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244:. This implies that traits such as height that are both highly heritable and normally distributed are necessarily polygenic. In other words, the fact that human height follows a smooth bell curve implies that there can be no single gene (or even small cluster of genes) that control height under ordinary circumstances. However, in this model all genes must code for alleles with additive effects. This assumption is often unrealistic as many genes display
131:. The term "monozygous" is usually used to refer to a hypothetical gene as it is often difficult to distinguish the effect of an individual gene from the effects of other genes and the environment on a particular phenotype. Advances in statistical methodology and high throughput sequencing are, however, allowing researchers to locate candidate genes for the trait. In the case that such a gene is identified, it is referred to as a
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Another interest of statistical geneticists using QTL mapping is to determine the complexity of the genetic architecture underlying a phenotypic trait. For example, they may be interested in knowing whether a phenotype is shaped by many independent loci, or by a few loci, and do those loci interact.
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is any individual locus which is included in the system of genes responsible for the genetic component of variation in a quantitative (polygenic) character. Allelic substitutions contribute to the variance in a specified quantitative character. Polygenic locus may be either a single or complex
162:, as opposed to the qualitative characters with monogenic or oligogenic determinism. In essence instead of two options, such as freckles or no freckles, there are many variations, like the color of skin, hair, or even eyes.
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Balanced systems of polygenic inheritance in a population contain a great deal of potential genetic variability in the heterozygous condition and released by small increments through genetic recombination between linked
279:, that accounts for a significant amount of the variation observed in the measured trait. This locus will usually contain a large number of genes that are responsible. A new form of QTL has been described as
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The frequency of the phenotypes of these traits generally follows a normal continuous variation distribution pattern. This results from the many possible allelic combinations. When the values are plotted, a
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The effects of allelic substitution at each of the segregating genes are usually relatively small and interchangeable which results that identical phenotype may be displayed by a great variety of genotypes.
217:. Often the genes are large in quantity but small in effect. Examples of human polygenic inheritance are height, skin color, eye color and weight. Polygenes exist in other organisms, as well.
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Consoli L, Lefèvre A, Zivy M, de Vienne D, Damerval C (Apr 2002). "QTL analysis of proteome and transcriptome variations for dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits in maize".
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Traditionally, mapping polygenes requires statistical tools available to help measure the effects of polygenes as well as narrow in on single genes. One of these tools is
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Mackay, Trudy F.C. (December 1995). "The genetic basis of quantitative variation: numbers of sensory bristles of
Drosophila melanogaster as a model system".
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of the distribution represents the optimal, or fittest, phenotype. The more genes are involved, the smoother the estimated curve, which follows from the
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effects which can have unpredictable effects on the distribution of outcomes, especially when looking at the distribution on a fine scale.
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Main mode of nonallelic genes interaction in corresponding gene series is addition of mainly small particular allele contributions.
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Falconer, D. S. & Mackay TFC (1996). Introduction to
Genetics. Fourth edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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464:. Sarajevo: Institut za genetiÄŤko inĹľenjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB)/Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology.
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genetic locus in the conventional sense, i.e., either a single gene or closely linked block of functionally related genes.
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by comparing known marker genes with correlated phenotypes. Often, researchers will find a large region of DNA, called a
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The phenotypic expression of the polygenic characters is undergoing considerable modification by environmental influence.
283:(eQTL). eQTLs regulate the amount of expressed mRNA, which in turn regulates the amount of protein within the organism.
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Rosenbloom, A L; Joe, J R; Young, R S; Winter, W E (1 February 1999). "Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth".
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223:, for instance, display polygeny with traits such as wing morphology, bristle count and many others.
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Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka/Bioanthropology – biodiversity of recent man
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are thought to be mostly polygenes. In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355
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Polygenic characters show a continuous rather than discontinuous distribution.
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Most metric and meristic traits are controlled by a number of genetic loci.
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In modern sense, the inheritance mode of polygenic patterns is called
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This can provide information on how the phenotype may be evolving.
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305:"Polygenic Inheritance, qualitative and quantitative inheritance"
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Zimmerman, Erika; Palsson, Arnar; Gibson, Greg (1 June 2000).
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Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular
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Traits with polygenic determinism correspond to the classical
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occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more
181:, whose main properties may be summarized as follows:
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Mankind evolving: The evolution of the human species
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
121:multigenic inheritance, quantitative inheritance
369:"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"
271:. QTL-mapping utilizes a phenomenon known as
139:as well. The genes that contribute to type 2
8:
410:Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M. (1976).
414:. Heidelberg - New York: Springer-Verlag.
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260:Example of a genome-wide scan for QTL of
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:, without removing the technical details.
107:that interact additively to influence a
34:. For diseases involving polygenes, see
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27:Member of a group of interacting genes
66:make it understandable to non-experts
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487:Genetics of the evolutionary process
30:For inheritance via polygenes, see
399:. San Francisco: Freeman and Comp.
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135:(QTL). These genes are generally
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397:Heredity, evolution and society
609:, McGraw-Hill Higher Education
149:last universal common ancestor
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537:10.1093/genetics/155.2.671
460:Hadžiselimović R. (2005).
439:. New York: Bantam Books.
234:bell-shaped "normal" curve
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125:non-Mendelian inheritance
113:multiple-gene inheritance
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133:quantitative trait locus
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160:quantitative characters
489:. New York: Columbia.
485:Dobzhansky T. (1970).
435:Dobzhansky T. (1970).
273:linkage disequilibrium
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606:Multifactorial Traits
395:Lerner j. M. (1968).
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242:Central Limit Theorem
211:Polygenic inheritance
179:polygenic inheritance
129:Mendelian inheritance
117:polygenic inheritance
32:Polygenic inheritance
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570:Trends in Genetics
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227:Trait distribution
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471:978-9958-9344-2-1
421:978-0-387-07668-3
252:Mapping polygenes
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246:epistasis
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525:Genetics
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166:Overview
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