Siberian), Tsentralny (Central), Uralsky (Ural), and Yuzhny (Southern).
447:
Granting absolute power over a particular or general governmental matter to a single individual was a pervasive practice in the Nazi regime. Among the most prominent holders of this title in
172:. When used as a noun more generally, the word can also refer to any person who has full powers. As an adjective, it describes something which confers full powers, such as an
538:(14 March 1939â4 April 1945) three consecutive German Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary (the old diplomatic style) formally represented the Reich in the fascist
392:, Karl Lander was named Plenipotentiary of the Northern Caucasus and the Don by the Soviet government to exercise this power for prosecution of rebellious Cossacks.
989:
502:
291:
In modern times, the plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule.
218:
Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small
284:
There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of
383:
30 September 1911â30 May 1913: the post remained vacant but was not abolished until the island was officially incorporated into the Greece in
December 1913.
315:, not supported by the Belgian government. In Equatorial Africa, while military command lay with four consecutive commandants of the (leading) station at
710:(Reich Plenipotentiary). On 15 October 1944, when Horthy tried to sign an armistice with the Soviet Union, Veesenmayer instead forced him to abdicate as
1126:
779:
308:
323:(headed, on a personal basis nit connected to the Belgian state, by Leopold II), with plenipotentiaries styled "administrator-general" at first.
723:
648:. Best remained in this post until the German surrender in Denmark on 5 May 1945, even though on 29 August 1943 the German military commander,
802:
political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask the white South
African electorate to give him plenipotentiary powers.
281:
administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly.
582:, German Plenipotentiaries were appointed from 1940-45 at the provincial level by the side of the regular Dutch Provincial Commissioners in
358:(Ottoman governor), a Supreme Plenipotentiary Commissioner of the (Christian protecting) Powers headed the official administration of the
941:
815:
702:
began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender, German forces occupied the country on 19 March 1944 and
695:
222:, hardly worth the expense. Diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a
794:
126:
1591:
1022:
671:
military takeover of Italy, Mussolini was installed on 23 September 1943 as
Provisional Head of State and Prime Minister of the "
60:
535:
1620:
726:. Veesenmeyer continued as the real power in Hungary through 4 April 1945, when the German forces were finally expelled by the
107:
649:
558:
422:
64:
211:, a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between the great powers and also relating to the city-state of
79:
1678:
633:, another country under Nazi-German occupation (9 April 1940â5 May 1945), a German protectorate was established, led by a
521:, who succeeded Frick in this position on 24 August 1943 until dismissed from all his offices on 29 April 1945. His aide,
227:
352:(b. 1848âd. 1924), had exercised executive power between 20 March and 21 December 1898, having evicting the last Ottoman
334:
86:
1179:
823:
311:" (CEHC) (from 1882, renamed International Association of the Congo (AIC), a front for the ambitions of Belgian King
691:
from 23 September 1943 to 28 April 1945. There were separate military commanders in charge of the occupation forces.
1608:
864:
223:
491:(General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks in the Four Year Plan) from 1 March 1942 until the end of the regime;
93:
1598:
1243:
984:
250:
were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the
Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively.
234:. In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the
1351:
1115:
1062:
1046:
1035:
1001:
934:
672:
370:
338:
75:
53:
31:
515:(General Plenipotentiary for the Reich Administration) from 21 May 1935 to his dismissal on 20 August 1943;
1446:
854:
235:
1083:
638:
599:
312:
1650:
552:
1532:
1416:
1406:
1301:
1215:
1120:
642:
595:
579:
461:(General Plenipotentiary for War Economy) from 21 May 1935 until his resignation on 26 November 1937;
304:
760:. He held this new title until Zauditu died and he was proclaimed emperor in his own right with the
1507:
1467:
1411:
1381:
1356:
1346:
1321:
1291:
1172:
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996:
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471:(General Plenipotentiary for the Economy) from 5 February 1938 until the end of the regime in 1945;
349:
268:
547:
400:
1673:
1638:
1565:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1497:
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1441:
1336:
1311:
1306:
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1167:
1147:
927:
791:
703:
611:
434:
212:
1142:
652:, took over more direct administration of affairs after declaring a state of military emergency.
410:(b. 1881âd. 1939) was Minister Plenipotentiary and Administrator of the Czechoslovak government.
1570:
1538:
1472:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1326:
1316:
1270:
1255:
1078:
719:
715:
481:(General Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation) from 21 March 1942 until the end of the regime;
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Explanation of Full Powers on the United
Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office website
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the title
Plenipotentiary of the President was established for the appointees of the
798:
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603:
508:
474:
430:
319:, on 22 April 1884 the International Association of the Congo became the independent
185:
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199:
Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was
30:
This article is about the diplomatic position. For the thoroughbred racehorse, see
17:
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instituted on 20 March 1898 (formally under
Ottoman suzerainty until union with
203:. It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as
42:
790:). His right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g.,
1544:
1106:
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607:
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543:
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208:
184:
Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous
1560:
1225:
950:
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169:
667:
was overthrown on 25 July 1943. Following occupation by German forces in a
919:
348:, after the President of the Executive Commission of the Cretan Assembly,
1260:
954:
727:
396:
341:
was appointed plenipotentiary in order to enforce martial law in
Hungary.
247:
157:
745:
680:
630:
623:
583:
414:
354:
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1401:
1027:
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711:
165:
267:
In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior
656:
345:
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146:
641:
from 9 April 1940 until he was replaced on 5 November 1942 by SS-
914:
923:
786:
had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the
489:
GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr RĂŒstungsaufgaben im Vierjahresplan
36:
294:
Examples of plenipotentiary administration are given below.
307:(b. 1841âd. 1904) was styled "Plenipotentiary of the
207:. This position was roughly equivalent to the modern
797:), particularly in response to the National Party's
505:) from 25 July 1944 until his suicide on 1 May 1945;
499:
ReichsbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den totalen Kriegseinsatz
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
513:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Reichsverwaltung
257:(1814â15), which codified diplomatic relations,
782:. Prior to the referendum, the state president
503:Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort
479:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den Arbeitseinsatz
433:positions of plenipotentiary to negotiate the
366:was unilaterally declared on 6 October 1908):
935:
8:
748:, succeeded to her throne, her relative Ras
459:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter der Kriegswirtschaft
399:, between 15 January 1927 and 28 June 1928
974:
965:
942:
928:
920:
683:. The German administration was headed by
561:from 29 July 1940 to 19 January 1941; and
469:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Wirtschaft
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
780:South African apartheid referendum, 1992
309:Committee for the Studies of Upper Congo
875:
1127:Conseiller chargé des investissements
565:from 19 January 1941 to 4 April 1945.
529:(Special Plenipotentiary) to Himmler.
7:
1646:
369:21 December 1898â30 September 1906:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
810:On 18 May 2000, in the post-Soviet
557:from 30 June 1939 to 29 July 1940;
419:revolutionary parliament of Ireland
333:After successfully suppressing the
895:"Dictionary.com - plenipotentiary"
637:(Reich Plenipotentiary). This was
376:1 October 1906â30 September 1911:
337:, the leader of the Austrian army
238:, ending the American Revolution,
25:
192:in the mid-19th century and then
1645:
1634:
1633:
659:, Nazi Germany's major European
41:
1621:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
224:conference of plenipotentiaries
52:needs additional citations for
559:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger
1:
303:From 1879â1884, the explorer
168:or convention on behalf of a
1616:Twin towns and sister cities
335:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1695:
1609:Plenipotentiary Conference
865:Plenipotentiary Conference
687:(General Plenipotentiary)
29:
1629:
722:, as prime minister of a
164:âauthorization to sign a
27:Diplomat with full powers
1599:Parliamentary delegation
1478:Diplomatic accreditation
1244:African Diplomatic Corps
985:Permanent representative
663:ally, the government of
205:minister plenipotentiary
1047:Deputy chief of mission
1002:Resident representative
822:, in each of the seven
685:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter
673:Italian Social Republic
417:, in October 1921, the
371:Prince George of Greece
344:On the Greek island of
339:Julius Jacob von Haynau
328:Pre-World War II Europe
32:Plenipotentiary (horse)
1493:Diplomatic credentials
855:Managerial prerogative
758:king-under-the-empress
708:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
698:, after the regime of
635:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
618:, and in 1940â1944 in
527:SonderbevollmÀchtigter
1084:Resident commissioner
1056:Bilateral-subnational
752:was installed as her
639:Cecil von Renthe-Fink
578:(Reich Commissioner)
1679:Gubernatorial titles
1216:Apostolic nunciature
1116:Agricultural attaché
792:Andries Treurnicht's
740:When the empress of
650:Hermann von Hanneken
580:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
525:, held the title of
305:Henry Morton Stanley
61:improve this article
1508:Diplomatic immunity
1468:Consular assistance
997:Ambassador-at-large
816:President of Russia
523:Walter Schellenberg
350:Ioannis Sfakianakis
253:By the time of the
1566:Letter of credence
1528:Diplomatic uniform
1523:Diplomatic service
1503:Diplomatic illness
1498:Diplomatic history
1251:Diplomatic mission
1168:Diplomatic courier
1148:Trade commissioner
1011:Bilateral-national
915:WorldStatesmen.org
812:Russian Federation
795:Conservative Party
764:of Haile Selassie.
704:Edmund Veesenmayer
435:Anglo-Irish Treaty
176:or an assignment.
1661:
1660:
1571:Letter of protest
1539:Persona non grata
1473:Consular immunity
1271:Exclusive mandate
1204:
1203:
1156:
1155:
1121:Chargé de mission
1072:Bilateral-insular
1036:Chargé d'affaires
1023:High commissioner
824:federal districts
720:Arrow Cross Party
679:headquartered at
643:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
390:Russian Civil War
380:(b. 1855âd. 1936)
378:Alexandros Zaimis
373:(b. 1869âd. 1959)
244:Benjamin Franklin
232:Holy Roman Empire
156:"powerful") is a
137:
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76:"Plenipotentiary"
18:Plenipotentiaries
16:(Redirected from
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1488:Diplomatic cable
1266:Protecting power
1239:Diplomatic corps
1180:Foreign minister
1173:King's Messenger
1138:Military attaché
1133:Cultural attaché
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665:Benito Mussolini
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575:Reichskommissar
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536:Slovak Republic
495:Joseph Goebbels
455:Hjalmar Schacht
444:
427:Arthur Griffith
423:Michael Collins
403:
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255:Vienna Congress
236:Treaty of Paris
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646:Werner Best
570:Netherlands
563:Hanns Ludin
551: [
404: [
388:During the
162:full powers
152:"full" and
1668:Categories
1545:Soft power
1417:Preventive
1407:Pilgrimage
1302:Commercial
1018:Ambassador
969:Diplomatic
871:References
769:Since 1945
706:was named
608:Overijssel
592:Gelderland
544:Jozef Tiso
313:Leopold II
260:ambassador
240:John Adams
209:ambassador
190:telegraphy
145:(from the
87:newspapers
1674:Diplomacy
1561:Exequatur
1554:Documents
1412:Ping-pong
1382:Migration
1357:Guerrilla
1347:Freelance
1322:Debt-trap
1292:Checkbook
1226:Consulate
955:diplomats
951:Diplomacy
735:In Africa
714:and name
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588:Friesland
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188:(such as
180:Diplomats
170:sovereign
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1592:Agencies
1533:Protocol
1442:Track II
1337:Economic
1312:Culinary
1307:Cultural
1297:Coercive
1261:Legation
1232:De facto
1079:Resident
830:See also
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728:Red Army
669:de facto
572:, under
397:Slovakia
248:John Jay
201:minister
160:who has
158:diplomat
117:May 2011
1652:Commons
1437:Stadium
1432:Shuttle
1427:Science
1377:Medical
1367:Hostage
1362:Gunboat
1327:Digital
1317:Defence
1234:embassy
1209:Offices
1107:Attaché
746:Zauditu
696:Hungary
631:Denmark
624:Zeeland
612:Utrecht
600:Limburg
584:Drenthe
534:In the
415:Ireland
286:viceroy
230:of the
101:scholar
1604:Summit
1456:Topics
1422:Public
1402:Parley
1342:Energy
1332:Dollar
1287:Caviar
1063:Consul
1028:Nuncio
806:Russia
712:regent
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364:Greece
317:Karema
213:Venice
166:treaty
154:potens
150:plenus
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1280:Types
1091:Envoy
962:Roles
657:Italy
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346:Crete
194:radio
174:edict
147:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
1372:Iron
953:and
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614:and
429:and
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