408:
121:
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time of the operation of the vehicle as at the time of the offence. If the test is conducted outside the two hours, and the blood alcohol concentration is greater than 20 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood, there is now a conclusive presumption that the blood alcohol concentration can be increased by 5 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood for each 30 minutes.
570:, if it is found that the defendant intentionally deceived the complainant as to the "nature or the purpose of the act", or if "the defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent by impersonation of a "person known personally to the complainant"" it can be conclusively presumed the defendant is guilty of rape and must be convicted.
952:
392:
constitutional requirements. The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proof, and any doubts are resolved against that party. If there are two reasonable interpretations of a statute, one of which is constitutional and the other not, the courts choose the path that
541:
Recent amendments to
Impaired Driving law allows the Crown to rely on a conclusive presumption. Normally, where the police conduct a breathalyzer test within 2 hours of the operation of a conveyance (or care and control), the court can accept the blood alcohol concentration as being the same at the
71:
can reject a rebuttable presumption based on other evidence. Conversely, a conclusive/irrebuttable presumption cannot be challenged by contradictory facts or evidence. Sometimes, a presumption must be triggered by a predicate fact—that is, the fact must be found before the presumption applies.
532:
In
Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action. This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a
349:) decision made on 27 February 1970 thought there was "every reason to presume that reasonable parties will wish to have the relationships created by their contract and the claims arising therefrom ... decided by the same tribunal and not by two different tribunals", and the
336:
In commercial contracts, there is a presumption that parties to a contract intend all disputes between them to be determined within the same forum. This presumption is also known as "one-stop adjudication" and reflects the belief that contracts are entered into by
229:. A person who has been absent for seven years without explanation and "gone to parts unknown" is presumed dead at common law. The time period it takes for the presumption to arise has often been modified by statute.
996:
John
Davison Lawson. The Law of Presumptive Evidence: Including Presumptions both of Law and of Fact, and the Burden of Proof both in Civil and Criminal Cases, Reduced to Rules. Bancroft-Whitney Company. 1886.
979:
John
Hubbersty Mathews and Benjamin Rand. A Treatise on the Doctrine of Presumption and Presumptive Evidence: As Affecting the Title to Real and Personal Property. Gould, Banks and Company. New York. 1830.
236:. A person who faces criminal trial is presumed sane until the opposite is proved. Similarly, a person is presumed to have testamentary capacity until there is evidence to undermine that presumption.
95:, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had been left money in a will, the presumption was in favour of the child. Medieval Roman and
558:. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at
357:(2006) referred to a "sensible commercial presumption that the parties did not intend the inconvenience of having possible disputes from their transaction being heard in two places". The
322:
is another way of expressing a burden of proof: the official acts of courts are presumed valid, and those who would challenge them must overcome this presumption. This is also termed the
281:
intend for the survivors to have the assets put into the fund upon the death of one of the joint account holders has also been called the "presumption of survivorship".
266:. Some jurisdictions also hold that a presumption of paternity arises when a father accepts a child into his home, or publicly represents that he is the child's father.
243:, which holds that the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case with the result that the accused may be acquitted without putting forward any evidence.
986:
William
Mawdesley Best. A Treatise on Presumptions of Law and Fact, with the Theory and Rules of Presumptive or Circumstantial Proof in Criminal Cases. London. 1844.
698:
273:
has referred to a number of different presumptions. The term is sometimes used to refer to presumptions that one or another of two persons lived the longer when
55:". There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions. A rebuttable presumption will either shift the
877:
99:
graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent. These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into
358:
1029:
895:
Premium Nafta
Products Limited (20th Defendant) and others (Respondents) v. Fili Shipping Company Limited (14th Claimant) and others (Appellants)
850:
Cooper, Simon & Murphy, Peter & Beaumont, John. Cases & Materials on
Evidence. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. 1994. p. 86
88:), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term."
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491:
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135:
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31:
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451:
350:
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131:
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to eight (section 50) and by the
Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains. In the case of
323:
270:
247:
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of a child born to his wife during the marriage, or within nine months after the marriage is ended by death,
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and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the
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226:
56:
365:(2007) noted that "this approach to the issue of construction is now firmly embedded as part of the
1008:
679:
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cannot be held legally responsible for their actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a
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made on this basis, stating that this presumption "must now be accepted as part of our law too".
274:
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Premium Nafta
Products Ltd (20th Defendant) and Ors v. Fili Shipping Company Ltd and Ors
517:
289:
60:
1018:
683:
278:
68:
894:
308:
658:"Fighting the Establishment: The Need for Procedural Reform of Our Paternity Laws"
504:
A conclusive presumption, also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of
67:(requiring the disadvantaged party to show the presumption is wrong); in short, a
998:
674:
584:
509:
407:
120:
104:
100:
953:"Rape and Sexual Offences - Chapter 6: Consent | The Crown Prosecution Service"
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218:
333:
in relation to transfers from husbands to wives and from fathers to children.
288:
presumes that a properly addressed letter delivered to the post office or a
92:
48:
610:
513:
338:
17:
263:
81:
1004:
920:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1987261/s5.html
878:
One-stop adjudication – the rational approach to dispute resolution
512:, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be
296:
930:
Thomas Crofts, Doli
Incapax: Why Children Deserve its Protection
729:
The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal
567:
52:
897:, UKHL 40, delivered 17 October 2007, accessed 18 January 2024
401:
114:
40:
815:
U-Haul Co. of Indiana, Inc. v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue
932:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2003/26.html
384:
presumes that all statutes are drafted in accordance with
277:. The presumption that two or more people who establish a
355:
Comandate Marine Corp v Pan Australia Shipping Pty Ltd.
315:
applies the other person's assets to their own benefit.
221:
jurisdictions. Examples of these presumptions include:
829:, 919 N.E.2d 1181, (Ind.Ct.App. 2010), trans. denied
524:
is presumed to be incapable of committing a felony.
292:
was in fact delivered and received by the addressee.
867:, published 19 March 2015, accessed 18 January 2024
59:(requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some
884:, published 10 June 2015, accessed 18 January 2024
722:
720:
718:
716:
1005:"Irrebuttable Presumptions: An Illusory Analysis"
839:Monon Corp. v. Townsend, Yosha, Cline & Price
601:
599:
8:
918:Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 s5
731:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
217:A number of presumptions are found in most
841:, 678 N.E.2d 807, 809 (Ind.Ct.App. 1997).
791:), p. 1068, "Presumption of survivorship"
673:
492:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:In law, an inference of a particular fact
861:Fiona Trust v Privalov in the High Court
84:, included reasoning from presumptions (
30:For the term in Catholic canon law, see
744:, 197 Ind. 50, 149 N.E. 718 (Ind. 1925)
651:
649:
595:
303:arises where a person in a position of
275:they died together in the same accident
254:, which presumes that a husband is the
783:(5th. ed., 1979; West Publishing Co.,
428:Please improve this section by adding
141:Please improve this section by adding
91:The same concept was found in ancient
398:Conclusive (irrebuttable) presumption
7:
662:Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
742:Prudential Insurance Comp. v. Moore
564:Children and Young Persons Act 1933
508:used in several legal systems. In
25:
80:The ancient Jewish law code, the
817:, 896 N.E.2d 1253 (Ind.Tax 2008)
406:
382:presumption of constitutionality
119:
32:Presumption (Catholic canon law)
882:Reynolds Porter Chamberlain LLP
1030:Legal doctrines and principles
552:age of criminal responsibility
522:age of criminal responsibility
393:permits upholding the statute.
103:in the seventeenth century by
1:
430:secondary or tertiary sources
367:law of international commerce
143:secondary or tertiary sources
804:, 622 N.E.2d 476 (Ind. 1993)
369:" and endorsed a ruling the
909:, 675 N.E.2d 318 (Ind.1996)
771:E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-2.
762:E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-1.
675:10.36641/mjgl.21.1.fighting
341:business parties. A German
271:presumption of survivorship
1046:
753:E.g. Ind. Code § 29-2-5-1.
699:"Evidentiary Presumptions"
351:Federal Court of Australia
331:presumption of advancement
29:
907:Boehm v. Town of St. John
802:Matter of Estate of Banko
636:The Cornell Law Quarterly
324:presumption of regularity
248:presumption of legitimacy
656:Rogus, Caroline (2014).
378:law of the United States
347:Federal Court of Justice
307:over another, such as a
252:presumption of paternity
241:presumption of innocence
63:to the contrary) or the
942:Criminal Code 320.31(4)
865:Herbert Smith Freehills
827:In re Estate of Compton
697:Hall, Keith B. (1998).
320:presumption of validity
990:. Philadelphia. 1845.
781:Black's Law Dictionary
630:Fisk, Otis H. (1925).
616:Black's Law Dictionary
417:relies excessively on
286:presumption of mailing
130:relies excessively on
727:Franklin, J. (2001).
607:Black, Henry Campbell
580:Legal burden of proof
234:presumption of sanity
111:Specific presumptions
591:Notes and references
562:, and raised by the
227:presumption of death
57:burden of production
1009:Stanford Law Review
1003:Phillips, John M.,
311:or the holder of a
295:The presumption of
550:A child below the
703:Tulane Law Review
546:England and Wales
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343:Bundesgerichtshof
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415:This section
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510:English law
506:presumption
105:Edward Coke
101:English law
69:fact finder
45:presumption
1019:Categories
957:cps.gov.uk
876:Hart, S.,
709:: 1321–28.
560:common law
452:newspapers
419:references
219:common law
165:newspapers
132:references
684:152740413
528:Australia
97:canon law
93:Roman law
49:inference
642:: 20–40.
609:(1990).
574:See also
518:evidence
514:rebutted
482:May 2023
339:rational
309:guardian
195:May 2023
61:evidence
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466:scholar
386:Federal
376:In the
264:divorce
179:scholar
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76:History
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962:6 July
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473:JSTOR
459:books
390:state
305:trust
297:fraud
262:, or
186:JSTOR
172:books
964:2021
785:ISBN
568:rape
445:news
388:and
329:The
318:The
284:The
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239:The
232:The
225:The
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43:, a
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