Pounamu - Knowledge (XXG)

927: 762: 903: 783: 434: 834: 395: 866: 22: 54: 719: 442: 460:(spiritual power or prestige) as they pass from one generation to another. Pounamu is believed to absorb the mana of its past owners, and some heirloom pieces are named after a former owner in memory of their position and authority. The most prized taonga are those with known histories going back many generations: these are believed to have their own mana and were often given as gifts to seal important agreements. 565: 886: 38: 782: 430:(stylised human figures worn as pendants) and other taonga when they were no longer useful for carving wood. After the arrival of Ngāi Tahu in the South Island in the middle of the 18th century, the production of pounamu increased. Pounamu crafting and trade was important to the economy of Ngāi Tahu. 674:

showcased 200 pounamu items from their collections and linked New Zealand and China through both the geographical location of nephrite and also the high level of artistry achieved in ancient China and then thousands of years later amongst Māori. The exhibition marked 40 years of diplomatic relations

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tribal area is illegal, while nephrite jade can be sourced legally and freely from Marlborough and Nelson. In 2009 David Anthony Saxton and his son Morgan David Saxton were sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment for stealing greenstone, with a helicopter, from the southern West Coast.

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is pounamu with cream, yellow, or brown inclusions, from oxidising or weathering in the surface of the stone. Cracks or fissures in the stone can allow iron impurities to enter, and carvers can then make use of the resulting patterns. Flower jade is best known from the Marsden district near

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pounamu is highly translucent and has a vivid shade of light green with no spots or flaws. Its name is the Māori word for a person of high rank, and is the rarest variety of pounamu. It was the preferred stone for making toki poutangata (ceremonial adzes) owned by rangatira (Māori

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pounamu is translucent like glass, but in a wide range of shades. When viewed against the light it resembles a clear drop of water. The name means "the tears that come from great sorrow", and refers to a Māori legend of a lamenting woman whose tears turned to

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Coombs, D. S.; Landis, C. A.; Norris, R. J.; Sinton, J. M.; Borns, D. J.; Craw, D. (1976). "The Dun Mountain ophiolite belt, New Zealand, its tectonic setting, constitution, and origin, with special reference to the southern portion".

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one of the common whitebait species in New Zealand, and is pearly-white or grey-green in colour. It varies from translucent to opaque. Īnanga was the variety most prized by Māori for ornaments and

1696: 289:. Jadeite (sodium aluminium silicate) has interlocking granular crystals, while nephrite (calcium magnesium silicate) has crystals that are interwoven and fibrous. Jadeite is mostly found in 154:(a generic term used for unrelated stone from many countries). Pounamu is only found in New Zealand, whereas much of the carved "greenstone" sold in souvenir shops is jade sourced overseas. 337:

district. It is typically recovered from rivers and beaches where it has been transported to after being eroded from the mountains. The group of rocks where pounamu comes from are called

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There were a dozen major pounamu trails used in the trading of pounamu and many more minor routes. Parties of 6 to 12 are thought to have used the tracks in summer, particularly via

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classification of pounamu is by colour and appearance; the shade of green is matched against a colour found in nature, and some hues contain flecks of red or brown.

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years in the late 19th and early 20th century. It continues to be popular among New Zealanders and is often given as gifts. In 2011, the New Zealand Prime Minister

1786: 555:), and cloak pins. Functional pounamu tools were widely worn for both practical and ornamental reasons, and continued to be worn as purely ornamental pendants ( 1559: 422:

blades made from pounamu were desired for carving of wood, and even with the arrival of metal tools pounamu tools were used. These were often reworked into

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pounamu comes shades of rich dark green, often with small dark flecks or inclusions, and is named after the similarly-coloured leaves of the kawakawa tree (

1801: 597: 65:("The greenstone waters"), after its deposits of greenstone, and the area resembles greenstone in this view from space. The term is also the official 1267:

Adams, C.J.; Beck, R.J.; Campbell, H.J. (2007). "Characterisation and origin of New Zealand nephrite jade using its strontium isotopic signature".

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Pounamu was of such value to Māori that peace was cemented by the exchange of valuable carved heirlooms, creating what was figuratively called a

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has been metamorphosed in western Southland and pounamu from this belt is found along the eastern and northern edge of Fiordland. The Anita Bay

2097: 1762: 1596: 1431: 1243: 1041: 433: 2087: 1375:"Lithology, field relationships, and structure of the Pounamu Ultramafics from the Whitcombe and Hokitika Rivers, Westland, New Zealand" 1964: 309:. New Zealand nephrite contains varying amounts of iron, which account for its range of shades, richness of green, and translucency. 208:). It is the most common variety of pounamu, and the most used in the manufacture of jewellery today. One of its main sources is the 2041:"Geological Investigation of the Nephrites, Serpentines, and Related "Greenstones" used by the Maoris of Otago and South Canterbury" 1531: 2072: 1726: 596:

handed back the ownership of all naturally occurring pounamu to the South Island iwi Ngāi Tahu (or Kai Tahu), as part of the

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Jewellery and other decorative items made from gold and pounamu were particularly fashionable in New Zealand in the

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Coutts, P. J. F. (1971). "Greenstone: the prehistoric exploitation of bowenite from Anita Bay, Milford Sound".

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the central premise is to return the stolen heart of Te Fiti which is manifest in a pounamu stone amulet.

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is a small but highly prized source of pounamu. In the Southern Alps, the Pounamu Ultramafic Belt in the

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as nondescript boulders and stones. Pounamu has been formed in New Zealand in four main locations; the

53: 1959: 1646: 1386: 1320: 1276: 146:. The collective term pounamu is preferred, as the other names in common use are misleading, such as 437:

Hei tiki; signs of wear indicate longevity of active possession due to the hard nature of the stone.

2040: 2017: 334: 137: 658: 441: 2067: 1858: 1780: 732: 110:, also used in New Zealand English, refers to two main types of green stone valued for carving: 2092: 1768: 1758: 1602: 1592: 1437: 1427: 1404: 1336: 1292: 1249: 1239: 1037: 680: 636: 101: 85: 66: 2036: 1832: 1478: 1394: 1328: 1284: 403: 342: 298: 89: 979: 1891: 1731: 824: 209: 172: 690:

for Pounamu is a cultural activity in New Zealand and allowed on designated areas of the

158: 1390: 1324: 1280: 204: 60: 1238:. Photographer Andris Apse. North Shore, New Zealand: Penguin/Viking. pp. 51–87. 564: 2061: 2009: 1976: 1505: 874: 640: 516: 383: 379:

occurs as isolated pods which are eroded and found on West Coast rivers and beaches.

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pounamu is olive green and speckled with dark spots, reminiscent of the markings of

1536: 1399: 1374: 1221:. Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, N.Z. Geological Survey. p. 101. 818: 810: 648: 577: 504: 410:(treasure). It is and has been an important part of trade between the South Island 376: 357: 346: 318: 81: 70: 802: 415: 1288: 495:(knives), scrapers, awls, hammer stones, and drill points. Hunting tools include 1173: 1144: 1115: 1086: 774: 752: 624: 306: 1931: 1906: 386:

is possibly the only jade mining site in the world with Government protection.

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is a rare type of kawakawa with small reddish dots or streaks; its name means "

1441: 959: 799:(42 cm × 12 cm, 16.5 in × 4.7 in) named after a 687: 338: 37: 1772: 1606: 1408: 1340: 1296: 1253: 700:) and is limited to what can be carried unaided; fossicking elsewhere in the 593: 532: 498: 326: 302: 44: 28: 657:(a type of Māori weapon) created from pounamu carved by New Zealand artist 615:(Let conclude a peace treaty that may never be broken, for ever and ever). 1586: 1332: 954: 740: 644: 569: 524: 425: 286: 133: 1647:"Historic heritage of high-country pastoralism: South Island up to 1948" 842: 290: 282: 920:

are similar, but with curved ends, and are also used as teething aids.

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is a term for several types of hard and durable stone found in the

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between countries when it toured to five venues in China in 2013.

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

1591:. A. W. Reed, T. S. Kāretu (5 ed.). Auckland, N.Z.: Raupo. 983: 938:, a bird leg ring used to fasten decoy birds used in hunting. 470: 419: 341:. Ophiolites are slices of the deep ocean crust and part of the 225: 1424:

Te hei tiki : an enduring treasure in a cultural continuum

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Pounamu is generally found in rivers in specific parts of the

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Photos of 40 Pounamu varieties with accompanying information

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First over the Alps: The epic of Raureka and the Greenstone

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of New Zealand. They are highly valued in New Zealand, and

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New Zealand serpentinites and associated metasomatic rocks

1479:"Pounamu – jade or greenstone – Implements and adornment" 513:(leg rings for fastening captive birds); weapons such as 1031: 170:

pounamu takes its name from the native freshwater fish

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Māori art: history, architecture, landscape and theory

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