Pramana - Knowledge (XXG)

4972:, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later. The subject of comparison is formally called 6410:, that the way the mind recognizes is by comparing and negating known objects from the perception. In that way, the general idea or categories of objects has to do with differences from known objects, not from identification with universal truths. So one knows that a perceived chariot is a chariot not because it is in accord with a universal form of a chariot, but because it is perceived as different from things that are not chariots. This approach became an essential feature of Buddhist epistemology. 6377:

the sense consciousnesses assume the form of the aspect (Sanskrit: Sākāravāda) of the external object and what is perceived is actually the sense consciousness which has taken on the form of the external object. By starting with aspects, a logical argument about the external world as discussed by the Hindu schools was possible. Otherwise their views would be so different as to be impossible to begin a debate. Then a logical discussion could follow.

5620: 6201: 4680: 60: 4806:(प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind. According to Matt Stefan, the distinction is between direct perception ( 5040:

Hindu schools that accept this means of knowledge state that this method is a valid means to conditional knowledge and truths about a subject and object in original premises or different premises. The schools that do not accept this method, state that postulation, extrapolation and circumstantial implication is either derivable from other

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since ancient times. It is a theory of knowledge, and encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge. The focus of pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one does not know, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about

6376:

school and the Sautrāntika Following Scripture approach connected an external world with mental objects, and instead posited that the mental domain never connects directly with the external world but instead only perceives an aspect based upon the sense organs and the sense consciousnesses. Further,

6405:

A key feature of Dignāga's logic is in how he treats generalities versus specific objects of knowledge. The Nyāya Hindu school made assertions about the existence of general principles, and in refutation Dignāga asserted that generalities were mere mental features and not truly existent. To do this

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as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on

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in ancient Hindu texts is, that if "Devadatta is fat" and "Devadatta does not eat in day", then the following must be true: "Devadatta eats in the night". This form of postulation and deriving from circumstances is, claim the Indian scholars, a means to discovery, proper insight and knowledge. The

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schools of Hinduism, include in their meaning and scope "Theories of Errors". These texts explore why human beings make error and reach incorrect knowledge, how can one know if one is wrong, and, if so, how one can discover whether one's epistemic method was flawed or one's conclusion (truth) was

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The Buddha's doctrine, from the exposition of the two truths onward, unerroneously sets forth the mode of being of things as they are. And the followers of the Buddha must establish this accordingly, through the use of reasoning. Such is the unerring tradition of Śakyamuni. On the other hand, to

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suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be observed or inferred or proven as non-existent or impossible, then one knows more than what one did without such means. In the two schools of Hinduism that consider

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presented a new commentary and approach to Madhyamaka, which became the normative form in Tibet. In this variant, the Madhyamaka approach of Candrakīrti was elevated instead of Bhāvaviveka's yet Tsongkhapa rejected Candrakirti's disdain of logic and instead incorporated logic further.

1300:(युक्ति) which means active application of epistemology or what one already knows, innovation, clever expedients or connections, methodological or reasoning trick, joining together, application of contrivance, means, method, novelty or device to more efficiently achieve a purpose. 1268:

forms one part of a trio of concepts, which describe the ancient Indian view on how knowledge is gained. The other two concepts are knower and knowable, each discussed in how they influence the knowledge, by their own characteristic and the process of knowing. The two are called

4846:(definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe). 6496:

claim that analytical investigation in general and the inner science of pramana, or logic, in particular are unnecessary is a terrible and evil spell, the aim of which is to prevent the perfect assimilation, through valid reasoning, of the Buddha's words

6441:

arguments to refute the views of other tenet systems, but generally he thought a more developed use of logic and epistemology in describing the Middle Way was problematic. Bhāvaviveka's use of autonomous logical arguments was later described as the

4899:’ in modern Indian languages. In the context of classical philosophy, it is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of 1215:

can be derived from another and the relative uniqueness of each. For example, Buddhism considers Buddha and other "valid persons", "valid scriptures" and "valid minds" as indisputable, but that such testimony is a form of perception and inference

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others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through

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as invalid or at best weak, because the boat may have gotten delayed or diverted. However, in cases such as deriving the time of a future sunrise or sunset, this method was asserted by the proponents to be reliable. Another common example for

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position that extramental objects never really occur but arise from the habitual tendencies of mind. So he begins a debate with Hindu schools positing external objects then later to migrate the discussion to how that is logically untenable.

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This approach attempts to solve how the material world connects with the mental world, but not completely explaining it. When pushed on this point, Dharmakīrti then drops a presupposition of the Sautrāntrika position and shifts to a kind of

6284:, such as from Buddha and other "valid minds" and "valid persons". This third source of valid knowledge is a form of perception and inference in Buddhist thought. Valid scriptures, valid minds and valid persons are considered in Buddhism as 7056:

L Schmithausen (1965), Maṇḍana Miśra's Vibhrama-viveka, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse. Sitzungsberichte, Vol. 247; For excerpts in English: Allen Thrasher (1993), The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi,

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in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not. In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of

5030:. As example, if a person left in a boat on river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate that the person has arrived. Many Indian scholars considered this 7106: 6552: 5082:

to four types: non-perception of the cause, non-perception of the effect, non-perception of object, and non-perception of contradiction. Only two schools of Hinduism accepted and developed the concept "non-perception" as a

4866:(a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state). Further, some schools of Hinduism considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from 1198:

tradition holds that only one (perception) is a reliable source of knowledge, Buddhism holds two (perception, inference) are valid means, Jainism holds three (perception, inference and testimony), while

5385:, occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by sense-object contact and is unerring. Perception can be of two types—ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary ( 6550:

A few Indian scholars such as Vedvyasa discuss ten, Krtakoti discusses eight, but six is most widely accepted. Some systems admit as few as three pramanas. See Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),

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established a view of Madhyamaka more consistent with Bhāvaviveka while further evolving logical assertions as a way of contemplating and developing one's viewpoint of the ultimate truth.

5361:. The mode of Pramana itself in sutra I.6 is distinguished among 5 classes of vritti/mental modification, the others including indiscrimination, verbal delusion, sleep, and memory. 4840:(does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect); 1107: 4903:. In all except one Hindu philosophies, this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: 5682: 5460:(when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumāna could be false. 5393:) perception is of six types, viz., visual-by eyes, olfactory-by nose, auditory-by ears, tactile-by skin, gustatory-by tongue and mental-by mind. Extraordinary ( 7224:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

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Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

7190:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

1183:). Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school of Indian philosophies. 6389:

Note there are two differing interpretations of Dharmakīrti's approach later in Tibet, due to differing translations and interpretations. One is held by the

5185:. An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also "existent, knowable and nameable", giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony, 6947:

Tom J. F. Tillemans (2011), Buddhist Epistemology (pramāṇavāda), The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy (Editors: William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield),

5417:, can perceive past, present and future and have supernatural abilities, either complete or some). Also, there are two modes or steps in perception, viz., 5290:

school accepted only one valid source of knowledge—perception. It held all remaining methods as outright invalid or prone to error and therefore invalid.

1080: 1114:" and "means of knowledge". In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian 1410: 6437:, who felt that the establishment of the ultimate way of abiding since it was beyond thought and concept was not the domain of logic. He used simple 6511: 5220: 4935:(negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand 3587: 2173: 6483:

The exact role of logic in Tibetan Buddhist practice and study may still be a topic of debate, but it is definitely established in the tradition.

5409:(when one sense organ can also perceive qualities not attributable to it, as when seeing a chilli, one knows that it would be bitter or hot), and 1312:

described as active process of gaining knowledge in contrast to passive process of gaining knowledge through observation/perception. The texts on

1254:

means "correct notion, true knowledge, basis, foundation, understand", with pramāṇa being a further nominalization of the word. Thus, the concept

5486:), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, or can be more broadly interpreted as knowledge from sources acknowledged as authoritative, and 6935: 7127:

Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Epistemology, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,

6923: 6292:, incontrovertible, indisputable). Means of cognition and knowledge, other than perception and inference, are considered invalid in Buddhism. 6252:) means "valid cognition." In (Buddhism) practice, it refers to the tradition, principally associated with Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, of logic ( 7897: 7705: 7565: 6731: 6660: 6590: 7399:

DM Datta (1932), The Six Ways of Knowing: A Critical study of the Advaita theory of knowledge, University of Calcutta, Reprinted in 1992 as

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Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457-458

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John A. Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

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are useful and can be reliable means to knowledge. The various schools of Indian philosophy have debated whether one of the six forms of

7039:

Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press,

7650: 7548: 7481: 7404: 7387: 7166: 7132: 7115: 7062: 7044: 7027: 6997: 6980: 6911: 6882: 6858: 6847: 6817: 6689: 6561: 6231: 5677: 5634: 5255:

of reliable sources. The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as

4710: 7303:

Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, page 61

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with some accommodation of universals and the other held by the other schools who held that Dharmakīrti was distinctly antirealist.

5429:, when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa. There is yet another stage called 698: 6726:

P Bilimoria (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer,

6426:. He also started with a Sautrāntika approach when discussing the way appearances appear, to debate with realists, but then took a 6853:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6812:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6430:

view of the ultimate nature of phenomenon. But he used logical assertions and arguments about the nature of that ultimate nature.

7907: 5444:, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their five steps), and inference for others ( 3496: 2327: 4834:, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception); 1242:

literally means "proof" and is also a concept and field of Indian philosophy. The concept is derived from the Sanskrit roots,

1447: 1073: 7762: 4854:

and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included

7887: 6992:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

6975:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

6160: 5855: 2920: 7090: 6105: 5880: 5840: 5467:. It is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity, given some pre-description of the new object beforehand. 3476: 3416: 2019: 4646: 1138:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths: Three central pramanas which are almost universally accepted are

5544: 4537: 3182: 3147: 1134:

While the number of pramanas varies widely from system to system, many ancient and medieval Indian texts identify six

430: 4789:

are discussed, Krtakoti discusses eight epistemically reliable means to correct knowledge. The most widely discussed

3187: 6894: 6842:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

5193:

was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology:

4665: 4336: 4240: 2856: 2541: 1853: 1008: 637: 281: 5790: 4191: 969: 7811: 7621: 7577:

Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542

6750:

MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16

5980: 4642: 4288: 3406: 3142: 1430: 1415: 1066: 6361:), blending it with logical discourse. Dharmakīrti, influenced by Dignāga, further developed these ideas in his 6349: 5935: 7075: 5985: 4198: 4170: 3879: 3769: 3741: 3471: 2599: 2361: 2148: 974: 733: 130: 67: 5448:, which requires a systematic methodology of five steps). Inference can also be classified into three types: 7902: 7807: 7617: 6484: 6347:) and both these masters are described as establishing the latter. Dignāga's main text on this topic is the 6145: 5925: 5760: 5001: 4413: 3626: 3531: 3456: 2637: 2559: 2014: 1452: 1420: 683: 7803: 7613: 7365:

James Lochtefeld, "Arthapatti" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6469: 7144:

Howard Coward et al, Epistemology, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5, Motilal Banarsidass,

6224: 5960: 5945: 5850: 5845: 5667: 4985: 4915:(examples). The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: 4703: 4612: 4542: 4378: 4007: 3776: 3436: 2337: 7873:

Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.

7860: 6963: 7560:

P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

7446:(1995 ed.). Princeton University Press; reprint by Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 155–174, 227–255. 7324:

James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

7270:

James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6605:

James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

6394: 6340: 6324: 6165: 6155: 6110: 4652: 4630: 4520: 4385: 3958: 3566: 3446: 2849: 2835: 2003: 572: 552: 260: 253: 7854: 5440:, is one of the most important contributions of Nyaya. It can be of two types – inference for oneself ( 3357: 1998: 7842: 5044:

or flawed means to correct knowledge, instead one must rely on direct perception or proper inference.

2803: 415: 109: 7816:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

7626:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

6769: 6175: 6135: 6130: 6095: 5940: 5820: 5728: 5713: 5657: 5629: 5251:(words). The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the 4968:(उपमान) means comparison and analogy. Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge. 4638: 4634: 4626: 4515: 4177: 3755: 3725: 3556: 3461: 3087: 2981: 1892: 959: 897: 562: 30:

This article is about proof and epistemology in Indian philosophies. For the Journal of Physics, see

7836: 6767:

D Sharma (1966). "Epistemological negative dialectics of Indian logic — Abhāva versus Anupalabdhi".

6438: 6185: 6140: 6078: 6018: 5955: 5900: 5895: 5650: 5639: 5340:, and two sub-schools of Vedanta, the proper means of knowledge must rely on these three pramanas: 5178: 4763: 4670: 4563: 4399: 3930: 3792: 3536: 3426: 3411: 3317: 3257: 3222: 3122: 2702: 2614: 2233: 2123: 2039: 1993: 1503: 1405: 1396: 1376: 461: 405: 7161:

B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press,

6454:

Modern Buddhist schools employ the 'three spheres' (Sanskrit: trimaṇḍala; Tibetan: 'khor gsum):

6170: 6150: 6090: 6085: 5973: 5875: 5868: 5795: 5785: 5692: 4592: 4578: 4297: 3822: 3718: 3546: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3117: 2883: 2754: 2366: 2252: 2083: 311: 7848: 7022:

EI Warrier (2012), Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200 (Editor: Karl Potter), Motilal Banarsidass,

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In Mimamsa school of Hinduism linked to Prabhakara considered the following pramanas as proper:

4184: 4135: 3167: 993: 964: 395: 6373: 2574: 1861: 7819: 7754: 7711: 7701: 7646: 7629: 7561: 7544: 7502: 7477: 7447: 7422: 7400: 7383: 7366: 7325: 7288: 7271: 7242: 7225: 7208: 7191: 7162: 7145: 7128: 7111: 7058: 7040: 7023: 6993: 6976: 6952: 6907: 6878: 6854: 6843: 6813: 6727: 6685: 6656: 6626: 6606: 6557: 6217: 6115: 6100: 5905: 5780: 5723: 5687: 5672: 5603: 5232:(शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts, specifically the 5224: 4696: 4602: 4571: 4527: 4070: 3829: 3815: 3561: 3486: 3307: 3267: 3262: 3252: 3092: 2788: 2722: 2317: 2312: 2054: 1345: 1099: 1054: 723: 88: 43: 31: 7353: 5299: 3856: 7866: 6948: 6778: 6655:

DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,

6506: 6180: 6125: 6055: 6045: 5910: 5272: 4478: 4440: 4420: 4371: 4320: 4219: 4014: 4000: 3951: 3894: 3441: 3097: 3016: 2767: 2687: 1738: 1592: 1489: 921: 617: 607: 297: 274: 197: 51: 7749:

Thub-bstan-chos-kyi-grags-pa, Chokyi Dragpa, Heidi I. Koppl, Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche (2004).

5770: 5022:(अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances. In contemporary logic, this 4943:(reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both 6362: 6205: 6120: 5920: 5830: 5775: 5540: 4817:

The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:

4684: 4607: 4555: 4364: 4268: 4212: 4149: 3965: 3866: 3762: 3511: 3491: 3362: 3237: 3217: 3137: 2828: 2814: 2712: 2692: 2655: 2247: 2242: 1969: 1848: 1812: 1757: 1752: 1579: 1329: 1204: 587: 476: 445: 232: 207: 6423: 4824:(direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied); 2376: 2371: 2153: 2059: 1829: 7872: 6315:

tenets, though one can make a distinction between the Sautrāntikas Following Scripture (

5569: 5563: 2199: 1979: 1425: 1195: 7751:

Uniting Wisdom and Compassion: Illuminating the thirty-seven practices of a bodhisattva

6966:

Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany

6521: 6443: 6434: 6419: 6382: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6300: 6065: 5995: 5950: 5890: 5808: 5594: 4597: 4406: 4254: 3905: 3799: 3748: 3551: 3377: 3297: 3247: 3232: 3197: 3152: 3049: 2821: 2682: 2564: 2513: 2498: 2478: 2442: 2108: 1910: 1817: 1442: 1027: 582: 501: 491: 400: 239: 5825: 3001: 791: 7881: 6476: 6030: 5885: 5835: 4261: 4226: 4163: 4109: 4102: 4063: 4056: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3944: 3888: 3506: 3451: 3431: 3421: 3401: 3372: 3282: 3242: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3006: 2928: 2842: 2675: 2624: 2523: 2458: 2297: 2064: 1518: 1111: 1018: 954: 949: 916: 795: 728: 703: 688: 678: 532: 435: 355: 339: 246: 6280:, inference). Rinbochay adds that Buddhism also considers scriptures as third valid 4766:(c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), "four means of attaining correct knowledge" are listed: 2412: 1905: 151: 7697:

Buddhists, brahmins, and belief: epistemology in South Asian philosophy of religion

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Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara

6526: 5930: 5815: 5733: 5619: 5027: 4233: 4142: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4021: 3679: 3501: 3337: 3332: 3292: 3202: 3192: 3162: 3132: 3062: 2966: 2888: 2619: 2584: 2508: 2483: 2262: 2113: 1900: 1799: 1786: 1781: 1115: 998: 647: 512: 466: 304: 7287:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

6625:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

2437: 7241:

W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press,

5423:, when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and 6681: 6531: 6000: 5581: 5358: 5123: 4304: 4028: 3921: 3851: 3664: 3618: 3605: 3579: 3481: 3322: 3312: 3177: 3041: 3031: 2900: 2895: 2798: 2697: 2589: 2579: 2549: 2518: 2427: 2008: 1931: 1923: 1725: 1494: 1179: 926: 881: 834: 784: 713: 597: 522: 347: 325: 267: 215: 102: 7543:

M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

6782: 7178: 6427: 6369: 6311:

Dignāga and Dharmakīrti are usually categorized as expounding the view of the

6296: 6005: 5765: 5662: 5575: 5557: 5419: 5306: 5263:

is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.

4350: 4311: 4275: 4156: 4095: 3702: 3694: 3382: 3157: 3107: 2961: 2951: 2717: 2665: 2594: 2503: 2432: 2422: 2417: 2189: 2128: 1964: 1941: 1936: 1665: 1465: 1169: 1139: 1003: 902: 889: 517: 225: 7695: 6433:

His incorporation of logic into the Middle Way system was later critiqued by

7715: 7382:

Stephen Phillips (1996), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Motilal Banarsidass,

6050: 6025: 5425: 5316: 4892: 4460: 4392: 4329: 4247: 3650: 3610: 3541: 3387: 3352: 3302: 3272: 3207: 3127: 3026: 2996: 2976: 2660: 2604: 2569: 2554: 2473: 2468: 2450: 1776: 1690: 1621: 1560: 1158: 1150: 1013: 871: 775: 693: 627: 456: 318: 6702: 6565: 5153: 4988:, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is 2257: 1791: 172: 6200: 1284:

is commonly found in various schools of Hinduism. In Buddhist literature,

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are epistemically reliable and valid means to knowledge. For example, the

7107:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

6553:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

6060: 6040: 6035: 5915: 5611: 5551: 5370: 4896: 4532: 4088: 3914: 3871: 3838: 3689: 3684: 3657: 3595: 3367: 3347: 3277: 3227: 3102: 2991: 2907: 2878: 2873: 2742: 2732: 2629: 2609: 2533: 2528: 2493: 2163: 2143: 2103: 2069: 2049: 2029: 1915: 1526: 1484: 1479: 1353: 1186:

The various schools of Indian philosophies vary on how many of these six

1163: 1143: 1123: 1119: 1049: 876: 844: 811: 665: 542: 486: 289: 158: 144: 7312:

VN Jha (1986), "The upamana-pramana in Purvamimamsa", SILLE, pages 77-91

5177:

is then explained as "referents of negative expression" in contrast to "

17: 7589: 5740: 5333: 5302:

school considered the following as the only proper means of knowledge:

5287: 5256: 4831: 4501: 4465: 4455: 4126: 4118: 3935: 3861: 3846: 3643: 3342: 3287: 3021: 2971: 2941: 2936: 2808: 2783: 2670: 2347: 2342: 2302: 2168: 2158: 2133: 2044: 2034: 1843: 1807: 1695: 1680: 1675: 1611: 1606: 1570: 1565: 1552: 1325: 1317: 1200: 1191: 1127: 988: 936: 866: 804: 752: 425: 374: 165: 116: 81: 27:

Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies

7645:

Lati Rinbochay and Elizabeth Napper (1981), Mind in Tibetan Buddhism,

6897:

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

5755: 5750: 5745: 5708: 5350: 5234: 4470: 4284: 3600: 3327: 3212: 3112: 3082: 3077: 3011: 2986: 2775: 2645: 2488: 2463: 2402: 2287: 2282: 2272: 2214: 2138: 2098: 2093: 2024: 1949: 1884: 1869: 1771: 1715: 1700: 1646: 1626: 1539: 1534: 1371: 849: 759: 660: 5433:, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory. 5189:

theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable.

4862:(a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and 6516: 6390: 5990: 5483: 5328:

Sankhya, Yoga, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Dvaita Vedanta schools

5239: 4487: 4357: 4122: 4079: 3634: 3172: 3036: 2946: 2793: 2747: 2727: 2407: 2392: 2332: 2322: 2307: 2292: 2267: 2118: 2088: 1974: 1874: 1705: 1670: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1616: 1544: 1035: 940: 858: 385: 95: 7092:

A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools

6357:

played a crucial role in shaping the discipline of epistemology (

6244:

Padmākara Translation Group (2005: p. 390) annotates that:

5337: 2956: 2737: 2707: 2650: 2397: 2384: 2277: 1879: 1720: 1710: 1685: 1651: 1601: 1583: 1333:

flawed, in order to revise oneself and reach correct knowledge.

1321: 1167:); and more contentious ones, which are comparison and analogy ( 768: 332: 5584:, Abhava (non-perception, cognitive proof using non-existence) 1118:. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in 5456:(inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and 6295:

In Buddhism, the two most important scholars of pramāṇa are

5121:

has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of

5057:(अनुपलब्धि) means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof. 6684:, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1824: 1361: 59: 7472:

Chris Bartley (2013). "Padartha". In Oliver Leaman (ed.).

6487:

remarked in his 19th-century commentary on Śāntarakṣita's

5452:(inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), 5074:(negative) relation—both correct and valuable. Like other 7628:

Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

5091:

affirmed that it as valid and useful when the other five

7818:

Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

5201:(impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction), 5066:

as epistemically valuable, a valid conclusion is either

6422:, incorporated a logical approach when commenting upon 4927:

is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if

4850:

Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as

4759:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). 1246:(प्र), a preposition meaning "outward" or "forth", and 7077:

The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads

6938:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6926:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6593:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

4735:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths:

7700:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4. 7419:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M

5377:), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Word. 6418:

The contemporary of Dignāga but before Dharmakīrti,

5490:, or words and writings of trustworthy human beings. 4931:(positive examples as evidence) are present, and if 7727: 7725: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7668: 5259:, state that this is never possible, and therefore 5101:(अभाव) means non-existence. Some scholars consider 4919:(that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and 803: 783: 767: 751: 7773:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 38–39 7740:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 35–37 7684:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 32–39 5405:(perceiving generality from a particular object), 5373:school accepts four means of obtaining knowledge ( 1308:are discussed together in some Indian texts, with 1177:), and non-perception, negative/cognitive proof ( 7869:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7863:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7857:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7851:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7845:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7839:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 4951:. A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a 4895:’ in Sanskrit, though it often is used to mean ‘ 4778:("expert testimony, historical tradition"), and 6493: 4830:(non-verbal; correct perception is not through 4755:(non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and 1173:), postulation, derivation from circumstances ( 7499:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 5 5413:(when certain human beings, from the power of 5095:fail in one's pursuit of knowledge and truth. 4751:(postulation, derivation from circumstances), 6225: 5009:and their value in epistemology are debated. 4704: 1074: 8: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 1258:implies that which is a "means of acquiring 7444:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 2 6877:Daniel Perdue, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, 6586: 6584: 6272:) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha ( 5131:is defined as that which is simultaneously 4980:, while the attribute(s) are identified as 7601: 7585: 7583: 6232: 6218: 5598: 5535:Advaita Vedanta and Bhatta Mimamsa schools 5353:— testimony/word of reliable experts 5205:(mutual negation, reciprocal absence) and 4711: 4697: 1340: 1081: 1067: 381: 137: 74: 38: 7442:Karl Potter (1977). "Meaning and Truth". 7266: 7264: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6468:When Madhyamaka first migrated to Tibet, 6331:) and the Sautrāntikas Following Reason ( 5357:These are enumerated in sutra I.7 of the 1296:is also related to the Indian concept of 7731:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.37 7340: 7338: 7320: 7318: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 7855:Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā: Devanagari 7843:Pramāṇavārttika Pariśiṣṭa 1: Devanagari 7662:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.1 7539: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7467: 7465: 7463: 6953:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328998.003.0022 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6580: 6543: 5610: 5547:, the following pramanas are accepted: 4785:In some texts such as by Vedvyasa, ten 3588:Sources and classification of scripture 1352: 1273:(प्रमातृ, the subject, the knower) and 742: 712: 656: 636: 616: 596: 571: 551: 531: 500: 475: 444: 414: 384: 129: 66: 50: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6601: 6599: 5401:) perception is of three types, viz., 1262:or certain, correct, true knowledge". 1207:schools of Hinduism hold that all six 1131:someone or something can be acquired. 748: 7791:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. 7592:at Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 4976:, the object of comparison is called 4874:(definite judgment, conclusion) from 2210:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 2205:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 1161:of past or present reliable experts ( 7: 6621: 6619: 1277:(प्रमेय, the object, the knowable). 7417:James Lochtefeld (2002). "Abhava". 5209:(prior, antecedent non-existence). 7861:Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkāra: Devanagari 7764:(accessed: February 4, 2009) p.202 7525:, University of Hawaii Press, p.29 5683:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 5678:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 7789:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy 7501:. Sahitya Akademy. p. 3958. 7497:Mohan Lal, ed. (1992). "abhava". 7474:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 6566:the Encyclopedia Britannica entry 6372:-based description of how in the 6345:rigs pa rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 6329:lung gi rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 5143:(nameable). Specific examples of 7787:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), 7694:Arnold, Daniel Anderson (2005). 7013:, Etudes Asiatiques, 35: 185-199 6199: 5618: 5127:(पदार्थ, referent of a term). A 4678: 1360: 1250:(मा) which means "measurement". 58: 7476:. Routledge. pp. 415–416. 7421:. Rosen Publishing. p. 1. 7258:Carvaka school is the exception 6368:These two rejected the complex 5543:, and Mimamsa school linked to 5197:(termination of what existed), 2209: 2204: 7356:Encyclopædia Britannica (2012) 1448:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 7110:, Columbia University Press, 7011:Le term yukti: primiere etude 6556:, Columbia University Press, 6393:school leaning to a moderate 6337:རིགས་པ་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 6321:ལུང་གི་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 5026:is similar to circumstantial 4810:) and remembered perception ( 4509:Other society-related topics: 2200:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 7898:Hindu philosophical concepts 7867:Pramāṇāntarbhāva: Devanagari 7104:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 6248:Strictly speaking, pramana ( 5881:Buddhist Paths to liberation 5344:Pratyakṣa — perception 5275:accept one or more of these 5165:(universal/class property), 5087:. The schools that endorsed 4620:Hinduism and other religions 3417:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 2194: 7849:Pramāṇavārttika: Devanagari 7812:Padmākara Translation Group 7622:Padmākara Translation Group 7089:S. C. Vidyabhusana (1971). 7009:CA Scherrer-Schaub (1981), 6512:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 6276:, perception) and Anumāṇa ( 5221:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 5181:of positive expression" in 4365:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 4337:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2065:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 2009:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 2004:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 1157:), and "word", meaning the 7924: 7837:Pramāṇamīmāṃsā: Devanagari 7181:, Encyclopedia Britannica. 6783:10.1163/000000066790086530 6564:, pages 149-150; see also 6406:he introduced the idea of 6264:Buddhism accepts only two 5592: 5578:(postulation, presumption) 5530:(postulation, presumption) 5478:. It can be of two types, 5218: 5147:, states Bartley, include 5078:, Indian scholars refined 4939:—the requirement that the 4770:("scripture, tradition"), 4747:(comparison and analogy), 4241:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2921:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2857:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 2045:Uparati (self-settledness) 1110:Pramāṇa) literally means " 1009:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 638:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 282:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 29: 7521:Anantanand Rambachan (), 6336: 6320: 5495:Prabhakara Mimamsa school 5347:Anumāna — inference 4923:(the object on which the 3407:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 2060:Samadhana (concentration) 1924:Three paths to liberation 1431:Tribal religions in India 1416:Historical Vedic religion 1411:Indus Valley Civilisation 1223:The science and study of 1103: 1055:Other Indian philosophies 7893:Concepts in epistemology 5109:, while others consider 4739:(evidence/ perception), 4731:Hinduism identifies six 2236:, sacrifice, and charity 699:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya 7908:Epistemology literature 7753:. Wisdom Publications. 6707:Encyclopedia Britannica 5901:Philosophical reasoning 5474:are also accepted as a 5298:Epistemologically, the 5279:as valid epistemology. 5000:. The 7th-century text 4878:(indefinite judgment). 4860:samanyalaksanapratyaksa 4414:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 3627:Timeline of Hindu texts 3532:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 2560:Pumsavana Simantonayana 2215:Śabda (word, testimony) 1453:Epic-Puranic chronology 1421:Dravidian folk religion 684:Nigamananda Paramahansa 6498: 6262: 5668:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4996:, and charmingness is 4762:In verse 1.2.1 of the 4379:Eighteen Greater Texts 4008:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 3437:Krishnananda Saraswati 2676:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 2190:Pratyakṣa (perception) 2050:Titiksha (forbearance) 326:Shakti Vishishtadvaita 7814:(translators)(2005). 7624:(translators)(2005). 6246: 5936:Aids to Enlightenment 5761:Dependent Origination 5572:(comparison, analogy) 5524:(comparison, analogy) 5271:Different schools of 5267:Acceptance per school 5242:. Hiriyanna explains 4864:jnanalaksanapratyaksa 4822:Indriyarthasannikarsa 4495:Varna-related topics: 4386:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3959:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2850:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2836:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2768:Philosophical schools 2070:Ahamkara (attachment) 2030:Vairagya (dispassion) 1958:Mokṣa-related topics: 573:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 553:Achintya Bheda Abheda 261:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 254:Achintya Bheda Abheda 7888:Sources of knowledge 7074:A. B. Keith (1925), 7030:, pages 512-530, 684 6770:Indo-Iranian Journal 6475:In the 14th century 6256:) and epistemology ( 5906:Devotional practices 5729:Noble Eightfold Path 4870:, so as to contrast 4627:Hinduism and Jainism 3557:Vethathiri Maharishi 3462:Nisargadatta Maharaj 2025:Viveka (discernment) 1400:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 898:Principal Upanishads 563:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 7636:(alk. paper): p.390 6439:logical consequence 6206:Buddhism portal 6079:Buddhism by country 5841:Sanskrit literature 5463:Comparison, called 5381:Perception, called 5161:(activity/motion), 5059:Anupalabdhi pramana 4764:Taittirīya Āraṇyaka 4685:Hinduism portal 4564:Hinduism by country 4400:Iraiyanar Akapporul 4344:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 3427:Dayananda Saraswati 3412:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 3318:Sripada Srivallabha 3258:Raghunatha Siromani 3223:Narasimha Saraswati 3123:Santadas Kathiababa 2195:Anumāṇa (inference) 406:Raghunatha Siromani 6278:rjes dpag tshad ma 6274:mngon sum tshad ma 5693:Buddhist modernism 5436:Inference, called 5294:Vaisheshika school 4579:Caribbean Shaktism 4298:Kanakadhara Stotra 3547:U. G. Krishnamurti 3527:Satyadhyana Tirtha 3118:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2776:Six Astika schools 2020:Ānanda (happiness) 1999:Anātman (non-self) 1316:, particularly by 1288:is referred to as 7707:978-0-231-13280-0 7566:978-94-010-7810-8 6732:978-94-010-5107-1 6661:978-1-4419-8109-7 6489:Madhyamakālaṅkāra 6355:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6350:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6242: 6241: 5724:Four Noble Truths 5554:(word, testimony) 5518:(word, testimony) 5332:According to the 5225:Sources of dharma 5173:(individuality). 4984:. Thus, explains 4868:Pratyakṣa-pranama 4721: 4720: 4572:Balinese Hinduism 4071:Markandeya Purana 3308:Satyanatha Tirtha 3263:Raghuttama Tirtha 3253:Raghavendra Swami 3093:Ramdas Kathiababa 2174:Sources of dharma 2040:Dama (temperance) 2035:Sama (equanimity) 1401: 1091: 1090: 823: 822: 819: 818: 181: 180: 125: 124: 32:Pramana (journal) 16:(Redirected from 7915: 7792: 7774: 7771: 7765: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7643: 7637: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7578: 7575: 7569: 7558: 7552: 7541: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7469: 7458: 7457: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7414: 7408: 7397: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7333: 7322: 7313: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7295: 7285: 7279: 7268: 7259: 7256: 7250: 7239: 7233: 7222: 7216: 7205: 7199: 7188: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7159: 7153: 7142: 7136: 7125: 7119: 7102: 7096: 7087: 7081: 7080:, Part II, p.482 7072: 7066: 7054: 7048: 7037: 7031: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6990: 6984: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6875: 6864: 6850:, pages 245-248; 6838: 6821: 6810: 6787: 6786: 6764: 6751: 6748: 6735: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6699: 6693: 6679: 6664: 6653: 6634: 6623: 6614: 6603: 6594: 6588: 6569: 6548: 6507:Hindu philosophy 6338: 6322: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6204: 6203: 5931:Sublime abidings 5622: 5599: 5273:Hindu philosophy 5169:(inherence) and 4911:(a reason), and 4891:(अनुमान) means ‘ 4774:("perception"), 4713: 4706: 4699: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4643:and Christianity 4613:Pilgrimage sites 4543:Reform movements 4421:Vinayagar Agaval 4372:Five Great Epics 4321:Tamil literature 4220:Sushruta Samhita 4015:Bhavishya Purana 4001:Brahmanda Purana 3952:Bhagavata Purana 3880:Other scriptures 3442:Mahavatar Babaji 3017:Satyakama Jabala 2688:Ganesh Chaturthi 2542:Rites of passage 2055:Shraddha (faith) 1473:Major traditions 1399: 1364: 1341: 1105: 1083: 1076: 1069: 922:Agama (Hinduism) 910:Other scriptures 903:Minor Upanishads 749: 618:Ekasarana Dharma 462:Vāchaspati Misra 382: 298:Shaiva Siddhanta 275:Ekasarana Dharma 138: 75: 62: 52:Hindu philosophy 39: 21: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7878: 7877: 7833: 7810:(commentator); 7800: 7795: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7708: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7644: 7640: 7620:(commentator); 7612: 7608: 7602:Puligandla 1997 7600: 7596: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7559: 7555: 7542: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7471: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7407:, pages 221-253 7398: 7394: 7381: 7377: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7286: 7282: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7240: 7236: 7232:, pages 170-172 7223: 7219: 7215:, pages 168-169 7206: 7202: 7198:, pages 160-168 7189: 7185: 7176: 7172: 7160: 7156: 7143: 7139: 7126: 7122: 7118:, pages 149-150 7103: 7099: 7088: 7084: 7073: 7069: 7055: 7051: 7047:, pages 361-362 7038: 7034: 7021: 7017: 7008: 7004: 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3966:Naradiya Purana 3938: 3933: 3908: 3882: 3841: 3705: 3637: 3621: 3590: 3582: 3572: 3571: 3517:Shirdi Sai Baba 3512:Sathya Sai Baba 3492:Ramana Maharshi 3396: 3363:Vadiraja Tirtha 3358:Vācaspati Miśra 3238:Srinivasacharya 3218:Narahari Tirtha 3198:Matsyendranatha 3183:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 3148:Jagannatha Dasa 3138:Haridasa Thakur 3052: 2931: 2923: 2913: 2912: 2868: 2829:Vishishtadvaita 2778: 2770: 2760: 2759: 2713:Makar Sankranti 2693:Vasant Panchami 2656:Maha Shivaratri 2640: 2544: 2453: 2387: 2356: 2237: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2184: 2078: 2015:Prajña (wisdom) 2011: 1988: 1952: 1926: 1895: 1864: 1862:Meaning of life 1849:God in Hinduism 1838: 1802: 1800:Supreme reality 1777:Subtle elements 1766: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1586: 1555: 1529: 1521: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1474: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1402: 1397:Hindu synthesis 1393: 1388: 1339: 1330:Advaita Vedanta 1237: 1205:Advaita Vedanta 1087: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1023: 970:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 931: 854: 839: 838: 825: 824: 738: 708: 670: 652: 632: 612: 592: 588:Srinivasacharya 567: 547: 527: 496: 477:Vishishtadvaita 471: 440: 431:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 410: 396:Akṣapāda Gotama 379: 378: 362: 361: 333:Shiva Bhedabeda 233:Vishishtadvaita 193: 192: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7921: 7919: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7903:Buddhist logic 7900: 7895: 7890: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7832: 7831:External links 7829: 7828: 7827: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7766: 7742: 7733: 7721: 7706: 7686: 7664: 7655: 7653:, page 115-119 7651:978-0937938027 7638: 7606: 7604:, p. 228. 7594: 7579: 7570: 7553: 7549:978-8120813304 7527: 7514: 7507: 7489: 7483:978-0415862530 7482: 7459: 7452: 7434: 7427: 7409: 7405:978-8120835269 7392: 7388:978-8120814899 7375: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7280: 7260: 7251: 7234: 7217: 7200: 7183: 7170: 7167:978-0198239765 7154: 7137: 7133:978-0691073842 7120: 7116:978-0231149877 7097: 7082: 7067: 7063:978-8120809826 7049: 7045:978-0691073019 7032: 7028:978-8120830615 7015: 7002: 7000:, pages 95-105 6998:978-1137031723 6985: 6981:978-1137031723 6968: 6956: 6940: 6928: 6916: 6914:, page 237-238 6912:978-0791430675 6899: 6887: 6883:978-0937938768 6865: 6863: 6862: 6859:978-0791430675 6851: 6848:978-0815336112 6822: 6818:978-0791430675 6788: 6777:(4): 291–300. 6752: 6736: 6719: 6694: 6690:978-0521438780 6665: 6635: 6615: 6595: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568:on this topic. 6562:978-0231149877 6542: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Buddhist logic 6519: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6499: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6451: 6448: 6415: 6412: 6402: 6399: 6308: 6305: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Pratyekabuddha 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Buddhist chant 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5809:Buddhist texts 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5595:Buddhist logic 5593:Main article: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5468: 5461: 5458:Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa 5434: 5403:Sāmānyalakṣana 5366: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5295: 5292: 5284: 5283:Carvaka school 5281: 5268: 5265: 5216: 5211: 5203:anyonya-abhava 5199:atyanta-abhava 5119:Abhava-pramana 5117:as different. 5105:to be same as 5070:(positive) or 5051: 5046: 5016: 5011: 4992:, the moon is 4962: 4957: 4955:(conclusion). 4907:(hypothesis), 4885: 4880: 4848: 4847: 4844:Vyavasayatmaka 4841: 4835: 4825: 4800: 4795: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4516:Discrimination 4512: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4407:Abirami Antati 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4255:Ramcharitmanas 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4206:Pramana Sutras 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4178:Mimamsa Sutras 4174: 4171:Samkhya Sutras 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4136:Dharma Shastra 4131: 4130: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3770:Shvetashvatara 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3742:Brihadaranyaka 3737: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3552:Upasni Maharaj 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3378:Vedanta Desika 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3298:Samarth Ramdas 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3248:Purandara Dasa 3245: 3240: 3235: 3233:Nimbarkacharya 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3153:Jayanta Bhatta 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2683:Raksha Bandhan 2680: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2565:Simantonnayana 2562: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2514:Carnatic music 2511: 2506: 2501: 2499:Bhagavata Mela 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2443:Kundalini yoga 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1893:Stages of life 1891: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1854:God and gender 1851: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1787:Gross elements 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443:Itihasa-Purana 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1236: 1233: 1194:school of the 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028:Secular ethics 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 984: 982:Pramana Sutras 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 960:Mimamsa Sutras 957: 955:Samkhya Sutras 952: 946: 945: 930: 929: 924: 919: 913: 912: 906: 905: 900: 894: 893: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 863: 862: 853: 852: 847: 841: 840: 832: 831: 830: 827: 826: 821: 820: 817: 816: 815: 814: 807: 801: 800: 799: 798: 787: 781: 780: 779: 778: 771: 765: 764: 763: 762: 755: 745: 744: 740: 739: 737: 736: 731: 726: 720: 717: 716: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 672: 671: 669: 668: 663: 657: 654: 653: 651: 650: 644: 641: 640: 634: 633: 631: 630: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 611: 610: 604: 601: 600: 594: 593: 591: 590: 585: 579: 576: 575: 569: 568: 566: 565: 559: 556: 555: 549: 548: 546: 545: 539: 536: 535: 529: 528: 526: 525: 520: 515: 509: 506: 505: 498: 497: 495: 494: 492:Vedanta Desika 489: 483: 480: 479: 473: 472: 470: 469: 464: 459: 453: 450: 449: 442: 441: 439: 438: 433: 428: 422: 419: 418: 412: 411: 409: 408: 403: 401:Jayanta Bhatta 398: 392: 389: 388: 380: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 351: 350: 344: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 293: 292: 286: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 221: 220: 218: 212: 211: 203: 202: 200: 194: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 169: 162: 155: 148: 134: 133: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 113: 106: 99: 92: 85: 71: 70: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7920: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7824:1-59030-241-9 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759:0-86171-377-X 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7634:1-59030-241-9 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7508:81-260-1221-8 7504: 7500: 7493: 7490: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7453:81-208-0309-4 7449: 7445: 7438: 7435: 7430: 7428:0-8239-2287-1 7424: 7420: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7390:, pages 41-63 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7371:0-8239-2287-1 7368: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7330:0-8239-2287-1 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7293:81-208-0779-0 7290: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7276:0-8239-2287-1 7273: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7247:0-7914-0362-9 7244: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7230:81-208-0309-4 7227: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7213:81-208-0309-4 7210: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7196:81-208-0309-4 7193: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177:Matt Stefan, 7174: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7152:, pages 51-62 7151: 7150:81-208-0426-0 7147: 7141: 7138: 7135:, pages 53-68 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7068: 7065:, pages 20-38 7064: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6983:, pages 95-97 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6888: 6885:, pages 19-20 6884: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6633:, pages 25-26 6632: 6631:81-208-0779-0 6628: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611:0-8239-2287-1 6608: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477:Je Tsongkhapa 6473: 6471: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359:pramāṇaśāstra 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5961:Vegetarianism 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Recollections 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Five precepts 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851:Chinese canon 5849: 5847: 5846:Tibetan canon 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5446:Parāthānumāna 5443: 5442:Svārthānumāna 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5244:Sabda-pramana 5241: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:asatkaryavada 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5151:(substance), 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4876:anadhyavasaya 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858:(intuition), 4857: 4853: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4743:(inference), 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4586:Hindu culture 4584: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Organisations 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4262:Yoga Vasistha 4259: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4227:Natya Shastra 4224: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4164:Brahma Sutras 4161: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110:Sthapatyaveda 4107: 4105: 4104: 4103:Gandharvaveda 4100: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4064:Varaha Purana 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057:Skanda Purana 4054: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3994:Brahma Purana 3991: 3989: 3988: 3987:Garuda Purana 3984: 3982: 3981: 3980:Matsya Purana 3977: 3975: 3974: 3973:Vāmana Purana 3970: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3945:Vishnu Purana 3942: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3889:Bhagavad Gita 3886: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472:Radhakrishnan 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Narayana Guru 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3432:Jaggi Vasudev 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422:Chinmayananda 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3283:Ramprasad Sen 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3133:Gorakshanatha 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073:Allama Prabhu 3071: 3069: 3068:Akka Mahadevi 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058:Abhinavagupta 3056: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007:Prashastapada 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867:Other schools 2865: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2843:Shuddhadvaita 2840: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524:Kalaripayattu 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2459:Bharatanatyam 2457: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338:Nritta-Nritya 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 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1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019:Shiva Samhita 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 983: 980: 979: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 950:Brahma Sutras 948: 947: 944: 943: 942: 938: 933: 932: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 917:Bhagavad Gita 915: 914: 911: 908: 907: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 856: 855: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 837: 836: 829: 828: 813: 810: 809: 808: 806: 802: 797: 796:Prashastapada 793: 790: 789: 788: 786: 782: 777: 774: 773: 772: 770: 766: 761: 758: 757: 756: 754: 750: 747: 746: 741: 735: 734:Radhakrishnan 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 719: 718: 715: 711: 705: 704:Anandamayi Ma 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Ramprasad Sen 687: 685: 682: 680: 679:Abhinavagupta 677: 676: 674: 673: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 655: 649: 646: 645: 643: 642: 639: 635: 629: 626: 625: 623: 622: 619: 615: 609: 606: 605: 603: 602: 599: 595: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 578: 577: 574: 570: 564: 561: 560: 558: 557: 554: 550: 544: 541: 540: 538: 537: 534: 533:Shuddhadvaita 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 508: 507: 503: 499: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 482: 481: 478: 474: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 452: 451: 447: 443: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 421: 420: 417: 413: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 391: 390: 387: 383: 376: 372: 366: 365: 358: 357: 356:Integral yoga 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 340:Shiva Advaita 337: 335: 334: 330: 328: 327: 323: 321: 320: 316: 314: 313: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 299: 295: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 279: 277: 276: 272: 270: 269: 265: 263: 262: 258: 256: 255: 251: 249: 248: 247:Shuddhadvaita 244: 242: 241: 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 227: 223: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 191: 185: 184: 175: 174: 170: 168: 167: 163: 161: 160: 156: 154: 153: 149: 147: 146: 142: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 128: 119: 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D. Ranade 3338:Śyāma Śastri 3333:Swaminarayan 3293:Rupa Goswami 3203:Morya Gosavi 3163:Jiva Goswami 3063:Adi Shankara 2889:Pratyabhijña 2855: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2620:Samavartanam 2600:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 2585:Annaprashana 2509:Dandiya Raas 2484:Mohiniyattam 2377:Nididhyāsana 2182:Epistemology 2181: 2114:Brahmacharya 1994:Ātman (self) 1957: 1901:Brahmacharya 1830:Saccidānanda 1782:Panchikarana 1658: 1591: 1582: / 1578:Other major 1502: 1436: 1435: 1390: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1187: 1185: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1154: 1147: 1135: 1133: 1116:epistemology 1094: 1093: 1092: 1026: 999:Arthashastra 994:Dharmaśāstra 981: 965:Nyāya Sūtras 935: 934: 909: 888: 857: 833: 648:Swaminarayan 513:Madhvacharya 504:(Tattvavada) 467:Adi Shankara 370: 354: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 305:Pratyabhijna 303: 296: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 206: 189: 171: 164: 157: 150: 143: 115: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 36: 6682:Gavin Flood 6532:Metaphysics 6444:Svātantrika 6435:Candrakīrti 6420:Bhāvaviveka 6313:Sautrāntika 6301:Dharmakīrti 6286:Avisamvadin 6146:New Zealand 6001:Bodhisattva 5986:Four Stages 5941:Monasticism 5921:Mindfulness 5891:Perfections 5821:Early Texts 5582:Anupalabdhi 5566:(inference) 5512:(inference) 5359:Yoga Sutras 5157:(quality), 5064:Anupalabdhi 5055:Anupalabdhi 5049:Anupalabdhi 5028:implication 5002:Bhaṭṭikāvya 4838:Avyabhicara 4828:Avyapadesya 4753:Anupalabdhi 4639:and Judaism 4635:and Sikhism 4603:Iconography 4528:Nationalism 4521:Persecution 4305:Shiva Stuti 4199:Yoga Sutras 4029:Agni Purana 3931:Other texts 3922:Mahabharata 3665:Atharvaveda 3562:Vivekananda 3487:Rama Tirtha 3482:Ramakrishna 3457:Nigamananda 3447:Mahesh Yogi 3323:Sripadaraja 3313:Siddheshwar 3208:Mukundarāja 3188:Madhusūdana 3178:Kanaka Dasa 3098:Chakradhara 3042:Yajnavalkya 3032:Vishvamitra 2901:Pancharatra 2799:Vaisheshika 2755:Ratha Yatra 2703:Janmashtami 2698:Rama Navami 2615:Ritushuddhi 2590:Chudakarana 2580:Nishkramana 2550:Garbhadhana 2519:Pandav Lila 2428:Bhakti yoga 2313:Prāyaścitta 2084:Niti śastra 1932:Bhakti yoga 1911:Vānaprastha 1726:Vishvakarma 1659:Post-Vedic: 1495:Vaishnavism 1437:Traditional 1290:Pramāṇavāda 1180:anupalabdhi 1148:pratyakṣa), 975:Yoga Sutras 927:Vachanamrut 882:Atharvaveda 835:Major texts 785:Vaisheshika 724:Vivekananda 714:Neo-Vedanta 608:Chakradhara 598:Mahanubhava 523:Vyasatirtha 348:Neo-Vedanta 319:Pramanavada 312:Panchartika 268:Mahanubhava 216:Vaishnavite 190:Sub-schools 103:Vaisheshika 7882:Categories 7806:(author); 7761:. Source: 7616:(author); 7354:Arthapatti 7332:, page 721 7179:pratyaksha 6861:, page 238 6820:, page 238 6692:, page 225 6663:, page 172 6576:References 6446:approach. 6428:Middle Way 6414:Madhyamaka 6374:Vaibhāṣika 6370:Abhidharma 6254:rtags rigs 6019:Traditions 5956:Pilgrimage 5896:Meditation 5856:Post-canon 5836:Pāli Canon 5766:Middle Way 5663:The Buddha 5576:Arthāpatti 5528:Arthapatti 5420:Nirvikalpa 5399:Asādhārana 5307:Perception 5219:See also: 5111:Anupalabdi 5103:Anupalabdi 5089:Anupalabdi 5080:Anupalabdi 5037:arthapatti 5020:Arthāpatti 5014:Arthāpatti 4749:Arthāpatti 4479:Varna-less 4351:Tiruppukal 4312:Vayu Stuti 4276:Panchadasi 4269:Swara yoga 4157:Kama Sutra 4096:Dhanurveda 3756:Taittiriya 3734:Yajurveda: 3726:Kaushitaki 3703:Upanishads 3695:Upanishads 3619:Scriptures 3467:Prabhupada 3383:Vidyaranya 3268:Ram Charan 3243:Prabhākara 3158:Jayatīrtha 3108:Dadu Dayal 3103:Chāngadeva 2962:Bharadwaja 2952:Ashtavakra 2718:Kumbh Mela 2666:Durga Puja 2595:Karnavedha 2575:Nāmakaraṇa 2504:Yakshagana 2433:Karma yoga 2423:Jnana yoga 2418:Hatha yoga 2355:Meditation 2328:Tirthadana 2109:Aparigraha 1965:Paramātman 1950:Liberation 1942:Karma yoga 1937:Jnana yoga 1666:Dattatreya 1466:Traditions 1391:Historical 1227:is called 1175:arthāpatti 1140:perception 1004:Kama Sutra 890:Upanishads 518:Jayatirtha 448:(Mayavada) 436:Prabhākara 226:Bhedabheda 7551:, page 43 7373:, page 55 6703:"Pramana" 6485:Ju Mipham 6424:Nāgārjuna 6290:mi slu ba 6166:Sri Lanka 6156:Singapore 6111:Indonesia 6051:Vajrayāna 6026:Theravāda 5981:Awakening 5869:Practices 5826:Tripiṭaka 5796:Cosmology 5771:Emptiness 5751:Suffering 5558:Pratyakṣa 5504:Pratyakṣa 5470:Word, or 5426:Savikalpa 5391:Sādhārana 5383:Pratyakṣa 5317:Inference 5311:Pratyakṣa 5300:Vaiśeṣika 5207:pragavasa 5179:referents 4913:drshtanta 4893:inference 4804:Pratyakṣa 4798:Pratyakṣa 4772:pratyakṣa 4737:Pratyakṣa 4653:Criticism 4647:and Islam 4608:Mythology 4461:Kshatriya 4393:Athichudi 4330:Tirumurai 4248:Tirumurai 3857:Vyākaraṇa 3793:Chandogya 3785:Samaveda: 3673:Divisions 3651:Yajurveda 3611:Ātmatuṣṭi 3567:Yogananda 3542:Trailanga 3537:Sivananda 3402:Aurobindo 3388:Vyasaraja 3353:Tyagaraja 3303:Sankardev 3273:Ramananda 3168:Jñāneśvar 3143:Harivansh 3128:Gaudapada 3088:Chaitanya 3027:Vashistha 2997:Patanjali 2977:Jamadagni 2896:Vaishnava 2884:Pashupata 2661:Navaratri 2638:Festivals 2605:Upanayana 2570:Jatakarma 2555:Pumsavana 2474:Kuchipudi 2469:Kathakali 2438:Rāja yoga 2372:Samādhāna 2253:Prarthana 2227:Practices 2154:Svādhyāya 1758:Mythology 1753:Cosmology 1746:Worldview 1691:Kartikeya 1622:Prajapati 1561:Saraswati 1280:The term 1235:Etymology 1159:testimony 1151:inference 1014:Tirumurai 872:Yajurveda 776:Patanjali 729:Aurobindo 694:Bamakhepa 628:Sankardev 457:Gaudapada 131:Heterodox 7716:57316839 6501:See also 6450:In Tibet 6383:Yogācāra 6270:tshad ma 6258:blo rigs 6250:tshad ma 6176:Thailand 6136:Mongolia 6131:Malaysia 6096:Cambodia 6061:Navayana 6041:Hinayana 6036:Mahāyāna 5946:Lay life 5776:Morality 5756:Not-self 5714:Concepts 5673:Councils 5658:Timeline 5630:Glossary 5612:Buddhism 5604:a series 5602:Part of 5589:Buddhism 5450:Pūrvavat 5395:Alaukika 5277:pramanas 5183:Padartha 5171:vishesha 5167:samavaya 5145:padartha 5137:Jneyatva 5129:Padartha 5124:Padārtha 5093:pramanas 5072:asadrupa 5042:pramanas 4994:upamanam 4990:upameyam 4978:upamanam 4974:upameyam 4953:nigamana 4949:vipaksha 4945:sapaksha 4933:vipaksha 4929:sapaksha 4905:pratijna 4856:pratibha 4808:anubhava 4791:pramanas 4787:pramanas 4733:pramanas 4726:pramanas 4666:Glossary 4598:Calendar 4533:Hindutva 4456:Brahmana 4127:samhitas 4119:Shastras 4089:Ayurveda 4080:Upavedas 3915:Ramayana 3906:Itihasas 3872:Jyotisha 3839:Vedangas 3823:Mandukya 3719:Aitareya 3711:Rigveda: 3690:Aranyaka 3685:Brahmana 3658:Samaveda 3373:Valluvar 3368:Vallabha 3348:Tulsidas 3278:Ramanuja 3228:Nayanars 3213:Namadeva 3050:Medieval 2992:Kashyapa 2908:Charvaka 2879:Kapalika 2743:Puthandu 2733:Vaisakhi 2630:Antyesti 2610:Keshanta 2534:Adimurai 2529:Silambam 2494:Sattriya 2479:Manipuri 2164:Mitahara 2144:Santosha 2104:Achourya 1916:Sannyasa 1906:Gṛhastha 1765:Ontology 1739:Concepts 1527:Trimurti 1490:Smartism 1485:Shaktism 1480:Shaivism 1354:Hinduism 1346:a series 1344:Part of 1337:Hinduism 1225:pramanas 1218:pramanas 1209:pramanas 1188:pramanas 1144:Sanskrit 1136:pramanas 1124:Buddhism 1120:Hinduism 1100:Sanskrit 1050:Hinduism 937:Shastras 877:Samaveda 812:Valluvar 583:Nimbarka 543:Vallabha 487:Ramanuja 375:Acharyas 371:Teachers 290:Shaivite 198:Smartist 159:Buddhism 145:Charvaka 68:Orthodox 44:a series 42:Part of 18:Pramanas 7780:Sources 7590:Pramana 6936:prameya 6924:pramAtR 6712:16 June 6591:pramANa 6464:action. 6461:object, 6458:subject 6395:realism 6333:Tibetan 6317:Tibetan 6297:Dignāga 6282:pramana 6266:pramana 6186:Vietnam 6141:Myanmar 6056:Tibetan 6046:Chinese 5974:Nirvāṇa 5791:Saṃsāra 5786:Rebirth 5651:History 5640:Outline 5570:Upamāṇa 5564:Anumāṇa 5522:Upamāṇa 5510:Anumāṇa 5488:Laukika 5480:Vaidika 5476:pramāṇa 5465:Upamāna 5454:Śeṣavat 5438:Anumāna 5387:Laukika 5375:pramāṇa 5334:Sankhya 5321:Anumāna 5288:Carvaka 5257:Carvaka 5195:dhvamsa 5133:Astitva 5085:pramana 5076:pramana 5068:sadrupa 5032:pramana 5024:pramana 5007:Upamāna 4998:samanya 4982:samanya 4970:Upamana 4966:Upamāna 4960:Upamāna 4901:Anumana 4889:Anumāna 4883:Anumāna 4872:nirnaya 4852:pramana 4832:hearsay 4780:anumāna 4776:aitihya 4745:Upamāṇa 4741:Anumāṇa 4671:Outline 4466:Vaishya 4434:Society 4285:Stotras 3936:Puranas 3862:Nirukta 3852:Chandas 3847:Shiksha 3830:Prashna 3816:Mundaka 3680:Samhita 3644:Rigveda 3507:Samarth 3343:Tukaram 3288:Ravidas 3022:Valmiki 2972:Jaimini 2942:Angiras 2937:Agastya 2929:Ancient 2815:Advaita 2809:Vedanta 2804:Mīmāṃsā 2784:Samkhya 2671:Ramlila 2413:Sādhanā 2303:Tarpana 2288:Kīrtana 2283:Bhajana 2234:Worship 2159:Shaucha 2134:Akrodha 1980:Saṃsāra 1844:Ishvara 1813:Nirguna 1808:Brahman 1772:Tattvas 1696:Krishna 1681:Hanuman 1676:Ganesha 1612:Chandra 1607:Ashvins 1571:Parvati 1566:Lakshmi 1553:Tridevi 1519:Deities 1426:Śramaṇa 1406:History 1387:Origins 1377:History 1326:Mimamsa 1318:Samkhya 1314:Pramana 1306:Pramana 1294:Pramana 1286:Pramana 1282:Pramana 1275:Prameya 1271:Pramātŗ 1266:Pramāṇa 1256:Pramāṇa 1240:Pramāṇa 1213:pramana 1201:Mimamsa 1196:Śramaṇa 1192:Carvaka 1170:upamāna 1155:anumāna 1128:Jainism 1095:Pramana 989:Puranas 867:Rigveda 805:Secular 753:Samkhya 446:Advaita 426:Jaimini 416:Mīmāṃsā 208:Advaita 166:Jainism 152:Ājīvika 117:Vedanta 110:Mīmāṃsā 82:Samkhya 7822: 7808:Mipham 7757: 7714: 7704: 7649: 7632: 7618:Mipham 7564: 7547: 7505: 7480: 7450: 7425: 7403: 7386: 7369: 7328: 7291: 7274: 7245: 7228: 7211: 7194: 7165: 7148: 7131: 7114: 7095:, p.23 7061: 7043: 7026: 6996: 6979: 6910: 6881: 6857: 6846: 6816: 6730: 6688: 6659: 6629: 6609: 6560: 6171:Taiwan 6151:Russia 6091:Brazil 6086:Bhutan 6006:Buddha 5926:Wisdom 5709:Dharma 5411:Yogaja 5235:shruti 5191:Abhava 5175:Abhava 5149:dravya 5115:Abhava 5107:Abhava 5099:Abhava 4937:Vyapti 4925:sadhya 4921:paksha 4917:sadhya 4812:smriti 4471:Shudra 4289:stutis 4125:, and 4123:sutras 3777:Maitri 3502:Ramdas 3395:Modern 3328:Surdas 3193:Madhva 3113:Eknath 3083:Basava 3078:Alvars 3012:Raikva 3002:Pāṇini 2987:Kapila 2982:Kanada 2967:Gotama 2874:Shaiva 2822:Dvaita 2723:Pongal 2646:Diwali 2625:Vivaha 2489:Odissi 2464:Kathak 2403:Yogini 2367:Dhyana 2318:Tirtha 2273:Bhakti 2263:Temple 2258:Śrauta 2139:Arjava 2099:Ahimsa 2094:Niyama 2077:Ethics 1885:Moksha 1870:Dharma 1818:Saguna 1716:Shakti 1701:Kubera 1647:Varuna 1627:Pushan 1540:Vishnu 1535:Brahma 1372:Hindus 1104:प्रमाण 941:Sutras 850:Smriti 792:Kaṇāda 760:Kapila 743:Others 666:Shakta 661:Tantra 502:Dvaita 240:Dvaita 173:Ajñana 6964:yukti 6895:प्रमा 6538:Notes 6517:Nyaya 6408:Apoha 6401:Apoha 6391:Gelug 6341:Wylie 6325:Wylie 6181:Tibet 6121:Korea 6116:Japan 6106:India 6101:China 6066:Newar 5991:Arhat 5781:Karma 5635:Index 5552:Śabda 5516:Śabda 5484:Vedic 5472:Śabda 5371:Nyāya 5351:Śabda 5261:Sabda 5253:Sabda 5249:Sabda 5240:Vedas 5230:Śabda 5214:Śabda 5159:karma 4897:guess 4793:are: 4768:smṛti 4757:Śabda 4488:Dalit 4441:Varna 4358:Kural 3896:Agama 3867:Kalpa 3763:Katha 3635:Vedas 3606:Ācāra 3601:Smṛti 3596:Śruti 3580:Texts 3173:Kabir 3037:Vyasa 2947:Aruni 2794:Nyaya 2748:Vishu 2728:Ugadi 2408:Asana 2393:Sadhu 2362:Tapas 2333:Matha 2323:Yatra 2308:Vrata 2293:Yajna 2268:Murti 2149:Tapas 2124:Damah 2119:Satya 2089:Yamas 1975:Karma 1875:Artha 1792:Guṇas 1706:Radha 1671:Durga 1642:Ushas 1637:Surya 1632:Rudra 1617:Indra 1593:Vedic 1584:Devis 1580:Devas 1545:Shiva 1310:Yukti 1302:Yukti 1298:Yukti 1260:prama 1252:Pramā 1229:Nyaya 1164:Śabda 1112:proof 1108:IAST: 1036:Kural 859:Vedas 845:Śruti 386:Nyaya 96:Nyaya 7820:ISBN 7755:ISBN 7712:OCLC 7702:ISBN 7647:ISBN 7630:ISBN 7562:ISBN 7545:ISBN 7503:ISBN 7478:ISBN 7448:ISBN 7423:ISBN 7401:ISBN 7384:ISBN 7367:ISBN 7326:ISBN 7289:ISBN 7272:ISBN 7243:ISBN 7226:ISBN 7209:ISBN 7192:ISBN 7163:ISBN 7146:ISBN 7129:ISBN 7112:ISBN 7059:ISBN 7041:ISBN 7024:ISBN 6994:ISBN 6977:ISBN 6908:ISBN 6879:ISBN 6855:ISBN 6844:ISBN 6814:ISBN 6728:ISBN 6714:2020 6686:ISBN 6657:ISBN 6627:ISBN 6607:ISBN 6558:ISBN 6299:and 6126:Laos 6031:Pāli 5415:Yoga 5369:The 5338:Yoga 5223:and 5154:guna 5113:and 4947:and 4941:hetu 4909:hetu 4724:Six 4502:Jāti 4287:and 3800:Kena 3749:Isha 2957:Atri 2789:Yoga 2738:Bihu 2708:Onam 2651:Holi 2451:Arts 2398:Yogi 2385:Yoga 2348:Sevā 2343:Dāna 2298:Homa 2278:Japa 2248:Ārtī 2243:Puja 2169:Dāna 2129:Dayā 1987:Mind 1970:Maya 1880:Kama 1721:Sita 1711:Rama 1686:Kali 1652:Vayu 1602:Agni 1504:List 1328:and 1322:Yoga 1304:and 1203:and 1126:and 939:and 769:Yoga 89:Yoga 6949:doi 6779:doi 6260:). 5539:In 5397:or 5389:or 4814:). 1837:God 1244:pra 7884:: 7724:^ 7710:. 7667:^ 7582:^ 7530:^ 7462:^ 7337:^ 7317:^ 7263:^ 6868:^ 6825:^ 6791:^ 6773:. 6755:^ 6739:^ 6705:. 6668:^ 6638:^ 6618:^ 6598:^ 6583:^ 6491:: 6365:. 6343:: 6339:, 6335:: 6327:: 6323:, 6319:: 6303:. 6161:US 5606:on 5336:, 5238:, 4121:, 1825:Om 1348:on 1324:, 1320:, 1292:. 1248:mā 1231:. 1220:. 1146:: 1122:, 1106:; 1102:: 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