1630:
32:
1642:
279:), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on a more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste. Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority.
796:
by-election defeat in
February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the
271:
Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when the remoteness of the
254:
had become a common title, and was established as the only class above
Minister Plenipotentiary. Ambassadors gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal.
189:) powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with a plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government.
262:
and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors do not require plenipotentiary powers, though designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary".
773:
It may be impractical to hold a new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the
877:
821:
created on 13 May: Dalnevostochny (Far
Eastern), Privolzhsky (Volga Region), Severo-Zapadny (North Western), Sibirsky (Siberian), Tsentralny (Central), Uralsky (Ural), and Yuzhny (Southern).
438:
Granting absolute power over a particular or general governmental matter to a single individual was a pervasive practice in the Nazi regime. Among the most prominent holders of this title in
161:. When used as a noun more generally, the word can also refer to any person who has full powers. As an adjective, it describes something which confers full powers, such as an
747:. As he subsequently became the effective ruler of the country, his title was seen as being insufficient. As a result, Zauditu then gave him the further position of
529:(14 March 1939â4 April 1945) three consecutive German Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary (the old diplomatic style) formally represented the Reich in the fascist
383:, Karl Lander was named Plenipotentiary of the Northern Caucasus and the Don by the Soviet government to exercise this power for prosecution of rebellious Cossacks.
984:
493:
282:
In modern times, the
Plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule.
211:
Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small
275:
There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of
306:, not supported by the Belgian government. In Equatorial Africa, while military command lay with four consecutive Commandants of the (leading) station at
701:(Reich Plenipotentiary). On 15 October 1944, when Horthy tried to sign an armistice with the Soviet Union, Veesenmayer instead forced him to abdicate as
1121:
774:
299:
714:
639:. Best remained in this post until the German surrender in Denmark on 5 May 1945, even though on 29 August 1943 the German military commander,
797:
political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask the white South
African electorate to give him plenipotentiary powers.
272:
administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly.
573:, German Plenipotentiaries were appointed from 1940-45 at the provincial level by the side of the regular Dutch Provincial Commissioners in
349:(Ottoman governor), a Supreme Plenipotentiary Commissioner of the (Christian protecting) Powers headed the official administration of the
936:
810:
693:
began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender, German forces occupied the country on 19 March 1944 and
686:
215:, hardly worth the expense. Diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a
353:
instituted on 20 March 1898 (formally under
Ottoman suzerainty until union with Greece was unilaterally declared on 6 October 1908):
789:
370:
30 September 1911â30 May 1913: the post remained vacant but was not abolished until the island was officially incorporated into the
204:, a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between the great powers and also relating to the dogal (city) state of
115:
624:, another Germanic country under Nazi-German occupation (9 April 1940â5 May 1945), a German protectorate was established, led by a
371:
1586:
1017:
662:
military takeover of Italy, Mussolini was installed on 23 September 1943 as
Provisional Head of State and Prime Minister of the "
49:
526:
1615:
717:. Veesenmeyer continued as the real power in Hungary through 4 April 1945, when the German forces were finally expelled by the
96:
640:
549:
413:
53:
68:
314:, under regular authorities (headed, strictly personal, by Belgian king Leopold II), styled Administrator-general at first.
1673:
220:
751:. By virtue of it, he continued to serve as the most powerful man in Ethiopia until he was given another title, that of
512:
who succeeded Frick in this position on 24 August 1943 until dismissed from all his offices on 29 April 1945. His aide,
325:
75:
1174:
818:
228:
682:
from 23 September 1943 to 28 April 1945. There were separate military commanders in charge of the occupation forces.
227:. In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the Peace
1603:
859:
302:(CEHC) (from 1882, renamed International Association of the Congo (AIC), a front for the ambitions of Belgian King
216:
42:
82:
343:(b. 1848âd. 1924), had exercised executive power from 20 Marchâ21 December 1898 after evicting the last Ottoman
1593:
1238:
979:
506:(General Plenipotentiary for the Reich Administration) from 21 May 1935 to his dismissal on 20 August 1943; and
243:
were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the
Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively.
1346:
1110:
1057:
1041:
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996:
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357:
329:
64:
20:
1441:
849:
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462:(General Plenipotentiary for the Economy) from 5 February 1938 to the end of the regime on 8 May 1945;
1527:
1411:
1401:
1296:
1210:
1115:
633:
586:
570:
295:
755:. He held this new title until Zauditu died and he was proclaimed emperor in his own right with the
452:(General Plenipotentiary for War Economy) from 21 May 1935 till his resignation on 26 November 1937;
1502:
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1406:
1376:
1351:
1341:
1316:
1286:
1167:
1132:
1127:
991:
513:
482:(General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks in the Four Year Plan) from 1 March 1942 to 8 May 1945;
340:
259:
538:
391:
1668:
1633:
1560:
1522:
1517:
1497:
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1436:
1331:
1306:
1301:
1245:
1162:
1142:
922:
786:
694:
602:
425:
1137:
643:, took over more direct administration of affairs after declaring a state of military emergency.
401:(b. 1881âd. 1939) was Minister Plenipotentiary and Administrator of the Czechoslovak government
1565:
1533:
1467:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1321:
1311:
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706:
380:
364:
236:
224:
89:
1598:
1482:
1416:
1336:
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1281:
1260:
1233:
1225:
690:
655:
509:
311:
307:
1581:
1512:
1386:
1190:
1036:
878:
Explanation of Full Powers on the United
Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office website
782:
740:
565:
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247:
889:
1507:
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409:
396:
1662:
1391:
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854:
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809:
the title
Plenipotentiary of the President was established for the appointees of the
793:
610:
606:
594:
499:
465:
421:
310:, on 22 April 1884 the International Association of the Congo became the independent
174:
744:
667:
530:
475:
455:
439:
350:
212:
192:
Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was
19:
This article is about the diplomatic position. For the thoroughbred racehorse, see
1610:
1457:
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756:
679:
651:
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560:
553:
472:(General Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation) from 21 March 1942 to 8 May 1945;
196:. It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as
31:
785:). His right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g.,
1539:
1101:
1012:
752:
598:
582:
534:
251:
232:
201:
173:
Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous
1555:
1220:
945:
578:
178:
158:
658:
was overthrown on 25 July 1943. Following occupation by German forces in a
914:
339:, after the President of the Executive Commission of the Cretan Assembly,
1255:
949:
732:
718:
387:
332:
was appointed plenipotentiary in order to enforce martial law in Hungary.
240:
146:
736:
671:
621:
614:
574:
405:
345:
276:
1396:
1022:
806:
702:
205:
154:
258:
In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior
647:
336:
182:
162:
135:
632:
from 9 April 1940 until he was replaced on 5 November 1942 by SS-
909:
918:
781:
had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the
480:
GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr RĂŒstungsaufgaben im Vierjahresplan
25:
581:(Frisia, i.e., west and south of Germany's own East Frisia),
285:
Examples of plenipotentiary administration are given below.
200:. This position was roughly equivalent to the modern
792:), particularly in response to the National Party's
490:
ReichsbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den totalen Kriegseinsatz
298:(b. 1841âd. 1904) was styled Plenipotentiary of the
1574:
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1203:
1183:
1155:
1099:
1066:
1050:
1005:
972:
963:
956:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
496:) from 25 July 1944 to his suicide on 1 May 1945;
504:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Reichsverwaltung
250:(1814â15), which codified diplomatic relations,
185:), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full (
777:. Prior to the referendum, the state president
494:Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort
470:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den Arbeitseinsatz
424:positions of plenipotentiary to negotiate the
930:
8:
739:, succeeded to her throne, her relative Ras
450:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter der Kriegswirtschaft
563:, the Dutch being a Germanic people, under
969:
960:
937:
923:
915:
674:. The German administration was headed by
552:from 29 July 1940 to 19 January 1941; and
460:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Wirtschaft
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
775:South African apartheid referendum, 1992
300:Committee for the Studies of Upper Congo
870:
1122:Conseiller chargé des investissements
556:from 19 January 1941 to 4 April 1945.
520:(Special Plenipotentiary) to Himmler.
7:
1641:
390:, from 15 January 1927â28 June 1928
356:21 December 1898â30 September 1906:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
805:On 18 May 2000, in the post-Soviet
548:from 30 June 1939 to 29 July 1940;
410:revolutionary parliament of Ireland
324:After successfully suppressing the
890:"Dictionary.com - plenipotentiary"
628:(Reich Plenipotentiary). This was
363:1 October 1906â30 September 1911:
328:, the leader of the Austrian army
231:, ending the American Revolution,
14:
181:in the mid-19th century and then
1640:
1629:
1628:
650:, Nazi Germany's major European
30:
1616:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
217:conference of plenipotentiaries
41:needs additional citations for
550:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger
1:
294:From 1879â1884, the explorer
157:or convention on behalf of a
1611:Twin towns and sister cities
326:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
229:Treaty of Versailles (1783)
1690:
1604:Plenipotentiary Conference
860:Plenipotentiary Conference
678:(General Plenipotentiary)
18:
1624:
713:, as prime minister of a
654:-ally, the government of
153:âauthorization to sign a
16:Diplomat with full powers
1594:Parliamentary delegation
1473:Diplomatic accreditation
1239:African Diplomatic Corps
980:Permanent representative
609:, and from 1940â1944 in
198:Minister Plenipotentiary
1042:Deputy chief of mission
997:Resident representative
817:, in each of the seven
676:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter
664:Italian Social Republic
408:, in October 1921, the
358:Prince George of Greece
335:On the Greek island of
330:Julius Jacob von Haynau
319:Pre-World War II Europe
21:Plenipotentiary (horse)
1488:Diplomatic credentials
850:Managerial prerogative
753:king-under-the-empress
749:regent plenipotentiary
699:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
689:, after the regime of
626:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
518:SonderbevollmÀchtigter
1079:Resident commissioner
1051:Bilateral-subnational
743:was installed as her
630:Cecil von Renthe-Fink
569:(Reich Commissioner)
1674:Gubernatorial titles
1211:Apostolic nunciature
1111:Agricultural attaché
787:Andries Treurnicht's
731:When the empress of
641:Hermann von Hanneken
571:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
516:, held the title of
296:Henry Morton Stanley
50:improve this article
1503:Diplomatic immunity
1463:Consular assistance
992:Ambassador-at-large
811:President of Russia
514:Walter Schellenberg
341:Ioannis Sfakianakis
246:By the time of the
1561:Letter of credence
1523:Diplomatic uniform
1518:Diplomatic service
1498:Diplomatic illness
1493:Diplomatic history
1246:Diplomatic mission
1163:Diplomatic courier
1143:Trade commissioner
1006:Bilateral-national
910:WorldStatesmen.org
807:Russian Federation
790:Conservative Party
759:of Haile Selassie.
695:Edmund Veesenmayer
426:Anglo-Irish Treaty
165:or an assignment.
1656:
1655:
1566:Letter of protest
1534:Persona non grata
1468:Consular immunity
1266:Exclusive mandate
1199:
1198:
1151:
1150:
1116:Chargé de mission
1067:Bilateral-insular
1031:Chargé d'affaires
1018:High commissioner
819:federal districts
711:Arrow Cross Party
670:headquartered at
634:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
381:Russian Civil War
374:in December 1913.
372:Kingdom of Greece
367:(b. 1855âd. 1936)
365:Alexandros Zaimis
360:(b. 1869âd. 1959)
237:Benjamin Franklin
225:Holy Roman Empire
145:"powerful") is a
126:
125:
118:
100:
65:"Plenipotentiary"
1681:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1483:Diplomatic cable
1261:Protecting power
1234:Diplomatic corps
1175:Foreign minister
1168:King's Messenger
1133:Military attaché
1128:Cultural attaché
970:
961:
939:
932:
925:
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709:, leader of the
656:Benito Mussolini
559:In the occupied
547:
510:Heinrich Himmler
400:
312:Congo Free State
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1513:Diplomatic rank
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1251:High commission
1195:
1191:Diplomatic rank
1179:
1147:
1138:Science attaché
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1037:Head of mission
1001:
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783:Group Areas Act
771:
766:
741:Tafari Makonnen
728:
566:Reichskommissar
541:
527:Slovak Republic
486:Joseph Goebbels
446:Hjalmar Schacht
435:
418:Arthur Griffith
414:Michael Collins
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321:
291:
269:
248:Vienna Congress
187:plenipotentiary
171:
131:plenipotentiary
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1478:Diplomatic bag
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379:During the
151:full powers
141:"full" and
1663:Categories
1540:Soft power
1412:Preventive
1402:Pilgrimage
1297:Commercial
1013:Ambassador
964:Diplomatic
866:References
764:Since 1945
697:was named
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583:Gelderland
535:Jozef Tiso
304:Leopold II
252:Ambassador
233:John Adams
202:Ambassador
179:telegraphy
134:(from the
76:newspapers
1669:Diplomacy
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1352:Guerrilla
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1227:De facto
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719:Red Army
660:de facto
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194:minister
149:who has
147:diplomat
106:May 2011
1647:Commons
1432:Stadium
1427:Shuttle
1422:Science
1372:Medical
1362:Hostage
1357:Gunboat
1322:Digital
1312:Defence
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1204:Offices
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