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coordination and non-reactive strategic long-term thinking and management are needed. In that sense, "reactive sequencing" refers to "the notion that early events in a sequence set in motion a chain of causally linked reactions and counter-reactions which trigger subsequent development". This is a concept separate to policy sequencing in that the latter may require actions from a multitude of parties at different stages for progress of the sequence, rather than an initial "shock", force-exertion or catalysis of chains of events.
1316:
2725:; Bathan, Glynda; Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan; Brauer, Michael; Caravanos, Jack; Chiles, Tom; Cohen, Aaron; Corra, Lilian; Cropper, Maureen; Ferraro, Greg; Hanna, Jill; Hanrahan, David; Hu, Howard; Hunter, David; Janata, Gloria; Kupka, Rachael; Lanphear, Bruce; Lichtveld, Maureen; Martin, Keith; Mustapha, Adetoun; Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto; Sandilya, Karti; Schaefli, Laura; Shaw, Joseph; Seddon, Jessica; Suk, William; Téllez-Rojo, Martha María; Yan, Chonghuai (June 2022).
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specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organization's preferences in the given policy area. Third, the individual or organization can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim.
910:'s popular model of the policy cycle divided the process into seven distinct stages, asking questions of both how and why public policies should be made. With the stages ranging from (1) intelligence, (2) promotion, (3) prescription, (4) invocation, (5) application, (6) termination and (7) appraisal, this process inherently attempts to combine policy implementation to formulated policy goals.
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in various ways. Alternative options as well as organisations and decision-makers that would be responsible for enacting these policies – or explaining their rejection – can be identified. "Policy sequencing" is a concept that integrates mixes of existing or hypothetical policies and arranges them in
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world, polycentric governance has become ever more important – such "requires a complex combination of multiple levels and diverse types of organizations drawn from the public, private, and voluntary sectors that have overlapping realms of responsibility and functional capacities". Key components of
1602:
may depend on exogenously-driven shocks that "undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria" and may not always be functional in terms of sufficiently preventing and solving problems, especially when unpopular policies, regulation of influential entities with vested interests, international
1142:
through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize the policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization
1292:
Redistributive policies involve the transfer of resources or benefits from one group to another, typically from the wealthy or privileged to the less advantaged. These policies seek to reduce economic or social inequality by taking from those with more and providing for those with less. Progressive
1274:
Regulatory policies aim to control or regulate the behavior and practices of individuals, organizations, or industries. These policies are intended to address issues related to public safety, consumer protection, and environmental conservation. Regulatory policies involve government intervention in
1265:
Distributive policies involve government allocation of resources, services, or benefits to specific groups or individuals in society. The primary characteristic of distributive policies is that they aim to provide goods or services to a targeted group without significantly reducing the availability
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Constituent policies are less concerned with the allocation of resources or regulation of behavior, and more focused on representing the preferences and values of the public. These policies involve addressing public concerns and issues that may not have direct economic or regulatory implications.
1177:
section, indicating which parties and organizations are responsible for carrying out individual policy statements. Many policies may require the establishment of some ongoing function or action. For example, a purchasing policy might specify that a purchasing office be created to process purchase
1158:
statement, describing who the policy affects and which actions are impacted by the policy. The applicability and scope may expressly exclude certain people, organizations, or actions from the policy requirements. Applicability and scope is used to focus the policy on only the desired targets, and
821:
provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and
1970:
Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja,
764:
over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from a policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may
734:
It has been argued that policies ought to be evidence-based. An individual or organization is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organization possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the
1284:
They often reflect the broader values and beliefs of the society. Constituent policies can include symbolic gestures, such as resolutions recognizing historical events or designating official state symbols. Constituent policies also deal with fiscal policy in some circumstances.
718:
may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political,
738:
Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making or
950:
Anderson's version of the stages model is the most common and widely recognized out of the models. However, it could also be seen as flawed. According to Paul A. Sabatier, the model has "outlived its usefulness" and should be replaced. The model's issues have led to a
778:
The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in the organization, or to seek some positive benefit.
1247:
of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the "real" world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.
895:
is a tool commonly used for analyzing the development of a policy. It can also be referred to as a "stages model" or "stages heuristic". It is thus a rule of thumb rather than the actual reality of how policy is created, but has been influential in how
1275:
the form of laws, regulations, and oversight. Examples include environmental regulations, labor laws, and safety standards for food and drugs. Another example of a fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a highway speed limit.
955:
situation in which current research and updated versions of the model continue to rely on the framework created by
Anderson. But the very concept of the stages model has been discredited, which attacks the cycle's status as a heuristic.
862:
results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing
681:
policy. Moreover, governments and other institutions have policies in the form of laws, regulations, procedures, administrative actions, incentives and voluntary practices. Frequently, resource allocations mirror policy decisions.
1192:
indicating the specific regulations, requirements, or modifications to organizational behavior that the policy is creating. Policy statements are extremely diverse depending on the organization and intent, and may take almost any
870:
The policy formulation process theoretically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences.
677:. Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.g.
841:
lanes to drivers of hybrid vehicles. In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes).
1975:; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022).
1208:. This information is often quite valuable when policies must be evaluated or used in ambiguous situations, just as the intent of a law can be useful to a court when deciding a case that involves that law.
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Pahle, Michael; Burtraw, Dallas; Flachsland, Christian; Kelsey, Nina; Biber, Eric; Meckling, Jonas; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Zysman, John (October 2018). "Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency".
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or benefits for other groups. These policies are often designed to promote economic or social equity. Examples include subsidies for farmers, social welfare programs, and funding for public education.
711:. While the law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve the desired outcome.
1040:
academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models. They consider a broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes
3173:
959:
Due to these problems, alternative and newer versions of the model have aimed to create a more comprehensive view of the policy cycle. An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in
927:
Policy formulation – Involves exploring a variation of options or alternative courses of action available for addressing the problem. (appraisal, dialogue, formulation, and consolidation)
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Decision-making – Government decides on an ultimate course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or alter it. (Decision could be 'positive', 'negative', or 'no-action')
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1387:
1251:
Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of the organization.
1036:. Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach, and tend to describe processes from the perspective of policy decision makers. Accordingly, some
756:
A company or organization's policy on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally.
1579:). Broadly, considerations include political competition with other parties and social stability as well as national interests within the framework of global dynamics.
662:
to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a
1377:
1243:
in his article "Four
Systems of Policy, Politics and Choice" and in "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses the
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Lowi, Theodore J.; Bauer, Raymond A.; De Sola Pool, Ithiel; Dexter, Lewis A. (1964). "American
Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory".
904:'s work. It is called the policy cycle as the final stage (evaluation) often leads back to the first stage (problem definition), thus restarting the cycle.
642:
1327:
1305:
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In contrast, policies to assist in objective decision-making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g. password policy.
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Hicks, Daniel L.; Hicks, Joan Hamory; Maldonado, Beatriz (January 2016). "Women as policy makers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid".
727:
is a policy for a firm/company or an industry that is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the
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Heckathorn, Douglas D.; Maser, Steven M. (1990). "The
Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology".
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intervention, influence research, and guide funding". Broadly, science–policy interfaces include both science in policy and science for policy.
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1204:, indicating any reasons, history, ethical background statements, and/or intent that led to the creation of the policy, which may be listed as
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2338:
2296:
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requests, and that this office would be responsible for ongoing actions. Responsibilities often include identification of any relevant
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The actions an organization actually takes may often vary significantly from its stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by
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510:
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Deleon, Peter; Steelman, Toddi A. (2001). "Making public policy programs effective and relevant: The role of the policy sciences".
116:
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issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including:
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1332:
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1103:
635:
505:
283:
131:
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Greenberg, George D.; et al. (December 1977). "Developing Public Policy Theory: Perspectives from
Empirical Research".
1630:, suggests that successful control of conjoined threats such as pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss requires a
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a sequential order. The use of such frameworks may make complex polycentric governance for the achievement of goals such as
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1301:
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setting (Problem identification) – The recognition of certain subject as a problem demanding further government attention.
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269:
101:
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taxation, welfare programs, and financial assistance to low-income households are examples of redistributive policies.
1151:, outlining why the organization is issuing the policy, and what its desired effect or outcome of the policy should be.
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2140:
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1571:), contemporary economics (such as what is beneficial or a burden in the long- and near-term within it) and a general
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1088:
1849:"When is it justified to claim that a practice or policy is evidence-based? Reflections on evidence and preferences"
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1342:
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106:
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1563:, policy mixes are usually introduced depending on factors that include popularity in the public (influenced via
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628:
233:
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Howlett, Michael (December 2009). "Process
Sequencing Policy Dynamics: Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency".
2568:"Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation"
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1512:
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attempt to determine whether the course of action is a success or failure by examining its impact and outcomes.
855:
348:
238:
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Meckling, Jonas; Sterner, Thomas; Wagner, Gernot (December 2017). "Policy sequencing toward decarbonization".
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policies include command-and-control measures, enabling measures, monitoring, incentives and disincentives.
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1315:
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723:, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In public corporate finance, a
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31:
2914:
Kellow, Aynsley (Summer 1988). "Promoting
Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Power".
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Daugbjerg, Carsten (1 April 2009). "Sequencing in public policy: the evolution of the CAP over a decade".
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Official government policy (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)
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1988:
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1214:, providing clear and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts found in the policy document.
942:– Assesses the effectiveness of a public policy in terms of its perceived intentions and results.
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The term may apply to government, public sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals,
3025:
Nakamura, Robert T. (September 1987). "The textbook policy process and implementation research".
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more easily achievable or more effective, fair, efficient, legitimate and rapidly implemented.
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or by creating a rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed.
806:, and sometimes may have led to unintended harmful or net negative effects. The study suggests
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Policy is a blueprint of the organizational activities which are repetitive/routine in nature.
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An
Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making
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410:
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Spitzer, Robert J. (June 1987). "Promoting Policy Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power".
2526:
2474:
2421:
2103:"Policy implications of incorporating hybrid vehicles into high-occupancy vehicle lanes"
1992:
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3040:
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2019:
1976:
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1702:
1677:
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1441:
1061:
1037:
999:
933:
864:
854:. Because the environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically
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311:
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Policies or policy-elements can be designed and proposed by a multitude of actors or
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811:
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203:
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2355:
2228:
Howlett, M. (2011) Designing public policies: principles and instruments. Routledge.
1358:
Heinz
College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University
3147:
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that provided USD $ 1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) and enabled the use of
803:
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183:
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are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with the potential to improve the
1752:
1576:
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1309:
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858:(e.g. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have
834:
830:
807:
740:
704:
487:
452:
355:
343:
208:
2079:
1909:
Lowi, Theodore J. (July 1972). "Four
Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice".
833:
in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in
829:
provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of
2650:
2607:
2534:
2482:
2371:
1972:
1757:
1183:
1179:
1045:
1033:
1005:
964:
939:
826:
720:
663:
577:
567:
562:
301:
163:
2707:
2658:
2615:
2542:
2490:
2439:
2379:
2194:
2010:
1977:"International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects"
3007:
Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). "The State in Politics". In Noll, Roger G. (ed.).
2001:
1657:
1619:
1016:
1012:
659:
462:
360:
243:
198:
178:
17:
2752:
2028:
2066:
Herbert, Peter (1984). "The financial implications of purchasing policy".
1627:
585:
545:
228:
213:
193:
62:
2682:"Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons"
2430:
2405:
2107:
Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology
1777:
For more information on the effect of tax policy on state revenues, see
1559:
In contemporary systems of market-oriented economics and of homogeneous
1338:
Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California Berkeley
879:
2956:
2889:
2852:
2038:"Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't"
952:
500:
158:
2999:
2698:
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2239:
1930:
27:
Principle or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes
3182:
2187:
10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.co;2-w
2141:"Capital Tax Competition in the Presence of Rent-Shifting Incentives"
1560:
1486:
1244:
550:
492:
38:
2948:
2881:
2844:
2219:
Laswell, H(1971). A Pre-View of Policy Sciences. New York, Elsevier.
3059:"Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Classification"
2991:
2255:
1945:"Most international treaties are ineffective, Canadian study finds"
1922:
1314:
1300:
2288:
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods
3115:
Policy Practice for Social Workers: New Strategies for a New Era
1618:, may have also become more important. A review about worldwide
1507:
799:
1830:"Government's Role in Coordination of Decision- Making Process"
936:– The ultimate decision made earlier will be put into practice.
900:
looked at policy in general. It was developed as a theory from
1071:
838:
708:
765:
arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy.
3011:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 67–110.
1614:
Science-based policy, related to the more narrow concept of
2907:
Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective
967:: (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions)
753:
Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets
3188:
1197:
Some policies may contain additional sections, including:
2804:
Althaus, Catherine; Bridgman, Peter; Davis, Glyn (2007).
1881: This article incorporates text available under the
1834:
Revista de Științe Politics. Journal of Political Science
666:
body within an organization. Policies can assist in both
1353:
The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy
2399:
2397:
1383:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
2101:
Nesamani, K.S.; Lianyu, C.H.U.; Recker, Will (2010).
2406:"Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation"
2404:
Furumo, Paul R.; Lambin, Eric F. (27 October 2021).
1388:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
746:
When the term policy is used, it may also refer to:
2817:. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press.
1166:which indicates when the policy comes into force.
2285:Fischer, Frank; Miller, Gerald J. (2006-12-21).
703:are all examples of policy. Policy differs from
2313:Helping researchers become policy entrepreneurs
1981:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1378:Norman Paterson School of International Affairs
1373:Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy
2974:"Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice"
2240:"Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process"
1159:avoid unintended consequences where possible.
636:
8:
44:For policies regarding Knowledge (XXG), see
3050:Analyzing National and International Policy
2680:Carlisle, Keith; Gruby, Rebecca L. (2019).
1106:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1011:The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model is
2808:(4th ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
643:
629:
50:
3074:
3009:Regulatory Policy and the social Sciences
2742:
2727:"Pollution and health: a progress update"
2697:
2429:
2175:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
2018:
2000:
1860:
1328:Balsillie School of International Affairs
1306:Balsillie School of International Affairs
1126:Learn how and when to remove this message
913:One version by James E. Anderson, in his
850:Policies frequently have side effects or
3172:) is being considered for deletion. See
2562:
2560:
2207:
878:
822:standardize the way purchasing is done.
1794:
1770:
61:
46:Knowledge (XXG):Policies and guidelines
2721:Fuller, Richard; Landrigan, Philip J;
1598:Contemporary ways of policy-making or
1227:proposed four types of policy, namely
3135:European Journal of Political Economy
1653:Artificial intelligence in government
7:
3016:Müller, Pierre; Surel, Yves (1998).
2311:Young, John and Enrique Mendizabal.
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1363:Harvard Kennedy School of Government
1104:adding citations to reliable sources
988:Building coordination and coalitions
982:(which permeates the entire process)
883:Example of the policy cycle concept.
798:have mostly failed to produce their
2775:"Science-Policy Interface Platform"
2329:Birkland, Thomas A. (2 July 2019).
3098:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x
3076:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x
3041:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1987.tb00034.x
3020:(in French). Paris: Montchrestien.
3018:L'analyse des politiques publiques
2928:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x
2779:Major Group for Children and Youth
2244:PS: Political Science and Politics
1573:state of international competition
774:Intended effects and policy-design
25:
3176:to help reach a consensus. ›
2833:American Political Science Review
2639:Journal of European Public Policy
1561:voting of delegates and decisions
1223:The American political scientist
917:(1974) has the following stages:
511:Biology and political orientation
1876:
1862:10.1332/174426421X16905606522863
1076:
612:
2356:"Network-centric policy design"
2238:Sabatier, Paul A. (June 1991).
3148:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007
2826:. University of Alabama Press.
2815:Social Policy: an Introduction
2806:The Australian Policy Handbook
2354:Taeihagh, Araz (1 June 2017).
2317:Overseas Development Institute
2148:經濟研究 (Taipei Economic Inquiry)
1333:Blavatnik School of Government
1320:Blavatnik School of Government
961:The Australian Policy Handbook
506:Theories of political behavior
132:Political history of the world
1:
3189:"Policy Studies Organization"
2744:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0
2119:10.1016/S1570-6672(09)60031-3
2068:Journal of General Management
1638:–policy interface", e.g. to "
985:Policy instrument development
693:Presidential executive orders
521:Critique of political economy
2979:Public Administration Review
1911:Public Administration Review
1584:collaborating actor-networks
1567:and education as well as by
102:Outline of political science
2909:. London: Martin Robertson.
2731:The Lancet Planetary Health
1368:Hertie School of Governance
1170:are rare, but can be found.
1042:civil society organizations
3236:
3113:K. Cummins, Linda (2011).
2972:Lowi, Theodore J. (1972).
2319:, London, September 2009.
2080:10.1177/030630708400900403
2035:University press release:
1343:London School of Economics
1258:
725:critical accounting policy
697:corporate privacy policies
658:is a deliberate system of
107:Index of politics articles
43:
36:
29:
3028:Review of Policy Research
2905:Jenkins, William (1978).
2651:10.1080/13501760802662698
2608:10.1017/S0143814X09990158
2535:10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6
2483:10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8
2372:10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0
2333:(5 ed.). Routledge.
1828:Voican, Mădălina (2008).
1589:climate change mitigation
1413:Paris Nanterre University
3174:templates for discussion
3048:Paquette, Laure (2002).
2596:Journal of Public Policy
1847:Gade, Christian (2023).
1626:– where it found little
856:complex adaptive systems
37:Not to be confused with
2870:The Journal of Politics
2822:Dye, Thomas R. (1976).
2813:Blakemore, Ken (1998).
2002:10.1073/pnas.2122854119
1437:Human resource policies
1398:University of Cambridge
1156:applicability and scope
1138:Policies are typically
852:unintended consequences
516:Political organisations
279:International relations
117:Politics by subdivision
32:Policy (disambiguation)
3086:Policy Studies Journal
3063:Policy Studies Journal
2916:Policy Studies Journal
2686:Policy Studies Journal
1802:Office, Publications.
1323:
1312:
963:by Peter Bridgman and
884:
839:high-occupancy vehicle
808:enforcement mechanisms
792:international treaties
3057:Smith, K. B. (2002).
3052:. Rowman Littlefield.
2723:Balakrishnan, Kalpana
2515:Nature Climate Change
2410:Global Sustainability
2139:Lai, Yu-Bong (2006).
1853:Evidence & Policy
1733:Public policy schools
1718:Public administration
1663:Distributive tendency
1616:evidence-based policy
1608:highly interconnected
1555:Induction of policies
1408:University of Warwick
1403:University of Glasgow
1348:King's College London
1318:
1304:
1261:Distributive tendency
882:
596:Political campaigning
336:Public administration
169:Collective leadership
1624:major cause of death
1575:(often the focus of
1518:Public policy in law
1498:Macroeconomic policy
1477:Environmental policy
1168:Retroactive policies
1100:improve this section
1026:and not meant to be
971:Issue identification
915:Public Policy-Making
898:political scientists
762:political compromise
729:financial statements
699:, and parliamentary
446:Separation of powers
317:Political psychology
292:Comparative politics
270:political scientists
257:Academic disciplines
137:Political philosophy
30:For other uses, see
2573:Stanford University
2527:2018NatCC...8..861P
2475:2017NatEn...2..918M
2431:10.1017/sus.2021.21
2422:2021GlSus...4E..24F
1993:2022PNAS..11922854H
1987:(32): e2122854119.
1728:Public policy (law)
1430:Communications and
1058:research institutes
819:purchasing policies
794:that aim to foster
619:Politics portal
468:Election commission
439:Government branches
322:Political sociology
174:Confessional system
112:Politics by country
1713:Program evaluation
1673:Mandate (politics)
1432:information policy
1324:
1313:
1206:motivating factors
885:
796:global cooperation
302:Political analysis
234:Semi-parliamentary
3215:Politics by issue
3179:Policy institutes
2699:10.1111/psj.12212
2340:978-1-351-02394-8
2298:978-1-4200-1700-7
1708:Political science
1698:Policy Governance
1688:Policy alienation
1569:cultural identity
1513:Population policy
1393:Sciences Po Paris
1190:Policy statements
1149:purpose statement
1136:
1135:
1128:
889:political science
804:global challenges
679:work–life balance
653:
652:
601:Political parties
541:Electoral systems
265:Political science
239:Semi-presidential
151:Political systems
127:Political history
122:Political economy
16:(Redirected from
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2876:(4): 1101–1123.
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2737:(6): e535–e547.
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1814:
1804:"What is policy"
1799:
1782:
1775:
1683:Pattern language
1591:and stoppage of
1543:Transport policy
1467:Education policy
1225:Theodore J. Lowi
1175:responsibilities
1131:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1080:
1072:
1060:, corporations,
1031:
1025:
991:Program Design:
860:counterintuitive
800:intended effects
645:
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307:Political theory
297:Election science
287:
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3107:Further reading
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2830:
2824:Policy Analysis
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1951:. 3 August 2022
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1738:Public services
1693:Policy analysis
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1600:decision-making
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1528:Security policy
1503:Monetary policy
1462:Economic policy
1457:Domestic policy
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1297:Notable schools
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1038:post-positivist
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975:Policy analysis
908:Harold Lasswell
902:Harold Lasswell
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2992:10.2307/974990
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2937:World Politics
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1973:Lavis, John N.
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