250:
40:
789:
1565:
3332:
1463:, in which the forefeet are placed against the substrate, the claws are entered into the substrate, and the forefeet are then drawn back against the body. Other parts of the body also show such specializations, including large hindlimbs and a broad tail. Some aspects of the vertebral column and the pelvis suggest that the animal often assumed an erect, or sitting, posture. The animal may also have been capable of climbing, perhaps in a manner similar to
86:
3321:
2669:
2657:
1207:, of which eight examples are known. This bone resembles that of armadillos in the extensive fusion, the compression of the shaft of the tibia, the narrowness of the articulation surface at the distal end, and the broad space between the bones. Unlike in armadillos, the tibia and fibula are not inclined relative to each other, but about parallel. The
1027:(lower jaw) articulates with the cranium. MacPhee found problems with either interpretation and suggested that the true mandibular fossa was part of the area Lamberton identified as such, at the side of the braincase. The fossa is small and low, suggesting that the animal was not capable of powerful biting. At the back of this fossa is a
1513:, but MacPhee assumed it may have happened around 1000 years ago, when the extinction of the rest of the subfossil fauna of Madagascar is thought to have concluded. Nothing like it was reported by 17th-century European explorers of the island, and one bone has been
826:
Based on the area of a femur cross-section, MacPhee calculated estimates of body mass. The lowest estimate, based on comparative data from armadillos and pangolins, was 6 kilograms (13 lb) for the smallest femur he had (referable to
819:(upper arm bone), and other bones, but some elements are still unknown, including most of the skeleton of the hand and foot. There is little reason to assume it was similar in general form to the aardvark. No teeth or jaws referable to
755:
and golden moles (the latter two diverged from tenrecs about 47–53 Ma ago and 59–69 Ma ago, respectively). He did not test members of the other two
Tenrecidae subfamilies or otter shrews, leaving open the possibility that
589:. However, he placed it as the only member of its own subfamily Plesiorycteropodinae in view of its differences from other tubulidentates (subfamily Orycteropodinae), and hypothesized that it arrived on Madagascar in the
628:, named Bibymalagasia, arguing that it would be unacceptable to leave a Recent eutherian unassigned to any order and that discovery of more material, or further analysis, was unlikely to demonstrate close affinities of
2504:
Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in
Madagascar's humid forests
428:, who had access to a larger sample for his 1946 review of the genus, noted substantial variation, but did not attempt to differentiate multiple species. In 1994, Ross MacPhee again reviewed
368:. It also shows adaptations for climbing and sitting. Estimates of its mass range from 6 to 18 kilograms (13 to 40 lb). When and why it became extinct remains unknown. One bone has been
928:, which separates the left and right nasal cavities, is ossified than usual in other mammals; MacPhee could find a similar condition only in sloths, which have a very short nose. The
853:, at up to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). The higher estimates would make it larger than any extant native Malagasy mammal. This is consistent with the trend for larger members of the
1158:
at the proximal (near) end is well-developed, but the distal end is narrow; the morphology of the bone suggests that the animal was capable of producing much force with its arms.
2701:
648:
of France, would eventually be found to be bibymalagasians. Various analyses published by Robert Asher and colleagues in 2003, 2005, and 2007, based on morphology combined with
968:, which houses the nerves leading to the eyes, is narrow, suggesting that the eyes were small, similar to many other tenrecoids. As in pangolins and xenarthrans, little of the
839:); estimates from primates fell between those extremes. MacPhee favored the lower estimates, because those were based on armadillos, which have femora similar to those of
2528:
1506:
has only been definitely recorded from the center; small bones from southern sites may also belong to it. Thus, the two species apparently had widely overlapping ranges.
944:, which houses the eyes, is relatively short, similar to the situation in pangolins and armadillos. A distinct tubercle is present on the suture between the frontal and
889:), suggesting that the front part of the skull was thinner and more fragile than the back part, which consists of thick bones. MacPhee estimated maximum skull length in
4506:
612:
analysis of eutherians to ascertain the relationships of the genus, but found that while different analytic variants supported different affinities—with aardvarks,
776:, but MacPhee considered it inappropriate because the animal may not be related to aardvarks. Instead, he proposed "bibymalagasy" as a common name, a manufactured
912:, preserved in a single specimen, are widest at the front, a feature unusual among placentals that is also seen in armadillos, and are also unusually flat. The
557:
similarities. In his 1946 review, Charles
Lamberton was unable to provide a definitive allocation, confused by the various similarities he saw with aardvarks,
3920:
3596:
624:(shrews, moles, hedgehogs, and allies)—there was no compelling evidence linking it to any other eutherian group. Therefore, he erected a separate order for
1099:
from the base of the tail, which diminish in size only slowly from front to back, suggests that the tail was long. There is no evidence for the additional
573:(sloths, armadillos, and anteaters). He rejected some alternatives, such as a close affinity to aardvarks or the possibility that the material assigned to
4569:
4224:
2694:
1498:
from twelve sites in central, western, and southern
Madagascar. It and other recently extinct Madagascar mammals may have lived in and near wetlands.
4480:
4246:
4574:
4559:
2590:
2540:
4549:
3367:
2687:
1138:, present, but the structure is probably not as large as in aardvarks or armadillos. Six humeri have been found; the bone is robust and an
4579:
3714:
2673:
940:
between the frontal and lacrimal bones, like in lipotyphlans. There is a small tubercle (absent in aardvarks) near this opening. The
3915:
3511:
711:
mammals endemic to
Madagascar. Tenrecs are believed to have diversified from a common ancestor that lived 29–37 million years (
569:. He believed it was most likely a primitive, isolated member of "Edentata", a group in which he included aardvarks, pangolins, and
2604:
Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of
Malagasy tenrecs: Influence of data partitioning and taxon sampling on dating analyses
2497:
Molecular evidence for the monophyly of
Tenrecidae (Mammalia) and the timing of the colonization of Madagascar by Malagasy tenrecs
3551:
56:
1111:
are bean-shaped and much wider from side to side than from top to bottom. In the back thoracics and all lumbars, a longitudinal
2574:, Rylands, A.B., Hapk, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M.I., Louis, E.E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. and Rasoloarison, R.M. 2008.
4554:
1533:—were generally larger and not exclusively insectivorous; also, some species with likely more specialized diets, such as the
815:. The material includes several skulls, all of which are missing the facial bones, complete long bones such as the femur and
452:
211:
3961:
881:), each of which is damaged. All are missing the front (rostral) part, and three are broken at about the same place (at the
85:
4564:
4217:
3709:
1578:
604:
Reviewing
Patterson's and Thewissen's contributions in 1994, Ross MacPhee found little support for the classification of
356:
Knowledge of the skeletal anatomy is limited, as only limb, partial pelvis, and skull bones have been recovered to date.
3704:
1521:(200 BCE). Its extinction is somewhat anomalous, as other recently extinct Madagascan animals—such as subfossil lemurs,
3894:
3764:
2710:
4312:
2661:
2546:
4104:
4084:
2535:
in Wilson, D. and
Mittermeier, R. eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores, Lynx Edicions.
406:
4094:
4066:
3678:
2522:
Paul
Methuen's sleeping treasure: Subfossil lemurs in the zoological collections of the University Museum, Oxford
2440:
Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence
4210:
4161:
3360:
4049:
2477:
Burney, D.A., Burney, L.P., Godfrey, L.R., Jungers, W.L., Goodman, S.M., Wright, H.T. and Jull, A.J.T. 2004.
2457:
4099:
3836:
3683:
2983:
2978:
421:
1212:
4420:
3999:
3800:
3546:
3445:
2547:
Eutherian mammal systematics and the origins of South American ungulates as based on postcranial osteology
1139:
1028:
249:
1231:, the proximal phalange is shorter than the middle one and the distal phalanges are narrow and clawlike.
4519:
3601:
1522:
1227:(from the foot). All are rather short and are broad proximally and narrow distally. Among the few known
1048:
4458:
4034:
1112:
2489:
1044:
634:
597:. Johannes Thewissen, who critiqued some aspects of Patterson's classification in 1985, also accepted
4467:
4249:
3975:
3951:
3946:
670:. A 2004 morphological study by Inés Horovitz, focusing on extinct South American ungulates (such as
586:
554:
488:
441:
222:
1487:, but may also have eaten other soft food, and because of its small size probably did not forage in
933:
788:
4061:
3956:
3899:
3874:
3864:
3639:
3536:
3526:
3353:
3314:
2563:
1570:
1526:
1394:
1219:(middle hand or foot bones) are known, rather variable in size, but MacPhee was unable to separate
1108:
937:
862:
684:
529:
68:
397:. His description was vague even by 19th-century standards, but he placed the animal close to the
4276:
4186:
4166:
4044:
4029:
4014:
3936:
3735:
3699:
3501:
1514:
1263:
1204:
1170:
1161:
The innominate is known from seven examples, but most are quite incomplete. It includes a narrow
981:
728:
369:
282:
201:
80:
3331:
1177:. With 17 specimens, the femur is the best represented long bone. It is distinctive in its long
4524:
2582:
2451:(Mammalia, Lipotyphla) and the importance of (missing) DNA sequences in systematic paleontology
4511:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4334:
4293:
4280:
3994:
3790:
3785:
3629:
3465:
3112:
3076:
2586:
2536:
1380:
1308:
1155:
1135:
1104:
913:
777:
716:
425:
1337:
632:
with any other order. He considered it possible but unlikely that a few fossil taxa, such as
337:, but more recent molecular evidence instead suggests that it is most closely related to the
4191:
4140:
4056:
4004:
3780:
3758:
3624:
3521:
3206:
3081:
3050:
2847:
1597:
1408:
1323:
1294:
1188:
1020:
961:
854:
519:
fall at the upper end of the size range of the genus, indicating that they are referable to
472:
4039:
585:
as a member of the group, dismissing many similarities with pangolins and other animals as
581:(the order of which the aardvark is the only living representative) in the 1970s, accepted
4124:
4089:
4076:
3986:
3844:
3739:
3673:
3634:
3471:
3175:
3071:
3009:
2904:
2873:
2842:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1056:
849:
808:
460:
235:
48:
2553:
4403:
4397:
4024:
3822:
3810:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3668:
3591:
3516:
3325:
3144:
3014:
2909:
2878:
2567:
1632:
1518:
1476:
1278:
993:
969:
960:
has a more expansive braincase and a less pronounced narrowing between the orbits. The
941:
1549:), did survive. Early human colonists of Madagascar may have caused the extinction of
843:. On the other hand, the caviomorph model produced a better estimate of brain size in
372:
to 200 BCE; forest destruction by humans may have contributed to its extinction.
4543:
4289:
4253:
3941:
3859:
3854:
3805:
3795:
3556:
3435:
3045:
3035:
3004:
2967:
2899:
2868:
2611:
1530:
1488:
1211:, which is known from four examples, is wide and short and contains a uniquely large
1143:
1052:
1012:
it is interrupted in the middle, similar to the situation in armadillos and hyraxes.
973:
945:
929:
578:
410:
147:
2638:
847:. Any of the estimates makes it considerably larger than the largest living tenrec,
39:
4340:
4272:
4237:
4019:
3817:
3531:
3506:
3491:
3457:
3417:
3336:
3320:
3267:
3117:
3040:
2596:
2571:
2524:(subscription required). American Journal of Physical Anthropology Suppl. 32:70–71.
2485:
1468:
1366:
1228:
1178:
1162:
1019:, Lamberton and Patterson posited different interpretations of the location of the
1001:
925:
917:
894:
740:
736:
671:
661:
649:
394:
386:
167:
137:
2599:. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University 147:185–237.
2478:
1838:
MacPhee, 1994, p. 201; Tabuce et al., 2008, p. 6, for age of the fossils
2549:(subscription required). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 36:63–79.
1103:
between the vertebrae that are characteristic of xenarthrans. In the seven known
341:(a group extant on the island). Two species are currently recognized, the larger
4493:
4452:
4378:
4324:
4266:
3719:
3616:
3578:
3561:
3496:
3477:
3410:
3390:
3262:
3131:
3107:
2952:
2747:
2495:
Douady, C.J., Catzeflis, F., Kao, D.J., Springer, M.S. and Stanhope, M.J. 2002.
1610:
1183:
1116:
997:
965:
769:
752:
748:
534:
2668:
2575:
2510:
1847:
Asher et al., 2003, p. 148; 2005, p. 919; Asher, 2007, figs. 1–2
533:, the extinct giant aye-aye, and other material has been misidentified as of a
4299:
3486:
3481:
3376:
3257:
3217:
3160:
3060:
2957:
2831:
2731:
2679:
2578:(subscription required). International Journal of Primatology 29(6):1607–1656.
2439:
2433:
A web-database of mammalian morphology and a reanalysis of placental phylogeny
1560:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1068:
909:
832:
724:
708:
675:
657:
640:
621:
609:
496:
330:
4443:
2603:
2499:(subscription required). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(3):357–363.
2468:
2432:
4382:
4364:
4330:
4283:
4176:
4156:
3889:
3849:
3586:
3395:
3272:
3222:
3196:
3155:
3102:
2947:
2923:
2804:
2794:
2783:
2496:
1351:
886:
882:
823:
have been found, and it is generally assumed that the animal was toothless.
804:
712:
666:
652:
data in some analyses, produced different estimates of the relationships of
645:
570:
562:
350:
97:
2631:
2503:
1059:, which houses the middle ear; parts of the petrosal are more developed in
2656:
2453:(subscription required). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(4):911–923.
1173:, a narrow rough piece of bone in most placentals, is broad and smooth in
4437:
4233:
4171:
4009:
3653:
3566:
3232:
3227:
3191:
3091:
3024:
2993:
2888:
2857:
2818:
2768:
2742:
2718:
2425:
1534:
1131:
1080:
1064:
1024:
858:
696:
617:
566:
558:
476:
398:
334:
117:
60:
30:
4202:
2442:(subscription required). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10(1–2):131–194.
835:
rodents, was 18 kilograms (40 lb) for the largest available femur (
577:
did not in fact represent a single animal. Bryan Patterson, who revised
4485:
4181:
3405:
3400:
3246:
3186:
2936:
2773:
2757:
2521:
2446:
1542:
1484:
1464:
1166:
1123:
985:
816:
440:
after scientist Germaine Petter. The two species differ in a number of
361:
4498:
3282:
3165:
2799:
1200:
704:
590:
338:
127:
107:
4414:
2502:
Everson, K.M., Soarimalala, V., Goodman, S.M. and Olson, L.E. 2016.
2474:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(19):10800–10805.
1142:
is present in the distal (far) end. There are three examples of the
3606:
2602:
Poux, C., Madsen, O., Glos, J., de Jong, W.W. and Vences, M.2008.
2481:(subscription required). Journal of Human Evolution 47(1-2):25–63.
1628:
1196:
1100:
787:
732:
613:
594:
492:
326:
4472:
2426:
Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents
682:
among tubulidentates and closer to the extinct aardvark relative
3540:
3422:
3306:
3302:
3298:
1151:
4418:
4206:
3349:
2683:
2560:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 220:1–214.
2490:
Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact
3440:
1553:
through the destruction of the forest and other disturbances.
1480:
365:
3345:
976:
on the braincase, which anchor muscles, are located lower in
393:
in 1895 on the basis of a partial skull found at the cave of
980:. Like in aardvarks, the parietals are relatively large. An
831:) and the highest estimate, based on comparative data from
703:
bones. He found the animal was most closely related to the
333:. Upon its description in 1895, it was classified with the
861:
faunas of Madagascar and elsewhere to have been at higher
807:
bones, comparable to coverage of some of the poorly known
360:
was probably a digging animal that fed on insects such as
353:
remains of both species have been found in the same site.
664:, but others supporting a relationship with the hedgehog
2517:(subscription required). Geological Magazine (5)5:97–98.
2610:
Stephenson, P.J.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S. (2016).
1923:
Buckley, 2013, p. 6, Fig. S3, Text S1-S2
964:, an opening in the bone of the orbit, is present. The
459:
in 1908 as a "giant subfossil rat" on the basis of two
2520:
Godfrey, L.R., Atkinson, M. and Semprebon, G.M. 2001.
1238:
495:(upper leg bone) to a gigantic relative of the living
2645:. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)16:56–61.
2558:, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals
2462:
reassigns the extinct mammalian order 'Bibymalagasia'
1150:
which resembles the pangolin radius. The three known
1067:(casts of the inside of the skull) indicate that the
924:
had a good sense of smell. A much larger part of the
16:
An extinct genus of eutherian mammals from Madagascar
2467:
Burney, D.A., Robinson, G.S. and Burney, L.P. 2003.
1953:
MacPhee, 1994, p. 13; Nowak, 1999, p. 1050
1055:
forms a relatively large portion of the roof of the
893:
at 101 millimetres (4.0 in). The length of the
479:
worm. However, according to MacPhee, innominates of
4427:
4310:
4244:
4149:
4133:
4117:
4075:
3985:
3974:
3929:
3921:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
3908:
3882:
3873:
3835:
3773:
3728:
3692:
3661:
3652:
3615:
3577:
3456:
3431:
3383:
3281:
3245:
3205:
3174:
3143:
3130:
3090:
3059:
3023:
2992:
2966:
2935:
2922:
2887:
2856:
2830:
2817:
2782:
2756:
2730:
2717:
2438:Asher, R.J., Novacek, M.J. and Geisler, J.H. 2003.
984:is present. Unlike in anteaters and pangolins, the
695:A 2013 study by Michael Buckley examined preserved
67:Forsyth Major, 1908) and (2) right innominate of a
2492:. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20(7):395–401.
608:as a tubulidentate in their data. MacPhee used a
463:(pelvic bones). The generic name was replaced by
451:have been misidentified as rodents and primates.
432:and was able to separate two species, the larger
2585:. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp.
2445:Asher, R.J., Emry, R.J. and McKenna, M.C. 2005.
1187:according to MacPhee. A projection known as the
715:) ago after dispersing from Africa via a single
2566:, Ganzhorn, J.U., Konstant, W.R., Glander, K.,
2472:and the late Holocene extinctions in Madagascar
1502:is known from sites throughout this range, but
1126:(shoulder blade), only tentatively assigned to
349:. They probably overlapped in distribution, as
2630:Tabuce, R., Asher, R.J. and Lehmann, T. 2008.
2597:The fossil aardvarks (Mammalia: Tubulidentata)
2554:Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of
1901:
1899:
1897:
1107:(chest) vertebrae, the articulations with the
1004:, a projection on the occiput, is straight in
988:(the back of the skull) is flat and vertical.
4218:
3361:
2695:
2632:Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data
1873:
1871:
8:
2479:A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar
2428:(subscription required). Nature 463:653–656.
996:(the opening that connects the brain to the
897:averages 35.4 millimetres (1.39 in) in
1887:
1885:
1883:
4415:
4225:
4211:
4203:
3982:
3879:
3658:
3453:
3368:
3354:
3346:
3140:
2932:
2827:
2727:
2702:
2688:
2680:
2634:(subscription required). Mammalia 72:2–14.
901:and is 29.4 millimetres (1.16 in) in
248:
38:
20:
2399:
2397:
1979:
1977:
768:"Madagascar aardvark" has been used as a
553:as close to the aardvark on the basis of
503:), a large rodent, which he described as
436:and a new, smaller species that he named
3916:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
2511:A giant sub-fossil rat from Madagascar,
2225:
2223:
1940:
1938:
1509:Little is known about the extinction of
1071:part of the brain was relatively small.
2583:Walker's Mammals of the World. Volume 1
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1590:
1000:), which are present in aardvarks. The
932:is relatively large. At it is a single
511:and MacPhee concurred. Remains of both
873:There are four known skulls (three of
751:along with tenrecs as well as African
719:event. Buckley's analysis showed that
527:innominate was mistakenly assigned to
507:. Lamberton identified this femur as
420:, the genus of the aardvark, and the
7:
2606:. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8(1):102.
601:as a tubulidentate without comment.
3301:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2620:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2506:. Systematic Biology 65(5):890–909.
483:are identical to those assigned to
3715:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
3305:= megaannum (millions years ago);
2639:Notes on the Asiatic bamboo-rats (
2172:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 57, 59, 66
1627:The largest of these, such as the
295:Forsyth Major, 1908 non Ebert 1863
14:
4570:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
3309:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
2435:. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:108.
2001:Mittermeier et al., 2008, p. 1644
1905:Everson et al., 2016, p. 898
1235:Ecology, behavior, and extinction
723:and the two members of subfamily
438:Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae
391:Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis
192:Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis
184:Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae
53:Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis
3330:
3319:
2667:
2655:
2364:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 153, 156
1757:Godfrey et al., 2001, p. 71
1563:
1146:, a compact and massive bone in
1087:. The animal had at least seven
794:Plesiorycteropus madagascarensis
780:word meaning "Malagasy animal".
444:characters in addition to size.
84:
3597:English and British regnal year
2412:Burney et al., 2004, p. 54
2382:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 158–159
2346:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 146–147
1829:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 202–203
1811:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 198–199
1721:Forsyth Major, 1908, p. 97
1043:, a small opening, perhaps the
2163:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 32, 79
1181:, similar only to the gymnure
796:as a large, tenrec-like animal
747:should be placed in the order
453:Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major
1:
4575:Fossil taxa described in 1895
3710:Old Style and New Style dates
2748:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2576:Lemur Diversity in Madagascar
2424:Ali, J.R. and Huber, M. 2010
2391:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 34–35
1932:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 29–30
1802:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 23–24
1766:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 13–14
1748:MacPhee, 1994, pp. 33–34
1579:List of mammals of Madagascar
1203:are extensively fused into a
1031:, which is more prominent in
920:, was large, suggesting that
4560:Prehistoric placental genera
3662:Pre-Julian / Julian
1962:MacPhee, 1994, table 14
1891:Poux et al., 2008, p. 7
1784:Patterson, 1975, p. 216
1775:Patterson, 1975, p. 215
1547:Daubentonia madagascariensis
1471:, which are small-eyed like
972:can be seen from above. The
707:, a family of insectivorous
4550:Endemic fauna of Madagascar
3895:Geological history of Earth
3765:Astronomical year numbering
2711:Geological history of Earth
2064:MacPhee, 1994, table 7
2046:MacPhee, 1994, table 6
1856:Horovitz, 2004, fig. 1
1685:MacPhee, 1994, table 1
792:Artistic interpretation of
620:(hooved mammals), and even
4596:
4580:Taxa named by Henri Filhol
2984:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2979:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2743:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2509:Forsyth Major, C.I. 1908.
2403:MacPhee, 1994, p. 159
2373:MacPhee, 1994, p. 157
2355:MacPhee, 1994, p. 149
2337:MacPhee, 1994, p. 142
2328:MacPhee, 1994, p. 138
2319:MacPhee, 1994, p. 135
2310:MacPhee, 1994, p. 132
2301:MacPhee, 1994, p. 126
2292:MacPhee, 1994, p. 124
2283:MacPhee, 1994, p. 117
2274:MacPhee, 1994, p. 113
2265:MacPhee, 1994, p. 111
2256:MacPhee, 1994, p. 108
2247:MacPhee, 1994, p. 105
2238:MacPhee, 1994, p. 102
1983:MacPhee, 1994, p. 148
1971:MacPhee, 1994, p. 147
1944:Walker, 1999, p. 1050
1820:MacPhee, 1994, p. 201
803:is known from a number of
593:, at the same time as the
491:assigned a well-preserved
381:Identification and species
4393:
4067:Thermoluminescence dating
3962:Samarium–neodymium dating
3296:
3268:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
3118:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2458:A molecular phylogeny of
2229:MacPhee, 1994, p. 31
2217:MacPhee, 1994, p. 84
2208:MacPhee, 1994, p. 83
2199:MacPhee, 1994, p. 81
2190:MacPhee, 1994, p. 73
2181:MacPhee, 1994, p. 66
2154:MacPhee, 1994, p. 79
2145:MacPhee, 1994, p. 78
2127:MacPhee, 1994, p. 55
2118:MacPhee, 1994, p. 51
2109:MacPhee, 1994, p. 44
2100:MacPhee, 1994, p. 41
2091:MacPhee, 1994, p. 43
2082:MacPhee, 1994, p. 42
2073:MacPhee, 1994, p. 40
2055:MacPhee, 1994, p. 35
2037:Burney and Flannery, 2005
1793:MacPhee, 1994, p. 24
1739:MacPhee, 1994, p. 33
1712:MacPhee, 1994, p. 11
1703:MacPhee, 1994, p. 30
1673:MacPhee, 1994, p. 32
1479:, eating insects such as
1459:show specializations for
1421:
1047:, is present next to the
1015:In their descriptions of
760:nests within Tenrecidae.
656:, some placing it within
288:
281:
256:
247:
180:
175:
81:Scientific classification
79:
46:
37:
23:
4402:†Relative to year 1950 (
4396:*Relative to year 2000 (
3781:Chinese sexagenary cycle
3263:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
3108:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2953:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2805:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2795:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2529:Species accounts: Fosa (
2136:Buckley, 2013, p. 5
1865:Buckley, 2013, p. 1
1730:Thomas, 1915, p. 58
1504:P. germainepetterae
1500:P. madagascariensis
1494:MacPhee had material of
1491:, as the aardvark does.
1439:P. madagascariensis
1430:P. germainepetterae
1193:P. madagascariensis
1061:P. madagascariensis
1041:P. madagascariensis
1037:P. germainepetterae
1033:P. germainepetterae
1010:P. germainepetterae
1006:P. madagascariensis
992:lacks notches above the
978:P. germainepetterae
958:P. madagascariensis
954:P. madagascariensis
950:P. germainepetterae
903:P. germainepetterae
899:P. madagascariensis
891:P. madagascariensis
879:P. germainepetterae
875:P. madagascariensis
837:P. madagascariensis
829:P. germainepetterae
521:P. madagascariensis
434:P. madagascariensis
347:P. germainepetterae
343:P. madagascariensis
325:, is a recently extinct
271:P. madagascariensis
267:P. germainepetterae
263:P. madagascariensis
3995:Amino acid racemisation
3258:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
3223:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
3218:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
3161:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
3051:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2958:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2769:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
2464:. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59614.
1992:Stephenson et al., 2016
1614:(replacement name) for
1523:Malagasy hippopotamuses
1095:. A find of associated
936:, which opens near the
4000:Archaeomagnetic dating
3512:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
3228:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
3197:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
3156:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
3103:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2948:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2774:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2552:MacPhee, R.D.E. 1994.
1635:, do not exceed 10 kg.
1140:entepicondylar foramen
885:, at the front of the
797:
660:close to aardvarks or
549:Filhol had classified
424:refers to Madagascar.
261:has been found. Blue:
4555:Enigmatic mammal taxa
4520:Paleobiology Database
3900:Geological time units
3233:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
3192:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
3113:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2800:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1213:posteromedial process
791:
277:, species uncertain.
234:(Forsyth Major 1908)
4565:Holocene extinctions
3952:Law of superposition
3947:Isotope geochemistry
3273:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
3166:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
3046:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
3036:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
2664:at Wikimedia Commons
2626:: e.T40595A97204107.
2595:Patterson, B. 1975.
1223:(from the hand) and
1109:intervertebral disks
1029:pseudoglenoid proces
743:; he suggested that
489:Guillaume Grandidier
317:, also known as the
4404:BP/Before "Present"
4085:Fluorine absorption
4062:Luminescence dating
3957:Luminescence dating
3865:Milankovitch cycles
3705:Proleptic Gregorian
3537:Hindu units of time
3328: •
3317: •
3315:Geologic time scale
3077:Middle (458–470 Ma)
3041:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
3010:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2905:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2874:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2545:Horovitz, I. 2004.
2028:Burney et al., 2004
2019:Burney et al., 2003
1914:Ali and Huber, 2010
1877:Douady et al., 2002
1571:Paleontology portal
1447:, species uncertain
1241:
1079:There are 34 known
813:Daubentonia robusta
530:Daubentonia robusta
501:Hypogeomys antimena
69:European water vole
4302:(4.2 ka – present)
4187:Terminus post quem
4167:Synchronoptic view
4134:Linguistic methods
4095:Obsidian hydration
4030:Radiometric dating
4015:Incremental dating
3937:Chronostratigraphy
3326:Geology portal
3187:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
3082:Early (470–485 Ma)
3015:Early (393–419 Ma)
2910:Early (247–252 Ma)
2879:Early (174–201 Ma)
2848:Early (100–145 Ma)
2843:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2581:Nowak, R.M. 1999.
2531:Cryptoprocta ferox
2527:Goodman, S. 2009.
2456:Buckley, M. 2013.
2431:Asher, R.J. 2007.
1475:. It was probably
1239:
1171:ischial tuberosity
1115:is present in the
982:interparietal bone
883:paranasal cavities
863:risk of extinction
798:
731:, within a larger
729:monophyletic group
385:French naturalist
75:), for comparison
73:Arvicola amphibius
4535:
4534:
4421:Taxon identifiers
4412:
4411:
4407:
4327:
4269:
4200:
4199:
4113:
4112:
3970:
3969:
3831:
3830:
3786:Geologic Calendar
3648:
3647:
3343:
3342:
3241:
3240:
3207:Paleoproterozoic
3126:
3125:
3072:Late (444–458 Ma)
3005:Late (359–383 Ma)
2918:
2917:
2900:Late (201–237 Ma)
2869:Late (145–164 Ma)
2813:
2812:
2734:(present–2.58 Ma)
2722:(present–66.0 Ma)
2660:Media related to
2637:Thomas, O. 1915.
2591:978-0-8018-5789-8
2564:Mittermeier, R.A.
2541:978-84-96553-49-1
2484:Burney, D.A. and
1515:radiocarbon dated
1455:The forelimbs of
1453:
1452:
1240:Collection sites
1156:olecranon process
1113:transarcual canal
914:ethmoid labyrinth
517:Hypogeomys boulei
505:Hypogeomys boulei
475:by the name of a
467:in 1915, because
426:Charles Lamberton
370:radiocarbon dated
329:of mammals from
323:Malagasy aardvark
310:
309:
304:
296:
239:
226:
219:Hypogeomys boulei
215:
196:
188:
171:
51:(pelvic bone) of
4587:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:Plesiorycteropus
4448:
4447:
4446:
4429:Plesiorycteropus
4416:
4395:
4335:10.3†ka – 9†ka
4323:
4265:Preceded by the
4264:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4192:ASPRO chronology
4141:Glottochronology
4057:Tephrochronology
4005:Dendrochronology
3983:
3880:
3679:Proleptic Julian
3669:Pre-Julian Roman
3659:
3454:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3337:World portal
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3286:
3250:
3210:
3179:
3176:Mesoproterozoic
3148:
3141:
3136:
3095:
3064:
3028:
2997:
2971:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2892:
2861:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2787:
2761:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:Plesiorycteropus
2672:Data related to
2671:
2662:Plesiorycteropus
2659:
2627:
2614:Tenrec ecaudatus
2556:Plesiorycteropus
2515:gen. et sp. nov.
2513:Myoryctes rapeto
2460:Plesiorycteropus
2447:New material of
2419:Literature cited
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1889:
1878:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1607:
1601:
1598:Preoccupied name
1595:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1551:Plesiorycteropus
1539:Eupleres goudoti
1511:Plesiorycteropus
1496:Plesiorycteropus
1473:Plesiorycteropus
1457:Plesiorycteropus
1445:Plesiorycteropus
1242:
1189:third trochanter
1175:Plesiorycteropus
1148:Plesiorycteropus
1128:Plesiorycteropus
1097:caudal vertebrae
1093:lumbar vertebrae
1091:and five or six
1085:Plesiorycteropus
1045:vascular foramen
1021:mandibular fossa
1017:Plesiorycteropus
990:Plesiorycteropus
962:foramen rotundum
922:Plesiorycteropus
855:late Pleistocene
850:Tenrec ecaudatus
845:Plesiorycteropus
841:Plesiorycteropus
821:Plesiorycteropus
809:subfossil lemurs
801:Plesiorycteropus
774:Plesiorycteropus
758:Plesiorycteropus
745:Plesiorycteropus
727:tested formed a
721:Plesiorycteropus
701:Plesiorycteropus
680:Plesiorycteropus
654:Plesiorycteropus
635:Palaeorycteropus
630:Plesiorycteropus
626:Plesiorycteropus
606:Plesiorycteropus
599:Plesiorycteropus
583:Plesiorycteropus
575:Plesiorycteropus
551:Plesiorycteropus
525:Plesiorycteropus
509:Plesiorycteropus
485:Plesiorycteropus
461:innominate bones
457:Myoryctes rapeto
449:Plesiorycteropus
430:Plesiorycteropus
389:first described
358:Plesiorycteropus
345:and the smaller
314:Plesiorycteropus
302:
294:
275:Plesiorycteropus
259:Plesiorycteropus
252:
233:
221:
210:
208:Myoryctes rapeto
194:
186:
166:
162:Plesiorycteropus
159:
89:
88:
65:Myoryctes rapeto
42:
29:Temporal range:
25:Plesiorycteropus
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4313:Blytt–Sernander
4306:
4305:
4240:
4231:
4201:
4196:
4145:
4129:
4125:Molecular clock
4118:Genetic methods
4109:
4090:Nitrogen dating
4077:Relative dating
4071:
4040:Potassium–argon
3987:Absolute dating
3977:
3966:
3925:
3904:
3869:
3845:Cosmic Calendar
3837:Astronomic time
3827:
3769:
3724:
3688:
3674:Original Julian
3644:
3611:
3573:
3472:Ab urbe condita
3450:
3427:
3379:
3374:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3318:
3310:
3292:
3284:
3277:
3248:
3237:
3208:
3201:
3177:
3170:
3146:
3145:Neoproterozoic
3135:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
3134:
3133:
3132:Proterozoic Eon
3122:
3093:
3086:
3062:
3055:
3026:
3019:
2995:
2988:
2969:
2962:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2890:
2883:
2859:
2852:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2785:
2778:
2759:
2752:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2652:
2609:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1626:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1517:to around 2150
1461:scratch-digging
1422:Abbreviations:
1237:
1077:
1057:tympanic cavity
871:
786:
766:
547:
383:
378:
165:
157:
83:
59:number M 7085,
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4464:
4449:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4362:
4348:
4345:9 ka – 7.5†ka
4338:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4287:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:New Chronology
4159:
4153:
4151:
4150:Related topics
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4025:Paleomagnetism
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3823:New Earth Time
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3684:Revised Julian
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3602:Lists of kings
3599:
3594:
3592:Canon of Kings
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Before present
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2968:Carboniferous
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2786:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2760:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2676:at Wikispecies
2665:
2651:
2650:External links
2648:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2628:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2579:
2568:Tattersall, I.
2561:
2550:
2543:
2525:
2518:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:Flannery, T.F.
2482:
2475:
2465:
2454:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1687:
1675:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1618:Forsyth Major.
1602:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1555:
1531:elephant birds
1519:Before Present
1489:termite mounds
1477:myrmecophagous
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:Ampasambazimba
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1233:
1154:show that the
1076:
1073:
994:foramen magnum
974:temporal lines
970:squamosal bone
946:parietal bones
942:orbital cavity
934:lacrimal canal
870:
867:
785:
782:
765:
762:
579:tubulidentates
546:
543:
513:Majoria rapeto
382:
379:
377:
374:
308:
307:
306:
305:
297:
286:
285:
279:
278:
254:
253:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
230:Majoria rapeto
227:
216:
198:
197:
189:
178:
177:
173:
172:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
57:British Museum
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4592:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4290:Northgrippian
4288:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:Chronological
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Geochronology
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Geologic time
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Metonic cycle
3858:
3856:
3855:Galactic year
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:ISO week date
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Byzantine era
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3458:Calendar eras
3455:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
3142:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2924:Paleozoic Era
2921:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:(66.0–145 Ma)
2829:
2826:
2824:
2822:(66.0–252 Ma)
2816:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:Goodman, 2009
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:shrew tenrecs
1466:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:Masinandraina
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:is larger in
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:petrosal bone
1050:
1049:foramen ovale
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:lacrimal bone
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
790:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
763:
761:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:sequences in
698:
693:
691:
687:
686:
685:Myorycteropus
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:morphological
552:
545:Relationships
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
442:morphological
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:specific name
419:
415:
412:
411:Ancient Greek
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
301:
298:
293:
290:
289:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
246:
237:
231:
228:
224:
223:G. Grandidier
220:
217:
213:
212:Forsyth Major
209:
206:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
190:
187:MacPhee, 1994
185:
182:
181:
179:
174:
169:
164:
163:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:Tenrecomorpha
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4537:
4428:
4311:
4273:Greenlandian
4245:
4238:Anthropocene
4105:Stratigraphy
4050:Uranium–lead
4020:Lichenometry
3818:Winter count
3801:Mesoamerican
3729:Astronomical
3547:Mesoamerican
3532:Sothic cycle
3507:Seleucid era
3492:Bosporan era
3480: /
3470:
3418:Paleontology
3311:
3247:Archean Eon
3209:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
3094:(485–539 Ma)
3063:(444–485 Ma)
3027:(419–444 Ma)
2996:(359–419 Ma)
2970:(299–359 Ma)
2939:(252–299 Ma)
2927:(252–539 Ma)
2891:(201–252 Ma)
2860:(145–201 Ma)
2819:Mesozoic Era
2719:Cenozoic Era
2640:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2572:Groves, C.P.
2555:
2530:
2512:
2470:Sporormiella
2469:
2459:
2448:
2408:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1253:
1248:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1160:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1084:
1078:
1060:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:, where the
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:nuchal crest
989:
977:
957:
953:
949:
926:nasal septum
921:
918:nasal cavity
907:
902:
898:
895:frontal bone
890:
878:
874:
872:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
825:
820:
812:
800:
799:
793:
773:
767:
764:Common names
757:
753:otter shrews
744:
741:sister group
737:golden moles
720:
700:
694:
689:
683:
679:
672:Notoungulata
665:
662:Afrosoricida
653:
650:DNA sequence
639:
633:
629:
625:
622:lipotyphlans
605:
603:
598:
582:
574:
550:
548:
539:Cheirogaleus
538:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
484:
480:
468:
464:
456:
448:
446:
437:
433:
429:
417:
416:"near" with
413:
407:generic name
402:
390:
387:Henri Filhol
384:
357:
355:
346:
342:
322:
319:bibymalagasy
318:
313:
312:
311:
303:Thomas, 1915
299:
291:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Sites where
229:
218:
207:
195:Filhol, 1895
191:
183:
161:
160:
138:Afrosoricida
72:
64:
52:
24:
18:
4494:iNaturalist
4453:Wikispecies
4379:Subatlantic
4325:Pleistocene
4315:stages/ages
4267:Pleistocene
4045:Radiocarbon
3720:Dual dating
3579:Regnal year
3557:Short Count
3497:Bostran era
3478:Anno Domini
3411:Big History
3391:Archaeology
3283:Hadean Eon
3061:Ordovician
2832:Cretaceous
2732:Quaternary
1611:Nomen novum
1527:giant fossa
1264:Ambolisatra
1225:metatarsals
1221:metacarpals
1217:metapodials
1205:tibiofibula
1184:Echinosorex
1117:neural arch
1075:Postcranium
998:spinal cord
966:optic canal
910:nasal bones
908:The robust
877:and one of
784:Description
770:common name
749:Tenrecoidea
709:afrotherian
690:Orycteropus
535:dwarf lemur
473:preoccupied
447:Remains of
418:Orycteropus
403:Orycteropus
4544:Categories
4385:– present)
4300:Meghalayan
4256:(official)
3640:Vietnamese
3552:Long Count
3487:Anno Mundi
3482:Common Era
3384:Key topics
3377:Chronology
3285:(4–4.6 Ga)
3249:(2.5–4 Ga)
3178:(1–1.6 Ga)
2784:Paleogene
2449:Centetodon
1643:References
1209:astragalus
1130:, has the
1069:neopallium
952:, but not
833:caviomorph
811:, such as
725:Tenrecinae
678:), placed
676:Litopterna
658:Afrotheria
641:Leptomanis
587:convergent
563:armadillos
523:. Another
497:votsovotsa
455:described
331:Madagascar
144:Suborder:
49:innominate
47:(1) Right
4365:Subboreal
4331:Preboreal
4292:(8.236 –
4177:Year zero
4157:Chronicle
4100:Seriation
4035:Lead–lead
3909:Standards
3890:Deep time
3850:Ephemeris
3736:Lunisolar
3700:Gregorian
3693:Gregorian
3654:Calendars
3617:Era names
3587:Anka year
3466:Human Era
3396:Astronomy
3312:See also:
3092:Cambrian
3025:Silurian
2994:Devonian
2889:Triassic
2858:Jurassic
1616:Myoryctes
1352:Antsirabe
1229:phalanges
1165:and long
1081:vertebrae
1065:Endocasts
1008:, but in
916:, in the
887:braincase
805:subfossil
735:in which
667:Erinaceus
646:Paleogene
644:from the
618:ungulates
610:cladistic
571:Xenarthra
567:anteaters
559:pangolins
469:Myoryctes
409:combines
351:subfossil
292:Myoryctes
269:; green:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
4473:10567911
4438:Wikidata
4351:Atlantic
4234:Holocene
4172:Timeline
4010:Ice core
3883:Concepts
3630:Japanese
3562:Tzolk'in
3527:Egyptian
2937:Permian
2758:Neogene
2641:Rhizomys
1557:See also
1535:falanouc
1485:termites
1465:gymnures
1381:Bemifany
1309:Anjohibe
1215:. Seven
1132:acromion
1105:thoracic
1039:but not
1025:mandible
859:Holocene
778:Malagasy
739:are the
697:collagen
688:than to
477:nematode
399:aardvark
376:Taxonomy
362:termites
335:aardvark
283:Synonyms
202:Synonyms
176:Species
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
61:holotype
31:Holocene
4512:1092440
4486:3240269
4444:Q135588
4373:2.5†ka
4294:4.2†ka
4182:Floruit
3930:Methods
3791:Iranian
3759:Islamic
3625:Chinese
3436:Periods
3406:History
3401:Geology
2643:, etc.)
1543:aye-aye
1338:Anovaha
1167:ischium
1136:process
1124:scapula
986:occiput
817:humerus
717:rafting
705:tenrecs
614:hyraxes
481:Majoria
465:Majoria
414:plesio-
405:). The
339:tenrecs
300:Majoria
273:; red:
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
4499:632023
4355:7.5 ka
4341:Boreal
4281:8.236*
4250:stages
3978:dating
3774:Others
3740:Hebrew
3635:Korean
3446:Epochs
3291:
2589:
2539:
2488:2005.
1541:) and
1529:, and
1525:, the
1409:Sirave
1324:Ankevo
1295:Ampoza
1201:fibula
1195:. The
1169:. The
1144:radius
1101:joints
1089:sacral
1051:. The
938:suture
595:lemurs
591:Eocene
565:, and
238:, 1915
236:Thomas
225:, 1912
214:, 1908
170:, 1895
168:Filhol
4525:43319
4507:IRMNG
4381:(2.5
4359:5†ka
4277:11.7*
3811:Aztec
3755:Lunar
3750:Solar
3744:Hindu
3607:Limmu
3567:Haab'
3522:Hijri
1633:fossa
1629:indri
1585:Notes
1443:sp.:
1197:tibia
1163:ilium
1152:ulnae
1035:. In
869:Skull
733:clade
493:femur
327:genus
4481:GBIF
4369:5 ka
4254:ages
3806:Maya
3541:Yuga
3441:Eras
3423:Time
2624:2016
2587:ISBN
2537:ISBN
1631:and
1483:and
1481:ants
1467:and
1435:mad.
1426:ger.
1367:Belo
1258:sp.
1254:mad.
1249:ger.
1245:Site
1199:and
1179:neck
1134:, a
857:and
772:for
674:and
638:and
515:and
471:was
395:Belo
366:ants
364:and
265:and
4468:EoL
4398:b2k
4247:ICS
1083:of
948:in
541:).
321:or
63:of
4546::
4522::
4509::
4496::
4483::
4470::
4455::
4440::
4406:).
4400:).
4383:ka
4371:–
4357:–
4284:ka
4279:–
3742:,
3307:Ga
3303:Ma
3299:ka
2622:.
2618:.
2570:,
2396:^
2222:^
1976:^
1937:^
1896:^
1882:^
1870:^
1690:^
1678:^
1650:^
1437::
1428::
1417:+
1403:+
1389:+
1361:+
1346:+
1332:?
1318:+
1303:+
1289:+
1273:+
1122:A
1119:.
1063:.
956:.
905:.
865:.
713:Ma
692:.
616:,
561:,
487:.
232::
204::
4375:)
4367:(
4361:)
4353:(
4347:)
4343:(
4337:)
4333:(
4296:)
4286:)
4275:(
4252:/
4236:/
4226:e
4219:t
4212:v
3761:)
3757:(
3746:)
3738:(
3543:)
3539:(
3369:e
3362:t
3355:v
2703:e
2696:t
2689:v
2616:"
2612:"
2533:)
1600:.
1545:(
1537:(
1373:+
1358:+
1315:+
1286:+
1283:+
1270:+
537:(
499:(
401:(
158:â€
71:(
55:(
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