Polypropylene - Knowledge (XXG)

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crystals are built from lamellae in the form of folded chains. A characteristic anomaly is that the lame are arranged in the so-called "cross-hatched" structure. The melting point of α-crystalline regions is given as 185 to 220 °C, the density as 0.936 to 0.946 g·cm. The β-modification is in comparison somewhat less ordered, as a result of which it forms faster and has a lower melting point of 170 to 200 °C. The formation of the β-modification can be promoted by nucleating agents, suitable temperatures and shear stress. The γ-modification is hardly formed under the conditions used in industry and is poorly understood. The

1266:. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often given lids made of a less heat-resistant material, such as LDPE or polystyrene. Such containers provide a good hands-on example of the difference in modulus, since the rubbery (softer, more flexible) feeling of LDPE with respect to polypropylene of the same thickness is readily apparent. Rugged, translucent, reusable 1251: 45: 889: 36: 184: 134: 1288: 1187:. Two methods are widely used for producing BOPP films, namely, a bi-directional stenter process or a double-bubble blown film extrusion process. Biaxial orientation increases strength and clarity. BOPP is widely used as a packaging material for packaging products such as snack foods, fresh produce and confectionery. It is easy to coat, print and laminate to give the required appearance and properties for use as a packaging material. This process is normally called 600: 1205: 1356: 1026: 1454: 3508: 385: 3514: 566:(MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease. 1410:

certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh-driven tissue erosions reported by patients over the past few years. On 3 January 2012, the FDA ordered 35 manufacturers of these mesh products to study the side effects of these devices. Due to the outbreak of the

1367:, with over 50% used for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 27: 805: 1436:, as for polyethylene: the material is heated to soften or melt it, and mechanically formed it into new products. As of 2015, less than 1% of polypropylene generated was recycled. Heating degrades the carbon backbone more severely than for polyethylene, breaking it into smaller organic molecules, because the methyl side group of PP is susceptible to 257: 1380:. Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the wearer is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind. Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage. 1476:

is laid into the joint and the parts and weld rod fuse. With polypropylene, the melted welding rod must be "mixed" with the semi-melted base material being fabricated or repaired. A speed tip "gun" is essentially a soldering iron with a broad, flat tip that can be used to melt the weld joint and filler material to create a bond.

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Rodriguez-Arnold, Jonahira; Zhang, Anqiu; Cheng, Stephen Z.D; Lovinger, Andrew J; Hsieh, Eric T; Chu, Peter; Johnson, Tim W; Honnell, Kevin G; Geerts, Rolf G; Palackal, Syriac J; Hawley, Gil R; Welch, M.Bruce (1994). "Crystallization, melting and morphology of syndiotactic polypropylene fractions: 1.

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technique. With speed welding, the plastic welder, similar to a soldering iron in appearance and wattage, is fitted with a feed tube for the plastic weld rod. The speed tip heats the rod and the substrate, while at the same time it presses the molten weld rod into position. A bead of softened plastic

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Polypropylene, or 'polypro', has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear. Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather clothing, in which it transports sweat away from the skin. Polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in

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Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) has been produced through both solid and melt state processing. EPP is manufactured using melt processing with either chemical or physical blowing agents. Expansion of PP in solid state, due to its highly crystalline structure, has not been successful. In this regard, two

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A notable application was as a transvaginal mesh, used to treat vaginal prolapse and concurrent urinary incontinence. Due to the above-mentioned propensity for polypropylene mesh to erode the tissue surrounding it, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for

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into smaller rolls for use on packaging machines. BOPP is also used for stickers and labels in addition to OPP. It is non-reactive, which makes BOPP suitable for safe use in the pharmaceutical and food industry. It is one of the most important commercial polyolefin films. BOPP films are available in

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is able to restrict linking of monomer molecules to a specific orientation, either isotactic, when all methyl groups are positioned at the same side with respect to the backbone of the polymer chain, or syndiotactic, when the positions of the methyl groups alternate. Commercially available isotactic

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and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode the tissue

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modification, however, occurs often in industrial processing, since the plastic is usually cooled quickly. The degree of order of the mesomorphic phase ranges between the crystalline and the amorphous phase, its density is with 0.916 g·cm comparatively. The mesomorphic phase is considered as cause

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are commonly also used to make bottles. Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, pharmacy prescription bottles, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers are often made of polypropylene or HDPE, both of which commonly have rather similar appearance, feel, and properties at ambient temperature. An

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Is polypropylene can exist in various crystalline modifications which differ by the molecular arrangement of the polymer chains. The crystalline modifications are categorized into the α-, β- and γ-modification as well as mesomorphic (smectic) forms. The α-modifications is predominant in iPP. Such

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The availability of sheet polypropylene has provided an opportunity for the use of the material by designers. The light-weight, durable, and colorful plastic makes an ideal medium for the creation of light shades, and a number of designs have been developed using interlocking sections to create

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and depending on the type of organic modifiers employed during catalyst preparation and use in polymerization reactions. Two most important technological characteristics of all the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at

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Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene. Polypropylene has been reported to degrade while in the human body as implantable mesh devices. The degraded material forms a tree bark-like layer at the surface of mesh

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catalysts produce syndiotactic polypropylene. These macromolecules also coil into helices (of a different type) and crystallize. Atactic polypropylene is an amorphous rubbery material. It can be produced commercially either with a special type of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst or with some

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describes for polypropylene how the methyl group is oriented in the polymer chain. Commercial polypropylene is usually isotactic. This article therefore always refers to isotactic polypropylene, unless stated otherwise. The tacticity is usually indicated in percent, using the isotactic index

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Atactic polypropylene has lower density, melting point and softening temperature than the crystalline types and is tacky and rubber-like at room temperature. It is a colorless, cloudy material and can be used between −15 and +120 °C. Atactic polypropylene is used as a sealant, as an

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are commonly made of polypropylene, although the lids are often made of somewhat more flexible LDPE so they can snap onto the container to close it. Polypropylene can also be made into disposable bottles to contain liquid, powdered, or similar consumer products, although HDPE and

721:. However, the aPP obtained this way is not completely amorphous but can still contain 15% crystalline parts. Atactic polypropylene can also be produced selectively using metallocene catalysts, atactic polypropylene produced this way has a considerably higher molecular weight. 1327:

It can also be produced in sheet form, widely used for the production of stationery folders, packaging, and storage boxes. The wide color range, durability, low cost, and resistance to dirt make it ideal as a protective cover for papers and other materials. It is used in

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range. Such applications occur in houses as water filters or in air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface-area and naturally oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.

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improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases. The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of comonomer (if used) and the

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In bulk polymerization, liquid propene acts as a solvent to prevent the precipitation of the polymer. The polymerization proceeds at 60 to 80 °C and 30–40 atm are applied to keep the propene in the liquid state. For the bulk polymerization, typically

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added to polypropylene homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to polypropylene homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity, lowers the melting point and makes the polymer more transparent.

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Polypropylene is widely used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water. For equal mass and construction, polypropylene rope is similar in strength to polyester rope. Polypropylene costs less than most other synthetic fibers.

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from 1957 onwards. Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Natta. Interest in polypropylene development is ongoing to the present. For example, making polypropylene from bio-based resources is a topic of interest in the 21st century.

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with lower weight and more parts of a certain mass of plastic can be produced. Unlike polyethylene, crystalline and amorphous regions differ only slightly in their density. However, the density of polyethylene can significantly change with fillers.

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Atactic polypropylene is amorphous and has therefore no crystal structure. Due to its lack of crystallinity, it is readily soluble even at moderate temperatures, which allows to separate it as by-product from isotactic polypropylene by

1243:). This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, its environmental benefits, and its ability to be joined by 610:) is randomly aligned, alternating (alternating) for syndiotactic polypropylene and evenly for isotactic polypropylene. This has an impact on the crystallinity (amorphous or semi-crystalline) and the thermal properties (expressed as 3012:

Collinet, Pierre; Belot, Franck; Debodinance, Philippe; Duc, Edouard Ha; Lucot, Jean-Philippe; Cosson, Michel (2006-08-01). "Transvaginal mesh technique for pelvic organ prolapse repair: mesh exposure management and risk factors".

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Polypropylene is most commonly used for plastic moldings, wherein it is injected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.

1347:. In some areas susceptible to earthquakes (e.g., California), PP fibers are added with soils to improve the soil's strength and damping when constructing the foundation of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc. 4115: 1069:

as a support. The catalysts also contain organic modifiers, either aromatic acid esters and diesters or ethers. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalysts containing an organoaluminum compound such as

1138:. Common extrusion methods include production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks, filters, diapers and wipes. 1824: 1156:

The large number of end-use applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example,

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chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from 160 to 166 °C (320 to 331 °F), depending on

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70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions. Commercial synthesis of isotactic polypropylene is usually carried out either in the medium of liquid propylene or in gas-phase reactors.

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novel strategies were developed for expansion of PP. It was observed that PP can be expanded to make EPP through controlling its crystalline structure or through blending with other polymers.

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Commercial synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene is carried out with the use of a special class of metallocene catalysts. They employ bridged bis-metallocene complexes of the type bridge-(Cp

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Polypropylene can be categorized as atactic polypropylene (aPP), syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP). In case of atactic polypropylene, the methyl group (-CH

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cable in low-ventilation environments, primarily tunnels. This is because it emits less smoke and no toxic halogens, which may lead to production of acid in high-temperature conditions.

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Wang, Suxi; Muiruri, Joseph Kinyanjui; Soo, Xiang Yun Debbie; Liu, Songlin; Thitsartarn, Warintorn; Tan, Beng Hoon; Suwardi, Ady; Li, Zibiao; Zhu, Qiang; Loh, Xian Jun (2023-01-17).

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Doroudiani, Saeed; Park, Chul B; Kortschot, Mark T (1998). "Processing and characterization of microcellular foamed high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends".

3839: 1228:, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximise strength. 1014:

polypropylene is made with two types of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The first group of the catalysts encompasses solid (mostly supported) catalysts and certain types of soluble

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Galambos, Adam; Wolkowicz, Michael; Zeigler, Robert (1992). "Structure and Morphology of Highly Stereoregular Syndiotactic Polypropylene Produced by Homogeneous Catalysts".

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A common application for polypropylene is as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). These BOPP sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear

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Iakovlev, Vladimir V; Guelcher, Scott A; Bendavid, Robert (2017). "Degradation of polypropylene in vivo: A microscopic analysis of meshes explanted from patients".

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Lovinger, Andrew J; Chua, Jaime O; Gryte, Carl C (1977). "Studies on the α and β forms of isotactic polypropylene by crystallization in a temperature gradient".

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creates a greater degree of crystallinity and results in a stiffer material that is more resistant to creep than both atactic polypropylene and polyethylene.

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additives can be added to help polypropylene surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on polypropylene, such as

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shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial isotactic polypropylene many of its desirable properties.

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are applied. The bulk polymerization is limited to a maximum of 5% ethene as comonomer due to a limited solubility of the polymer in the liquid propene.

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where the first Cp ligand is the cyclopentadienyl group, the second Cp ligand is the fluorenyl group, and the bridge between the two Cp ligands is -CH

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Farina, Mario; Di Silvestro, Giuseppe; Terragni, Alberto (1995). "A stereochemical and statistical analysis of metallocene-promoted polymerization".

1299:. When polypropylene is biaxially oriented, it becomes crystal clear and serves as an excellent packaging material for artistic and retail products. 3157: 1320:

Polypropylene is also used in particular roofing membranes as the waterproofing top layer of single-ply systems as opposed to modified-bit systems.

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Shi, Guan-yi; Zhang, Xiao-Dong; Cao, You-Hong; Hong, Jie (1993). "Melting behavior and crystalline order of ß-crystalline phase poly(propylene)".

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In gas-phase and slurry-reactors, the polymer is formed around heterogeneous catalyst particles. The gas-phase polymerization is carried out in a

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De Rosa, C; Auriemma, F (2006). "Structure and physical properties of syndiotactic polypropylene: A highly crystalline thermoplastic elastomer".

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Propylene molecules prefer to join together "head-to-tail", giving a chain with methyl groups on every other carbon, but some randomness occurs.

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and the second type of a modifier. The catalysts are differentiated depending on the procedure used for fashioning catalyst particles from MgCl

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and Karl Rehn in March 1954. This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of isotactic polypropylene by the Italian firm

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systems, both ones concerned with high purity and ones designed for strength and rigidity (e.g., those intended for use in potable plumbing,

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UPDATE on Serious Complications Associated with Transvaginal Placement of Surgical Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: FDA Safety Communication

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Cox, W. W; Duswalt, A. A (1967). "Morphological transformations of polypropylene related to its melting and recrystallization behavior".

2999: 3825: 3332: 1717: 2974: 337:, but it is slightly harder and more heat-resistant. It is a white, mechanically rugged material and has a high chemical resistance. 1885: 1556: 475: 35: 1250: 367:

first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951. The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by

1500:.. Polypropylene was the most common microplastic fiber found in the Olfactory Bulbs in 8 of 15 deceased individuals in a study. 474:

The melting point of polypropylene occurs in a range, so the melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a

555:-xylene at 140 °C. Isotactic precipitates when the solution is cooled to 25 °C and atactic portion remains soluble in 3357: 2087:

Bai, Feng; Li, Fuming; Calhoun, Bret H; Quirk, Roderic P; Cheng, Stephen Z. D (2003). "Physical Constants of Poly(propylene)".

1437: 639:. Commercially available polypropylenes usually have an isotactic index between 85 and 95%. The tacticity effects the polymers 456: 812:

Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to temperatures above 100 °C. Oxidation usually occurs at the

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Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenço, PhD1,2; Katia Cristina Dantas, PhD2; Gabriel Ribeiro Júnior, PhD2; et al (September 16, 2024)

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Atactic polypropylene, on the other hand, lacks any regularity, which prevents it from crystallization, thereby creating an

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When polypropylene film is extruded and stretched in both the machine direction and across machine direction it is called

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Samuels, Robert J (1975). "Quantitative structural characterization of the melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene".

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Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an

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Yadav, Y.S; Jain, P.C (1986). "Melting behaviour of isotactic polypropylene isothermally crystallized from the melt".

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PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F). Below 0 °C, PP becomes brittle.

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Cacciari, I; Quatrini, P; Zirletta, G; Mincione, E; Vinciguerra, V; Lupattelli, P; Giovannozzi Sermanni, G (1993).

1489: 1280: 412:. In isotactic polypropylene, for example, the methyl groups are oriented on one side of the carbon backbone. This 3305: 3076:

Li, Houqian; Aguirre-Villegas, Horacio A.; Allen, Robert D.; Bai, Xianglan; Benson, Craig H.; et al. (2022).

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Deformations- und Versagensmechanismen von isotaktischem Polypropylen (i-PP) oberhalb der Glasübergangstemperatur

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Amir-Faryar, Behzad & Aggour, M. Sherif (2015). "Effect of fibre inclusion on dynamic properties of clay".

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Polypropylene, highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing carpets, rugs and mats to be used at home.

915: 708:. Syndiotactic PP has a lower melting point, with 161 to 186 °C, depending on the degree of tacticity. 400: 3120:

Thiounn, Timmy; Smith, Rhett C. (2020). "Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste".

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Syndiotactic polypropylene was discovered much later than isotactic PP and could only be prepared by using

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in 2020, the demand for PP has increased significantly because it is a vital raw material for producing

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Deformations- und Versagensmechanismen von isotaktischem Polyp(i-PP) obrhalb dr Glasübergangstemperatur

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Jones, A. Turner; Wood, Jean M; Beckett, D. R. (1964). "Crystalline forms of isotactic polypropylene".

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Bassett, D.C; Olley, R.H (1984). "On the lamellar morphology of isotactic polypropylene spherulites".

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Binsbergen, F.L; De Lange, B.G.M (1968). "Morphology of polypropylene crystallized from the melt".

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is in isotactic propylene consistently located at the same side, it forces the macromolecule in a

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Modern supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts developed for the polymerization of propylene and other

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Bayasi, Ziad & Zeng, Jack (1993). "Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete".

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Polypropylene items for laboratory use. Blue and orange closures are not made of polypropylene.

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can be applied to polypropylene parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.

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Polypropylene Handbook. Polymerization, Characterization, Properties, Processing, Applications

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polymerization. All state-of-the-art processes use either gas-phase or bulk reactor systems.

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The thermal expansion of PP is significant, but somewhat less than that of polyethylene.

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made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for consumers from various companies such as

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for the transparency in rapidly cooled films (due to low order and small crystallites).

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made of PP. At elevated temperature, PP can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as

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Polymer Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules

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The industrial production processes can be grouped into gas phase polymerization,

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the growing polymer particles. Propene is introduced into the mixture as a gas.

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Polypropylene at room temperature is resistant to fats and almost all organic

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in the figure) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units. A

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and the formed polymer is separated as a fine powder and then converted into

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The density of PP is between 0.895 and 0.93 g/cm. Therefore, PP is the

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Polypropylene || Skin Deep Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group

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Varga, J (1992). "Supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene".

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fabric, which is in turn the raw material for producing facial masks.

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Hand Book of Printing, Packaging and Lamination: Packaging Technology

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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials

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Stinson, Stephen (1987). "Discoverers of Polypropylene Share Prize".

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different thicknesses and widths. They are transparent and flexible.

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Shields, T. J.; Zhang, J. (1999). "Fire hazard with polypropylene".

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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure: von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung

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Nuyken, von Sebastian; Koltzenburg, Michael; Maskos, Oskar (2013).

820:. In external applications, degradation is evidenced by cracks and 2926: 2774:

Specification for Pressure-rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems

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Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung

1493: 1354: 1286: 1249: 1203: 1024: 1019: 977:) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units (see 803: 648: 383: 3407: 2727: 2381:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Hanser. p. 251. 2346:

Thermodynamic properties, overall crystallization and melting".

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Alkene Polymerization Reactions with Transition Metal Catalysts

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Plastics chemistry for engineers: from synthesis to application

1537:

Gahleitner, Markus; Paulik, Christian (2014). "Polypropylene".

1388:

Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable

1801:

Plastics chemistry for engineers from synthesis to application

1508:

Like all organic compounds, polypropylene is combustible. The

443:

Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, especially when

3233:

JAMA Network Open Original Investigation Environmental Health

1406:

surrounding it over the uncertain period from days to years.

3000:

Get Real: The true story of performance next to skin fabrics

2975:

Generation III Extended Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS)

551:(HDPE). Isotactic & atactic polypropylene is soluble in 167: 3310: 2818:

What to do when the piping replacement needs a replacement?

2646:

Doroudiani, Saeed; Park, Chul B; Kortschot, Mark T (1996).

1191:. It is normally produced in large rolls which are slit on 307:

used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via

241:

130 to 171 °C (266 to 340 °F; 403 to 444 K)

922:. Unreacted gas is recycled and fed back into the reactor. 1153:

are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.

856:

when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as

2316:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 496. pp. 104–20. 2901:

Braided Polypropylene Rope is Inexpensive and it Floats

1944:] (PhD Thesis) (in German). Universität Stuttgart. 1768:

Polypropylene: the definitive user's guide and databook

1734:"Polypropylene Plastic Materials & Fibers by Porex" 1224:

As polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic

933:

In the slurry polymerization, typically C4–C6 alkanes (

265: 3231:

Microplastics in the Olfactory Bulb of the Human Brain

1343:

additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and

2557:

Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts

2280: 2278: 1880:(8., bearb. Aufl ed.). Berlin: Springer Berlin. 1130:

Melting process of polypropylene can be achieved via

1018:

catalysts. Such isotactic macromolecules coil into a

1029:

A ball-and-stick model of syndiotactic polypropylene

978: 816:

centers leading to chain breaking via reaction with

749:

are in use as well. A particularly important one is

4140: 4103: 4060: 4017: 3979: 3946: 3915: 3861: 3810: 3755: 3700: 3693: 3605: 3564: 3521: 3348: 2776:, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2017, 2222:

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

2118: 2116: 1970:

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

1963: 1961: 1959: 2413:. FV - Plast, a.s., Czech Republic. Archived from 989:The properties of PP are strongly affected by its 957:The properties of PP are strongly affected by its 1844:Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen 340:Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced 3306:Polypropylene Properties & other information 2631:Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Höker, H., eds. (1995). 2411:"Novinky v produkci FV Plast - od PP-R k PP-RCT" 1878:Kunststoffe : Eigenschaften und Anwendungen 1848:Polymers: synthesis, properties and applications 1790: 1788: 1309:Polypropylene is also used as an alternative to 569:There are three general types of polypropylene: 3115: 3113: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1284:abundance of medical devices are made from PP. 459:(ABS). Polypropylene is reasonably economical. 94: 2903:. contractorrope.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28. 2606:Benedikt, G. M.; Goodall, B. L., eds. (1998). 1540:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1313:(PVC) as insulation for electrical cables for 1231:Polypropylene is used in the manufacturing of 782:Polypropylene random crystallinity temperature 395:Polypropylene is in little aspects similar to 3833: 3326: 2028: 2026: 451:. This allows polypropylene to be used as an 428:with the lowest density. With lower density, 8: 1850:] (in German) (1st ed.). Springer. 1605:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 76. 824:. It may be protected by the use of various 3174:Athavale, Shrikant P. (20 September 2018). 2891:. Fibersource.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-31. 2554:Hoff, Ray & Mathers, Robert T. (2010). 1332:stickers because of these characteristics. 808:Effect of UV exposure on polypropylene rope 440:of PP is between 1300 and 1800 N/mm². 3840: 3826: 3818: 3697: 3333: 3319: 3311: 1532: 1530: 1528: 887: 182: 132: 18: 3218:The water footprint of cotton consumption 3093: 2663: 2468: 1512:of a typical composition is 260 °C; 1363:Polypropylene is a major polymer used in 864:, or certain other plastics. It is often 149: 2794:Green pipe helps miners remove the black 2728:"Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Films" 2560:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 158–. 2089:The Wiley Database of Polymer Properties 1496:is used in its dyeing, in contrast with 1447:Polypropylene has the number "5" as its 1359:Various polypropylene yarns and textiles 2987:USAF Flying Magazine. Safety. Nov. 2002 1760: 1758: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1524: 1177:Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) 828:, including UV-absorbing additives and 178: 3423:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 2441:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1765:Maier, Clive; Calafut, Teresa (1998). 1543:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–44. 1488:classifies PP as of low hazard. PP is 836:) and hindered phenols, which prevent 834:tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite 321:Polypropylene belongs to the group of 123: 3363:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 3358:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 3277:"A&C Plastics Polypropylene MSDS" 1141:The most common shaping technique is 462:Polypropylene has good resistance to 7: 4175:List of environmental health hazards 4095:List of environmental health hazards 3155:Plastics recycling information sheet 2977:. PM Soldier Equipment. October 2008 2820:Engineered Systems. 1 November 2009. 2796:Contractor Magazine, 10 January 2010 2152:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 914:is passed over a bed containing the 655:. An isotactic structure leads to a 3203:. ewg.com. Retrieved on 2024-07-02. 3015:International Urogynecology Journal 2833:International Urogynecology Journal 1339:Polypropylene fibres are used as a 674:Isotactic polypropylene has a high 455:, competing with materials such as 3980:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 2299:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.11.002 1432:Most polypropylene recycling uses 1376:the U.S. military, such as in the 1045:to isotactic polymers usually use 670:Crystal structure of polypropylene 71:Polipropene 25 ; Propene polymers; 14: 2806:Contractor Retrofits His Business 2681:Polymer Engineering & Science 2652:Polymer Engineering & Science 876:Polypropylene is produced by the 539:and has an intermediate level of 535:Most commercial polypropylene is 476:differential scanning calorimetry 3512: 3506: 3398:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 3373:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 3296:Chain structure of Polypropylene 2635:. Heidelberg: Huttig & Wepf. 2610:. Toronto: ChemTech Publishing. 2461:10.1128/AEM.59.11.3695-3700.1993 1712:. Shrewsbury: RAPRA Technology. 1710:Practical guide to polypropylene 1464:PP objects can be joined with a 1452: 1185:biaxially oriented polypropylene 1126:Manufacturing from polypropylene 700:Syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) 598: 380:Chemical and physical properties 333:. Its properties are similar to 255: 73:Propylene polymers; 1-Propene; n 43: 34: 25: 3378:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 2942:Geomechanics and Geoengineering 2585:. New York: Hanser Publishers. 2035:Polymer Engineering and Science 1574:Chemical & Engineering News 1401:Polypropylene has been used in 594:Molecular structure – tacticity 585:. Ethylene-propylene rubber or 457:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 403:and electrical properties. The 251:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 3741:Category:Plastics applications 3488:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 3483:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 3468:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2748:Neagu, Cristina (2020-02-05). 2633:Alumoxanes, Macromol. Symp. 97 2608:Metallocene Catalyzed Polymers 2314:Catalysis in Polymer Synthesis 1771:. William Andrew. p. 14. 1151:injection-stretch blow molding 916:heterogeneous (solid) catalyst 751:polypropylene random copolymer 504:, apart from strong oxidants. 1: 3448:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 3180:. Notion Press. p. 224. 2954:10.1080/17486025.2015.1029013 1825:"10.4: Synthesis of Polymers" 1549:10.1002/14356007.o21_o04.pub2 1468:glue or using hot-glue guns. 686:Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) 4165:Persistent organic pollutant 4126:Toxic Substances Control Act 4085:Persistent organic pollutant 3368:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 3301:Polypropylene on Plastipedia 3253:10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_34 2808:. the News/ 2 November 2009. 2707:"Polypropylene Applications" 2360:10.1016/0032-3861(94)90978-4 2269:10.1016/0032-3861(68)90006-2 2179:Journal of Materials Science 2074:10.1016/0032-3861(84)90076-4 2017:10.1016/0032-3861(86)90130-8 1876:Hans., Domininghaus (2011). 1635:. 28 April 2007. p. 15. 1599:Morris, Peter J. T. (2005). 1057:as an active ingredient and 562:The melt flow rate (MFR) or 482:material and crystallinity. 4158:Great Pacific garbage patch 4080:Great Pacific garbage patch 3493:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 3408:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 2533:. Elsevier. pp. 207–. 2287:Progress in Polymer Science 2164:10.1002/macp.1995.021960125 2137:10.1002/macp.1993.021940123 1923:10.1002/macp.1964.020750113 1652:Chemistry: An Asian Journal 1486:Environmental Working Group 878:chain-growth polymerization 868:or colored using pigments. 712:Atactic polypropylene (aPP) 309:chain-growth polymerization 69:Polypropylene; Polypropene; 4263: 4121:Japan Toxic Substances Law 3916:Miscellaneous plasticizers 3122:Journal of Polymer Science 2322:10.1021/bk-1992-0496.ch008 2242:10.1002/pol.1977.180150405 2125:Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1990:10.1002/pol.1975.180130713 1484:The advocacy organization 1425: 1281:polyethylene terephthalate 4195: 4116:European REACH regulation 4111:California Proposition 65 3854:polyhalogenated compounds 3731:High-performance plastics 3556:High-performance plastics 3504: 3027:10.1007/s00192-005-0003-8 2845:10.1007/s00192-005-0003-8 2373:Wolfgang, Kaiser (2007). 2097:10.1002/0471532053.bra025 1795:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011). 1586:10.1021/cen-v065n010.p030 1471:PP can be melted using a 1449:resin identification code 1218:resin identification code 993:, the orientation of the 961:, the orientation of the 832:such as phosphites (e.g. 549:high-density polyethylene 245: 194: 78: 66: 56: 51: 42: 33: 24: 3541:Fibre-reinforced plastic 3478:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 2709:. Euroshore. 25 May 2021 1627:"This week 50 years ago" 1514:autoignition temperature 657:semi-crystalline polymer 573:, random copolymer, and 545:low-density polyethylene 231:0.946 g/cm, crystalline 3592:Biodegradable additives 1208:Polypropylene lid of a 1038:metallocene catalysts. 676:degree of crystallinity 581:is typically used with 4007:Perfluorooctanoic acid 3443:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 3438:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 3383:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 2527:Kissin, Y. V. (2008). 1664:10.1002/asia.202200972 1360: 1292: 1255: 1221: 1030: 1011:Ziegler–Natta catalyst 809: 733:and as an additive to 612:glass transition point 392: 229:0.855 g/cm, amorphous 61:Poly(1-methylethylene) 4187:Biodegradable plastic 3536:Thermosetting polymer 3433:Polylactic acid (PLA) 2915:ACI Materials Journal 2581:Moore, E. P. (1996). 2047:10.1002/pen.760070412 1708:Tripathi, D. (2001). 1426:Further information: 1358: 1290: 1254:A polypropylene chair 1253: 1207: 1028: 908:fluidized bed reactor 807: 706:metallocene catalysts 420:Mechanical properties 387: 327:partially crystalline 16:Thermoplastic polymer 4198:Identification codes 3798:Foam food containers 3721:Engineering plastics 3134:10.1002/pol.20190261 3066:, FDA, July 13, 2011 1936:Fischer, G. (1988). 1434:mechanical recycling 1247:rather than gluing. 4247:Commodity chemicals 4222:Packaging materials 4037:Endocrine disruptor 3635:Compression molding 3587:Polymer stabilizers 3002:. outdoorsnz.org.nz 2506:10.1002/jbm.b.33502 2453:1993ApEnM..59.3695C 2234:1977JPoSB..15..641L 2191:1992JMatS..27.2557V 1982:1975JPoSB..13.1417S 1336:elaborate designs. 896:bulk polymerization 838:polymer degradation 826:polymer stabilizers 727:insulating material 682:(not crystalline). 651:, as also found in 641:physical properties 506:Non-oxidizing acids 493:Chemical properties 453:engineering plastic 21: 20:Polypropylene (PP) 4052:Polymer fume fever 3711:Commodity plastics 3685:Rotational molding 3655:Fiberglass molding 3615:Injection moulding 3597:Filler (materials) 3546:Corrugated plastic 3498:Tritan copolyester 3453:Polypropylene (PP) 3403:Polycarbonate (PC) 3160:2010-07-22 at the 3095:10.1039/D2GC02588D 2887:2010-04-05 at the 2199:10.1007/BF00540671 1395:, manufactured by 1361: 1311:polyvinyl chloride 1293: 1268:plastic containers 1256: 1222: 1167:Surface treatments 1031: 945:) are utilized as 848:Optical properties 810: 470:Thermal properties 393: 357:Phillips Petroleum 278:Infobox references 19: 4204: 4203: 4182:Plastic recycling 4148:Plastic pollution 4134: 4133: 4068:Plastic pollution 3848:Health issues of 3806: 3805: 3702:Plastics industry 3620:Plastic extrusion 3473:Polyurethane (PU) 3463:Polysulfone (PES) 3418:Polyethylene (PE) 3393:Polybutylene (PB) 3262:978-94-010-5899-5 3216:(September 2005) 3212:Chapagain, A. K. 3187:978-1-64429-251-8 3128:(10): 1347–1364. 3088:(23): 8899–9002. 2782:10.1520/f2389-17a 2693:10.1002/pen.10289 2665:10.1002/pen.10664 2617:978-1-884207-59-4 2567:978-0-470-13798-7 2540:978-0-444-53215-2 2388:978-3-446-41325-2 2331:978-0-8412-2456-8 2106:978-0-471-53205-7 1857:978-3-642-34772-6 1810:978-3-446-43047-1 1778:978-1-884207-58-7 1658:(2): e202200972. 1612:978-0-941901-03-1 1473:speed tip welding 1428:Plastic recycling 1412:COVID-19 pandemic 1239:and cooling, and 1193:slitting machines 1143:injection molding 1120:methylaluminoxane 788:), also used for 627: 512:can be stored in 426:commodity plastic 401:solution behavior 342:commodity plastic 296:), also known as 286:Chemical compound 284: 283: 163:CompTox Dashboard 4254: 4073:Rubber pollution 3923:Organophosphates 3842: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3698: 3670:Filament winding 3645:Transfer molding 3572:Polymer additive 3516: 3510: 3458:Polystyrene (PS) 3335: 3328: 3321: 3312: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2989:. access.gpo.gov 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2472: 2447:(11): 3695–700. 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1740:. Archived from 1730: 1724: 1723: 1705: 1692: 1691: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1534: 1516:is 388 °C. 1456: 1438:thermo-oxidative 1237:hydronic heating 1068: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1033:Another type of 1008: 1007: 1006: 976: 975: 974: 891: 790:plastic pipework 771:plastic pipework 763:random copolymer 605: 602: 543:between that of 530:Markovnikov rule 399:, especially in 391:of polypropylene 268: 262: 259: 258: 202:Chemical formula 187: 186: 171: 169: 153: 136: 125: 98: 47: 38: 29: 22: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4191: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4099: 4056: 4013: 3975: 3942: 3911: 3857: 3846: 3812: 3802: 3751: 3689: 3675:Solvent bonding 3665:Plastic welding 3607: 3601: 3560: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3413:Polyester (PEs) 3350: 3344: 3339: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3162:Wayback Machine 3153: 3149: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3082:Green Chemistry 3075: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2889:Wayback Machine 2880: 2876: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2750:"What is BOPP?" 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2658:(21): 2645–62. 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2389: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2185:(10): 2557–79. 2176: 2175: 2171: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1967: 1966: 1957: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1911:Die Marco Chain 1908: 1907: 1903: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1858: 1841: 1840: 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4202: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3966:Vinyl chloride 3963: 3960:Polycarbonates 3952: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773:Packaging film 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3756:Specific goods 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3680:Vacuum forming 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3603: 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Paul Hogan 358: 351: 349: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 314: 310: 306: 303: 302:thermoplastic 299: 295: 291: 290:Polypropylene 279: 272: 267: 250: 244: 240: 238: 237:Melting point 235: 234: 228: 226: 223: 222: 206: 203: 199: 198: 193: 185: 181: 177: 176: 174: 164: 160: 159: 152: 148: 147: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 131: 128: 126: 124:ECHA InfoCard 121: 120: 113: 112: 110: 108: 105: 104: 97: 93: 92: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 65: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 37: 32: 28: 23: 3863:Plasticizers 3811:Environment 3763:Blister pack 3716:Construction 3625:Blow molding 3452: 3271: 3244: 3238: 3225: 3213: 3208: 3196: 3176: 3169: 3150: 3125: 3121: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3059: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2896: 2877: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2773: 2768: 2757:. Retrieved 2754:Sticker Mule 2753: 2743: 2732:. Retrieved 2722: 2711:. 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Granwell 2713:2021-05-25 2592:1569902089 2421:2019-11-30 1829:LibreTexts 1748:2016-11-09 1580:(10): 30. 1520:References 1369:micrometre 1272:Rubbermaid 1189:converting 1159:antistatic 872:Production 747:copolymers 741:Copolymers 719:extraction 666:material. 514:containers 389:Micrograph 151:1ASA949VIC 107:ChemSpider 86:CAS Number 58:IUPAC name 4061:Pollution 4027:Teratogen 3958:(BPA, in 3606:Plastics 3577:Colorants 3565:Additives 3349:Chemical 3142:2642-4150 3104:1463-9262 3035:0937-3462 2962:128478509 2853:0937-3462 2397:213395068 2263:: 23–40. 2207:137665080 1950:441127075 1896:706947259 1688:253825228 1672:1861-4728 1490:dope-dyed 1460:Repairing 1422:Recycling 1416:meltblown 1365:nonwovens 1276:Sterilite 1260:autoclave 1163:machining 1132:extrusion 1043:1-alkenes 991:tacticity 985:Catalysts 959:tacticity 769:used for 680:amorphous 664:amorphous 643:. As the 632:tacticity 630:The term 579:comonomer 559:-xylene. 537:isotactic 410:tacticity 359:chemists 331:non-polar 316:propylene 311:from the 96:9003-07-0 4232:Plastics 4042:Diabetes 3948:Monomers 3928:Adipates 3850:plastics 3704:segments 3694:Products 3342:Plastics 3158:Archived 3043:16228121 2885:Archived 2861:16228121 2514:26315946 1680:36461701 1351:Clothing 1345:spalling 1341:concrete 1216:and the 844:fibers. 583:ethylene 522:tetralin 502:solvents 449:ethylene 4170:Dioxins 4090:Dioxins 4047:Obesity 3788:Cutlery 3778:Bottles 3051:2648056 2869:2648056 2479:8285678 2449:Bibcode 2348:Polymer 2257:Polymer 2230:Bibcode 2187:Bibcode 2062:Polymer 2005:Polymer 1978:Bibcode 1393:Prolene 1384:Medical 1264:kettles 1210:Tic Tac 1136:molding 1122:(MAO). 1020:helical 951:suspend 939:pentane 920:pellets 912:propene 882:propene 862:acrylic 822:crazing 735:bitumen 637:heptane 526:decalin 480:atactic 464:fatigue 352:History 344:(after 325:and is 313:monomer 305:polymer 300:, is a 271:what is 269: ( 225:Density 219: 3887:(BBzP) 3856:(PHCs) 3768:Chairs 3736:Nurdle 3259: 3214:et al. 3184: 3140: 3102: 3049: 3041: 3033: 2960: 2867: 2859: 2851: 2614: 2589: 2564: 2537: 2512: 2477: 2470:182519 2467: 2395: 2385: 2328: 2205: 2103: 1948: 1894: 1884: 1854: 1807: 1775: 1716: 1686: 1678: 1670: 1609: 1555: 1498:cotton 1403:hernia 1390:suture 1233:piping 943:hexane 935:butane 900:slurry 866:opaque 818:oxygen 786:PP-RCT 777:PP-RCT 653:starch 577:. The 518:xylene 266:verify 263: 52:Names 4141:Waste 3987:PBDEs 3898:(DOP) 3524:types 3351:types 3280:(PDF) 3047:S2CID 2958:S2CID 2865:S2CID 2377:[ 2203:S2CID 1940:[ 1846:[ 1799:[ 1684:S2CID 1494:water 1492:; no 1378:ECWCS 1098:)ZrCl 979:above 947:inert 765:with 761:), a 510:bases 447:with 4002:PFCs 3992:PCBs 3968:(in 3932:DEHA 3907:DINP 3902:DIDP 3896:DEHP 3891:DIHP 3875:DIBP 3852:and 3783:Bags 3257:ISBN 3182:ISBN 3138:ISSN 3100:ISSN 3039:PMID 3031:ISSN 2857:PMID 2849:ISSN 2612:ISBN 2587:ISBN 2562:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2510:PMID 2475:PMID 2393:OCLC 2383:ISBN 2326:ISBN 2101:ISBN 1946:OCLC 1892:OCLC 1882:ISBN 1852:ISBN 1805:ISBN 1773:ISBN 1714:ISBN 1676:PMID 1668:ISSN 1607:ISBN 1553:ISBN 1440:and 1315:LSZH 1297:bags 1274:and 1149:and 1134:and 1094:)(Cp 1070:Al(C 1059:MgCl 1047:TiCl 898:and 759:PP-R 729:for 618:and 587:EPDM 524:and 508:and 436:The 363:and 329:and 142:UNII 114:None 3970:PVC 3937:DOA 3885:BBP 3880:DBP 3249:doi 3130:doi 3090:doi 3023:doi 2950:doi 2923:doi 2841:doi 2778:doi 2689:doi 2660:doi 2502:doi 2498:105 2465:PMC 2457:doi 2356:doi 2318:doi 2295:doi 2265:doi 2238:doi 2195:doi 2160:doi 2156:196 2133:doi 2129:194 2093:doi 2070:doi 2043:doi 2013:doi 1986:doi 1919:doi 1660:doi 1582:doi 1545:doi 1106:-CH 941:or 880:of 757:or 755:PPR 532:). 408:iso 348:). 168:EPA 4213:: 3865:: 3255:. 3136:. 3126:58 3124:. 3112:^ 3098:. 3086:24 3084:. 3080:. 3045:. 3037:. 3029:. 3019:17 3017:. 2956:. 2946:11 2944:. 2919:90 2917:. 2863:. 2855:. 2847:. 2837:17 2835:. 2752:. 2685:38 2683:. 2656:36 2654:. 2650:. 2508:. 2496:. 2473:. 2463:. 2455:. 2445:59 2443:. 2439:. 2391:. 2352:35 2350:. 2324:. 2291:31 2289:. 2277:^ 2259:. 2236:. 2226:15 2224:. 2201:. 2193:. 2183:27 2181:. 2154:. 2127:. 2115:^ 2099:. 2091:. 2066:25 2064:. 2037:. 2025:^ 2009:27 2007:. 1984:. 1974:13 1972:. 1958:^ 1915:75 1913:. 1890:. 1866:^ 1827:. 1787:^ 1757:^ 1736:. 1696:^ 1682:. 1674:. 1666:. 1656:18 1654:. 1650:. 1629:. 1578:65 1576:. 1551:. 1527:^ 1451:: 1165:. 999:CH 967:CH 937:, 910:, 884:: 860:, 840:. 796:. 773:. 737:. 626:). 520:, 466:. 318:. 294:PP 207:(C 3972:) 3962:) 3939:) 3930:( 3841:e 3834:t 3827:v 3334:e 3327:t 3320:v 3282:. 3265:. 3251:: 3190:. 3144:. 3132:: 3106:. 3092:: 3053:. 3025:: 2964:. 2952:: 2929:. 2925:: 2871:. 2843:: 2780:: 2762:. 2737:. 2716:. 2695:. 2691:: 2668:. 2662:: 2620:. 2595:. 2570:. 2543:. 2516:. 2504:: 2481:. 2459:: 2451:: 2424:. 2399:. 2362:. 2358:: 2334:. 2320:: 2301:. 2297:: 2271:. 2267:: 2261:9 2244:. 2240:: 2232:: 2209:. 2197:: 2189:: 2166:. 2162:: 2139:. 2135:: 2109:. 2095:: 2076:. 2072:: 2049:. 2045:: 2039:7 2019:. 2015:: 1992:. 1988:: 1980:: 1952:. 1925:. 1921:: 1898:. 1860:. 1831:. 1813:. 1781:. 1751:. 1722:. 1690:. 1662:: 1615:. 1588:. 1584:: 1561:. 1547:: 1116:2 1112:2 1108:2 1104:2 1100:2 1096:2 1092:1 1084:2 1080:3 1078:) 1076:5 1074:H 1072:2 1064:2 1052:4 1004:3 997:( 972:3 965:( 784:( 753:( 624:m 622:T 616:g 614:T 608:3 557:p 553:p 292:( 261:Y 217:n 215:) 213:6 211:H 209:3 170:) 166:(

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