Polypropylene - Knowledge (XXG)

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crystals are built from lamellae in the form of folded chains. A characteristic anomaly is that the lame are arranged in the so-called "cross-hatched" structure. The melting point of α-crystalline regions is given as 185 to 220 °C, the density as 0.936 to 0.946 g·cm. The β-modification is in comparison somewhat less ordered, as a result of which it forms faster and has a lower melting point of 170 to 200 °C. The formation of the β-modification can be promoted by nucleating agents, suitable temperatures and shear stress. The γ-modification is hardly formed under the conditions used in industry and is poorly understood. The

1277:. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often given lids made of a less heat-resistant material, such as LDPE or polystyrene. Such containers provide a good hands-on example of the difference in modulus, since the rubbery (softer, more flexible) feeling of LDPE with respect to polypropylene of the same thickness is readily apparent. Rugged, translucent, reusable 1262: 56: 900: 47: 195: 145: 1299: 1198:. Two methods are widely used for producing BOPP films, namely, a bi-directional stenter process or a double-bubble blown film extrusion process. Biaxial orientation increases strength and clarity. BOPP is widely used as a packaging material for packaging products such as snack foods, fresh produce and confectionery. It is easy to coat, print and laminate to give the required appearance and properties for use as a packaging material. This process is normally called 611: 1216: 1367: 1037: 1465: 3519: 396: 3525: 577:(MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease. 1421:

certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh-driven tissue erosions reported by patients over the past few years. On 3 January 2012, the FDA ordered 35 manufacturers of these mesh products to study the side effects of these devices. Due to the outbreak of the

1378:, with over 50% used for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 38: 816: 1447:, as for polyethylene: the material is heated to soften or melt it, and mechanically formed it into new products. As of 2015, less than 1% of polypropylene generated was recycled. Heating degrades the carbon backbone more severely than for polyethylene, breaking it into smaller organic molecules, because the methyl side group of PP is susceptible to 268: 1391:. Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the wearer is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind. Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage. 1487:

is laid into the joint and the parts and weld rod fuse. With polypropylene, the melted welding rod must be "mixed" with the semi-melted base material being fabricated or repaired. A speed tip "gun" is essentially a soldering iron with a broad, flat tip that can be used to melt the weld joint and filler material to create a bond.

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Rodriguez-Arnold, Jonahira; Zhang, Anqiu; Cheng, Stephen Z.D; Lovinger, Andrew J; Hsieh, Eric T; Chu, Peter; Johnson, Tim W; Honnell, Kevin G; Geerts, Rolf G; Palackal, Syriac J; Hawley, Gil R; Welch, M.Bruce (1994). "Crystallization, melting and morphology of syndiotactic polypropylene fractions: 1.

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technique. With speed welding, the plastic welder, similar to a soldering iron in appearance and wattage, is fitted with a feed tube for the plastic weld rod. The speed tip heats the rod and the substrate, while at the same time it presses the molten weld rod into position. A bead of softened plastic

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Polypropylene, or 'polypro', has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear. Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather clothing, in which it transports sweat away from the skin. Polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in

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Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) has been produced through both solid and melt state processing. EPP is manufactured using melt processing with either chemical or physical blowing agents. Expansion of PP in solid state, due to its highly crystalline structure, has not been successful. In this regard, two

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A notable application was as a transvaginal mesh, used to treat vaginal prolapse and concurrent urinary incontinence. Due to the above-mentioned propensity for polypropylene mesh to erode the tissue surrounding it, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for

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into smaller rolls for use on packaging machines. BOPP is also used for stickers and labels in addition to OPP. It is non-reactive, which makes BOPP suitable for safe use in the pharmaceutical and food industry. It is one of the most important commercial polyolefin films. BOPP films are available in

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is able to restrict linking of monomer molecules to a specific orientation, either isotactic, when all methyl groups are positioned at the same side with respect to the backbone of the polymer chain, or syndiotactic, when the positions of the methyl groups alternate. Commercially available isotactic

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and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode the tissue

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modification, however, occurs often in industrial processing, since the plastic is usually cooled quickly. The degree of order of the mesomorphic phase ranges between the crystalline and the amorphous phase, its density is with 0.916 g·cm comparatively. The mesomorphic phase is considered as cause

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are commonly also used to make bottles. Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, pharmacy prescription bottles, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers are often made of polypropylene or HDPE, both of which commonly have rather similar appearance, feel, and properties at ambient temperature. An

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Is polypropylene can exist in various crystalline modifications which differ by the molecular arrangement of the polymer chains. The crystalline modifications are categorized into the α-, β- and γ-modification as well as mesomorphic (smectic) forms. The α-modifications is predominant in iPP. Such

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The availability of sheet polypropylene has provided an opportunity for the use of the material by designers. The light-weight, durable, and colorful plastic makes an ideal medium for the creation of light shades, and a number of designs have been developed using interlocking sections to create

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and depending on the type of organic modifiers employed during catalyst preparation and use in polymerization reactions. Two most important technological characteristics of all the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at

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Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene. Polypropylene has been reported to degrade while in the human body as implantable mesh devices. The degraded material forms a tree bark-like layer at the surface of mesh

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catalysts produce syndiotactic polypropylene. These macromolecules also coil into helices (of a different type) and crystallize. Atactic polypropylene is an amorphous rubbery material. It can be produced commercially either with a special type of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst or with some

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describes for polypropylene how the methyl group is oriented in the polymer chain. Commercial polypropylene is usually isotactic. This article therefore always refers to isotactic polypropylene, unless stated otherwise. The tacticity is usually indicated in percent, using the isotactic index

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Atactic polypropylene has lower density, melting point and softening temperature than the crystalline types and is tacky and rubber-like at room temperature. It is a colorless, cloudy material and can be used between −15 and +120 °C. Atactic polypropylene is used as a sealant, as an

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are commonly made of polypropylene, although the lids are often made of somewhat more flexible LDPE so they can snap onto the container to close it. Polypropylene can also be made into disposable bottles to contain liquid, powdered, or similar consumer products, although HDPE and

732:. However, the aPP obtained this way is not completely amorphous but can still contain 15% crystalline parts. Atactic polypropylene can also be produced selectively using metallocene catalysts, atactic polypropylene produced this way has a considerably higher molecular weight. 1338:

It can also be produced in sheet form, widely used for the production of stationery folders, packaging, and storage boxes. The wide color range, durability, low cost, and resistance to dirt make it ideal as a protective cover for papers and other materials. It is used in

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range. Such applications occur in houses as water filters or in air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface-area and naturally oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.

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improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases. The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of comonomer (if used) and the

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In bulk polymerization, liquid propene acts as a solvent to prevent the precipitation of the polymer. The polymerization proceeds at 60 to 80 °C and 30–40 atm are applied to keep the propene in the liquid state. For the bulk polymerization, typically

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added to polypropylene homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to polypropylene homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity, lowers the melting point and makes the polymer more transparent.

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Polypropylene is widely used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water. For equal mass and construction, polypropylene rope is similar in strength to polyester rope. Polypropylene costs less than most other synthetic fibers.

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from 1957 onwards. Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Natta. Interest in polypropylene development is ongoing to the present. For example, making polypropylene from bio-based resources is a topic of interest in the 21st century.

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with lower weight and more parts of a certain mass of plastic can be produced. Unlike polyethylene, crystalline and amorphous regions differ only slightly in their density. However, the density of polyethylene can significantly change with fillers.

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Atactic polypropylene is amorphous and has therefore no crystal structure. Due to its lack of crystallinity, it is readily soluble even at moderate temperatures, which allows to separate it as by-product from isotactic polypropylene by

1254:). This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, its environmental benefits, and its ability to be joined by 621:) is randomly aligned, alternating (alternating) for syndiotactic polypropylene and evenly for isotactic polypropylene. This has an impact on the crystallinity (amorphous or semi-crystalline) and the thermal properties (expressed as 3023:

Collinet, Pierre; Belot, Franck; Debodinance, Philippe; Duc, Edouard Ha; Lucot, Jean-Philippe; Cosson, Michel (2006-08-01). "Transvaginal mesh technique for pelvic organ prolapse repair: mesh exposure management and risk factors".

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Polypropylene is most commonly used for plastic moldings, wherein it is injected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.

1358:. In some areas susceptible to earthquakes (e.g., California), PP fibers are added with soils to improve the soil's strength and damping when constructing the foundation of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc. 4126: 1080:

as a support. The catalysts also contain organic modifiers, either aromatic acid esters and diesters or ethers. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalysts containing an organoaluminum compound such as

1149:. Common extrusion methods include production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks, filters, diapers and wipes. 1835: 1167:

The large number of end-use applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example,

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chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from 160 to 166 °C (320 to 331 °F), depending on

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70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions. Commercial synthesis of isotactic polypropylene is usually carried out either in the medium of liquid propylene or in gas-phase reactors.

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novel strategies were developed for expansion of PP. It was observed that PP can be expanded to make EPP through controlling its crystalline structure or through blending with other polymers.

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Commercial synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene is carried out with the use of a special class of metallocene catalysts. They employ bridged bis-metallocene complexes of the type bridge-(Cp

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Polypropylene can be categorized as atactic polypropylene (aPP), syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP). In case of atactic polypropylene, the methyl group (-CH

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cable in low-ventilation environments, primarily tunnels. This is because it emits less smoke and no toxic halogens, which may lead to production of acid in high-temperature conditions.

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Wang, Suxi; Muiruri, Joseph Kinyanjui; Soo, Xiang Yun Debbie; Liu, Songlin; Thitsartarn, Warintorn; Tan, Beng Hoon; Suwardi, Ady; Li, Zibiao; Zhu, Qiang; Loh, Xian Jun (2023-01-17).

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Doroudiani, Saeed; Park, Chul B; Kortschot, Mark T (1998). "Processing and characterization of microcellular foamed high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends".

3850: 1239:, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximise strength. 1025:

polypropylene is made with two types of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The first group of the catalysts encompasses solid (mostly supported) catalysts and certain types of soluble

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Galambos, Adam; Wolkowicz, Michael; Zeigler, Robert (1992). "Structure and Morphology of Highly Stereoregular Syndiotactic Polypropylene Produced by Homogeneous Catalysts".

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A common application for polypropylene is as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). These BOPP sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear

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Iakovlev, Vladimir V; Guelcher, Scott A; Bendavid, Robert (2017). "Degradation of polypropylene in vivo: A microscopic analysis of meshes explanted from patients".

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Lovinger, Andrew J; Chua, Jaime O; Gryte, Carl C (1977). "Studies on the α and β forms of isotactic polypropylene by crystallization in a temperature gradient".

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creates a greater degree of crystallinity and results in a stiffer material that is more resistant to creep than both atactic polypropylene and polyethylene.

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additives can be added to help polypropylene surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on polypropylene, such as

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shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial isotactic polypropylene many of its desirable properties.

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are applied. The bulk polymerization is limited to a maximum of 5% ethene as comonomer due to a limited solubility of the polymer in the liquid propene.

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where the first Cp ligand is the cyclopentadienyl group, the second Cp ligand is the fluorenyl group, and the bridge between the two Cp ligands is -CH

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Farina, Mario; Di Silvestro, Giuseppe; Terragni, Alberto (1995). "A stereochemical and statistical analysis of metallocene-promoted polymerization".

1310:. When polypropylene is biaxially oriented, it becomes crystal clear and serves as an excellent packaging material for artistic and retail products. 3168: 1331:

Polypropylene is also used in particular roofing membranes as the waterproofing top layer of single-ply systems as opposed to modified-bit systems.

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Shi, Guan-yi; Zhang, Xiao-Dong; Cao, You-Hong; Hong, Jie (1993). "Melting behavior and crystalline order of ß-crystalline phase poly(propylene)".

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In gas-phase and slurry-reactors, the polymer is formed around heterogeneous catalyst particles. The gas-phase polymerization is carried out in a

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De Rosa, C; Auriemma, F (2006). "Structure and physical properties of syndiotactic polypropylene: A highly crystalline thermoplastic elastomer".

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Propylene molecules prefer to join together "head-to-tail", giving a chain with methyl groups on every other carbon, but some randomness occurs.

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and the second type of a modifier. The catalysts are differentiated depending on the procedure used for fashioning catalyst particles from MgCl

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and Karl Rehn in March 1954. This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of isotactic polypropylene by the Italian firm

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systems, both ones concerned with high purity and ones designed for strength and rigidity (e.g., those intended for use in potable plumbing,

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UPDATE on Serious Complications Associated with Transvaginal Placement of Surgical Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: FDA Safety Communication

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Cox, W. W; Duswalt, A. A (1967). "Morphological transformations of polypropylene related to its melting and recrystallization behavior".

3010: 3836: 3343: 1728: 2985: 348:, but it is slightly harder and more heat-resistant. It is a white, mechanically rugged material and has a high chemical resistance. 1896: 1567: 486: 46: 1261: 378:

first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951. The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by

1511:.. Polypropylene was the most common microplastic fiber found in the Olfactory Bulbs in 8 of 15 deceased individuals in a study. 485:

The melting point of polypropylene occurs in a range, so the melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a

566:-xylene at 140 °C. Isotactic precipitates when the solution is cooled to 25 °C and atactic portion remains soluble in 3368: 2098:

Bai, Feng; Li, Fuming; Calhoun, Bret H; Quirk, Roderic P; Cheng, Stephen Z. D (2003). "Physical Constants of Poly(propylene)".

1448: 650:. Commercially available polypropylenes usually have an isotactic index between 85 and 95%. The tacticity effects the polymers 467: 823:

Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to temperatures above 100 °C. Oxidation usually occurs at the

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Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenço, PhD1,2; Katia Cristina Dantas, PhD2; Gabriel Ribeiro Júnior, PhD2; et al (September 16, 2024)

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Atactic polypropylene, on the other hand, lacks any regularity, which prevents it from crystallization, thereby creating an

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When polypropylene film is extruded and stretched in both the machine direction and across machine direction it is called

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Samuels, Robert J (1975). "Quantitative structural characterization of the melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene".

1129:. These complexes are converted to polymerization catalysts by activating them with a special organoaluminum cocatalyst, 288: 4257: 4232: 4175: 4095: 1269:

Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an

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Yadav, Y.S; Jain, P.C (1986). "Melting behaviour of isotactic polypropylene isothermally crystallized from the melt".

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PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F). Below 0 °C, PP becomes brittle.

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Cacciari, I; Quatrini, P; Zirletta, G; Mincione, E; Vinciguerra, V; Lupattelli, P; Giovannozzi Sermanni, G (1993).

1500: 1291: 423:. In isotactic polypropylene, for example, the methyl groups are oriented on one side of the carbon backbone. This 3316: 3087:

Li, Houqian; Aguirre-Villegas, Horacio A.; Allen, Robert D.; Bai, Xianglan; Benson, Craig H.; et al. (2022).

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Deformations- und Versagensmechanismen von isotaktischem Polypropylen (i-PP) oberhalb der Glasübergangstemperatur

1459: 1228: 559: 646:(according to DIN 16774). The index is measured by determining the fraction of the polymer insoluble in boiling 4012: 4002: 3864: 3551: 3498: 3388: 2951:

Amir-Faryar, Behzad & Aggour, M. Sherif (2015). "Effect of fibre inclusion on dynamic properties of clay".

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Polypropylene, highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing carpets, rugs and mats to be used at home.

926: 719:. Syndiotactic PP has a lower melting point, with 161 to 186 °C, depending on the degree of tacticity. 411: 3131:

Thiounn, Timmy; Smith, Rhett C. (2020). "Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste".

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Syndiotactic polypropylene was discovered much later than isotactic PP and could only be prepared by using

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in 2020, the demand for PP has increased significantly because it is a vital raw material for producing

918: 716: 689:, in industrial products 30–60%. Syndiotactic polypropylene is slightly less crystalline, atactic PP is 383: 68: 3241: 1949:

Deformations- und Versagensmechanismen von isotaktischem Polyp(i-PP) obrhalb dr Glasübergangstemperatur

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Jones, A. Turner; Wood, Jean M; Beckett, D. R. (1964). "Crystalline forms of isotactic polypropylene".

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Bassett, D.C; Olley, R.H (1984). "On the lamellar morphology of isotactic polypropylene spherulites".

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Binsbergen, F.L; De Lange, B.G.M (1968). "Morphology of polypropylene crystallized from the melt".

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is in isotactic propylene consistently located at the same side, it forces the macromolecule in a

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Modern supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts developed for the polymerization of propylene and other

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Bayasi, Ziad & Zeng, Jack (1993). "Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete".

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Polypropylene items for laboratory use. Blue and orange closures are not made of polypropylene.

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can be applied to polypropylene parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.

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Polypropylene Handbook. Polymerization, Characterization, Properties, Processing, Applications

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polymerization. All state-of-the-art processes use either gas-phase or bulk reactor systems.

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The thermal expansion of PP is significant, but somewhat less than that of polyethylene.

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made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for consumers from various companies such as

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for the transparency in rapidly cooled films (due to low order and small crystallites).

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made of PP. At elevated temperature, PP can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as

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Polymer Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules

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The industrial production processes can be grouped into gas phase polymerization,

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the growing polymer particles. Propene is introduced into the mixture as a gas.

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Polypropylene at room temperature is resistant to fats and almost all organic

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in the figure) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units. A

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and the formed polymer is separated as a fine powder and then converted into

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The density of PP is between 0.895 and 0.93 g/cm. Therefore, PP is the

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Polypropylene || Skin Deep Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group

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Varga, J (1992). "Supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene".

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fabric, which is in turn the raw material for producing facial masks.

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Hand Book of Printing, Packaging and Lamination: Packaging Technology

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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials

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Stinson, Stephen (1987). "Discoverers of Polypropylene Share Prize".

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different thicknesses and widths. They are transparent and flexible.

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Shields, T. J.; Zhang, J. (1999). "Fire hazard with polypropylene".

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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure: von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung

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Nuyken, von Sebastian; Koltzenburg, Michael; Maskos, Oskar (2013).

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Specification for Pressure-rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems

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Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung

1504: 1365: 1297: 1260: 1214: 1035: 1030: 988:) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units (see 814: 659: 394: 3418: 2738: 2392:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Hanser. p. 251. 2357:

Thermodynamic properties, overall crystallization and melting".

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Alkene Polymerization Reactions with Transition Metal Catalysts

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Plastics chemistry for engineers: from synthesis to application

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Gahleitner, Markus; Paulik, Christian (2014). "Polypropylene".

1399:

Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable

1812:

Plastics chemistry for engineers from synthesis to application

1519:

Like all organic compounds, polypropylene is combustible. The

454:

Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, especially when

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JAMA Network Open Original Investigation Environmental Health

1417:

surrounding it over the uncertain period from days to years.

3011:

Get Real: The true story of performance next to skin fabrics

2986:

Generation III Extended Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS)

562:(HDPE). Isotactic & atactic polypropylene is soluble in 178: 3321: 2829:

What to do when the piping replacement needs a replacement?

2657:

Doroudiani, Saeed; Park, Chul B; Kortschot, Mark T (1996).

1202:. It is normally produced in large rolls which are slit on 318:

used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via

252:

130 to 171 °C (266 to 340 °F; 403 to 444 K)

933:. Unreacted gas is recycled and fed back into the reactor. 1164:

are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.

867:

when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as

2327:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 496. pp. 104–20. 2912:

Braided Polypropylene Rope is Inexpensive and it Floats

1955:] (PhD Thesis) (in German). Universität Stuttgart. 1779:

Polypropylene: the definitive user's guide and databook

1745:"Polypropylene Plastic Materials & Fibers by Porex" 1235:

As polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic

944:

In the slurry polymerization, typically C4–C6 alkanes (

276: 3242:

Microplastics in the Olfactory Bulb of the Human Brain

1354:

additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and

2568:

Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts

2291: 2289: 1891:(8., bearb. Aufl ed.). Berlin: Springer Berlin. 1141:

Melting process of polypropylene can be achieved via

1029:

catalysts. Such isotactic macromolecules coil into a

1040:

A ball-and-stick model of syndiotactic polypropylene

989: 827:

centers leading to chain breaking via reaction with

760:

are in use as well. A particularly important one is

4151: 4114: 4071: 4028: 3990: 3957: 3926: 3872: 3821: 3766: 3711: 3704: 3616: 3575: 3532: 3359: 2787:, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2017, 2233:

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

2129: 2127: 1981:

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

1974: 1972: 1970: 2424:. FV - Plast, a.s., Czech Republic. Archived from 1000:The properties of PP are strongly affected by its 968:The properties of PP are strongly affected by its 1855:Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen 351:Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced 3317:Polypropylene Properties & other information 2642:Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Höker, H., eds. (1995). 2422:"Novinky v produkci FV Plast - od PP-R k PP-RCT" 1889:Kunststoffe : Eigenschaften und Anwendungen 1859:Polymers: synthesis, properties and applications 1801: 1799: 1320:Polypropylene is also used as an alternative to 580:There are three general types of polypropylene: 3126: 3124: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1295:abundance of medical devices are made from PP. 470:(ABS). Polypropylene is reasonably economical. 105: 2914:. contractorrope.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28. 2617:Benedikt, G. M.; Goodall, B. L., eds. (1998). 1551:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1324:(PVC) as insulation for electrical cables for 1242:Polypropylene is used in the manufacturing of 793:Polypropylene random crystallinity temperature 406:Polypropylene is in little aspects similar to 3844: 3337: 2039: 2037: 462:. This allows polypropylene to be used as an 439:with the lowest density. With lower density, 8: 1861:] (in German) (1st ed.). Springer. 1616:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 76. 835:. It may be protected by the use of various 3185:Athavale, Shrikant P. (20 September 2018). 2902:. Fibersource.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-31. 2565:Hoff, Ray & Mathers, Robert T. (2010). 1343:stickers because of these characteristics. 819:Effect of UV exposure on polypropylene rope 451:of PP is between 1300 and 1800 N/mm². 3851: 3837: 3829: 3708: 3344: 3330: 3322: 1543: 1541: 1539: 898: 193: 143: 29: 3229:The water footprint of cotton consumption 3104: 2674: 2479: 1523:of a typical composition is 260 °C; 1374:Polypropylene is a major polymer used in 875:, or certain other plastics. It is often 160: 2805:Green pipe helps miners remove the black 2739:"Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Films" 2571:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 158–. 2100:The Wiley Database of Polymer Properties 1507:is used in its dyeing, in contrast with 1458:Polypropylene has the number "5" as its 1370:Various polypropylene yarns and textiles 2998:USAF Flying Magazine. Safety. Nov. 2002 1771: 1769: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1535: 1188:Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) 839:, including UV-absorbing additives and 189: 3434:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 2452:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1776:Maier, Clive; Calafut, Teresa (1998). 1554:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–44. 1499:classifies PP as of low hazard. PP is 847:) and hindered phenols, which prevent 845:tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite 332:Polypropylene belongs to the group of 134: 3374:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 3369:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 3288:"A&C Plastics Polypropylene MSDS" 1152:The most common shaping technique is 473:Polypropylene has good resistance to 7: 4186:List of environmental health hazards 4106:List of environmental health hazards 3166:Plastics recycling information sheet 2988:. PM Soldier Equipment. October 2008 2831:Engineered Systems. 1 November 2009. 2807:Contractor Magazine, 10 January 2010 2163:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 925:is passed over a bed containing the 666:. An isotactic structure leads to a 3214:. ewg.com. Retrieved on 2024-07-02. 3026:International Urogynecology Journal 2844:International Urogynecology Journal 1350:Polypropylene fibres are used as a 685:Isotactic polypropylene has a high 466:, competing with materials such as 3991:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 2310:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.11.002 1443:Most polypropylene recycling uses 1387:the U.S. military, such as in the 1056:to isotactic polymers usually use 681:Crystal structure of polypropylene 82:Polipropene 25 ; Propene polymers; 25: 2817:Contractor Retrofits His Business 2692:Polymer Engineering & Science 2663:Polymer Engineering & Science 887:Polypropylene is produced by the 550:and has an intermediate level of 546:Most commercial polypropylene is 487:differential scanning calorimetry 3523: 3517: 3409:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 3384:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 3307:Chain structure of Polypropylene 2646:. Heidelberg: Huttig & Wepf. 2621:. Toronto: ChemTech Publishing. 2472:10.1128/AEM.59.11.3695-3700.1993 1723:. Shrewsbury: RAPRA Technology. 1721:Practical guide to polypropylene 1475:PP objects can be joined with a 1463: 1196:biaxially oriented polypropylene 1137:Manufacturing from polypropylene 711:Syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) 609: 391:Chemical and physical properties 344:. Its properties are similar to 266: 84:Propylene polymers; 1-Propene; n 54: 45: 36: 3389:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 2953:Geomechanics and Geoengineering 2596:. New York: Hanser Publishers. 2046:Polymer Engineering and Science 1585:Chemical & Engineering News 1412:Polypropylene has been used in 605:Molecular structure – tacticity 596:. Ethylene-propylene rubber or 468:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 414:and electrical properties. The 262:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 3752:Category:Plastics applications 3499:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 3494:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 3479:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2759:Neagu, Cristina (2020-02-05). 2644:Alumoxanes, Macromol. Symp. 97 2619:Metallocene Catalyzed Polymers 2325:Catalysis in Polymer Synthesis 1782:. William Andrew. p. 14. 1162:injection-stretch blow molding 927:heterogeneous (solid) catalyst 762:polypropylene random copolymer 515:, apart from strong oxidants. 1: 3459:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 3191:. Notion Press. p. 224. 2965:10.1080/17486025.2015.1029013 1836:"10.4: Synthesis of Polymers" 1560:10.1002/14356007.o21_o04.pub2 1479:glue or using hot-glue guns. 697:Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) 4176:Persistent organic pollutant 4137:Toxic Substances Control Act 4096:Persistent organic pollutant 3379:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 3312:Polypropylene on Plastipedia 3264:10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_34 2819:. the News/ 2 November 2009. 2718:"Polypropylene Applications" 2371:10.1016/0032-3861(94)90978-4 2280:10.1016/0032-3861(68)90006-2 2190:Journal of Materials Science 2085:10.1016/0032-3861(84)90076-4 2028:10.1016/0032-3861(86)90130-8 1887:Hans., Domininghaus (2011). 1646:. 28 April 2007. p. 15. 1610:Morris, Peter J. T. (2005). 1068:as an active ingredient and 573:The melt flow rate (MFR) or 493:material and crystallinity. 4169:Great Pacific garbage patch 4091:Great Pacific garbage patch 3504:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 3419:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 2544:. Elsevier. pp. 207–. 2298:Progress in Polymer Science 2175:10.1002/macp.1995.021960125 2148:10.1002/macp.1993.021940123 1934:10.1002/macp.1964.020750113 1663:Chemistry: An Asian Journal 1497:Environmental Working Group 889:chain-growth polymerization 879:or colored using pigments. 723:Atactic polypropylene (aPP) 320:chain-growth polymerization 80:Polypropylene; Polypropene; 4274: 4132:Japan Toxic Substances Law 3927:Miscellaneous plasticizers 3133:Journal of Polymer Science 2333:10.1021/bk-1992-0496.ch008 2253:10.1002/pol.1977.180150405 2136:Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2001:10.1002/pol.1975.180130713 1495:The advocacy organization 1436: 1292:polyethylene terephthalate 4206: 4127:European REACH regulation 4122:California Proposition 65 3865:polyhalogenated compounds 3742:High-performance plastics 3567:High-performance plastics 3515: 3038:10.1007/s00192-005-0003-8 2856:10.1007/s00192-005-0003-8 2384:Wolfgang, Kaiser (2007). 2108:10.1002/0471532053.bra025 1806:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011). 1597:10.1021/cen-v065n010.p030 1482:PP can be melted using a 1460:resin identification code 1229:resin identification code 1004:, the orientation of the 972:, the orientation of the 843:such as phosphites (e.g. 560:high-density polyethylene 256: 205: 89: 77: 67: 62: 53: 44: 35: 3552:Fibre-reinforced plastic 3489:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 2720:. Euroshore. 25 May 2021 1638:"This week 50 years ago" 1525:autoignition temperature 668:semi-crystalline polymer 584:, random copolymer, and 556:low-density polyethylene 242:0.946 g/cm, crystalline 3603:Biodegradable additives 1219:Polypropylene lid of a 1049:metallocene catalysts. 687:degree of crystallinity 592:is typically used with 4018:Perfluorooctanoic acid 3454:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 3449:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 3394:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 2538:Kissin, Y. V. (2008). 1675:10.1002/asia.202200972 1371: 1303: 1266: 1232: 1041: 1022:Ziegler–Natta catalyst 820: 744:and as an additive to 623:glass transition point 403: 240:0.855 g/cm, amorphous 72:Poly(1-methylethylene) 4198:Biodegradable plastic 3547:Thermosetting polymer 3444:Polylactic acid (PLA) 2926:ACI Materials Journal 2592:Moore, E. P. (1996). 2058:10.1002/pen.760070412 1719:Tripathi, D. (2001). 1437:Further information: 1369: 1301: 1265:A polypropylene chair 1264: 1218: 1039: 919:fluidized bed reactor 818: 717:metallocene catalysts 431:Mechanical properties 398: 338:partially crystalline 27:Thermoplastic polymer 4209:Identification codes 3809:Foam food containers 3732:Engineering plastics 3145:10.1002/pol.20190261 3077:, FDA, July 13, 2011 1947:Fischer, G. (1988). 1445:mechanical recycling 1258:rather than gluing. 4258:Commodity chemicals 4233:Packaging materials 4048:Endocrine disruptor 3646:Compression molding 3598:Polymer stabilizers 3013:. outdoorsnz.org.nz 2517:10.1002/jbm.b.33502 2464:1993ApEnM..59.3695C 2245:1977JPoSB..15..641L 2202:1992JMatS..27.2557V 1993:1975JPoSB..13.1417S 1347:elaborate designs. 907:bulk polymerization 849:polymer degradation 837:polymer stabilizers 738:insulating material 693:(not crystalline). 662:, as also found in 652:physical properties 517:Non-oxidizing acids 504:Chemical properties 464:engineering plastic 32: 31:Polypropylene (PP) 4063:Polymer fume fever 3722:Commodity plastics 3696:Rotational molding 3666:Fiberglass molding 3626:Injection moulding 3608:Filler (materials) 3557:Corrugated plastic 3509:Tritan copolyester 3464:Polypropylene (PP) 3414:Polycarbonate (PC) 3171:2010-07-22 at the 3106:10.1039/D2GC02588D 2898:2010-04-05 at the 2210:10.1007/BF00540671 1406:, manufactured by 1372: 1322:polyvinyl chloride 1304: 1279:plastic containers 1267: 1233: 1178:Surface treatments 1042: 956:) are utilized as 859:Optical properties 821: 481:Thermal properties 404: 368:Phillips Petroleum 289:Infobox references 30: 4215: 4214: 4193:Plastic recycling 4159:Plastic pollution 4145: 4144: 4079:Plastic pollution 3859:Health issues of 3817: 3816: 3713:Plastics industry 3631:Plastic extrusion 3484:Polyurethane (PU) 3474:Polysulfone (PES) 3429:Polyethylene (PE) 3404:Polybutylene (PB) 3273:978-94-010-5899-5 3227:(September 2005) 3223:Chapagain, A. K. 3198:978-1-64429-251-8 3139:(10): 1347–1364. 3099:(23): 8899–9002. 2793:10.1520/f2389-17a 2704:10.1002/pen.10289 2676:10.1002/pen.10664 2628:978-1-884207-59-4 2578:978-0-470-13798-7 2551:978-0-444-53215-2 2399:978-3-446-41325-2 2342:978-0-8412-2456-8 2117:978-0-471-53205-7 1868:978-3-642-34772-6 1821:978-3-446-43047-1 1789:978-1-884207-58-7 1669:(2): e202200972. 1623:978-0-941901-03-1 1484:speed tip welding 1439:Plastic recycling 1423:COVID-19 pandemic 1250:and cooling, and 1204:slitting machines 1154:injection molding 1131:methylaluminoxane 799:), also used for 638: 523:can be stored in 437:commodity plastic 412:solution behavior 353:commodity plastic 307:), also known as 297:Chemical compound 295: 294: 174:CompTox Dashboard 16:(Redirected from 4265: 4084:Rubber pollution 3934:Organophosphates 3853: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3709: 3681:Filament winding 3656:Transfer molding 3583:Polymer additive 3527: 3521: 3469:Polystyrene (PS) 3346: 3339: 3332: 3323: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3001: 3000:. access.gpo.gov 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2458:(11): 3695–700. 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1976: 1965: 1964: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1884: 1873: 1872: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1751:. Archived from 1741: 1735: 1734: 1716: 1703: 1702: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1545: 1527:is 388 °C. 1467: 1449:thermo-oxidative 1248:hydronic heating 1079: 1078: 1077: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1044:Another type of 1019: 1018: 1017: 987: 986: 985: 902: 801:plastic pipework 782:plastic pipework 774:random copolymer 616: 613: 554:between that of 541:Markovnikov rule 410:, especially in 402:of polypropylene 279: 273: 270: 269: 213:Chemical formula 198: 197: 182: 180: 164: 147: 136: 109: 58: 49: 40: 33: 21: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4110: 4067: 4024: 3986: 3953: 3922: 3868: 3857: 3823: 3813: 3762: 3700: 3686:Solvent bonding 3676:Plastic welding 3618: 3612: 3571: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3424:Polyester (PEs) 3361: 3355: 3350: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3173:Wayback Machine 3164: 3160: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3093:Green Chemistry 3086: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2900:Wayback Machine 2891: 2887: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2761:"What is BOPP?" 2758: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2669:(21): 2645–62. 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2196:(10): 2557–79. 2187: 2186: 2182: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1978: 1977: 1968: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1922:Die Marco Chain 1919: 1918: 1914: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1869: 1852: 1851: 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As the 643:tacticity 641:The term 590:comonomer 570:-xylene. 548:isotactic 421:tacticity 370:chemists 342:non-polar 327:propylene 322:from the 107:9003-07-0 4243:Plastics 4053:Diabetes 3959:Monomers 3939:Adipates 3861:plastics 3715:segments 3705:Products 3353:Plastics 3169:Archived 3054:16228121 2896:Archived 2872:16228121 2525:26315946 1691:36461701 1362:Clothing 1356:spalling 1352:concrete 1227:and the 855:fibers. 594:ethylene 533:tetralin 513:solvents 460:ethylene 4181:Dioxins 4101:Dioxins 4058:Obesity 3799:Cutlery 3789:Bottles 3062:2648056 2880:2648056 2490:8285678 2460:Bibcode 2359:Polymer 2268:Polymer 2241:Bibcode 2198:Bibcode 2073:Polymer 2016:Polymer 1989:Bibcode 1404:Prolene 1395:Medical 1275:kettles 1221:Tic Tac 1147:molding 1133:(MAO). 1031:helical 962:suspend 950:pentane 931:pellets 923:propene 893:propene 873:acrylic 833:crazing 746:bitumen 648:heptane 537:decalin 491:atactic 475:fatigue 363:History 355:(after 336:and is 324:monomer 316:polymer 311:, is a 282:what is 280: ( 236:Density 230: 18:Polypro 3898:(BBzP) 3867:(PHCs) 3779:Chairs 3747:Nurdle 3270: 3225:et al. 3195: 3151: 3113: 3060: 3052: 3044: 2971: 2878: 2870: 2862: 2625: 2600: 2575: 2548: 2523: 2488: 2481:182519 2478: 2406: 2396: 2339: 2216: 2114: 1959: 1905: 1895: 1865: 1818: 1786: 1727: 1697: 1689: 1681: 1620: 1566: 1509:cotton 1414:hernia 1401:suture 1244:piping 954:hexane 946:butane 911:slurry 877:opaque 829:oxygen 797:PP-RCT 788:PP-RCT 664:starch 588:. The 529:xylene 277:verify 274: 63:Names 4152:Waste 3998:PBDEs 3909:(DOP) 3535:types 3362:types 3291:(PDF) 3058:S2CID 2969:S2CID 2876:S2CID 2388:[ 2214:S2CID 1951:[ 1857:[ 1810:[ 1695:S2CID 1505:water 1503:; no 1389:ECWCS 1109:)ZrCl 990:above 958:inert 776:with 772:), a 521:bases 458:with 4013:PFCs 4003:PCBs 3979:(in 3943:DEHA 3918:DINP 3913:DIDP 3907:DEHP 3902:DIHP 3886:DIBP 3863:and 3794:Bags 3268:ISBN 3193:ISBN 3149:ISSN 3111:ISSN 3050:PMID 3042:ISSN 2868:PMID 2860:ISSN 2623:ISBN 2598:ISBN 2573:ISBN 2546:ISBN 2521:PMID 2486:PMID 2404:OCLC 2394:ISBN 2337:ISBN 2112:ISBN 1957:OCLC 1903:OCLC 1893:ISBN 1863:ISBN 1816:ISBN 1784:ISBN 1725:ISBN 1687:PMID 1679:ISSN 1618:ISBN 1564:ISBN 1451:and 1326:LSZH 1308:bags 1285:and 1160:and 1145:and 1105:)(Cp 1081:Al(C 1070:MgCl 1058:TiCl 909:and 770:PP-R 740:for 629:and 598:EPDM 535:and 519:and 447:The 374:and 340:and 153:UNII 125:None 3981:PVC 3948:DOA 3896:BBP 3891:DBP 3260:doi 3141:doi 3101:doi 3034:doi 2961:doi 2934:doi 2852:doi 2789:doi 2700:doi 2671:doi 2513:doi 2509:105 2476:PMC 2468:doi 2367:doi 2329:doi 2306:doi 2276:doi 2249:doi 2206:doi 2171:doi 2167:196 2144:doi 2140:194 2104:doi 2081:doi 2054:doi 2024:doi 1997:doi 1930:doi 1671:doi 1593:doi 1556:doi 1117:-CH 952:or 891:of 768:or 766:PPR 543:). 419:iso 359:). 179:EPA 4224:: 3876:: 3266:. 3147:. 3137:58 3135:. 3123:^ 3109:. 3097:24 3095:. 3091:. 3056:. 3048:. 3040:. 3030:17 3028:. 2967:. 2957:11 2955:. 2930:90 2928:. 2874:. 2866:. 2858:. 2848:17 2846:. 2763:. 2696:38 2694:. 2667:36 2665:. 2661:. 2519:. 2507:. 2484:. 2474:. 2466:. 2456:59 2454:. 2450:. 2402:. 2363:35 2361:. 2335:. 2302:31 2300:. 2288:^ 2270:. 2247:. 2237:15 2235:. 2212:. 2204:. 2194:27 2192:. 2165:. 2138:. 2126:^ 2110:. 2102:. 2077:25 2075:. 2048:. 2036:^ 2020:27 2018:. 1995:. 1985:13 1983:. 1969:^ 1926:75 1924:. 1901:. 1877:^ 1838:. 1798:^ 1768:^ 1747:. 1707:^ 1693:. 1685:. 1677:. 1667:18 1665:. 1661:. 1640:. 1589:65 1587:. 1562:. 1538:^ 1462:: 1176:. 1010:CH 978:CH 948:, 921:, 895:: 871:, 851:. 807:. 784:. 748:. 637:). 531:, 477:. 329:. 305:PP 218:(C 3983:) 3973:) 3950:) 3941:( 3852:e 3845:t 3838:v 3345:e 3338:t 3331:v 3293:. 3276:. 3262:: 3201:. 3155:. 3143:: 3117:. 3103:: 3064:. 3036:: 2975:. 2963:: 2940:. 2936:: 2882:. 2854:: 2791:: 2773:. 2748:. 2727:. 2706:. 2702:: 2679:. 2673:: 2631:. 2606:. 2581:. 2554:. 2527:. 2515:: 2492:. 2470:: 2462:: 2435:. 2410:. 2373:. 2369:: 2345:. 2331:: 2312:. 2308:: 2282:. 2278:: 2272:9 2255:. 2251:: 2243:: 2220:. 2208:: 2200:: 2177:. 2173:: 2150:. 2146:: 2120:. 2106:: 2087:. 2083:: 2060:. 2056:: 2050:7 2030:. 2026:: 2003:. 1999:: 1991:: 1963:. 1936:. 1932:: 1909:. 1871:. 1842:. 1824:. 1792:. 1762:. 1733:. 1701:. 1673:: 1626:. 1599:. 1595:: 1572:. 1558:: 1127:2 1123:2 1119:2 1115:2 1111:2 1107:2 1103:1 1095:2 1091:3 1089:) 1087:5 1085:H 1083:2 1075:2 1063:4 1015:3 1008:( 983:3 976:( 795:( 764:( 635:m 633:T 627:g 625:T 619:3 568:p 564:p 303:( 272:Y 228:n 226:) 224:6 222:H 220:3 181:) 177:( 20:)

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