Probiotic - Knowledge (XXG)

513:(NYA) of the United States gives a "Live & Active Cultures Seal" to refrigerated yogurt products that contain 100 million cells per gram, or frozen yogurt products that contain 10 million cells per gram at the time of manufacture. In 2002, the FDA and WHO recommended that "the minimum viable numbers of each probiotic strain at the end of the shelf-life" be reported on labeling, but most companies that give a number report the viable cell count at the date of manufacture, a number that could be much higher than that which exists at consumption. Because of the variability in storage conditions and time before eating, exactly how many active culture cells remain at the time of consumption is difficult to determine. The survival of probiotics was strongly dependent on the storage temperature and remarkable viability loss occurred in room temperature compared to refrigerated storage. 736:

stimulated microbial growth. The term probiotics was taken up by Parker, who defined the concept as, "Organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance." Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller, whose explanation was very close to the definition used today. Fuller described probiotics as a "live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance." He stressed two important claims for probiotics: the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance.

6871:. However, we were unable to recommend the optimum strain and dosage of probiotics based on this review. The evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics was based largely on shorter-term outcomes. Further trials are required to assess whether improvements in pain are maintained over the longer term; these trials should also consider the importance of using validated and consistent scales to measure pain and other outcomes. 817:, the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit. There is no scientific basis for extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain. Improved health through gut flora modulation appears to be directly related to long-term dietary changes. Claims that some lactobacilli may contribute to 542: 1390: 29: 210:(LABs), which are food fermenting bacteria, have the ability to prevent food spoilage and can improve the nutritive value of the foods they inhabit. Acid fermentation (as well as salting), remains one of the most practical methods of preservation of fresh vegetables, cereal gruels, and milk-cereal mixtures due to its low cost and energy requirements. 453:, fermented milk products, and yogurt, which alone accounted for 75% of total consumption. Innovation in probiotic products in 2015 was mainly from supplements, which produced US$ 4 billion and was projected to grow 37% globally by 2020. Consumption of yogurt products in China has increased by 20% per year since 2014. 642:. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria, were exceptionally long-lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the 1377:

In Europe, EFSA adopted a premarket system for the safety assessment of microbial species used in food and feed productions to set priorities for the need for risk assessment. The assessment is made for certain microorganisms; if the result is favorable, it leads to "Qualified Presumption of Safety"

1321:

in the target host. Only products that contain live organisms shown in reproducible human studies to confer a health benefit may claim to be probiotic. The correct definition of health benefit, backed with solid scientific evidence, is a strong element for the proper identification and assessment of

1149:

For ulcerative colitis, there is low-certainty evidence that probiotic supplements may increase the probability of clinical remission. People receiving probiotics were 73% more likely to experience disease remission and over 2x as likely to report improvement in symptoms compared to those receiving

966:

has not been standardized. Often, standard antibiotic treatment is used at the same time that probiotics are being tested. In addition, some groups of women respond to treatment based upon ethnicity, age, number of sexual partners, pregnancy, and the pathogens causing bacterial vaginosis. In 2013,

175:

That first global effort was further developed in 2010; two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claims. The same principles emerged from those two groups as were expressed in the "Guidelines" of

735:

The term "probiotic" originally referred to microorganisms that have effects on other microorganisms. The concept of probiotics involved the notion that substances secreted by one microorganism stimulated the growth of another microorganism. The term was used again to describe tissue extracts that

1300:

Multiple studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the survival rate of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium under refrigerated (4°C) and room temperature (25°C) storage conditions. At room temperature (25±1°C), the number of probiotics decreased by 5 to 6 logarithmic units

1145:

The use of oral probiotic supplements to modify the composition and behavior of the microbiome has been considered as a possible therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A Cochrane review in 2020 did not find clear evidence of

1274:

effects of multiple probiotic strains, as opposed to a single strain. As the human gut may contain tens of thousands of microbial species, one theory indicates that this diverse environment may benefit from consuming multiple probiotic strains, an effect that remains scientifically unconfirmed.

731:

Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989, Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics that have been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by

489:

requires language approved by the FDA, so probiotic manufacturers have received warning letters for making disease or treatment claims. The FTC has taken punitive actions, including a US$ 21 million fine coordinated by 39 different state governments against a major probiotic manufacturer for

1133:

infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults, but no products are approved for such indications. There are weak evidence probiotics might lower the incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infections in adults, they were better than placebo or no treatment.

183:

A group of scientific experts assembled in Canada in October 2013 to discuss the scope and appropriate use of the term "probiotic", adjusting the definition to be "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."

6866:

Overall, there is some evidence to suggest that probiotics may be effective in the treatment of RAP, in terms of improving pain in the shorter term. Clinicians may therefore consider probiotic interventions as part of the management strategy for children with RAP

72:

in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, lack substantial scientific support.

1158:, the likelihood of remission was 22% higher if probiotics were used in combination with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy. Whereas in people who are already in remission, it is unclear whether probiotics help to prevent future relapse, either as a monotherapy or 1291:

status by a regulatory agency such as the FDA or EFSA, and as of 2010, no claims had been approved by those two agencies. Some experts are skeptical about the efficacy of different probiotic strains and believe that not all subjects benefit from probiotics.

1313:

resides in the viability and reproducibility on a large scale of observed results for specific studies, as well as the viability and stability during use and storage, and finally the ability to survive in stomach acids and then in the intestinal ecosystem.

501:, in collaboration with other relevant authorities, oversees and addresses violations related to probiotic products. This includes issuing warnings, imposing administrative penalties, demanding product recalls and coordinating with other agencies. 1003:

A 2002 meta-analysis that included five double-blind trials examining the short-term (2–8 weeks) effects of a yogurt with probiotic strains on serum cholesterol levels found little effect of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22 mmol/L) (4% decrease) in

1365:

If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species known to produce toxins in mammals, it must be tested for toxin production. One possible scheme for testing toxin production has been recommended by the EU Scientific Committee on Animal

1322:

the effect of a probiotic. This aspect is a challenge for scientific and industrial investigations because several difficulties arise, such as variability in the site for probiotic use (oral, vaginal, intestinal) and mode of application.

473:

placed a ban on putting the word "probiotic" on the packaging of products because such labeling misleads consumers to believe a health benefit is provided by the product when no scientific proof exists to demonstrate that health effect.

918:

at 5 to 40 billion colony-forming units/day, given the modest number needed to treat and the likelihood that adverse events are very rare. The same review stated that probiotic use should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for

1072:

According to an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, probiotics supplementation reduces glucose homeostasis. This can be an effective therapy for lowering high blood sugar levels unless the body becomes

521:

Probiotics have received renewed attention in the 21st century from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. Their history can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, which were well-known to the

6885:"The Effect of Ophthalmic and Systemic Formulations of Latilactobacillus sakei on Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Factorial, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, and Triple-masking Clinical Trial" 1333:, and strain level). It is commonly admitted that most effects of probiotics are strain-specific and cannot be extended to other probiotics of the same genus or species. This calls for precise identification of the strain, i.e. 1186:

and mortality in premature infants. One meta-analysis indicated that probiotics reduce these risks by more than 50% compared with controls but that further, large, high-quality trials were needed to inform policy and practice.

829:

There is inconsistency in the results of different groups of 3488 children as reported in a Cochrane review. Also, it shows no significant difference regarding the adverse effects between probiotic and the other comparators.

1211:

A 2017 review based on moderate to low-quality evidence suggests that probiotics may be helpful in relieving pain in the short term in children with recurrent abdominal pain, but the proper strain and dosage are not known.

393:

The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases. Some people, such as those with

1344:

Fourth, probiotics must be safe for their intended use. The 2002 FAO/WHO guidelines recommend that, though bacteria may be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), the safety of the potential probiotic be assessed by the

1257:

Supplements such as tablets, capsules, powders, and sachets containing bacteria have been studied. However, probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. As of 2010, a number of

936: 961:

to the vaginal epithelium, which prevents the infection from occurring in the vagina. Currently, the success of probiotic treatment has been mixed, since the use of probiotics to restore healthy populations of

6620:"The Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Related Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Human Clinical Trials" 650:

fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and believed his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients.

1040:. As a treatment for infectious diarrhea, probiotics are of no benefit to people who have the condition for more than two days, and there is no evidence they lessen the duration of diarrhea overall. 1918:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016 2740: 1097:) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval exists for such treatment. The only peer-reviewed treatments for 433:(CFUs) per dose. A higher number of CFUs does not provide additional probiotic effects, but may have unintended consequences of causing digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. 1959: 5862:

Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Tabrizi A, et al. (2020). "The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: A review on depression, anxiety, Alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders".

2483: 3505: 686:

from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease. Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the

418:, which can cause adverse health consequences. Rarely, consumption of probiotics by children with lowered immune system function or who are already critically ill may result in bacteremia or 5361:

Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A (September 2006). "Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1809:"Nutrimune and immune defence against pathogens in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" 6132:

Xu D, Fu L, Pan D, et al. (2022). "Role of probiotics/synbiotic supplementation in glycemic control: A critical umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials".

5404:

Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, et al. (June 2006). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials".

3720: 732:

improving its intestinal microbial balance." Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.

244:, amino acid/peptide meat-flavored sauces and pastes produced by fermentation of cereals and legumes; fermented cereal-fish-shrimp mixtures and fermented meats; soy products such as 5527:

Surawicz CM (July 2008). "Role of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea".

3010: 813:

As food products or dietary supplements, probiotics are under preliminary research to evaluate if they provide any effect on health. In all cases proposed as health claims to the

1150:

a placebo, with no clear difference in minor or serious adverse effects. Although there was no clear evidence of greater remission when probiotic supplements were compared with

1937: 6005:

Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. (2015). "Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

3361: 646:

with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet

2197:"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic" 172:

and the WHO. This effort was accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies' requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations.

8124: 1990:

Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria

108:

of putative benefits conferred by microorganisms claimed to be probiotic. Although some evidence claimed benefits are marketed towards using probiotic, such as reducing

2622:

Plessas S, Alexopoulos A, Voidarou C, et al. (2011). "Microbial ecology and quality assurance in food fermentation systems. The case of kefir grains application".

4508: 3502:"Dannon Agrees to Drop Exaggerated Health Claims for Activia Yogurt and DanActive Dairy Drink FTC Charges that Evidence Supporting Benefits of Probiotics Falls Short" 3476: 3245:"Side Effects Associated with Probiotic Use in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 7073:

Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, et al. (November 2004). "Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics – A comparison of functionality and efficacy".

4624: 1915: 1301:(down to 1/100,000) after 90 days of storage. In contrast, no significant change in the number of probiotics was observed under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). 4704:

LA 104 and reducing intestinal discomfort pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (example, search EFSA for other opinion reports on probiotics"

3384: 4103:"The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens" 148:(WHO) defines probiotics as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Following this definition, a 8214: 7568: 1064:

stated: "The use of probiotics/prebiotics for the treatment of patients with established atopic dermatitis is not recommended due to inconsistent evidence".

3714:

Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food

3535: 1244:

probiotic supplements appeared to increase vaginal lactobacilli levels, thus reducing the incidence of vaginal infections in otherwise healthy adult women.

485:(FTC) have issued warning letters and imposed punishment on various manufacturers of probiotic products whose labels claim to treat a disease or condition. 7110:"Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study" 4147:"Studies on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus: II. Feeding Experiments on Man" 2023:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2006. 332: 6669:

Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. (March 2010). "The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review".

3421: 4735: 2701: 1982: 414:, a risk exists for the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) as a consequence of 2559: 1955: 2463: 739:

In the following decades, intestinal lactic-acid bacterial species with alleged health-beneficial properties were introduced as probiotics, including

724:, and reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in this environment. In 1935, certain strains of 3501: 2267: 2084:. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario, Canada. May 1, 2002. Archived from 878:(AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. These microbial community alterations result in changes in 947:

that dominate the population of organisms in the vagina. Specific strains of lactobacilli inhibit the growth of bacteria causing BV by producing H

7048: 5154:

Lin J, Zhang Y, He C, et al. (September 2018). "Probiotics supplementation in children with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

3661: 2148:"Guide to designing, conducting, publishing and communicating results of clinical studies involving probiotic applications in human participants" 7534:"Skeptoid #801: Probiotics Fact and Fiction: Some people promote probiotics as a miracle cure for just about anything. What can they really do?" 7410:"Microbial characterization of probiotics – Advisory report of the Working Group "8651 Probiotics" of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC)" 8183: 8117: 5132: 5052:

Qamer S, Deshmukh M, Patole S (August 2019). "Probiotics for cow's milk protein allergy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".

6947: 4422: 4349: 3914: 3887: 3473:"Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods" 2347: 465:

has rejected all petitions by commercial manufacturers for health claims on probiotic products in Europe due to insufficient evidence for a

7880: 3713: 4011:

Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France.

3002: 2353: 6336: 2107:"Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: current status and recommendations for future research" 1860:"'Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research" 1503: 7166: 5304:"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease" 2877: 164:, based on available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after the aforementioned joint expert consultation between the 8110: 4500: 3557: 3357: 2028: 905:

may reduce the risk of AAD, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy, and enhance the immune response after vaccination.

890:

concluded that a protective effect of some probiotics existed for AAD in children. The known risks of using probiotics for treating

165: 153: 5934: 3041: 908:

The potential efficacy of probiotics to treat AAD depends on the probiotic strains and dosage. One review recommended for children

5441:"Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: A randomized study" 3450: 7561: 124:, such claims are strain-specific and cannot be extrapolated to other strains. As of 2019, numerous applications for approval of 4873:

Million M, Raoult D (February 2013). "Species and strain specificity of Lactobacillus probiotics effect on weight regulation".

2507:"Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium" 2464:"Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry" 1061: 7468: 7361:"Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius" 8015: 7494:"Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA" 875: 814: 462: 177: 133: 4060: 1052:), but no good evidence shows efficacy for this purpose. There is little evidence to support the use of probiotics to treat 712:, could not live in the human intestine. They conducted experiments involving rats and humans volunteers, feeding them with 5807:"Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials" 2298: 3472: 339: 6225: 3534:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. 2874:"Table 1: Examples of traditional fermented fruits and vegetables, which are used in various parts of Asian subcontinent" 2078: 1146:

improved remission likelihood, nor lower adverse events, in people with Crohn's disease, following probiotic treatment.

318:. A list of many other bacteria found in several Asian fermented fruits and vegetables also is available. Kefir contains 7875: 3691: 1117:(i.e., by competing for growth) and some evidence suggests they may improve immune function by increasing the number of 687: 498: 478: 6938:

Shortliffe L (2011). "Chapter 116: Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract". In Wein AJ (ed.).

6916: 3392: 1472: 7554: 3928: 510: 289: 5678:

Borges S, Silva J, Teixeira P (March 2014). "The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal health".

2943: 2085: 2042: 1236:

There is limited evidence indicating probiotics are of benefit in the management of infection or inflammation of the

441:

species have been suggested to contribute to obesity in humans, but no evidence of this relationship has been found.

8219: 2064: 411: 328: 6417:"Effectiveness of probiotics on the occurrence of infections in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5766:"The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: a meta-analysis of short term intervention studies" 4436: 4219: 3119:"A Review on Kombucha Tea – Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus" 1174:, although uncertainty remains around which type of probiotic works best, and around the size of possible effect. 8245: 5097:"Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3531: 1183: 364: 320: 277: 145: 3719:(Report). London, Ontario, Canada: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization. April 2002. 8178: 8133: 5339: 1429: 1171: 943:. This treatment is based on the observation that 70% of healthy females have a group of bacteria in the genus 482: 370: 82: 4978: 4742: 4736:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 3414: 3331: 1993: 1983:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 1502:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 1, 2019. 52:

promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the

3583: 2378:

Oh CK, Oh MC, Kim SH (2004). "The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi".

7591: 5263:"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders" 3835:

Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A (1999). "Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora".

2555: 1419: 1225: 1195:

A Cochrane systematic review found no good evidence that probiotics were of benefit in reducing the risk of

914: 879: 753: 741: 403: 324: 281: 213: 197: 193: 105: 38: 3635: 2899:

Guzel-Seydim ZB, Kok-Tas T, Greene AK, et al. (March 2011). "Review: functional properties of kefir".

870:

Antibiotics are a common treatment for children, with 11% to 40% of antibiotic-treated children developing

838:

Only limited, low-quality evidence exists to indicate that probiotics are helpful for treating people with

7995: 7538: 7529: 2958: 2247: 1114: 883: 4769:"Current level of consensus on probiotic science: Report of an expert meeting – London, 23 November 2009" 548:

first suggested the possibility of colonizing the gut with beneficial bacteria in the early 20th century.

8240: 7621: 4618: 1409: 1310: 1129:

and natural killer cells. LAB products might aid in the treatment of acute diarrhea and possibly affect

957: 793: 449:

In 2015, the global retail market value for probiotics was US$ 41 billion, including sales of probiotic

407: 22: 7190:"Development of freeze dried synbiotic formulation using a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum" 5915:"Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy" 4910:"Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals" 1283:

Only preliminary evidence exists for most probiotic health claims. Even for the most studied probiotic

552:

The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by

7017: 5721:

Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. (April 2017). "Antihypertensive Effects of Probiotics".

490:

deceptive advertising and exaggerated claims of health benefits for yogurt and probiotic dairy drink.

8020: 8010: 7606: 4829: 4298: 4158: 2778: 1196: 631: 399: 285: 207: 5096: 2963: 8250: 7890: 5621:"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health" 3879: 1325:

Third, the probiotic candidate must be a taxonomically defined microbe or combination of microbes (

1159: 1089: 1048:

Probiotics are commonly given to breastfeeding mothers and their young children to prevent eczema (

992: 940: 747: 616: 567:

and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes. Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the

560: 545: 470: 430: 94: 8209: 6714:"Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants" 4289:

Lilly DM, Stillwell RH (1965). "Probiotics: Growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms".

8061: 7975: 7950: 7920: 7777: 7661: 7641: 7616: 7577: 7458:"Commentary by the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on Data Relating to Toxin Production" 7139: 6998: 6908: 6694: 6328: 6157: 6114: 6071: 5895: 5746: 5703: 5552: 5509: 5386: 5331: 5179: 5077: 4322: 4052: 2924: 2732: 2682: 2536: 2058: 1819:(4). European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens: e05656. 1259: 450: 350: 129: 2657:

Shiby VK, Mishra HN (2013). "Fermented milks and milk products as functional foods – a review".

6963:

Khalesi S (2019). "A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype?".

2702:"Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama" 1353:

Assessment of certain metabolic activities (e.g. D-lactate production, bile salt deconjugation)

1220:

A clinical study investigating the impact of probiotics in relieving the signs and symptoms of

1182:

Several clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of probiotics to lower the risk of

410:, and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. In severely ill people with 7965: 7699: 7439: 7390: 7341: 7279: 7227: 7209: 7131: 7090: 7040: 6990: 6943: 6900: 6857: 6808: 6790: 6751: 6733: 6686: 6651: 6600: 6551: 6497: 6448: 6397: 6379: 6320: 6276: 6196: 6175:

Hamilton-Miller JM (October 2003). "The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of

6149: 6106: 6063: 6022: 5987: 5926: 5887: 5879: 5844: 5826: 5787: 5738: 5695: 5660: 5642: 5601: 5593: 5544: 5501: 5462: 5421: 5378: 5323: 5284: 5243: 5225: 5171: 5124: 5116: 5069: 5034: 4970: 4931: 4890: 4855: 4798: 4669: 4606: 4557: 4481: 4428: 4418: 4393: 4345: 4314: 4271: 4211: 4186: 4124: 4082:

Nißle A (1918). "Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmstörungen mit Colibakterien".

4044: 3994: 3920: 3910: 3883: 3852: 3817: 3799: 3768: 3323: 3284: 3266: 3225: 3204:"Systematic Review of Probiotics and Their Potential for Developing Functional Nondairy Foods" 3181: 3140: 2916: 2855: 2804: 2724: 2674: 2639: 2604: 2528: 2444: 2395: 2343: 2324: 2228: 2177: 2128: 2034: 2024: 1931: 1891: 1840: 1784: 1720: 1702: 1671: 1613: 1559: 1287:, few have been sufficiently developed in basic and clinical research to warrant approval for 1053: 1021: 1005: 968: 658: 568: 535: 377: 1020:

A 2019 meta-analysis found low-quality evidence for probiotics having a small improvement in

8153: 7990: 7900: 7708: 7505: 7467:. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. December 2001. 7429: 7421: 7380: 7372: 7331: 7323: 7269: 7261: 7217: 7201: 7121: 7082: 7032: 6980: 6972: 6892: 6847: 6839: 6798: 6782: 6741: 6725: 6678: 6641: 6631: 6590: 6582: 6569:

Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Kaur L, Gordon M, et al. (March 4, 2020). Cochrane IBD Group (ed.).

6541: 6533: 6487: 6479: 6438: 6428: 6387: 6371: 6312: 6299: 6266: 6258: 6188: 6141: 6098: 6053: 6014: 5977: 5969: 5871: 5834: 5818: 5777: 5730: 5687: 5650: 5632: 5583: 5536: 5493: 5481: 5452: 5413: 5370: 5315: 5274: 5233: 5217: 5163: 5108: 5061: 5024: 5016: 4962: 4921: 4882: 4845: 4837: 4788: 4780: 4715: 4659: 4651: 4596: 4588: 4547: 4471: 4306: 4261: 4176: 4166: 4114: 4034: 3984: 3976: 3871: 3844: 3807: 3758: 3315: 3274: 3256: 3215: 3171: 3130: 3099: 3072: 2968: 2908: 2845: 2835: 2794: 2786: 2716: 2666: 2631: 2594: 2518: 2475: 2434: 2426: 2387: 2335: 2259: 2218: 2208: 2167: 2159: 2118: 1881: 1871: 1830: 1820: 1774: 1710: 1661: 1651: 1603: 1593: 1549: 1541: 1284: 1221: 717: 704:

In 1920, Rettger and Cheplin reported that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called

682: 673:

babies and he observed clinical benefits from treating infant diarrhea with bifidobacteria.

620: 541: 395: 109: 6466:

Limketkai BN, Akobeng AK, Gordon M, et al. (July 17, 2020). Cochrane Gut Group (ed.).

1499: 897:

Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several

842:. A 2015 review showed low-quality evidence that probiotics given directly to infants with 8148: 7960: 7635: 7611: 7158: 4520: 2873: 1414: 1037: 887: 720:

as well as of other gas-producing bacteria. Rettger further explored the possibilities of

87: 5914: 4460:"Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy" 3872: 2020:

Probiotics in food : health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation

1008:

concentration, and a decrease of 7.7 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) (5% decrease) in serum

7312:"Responders and non-responders to probiotic interventions: how can we improve the odds?" 4833: 4688:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of 4302: 4162: 3033: 2782: 1028:. A 2020 review found probiotics might improve depression, but more studies are needed. 8045: 8000: 7744: 7434: 7409: 7385: 7360: 7336: 7311: 7274: 7249: 7222: 6852: 6827: 6803: 6770: 6746: 6713: 6646: 6619: 6595: 6570: 6546: 6521: 6492: 6467: 6392: 6359: 6102: 5982: 5957: 5839: 5806: 5655: 5620: 5238: 5205: 5029: 5004: 4850: 4817: 4793: 4768: 4741:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. October 2001. Archived from 4664: 4639: 4601: 4576: 4266: 4249: 4181: 4146: 3989: 3964: 3812: 3787: 3446: 3279: 3244: 2850: 2823: 2799: 2766: 2439: 2414: 2172: 2147: 1886: 1859: 1835: 1808: 1715: 1690: 1666: 1639: 1608: 1581: 1554: 1529: 1057: 654: 627: 169: 65: 53: 7086: 6271: 6246: 6192: 5875: 5417: 4119: 4102: 3848: 3609: 3103: 3076: 3063:

Jarrell J, Cal T, Bennett JW (2000). "The Kombucha Consortia of yeasts and bacteria".

2263: 1309:

First, probiotics must be alive when administered. One of the concerns throughout the

801:, meaning 'before', and refers to a substance that is not digested, but rather may be 8234: 8173: 8168: 8158: 8081: 7910: 7895: 7630: 7376: 7189: 7126: 7109: 6912: 6161: 6075: 5899: 5588: 5571: 5319: 5081: 2736: 2523: 2506: 1434: 1237: 1200: 1126: 1094: 980: 924: 920: 898: 694: 670: 437: 149: 113: 49: 7143: 6698: 6520:

Kaur L, Gordon M, Baines PA, et al. (March 4, 2020). Cochrane IBD Group (ed.).

6118: 5822: 5707: 5556: 5390: 5183: 4326: 3788:"Evaluation of probiotic survivability in yogurt exposed to cold chain interruption" 2928: 2540: 2479: 657:

was first isolated from a breastfed infant by Henry Tissier, who also worked at the

8086: 7596: 7457: 7002: 6843: 6786: 6729: 6586: 6537: 6483: 6375: 6332: 5973: 5750: 5513: 5335: 5221: 5020: 4056: 2686: 2635: 1439: 1288: 1122: 1074: 839: 802: 580: 531: 527: 125: 117: 6262: 6145: 4926: 4909: 4886: 2720: 1598: 595:, which are part of the normal gut microbiota, produce toxic substances including 176:

FAO/WHO in 2002. This definition, though widely adopted, is not acceptable to the

8102: 5540: 5497: 5279: 5262: 4592: 4310: 4022: 3220: 3203: 2670: 1763:"Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: Bridging science and marketing" 8193: 8005: 7985: 7980: 7940: 5374: 2430: 2292: 1395: 1155: 818: 698: 677: 588: 584: 557: 121: 91: 69: 6896: 6058: 6041: 6018: 5112: 5065: 4151:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3090:

Jonas R, Farah LF (1998). "Production and application of microbial cellulose".

2391: 2339: 2332:

Fermented Vegetables; In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 4th Ed

8076: 8030: 7832: 7827: 7717: 7690: 7676: 7601: 7205: 6976: 6316: 6214: 5734: 5691: 3980: 2912: 1779: 1762: 1444: 1424: 1385: 1338: 1271: 1151: 1049: 935:

Probiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis is the application or ingestion of

783: 592: 486: 415: 269: 265: 229: 104:

A growing probiotics market has led to the need for stricter requirements for

7213: 6794: 6737: 6618:

Saez-Lara MJ, Carolina Gomez-Llorente, Julio Plaza-Diaz, et al. (2015).

6383: 5883: 5830: 5646: 5637: 5597: 5229: 5120: 4720: 4687: 4655: 4432: 4215: 3924: 3803: 3270: 3229: 3176: 3159: 2728: 2213: 2196: 1825: 1706: 8091: 8040: 7970: 7945: 7915: 7885: 7837: 7822: 7817: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7671: 7510: 7493: 6884: 6682: 6433: 6416: 6415:

Wachholz PA, Nunes V, Polachini do Valle A, et al. (February 3, 2018).

5782: 5765: 5484:(July 2008). "Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea". 4841: 3763: 3746: 3135: 3118: 2972: 2038: 1876: 1656: 1468: 1404: 1370: 1362:

Epidemiological surveillance of adverse incidents in consumers (aftermarket)

1334: 1130: 1110: 847: 766: 647: 643: 634:

were known to inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low

608: 564: 466: 312:

L. pentosus, L. plantarum , Leuconostoc mesenteroides , L. brevis, L. lactis

253: 233: 201: 7443: 7425: 7394: 7345: 7327: 7231: 7135: 7094: 7044: 7036: 6994: 6904: 6861: 6812: 6755: 6690: 6655: 6604: 6555: 6501: 6452: 6401: 6324: 6280: 6200: 6153: 6110: 6067: 6026: 5991: 5930: 5891: 5848: 5791: 5742: 5699: 5664: 5605: 5548: 5505: 5466: 5457: 5440: 5425: 5382: 5327: 5288: 5247: 5206:"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea" 5175: 5128: 5073: 5038: 4974: 4935: 4894: 4859: 4802: 4784: 4673: 4610: 4561: 4485: 4397: 4318: 4190: 4128: 4048: 3998: 3856: 3821: 3772: 3327: 3288: 3185: 3144: 2920: 2859: 2824:"Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics" 2808: 2678: 2643: 2608: 2532: 2448: 2399: 2232: 2181: 2163: 2132: 1895: 1844: 1788: 1724: 1675: 1640:"Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new" 1617: 1563: 1203:. For this reason, the use of probiotics in pregnancy was advised against. 1036:

Some probiotics are suggested as a possible treatment for various forms of

777:), meaning 'fit for life, lively', the latter deriving from the noun βίος ( 86:. The discovery was made in 1905 by Bulgarian physician and microbiologist 7283: 6636: 4536:"Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word 'probiotic'" 4275: 4171: 3904: 2840: 2123: 2106: 1137:

Probiotics do not appear to change the risk of infection in older people.

669:. Tissier found that bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut microbiota of 28: 8163: 7925: 7905: 7842: 7802: 7787: 7681: 7265: 6089:

Fenner J, Silverberg NB (2018). "Oral supplements in atopic dermatitis".

4951:"Lactobacillus species causing obesity in humans: where is the evidence?" 3687: 3304:"Lactobacillus species causing obesity in humans: where is the evidence?" 2790: 2018: 1545: 1317:

Second, probiotics must have undergone controlled evaluation to document

871: 612: 553: 419: 359: 217: 77: 61: 6985: 6443: 4966: 4365:

Parker RB (1974). "Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story".

3319: 2767:"DNA Fingerprinting of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Sauerkraut Fermentations" 2599: 2582: 8071: 8025: 7955: 7935: 7782: 7656: 7646: 5956:

Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, et al. (December 18, 2020).

4552: 4535: 4384:

Tannock GW (September 2003). "Probiotics: time for a dose of realism".

3878:(10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 3747:"Considerations for Use of Probiotic Bacteria to Modulate Human Health" 3261: 1330: 1025: 788: 639: 604: 596: 494: 225: 98: 7546: 5167: 4039: 2976: 1389: 25:, food compounds that induce the growth or activity of microorganisms. 8066: 7930: 7852: 7847: 7807: 7797: 7792: 7735: 7726: 7533: 4412: 4205: 4021:

Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, et al. (2012).

2223: 859: 858:

It is unclear whether probiotic supplementation helps with childhood

843: 600: 523: 423: 257: 245: 221: 33: 6360:"Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections" 5303: 2246:

Mattila-Sandholm T, Myllärinen P, Crittenden R, et al. (2002).

1807:

Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, et al. (April 15, 2019).

991:

As of 2017, only limited evidence indicated any direct link between

955:, lactic acid, and/or bacteriocins, and/or inhibit the adherence of 728:

were found very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.

429:

Probiotic supplements typically contain between one and ten billion

4950: 4818:"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes" 4476: 4459: 3662:"Đình chỉ lưu hành men vi sinh sống Biolac do không đạt chất lượng" 3303: 781:), meaning 'life'. The term contrasts etymologically with the term 623:", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age. 180:

Authority because it embeds a health claim that is not measurable.

1956:"Heinz reels from latest probiotic health claim rejection by EFSA" 1326: 619:, these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal 576: 572: 540: 261: 237: 27: 6828:"Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood" 4101:

Altenhoefer A, Oswald S, Sonnenborn U, et al. (April 2004).

1228:, while the oral probiotic demonstrated no discernible benefits. 8035: 7857: 7812: 6942:. Vol. 4 (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 3121. 5572:"Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis" 5204:

Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, et al. (April 30, 2019).

3420:(Report). Yogurt & Live Fermented Milks Association (YLFA). 901:. For example, treatment with probiotic formulations including 563:, who in 1907 suggested that it would be possible to modify the 249: 57: 8106: 7550: 7108:

Williams EA, Stimpson J, Wang D, et al. (September 2008).

6571:"Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis" 2583:"Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand" 1369:

If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species with known

1077:; caution and glucose monitoring are necessary to avoid this. 805:

to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms.

358:. Other acidic bacteria, said to be probiotic, can be found in 136:

for insufficient evidence of beneficial mechanism or efficacy.

6826:

Newlove-Delgado TV, Martin AE, Abbott RA, et al. (2017).

6712:

Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, et al. (October 15, 2020).

6292: 6290: 3558:"Phạt 257 triệu đồng với 7 cơ sở vi phạm về an toàn thực phẩm" 2700:

Mohammad SM, Mahmud-Ab-Rashid NK, Zawawi N (August 25, 2020).

1118: 1009: 241: 6522:"Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis" 5764:

Agerholm-Larsen L, Bell ML, Grunwald GK, et al. (2002).

3786:

Ferdousi R, Rouhi M, Mohammadi R, et al. (Winter 2013).

3504:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 15 December 2010. 1858:

Slashinski MJ, McCurdy SA, Achenbaum LS, et al. (2012).

1224:

revealed promising results for the ophthalmic formulation of

680:

in 1917, German professor Alfred Nissle isolated a strain of

216:

that contain lactic acid bacteria include vegetables such as

6040:

Szeto MD, Hassan S, Hamp A, et al. (November 1, 2021).

5095:

Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. (2015).

769:, but it appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition 716:. They observed the disappearance of the pathogenic protist 469:

for benefit, thus inconclusive proof of effectiveness. The

16:

Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

6042:"From the Cochrane Library: Probiotics for treating eczema" 4908:

Million M, Angelakis E, Paul M, et al. (August 2012).

4207:

Lactobacillus acidophilus & its therapeutic application

3243:

Dore MP, Bibbò S, Fresi G, et al. (December 2, 2019).

1373:

potential, determination of hemolytic activity is required.

635: 534:

of dairy foods represents one of the oldest techniques for

90:. The modern-day theory is generally attributed to Russian 6468:"Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease" 5913:

King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. (November 2003).

5005:"Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children" 5003:

Scott AM, Clark J, Julien B, et al. (June 18, 2019).

2581:

Tanasupawat S, Thongsanit J, Okada S, et al. (2002).

2323:

Breidt F, McFeeters RF, Perez-Diaz I, et al. (2013).

1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 422:(i.e., bacteria or fungi in the blood), which can lead to 6245:

Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, et al. (October 2003).

4575:

Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, Bindels LB, et al. (2016).

3160:"Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?" 3003:"What is kombucha tea? Does it have any health benefits?" 2462:

Friedman Y, Hugenholtz J, De Vos WM, et al. (2006).

1958:. NutraIngredients.com, William Reed Business Media Ltd. 1262:

techniques were being developed to address this problem.

1170:

Probiotics are under study for their potential to affect

846:, or in infants whose mothers used probiotics during the 4640:"Probiotics and prebiotics: health claim substantiation" 3117:

Jayabalan R, Malbaša RV, Lončar ES, et al. (2014).

1914:

Engle MK, Roosevelt MW, Waltrip EA (November 22, 2011).

7408:

Huys G, Botteldoorn N, Delvigne F, et al. (2013).

6769:

Davidson SJ, Barrett HL, Price SA, et al. (2021).

4534:

Hamilton-Miller JM, Gibson GR, Bruck W (October 2003).

3965:"The romantic rationalist: A study of Elie Metchnikoff" 1761:

Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ, et al. (2011).

76:

The first discovered probiotic was a certain strain of

6240: 6238: 2951:

Food Science and Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods

2765:

Plengvidhya V, Breidt F Jr, Lu Z, et al. (2007).

2195:

Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, et al. (August 2014).

1087:

Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may affect

979:, were able to normalize vaginal pH and rebalance the 7359:

O'Hara AM, O'Regan P, Fanning A, et al. (2006).

4767:

Rowland I, Capurso L, Collins K, et al. (2010).

3909:. P. Chalmers, Sir Mitchell. New York: Springer Pub. 3123:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

2248:"Technological challenges for future probiotic foods" 2079:"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food" 6883:

Heydari M, Kalani M, Ghasemi Y, et al. (2023).

5619:

Petrova MI, Lievens E, Malik S, et al. (2015).

4949:

Lahtinen SJ, Davis E, Ouwehand AC (September 2012).

2822:

Swain MR, Anandharaj M, Ray RC, et al. (2014).

2105:

Rijkers GT, Bengmark S, Enck P, et al. (2010).

1199:, but good evidence that they increased the risk of 1121:-producing plasma cells and increasing or improving 886:

absorption and osmotic diarrhea as a result. A 2015

8202: 8141: 8054: 7866: 7655: 7584: 6297:Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E (August 2002). 6247:"Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice" 5958:"Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhea" 5439:Arvola T, Laiho K, Torkkeli S, et al. (1999). 2505:Moreno MR, Leisner JJ, Tee LK, et al. (2002). 773:, meaning 'for', and the Greek adjective βιωτικός ( 158:

Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food

7310:Reid G, Gaudier E, Guarner F, et al. (2010). 6298: 3906:The prolongation of life : optimistic studies 3449:. Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin. 2014. 3358:"The New Market Profile of Probiotics Consumption" 2146:Shane AL, Cabana MD, Vidry S, et al. (2010). 1523: 1521: 983:, preventing and alleviating bacterial vaginosis. 497:, the Vietnam Food Administration (VFA) under the 5570:Falagas M, Betsi G, Athanasiou S (July 1, 2007). 5261:Su GL, Ko CW, Bercik P, et al. (June 2020). 2415:"Fermentation of the Yugoslavian pickled cabbage" 2201:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1575: 1573: 1270:Preliminary research is evaluating the potential 1101:to date all include various Antibiotic Regimens. 275:More precisely, sauerkraut contains the bacteria 6771:"Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes" 3034:"Kombucha Tea Attracts a Following and Doubters" 2558:. University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). 1936:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7018:"Microencapsulation of live probiotic bacteria" 7016:Islam MA, Yun CH, Choi YJ, et al. (2010). 6300:"Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects" 4816:Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, et al. (2011). 2334:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 841–855. 2100: 2098: 1359:Determination of antibiotic resistance patterns 288:, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc argentinum, 7761:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) 7243: 7241: 6134:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 6046:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 2659:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1638:Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF (2016). 1471:. National Health Service. November 27, 2018. 1341:characterization of the tested microorganism. 862:, as the quality of research evidence is low. 8118: 7562: 6181:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 5805:Liu RT, Walsh RF, Sheehan AE (July 1, 2019). 2287: 2285: 937:bacterial species found in the healthy vagina 850:and breastfeeding, had lower risk of eczema. 587:) microbes producing toxic substances in the 8: 3949:"Arteriosclerosis and intestinal poisons". 3158:Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML (2006). 1802: 1800: 1798: 765:Some literature gives the word a full Greek 101:-consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer. 6718:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6364:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5210:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4623:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3870:Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL (2010). "5". 2587:Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 1756: 1754: 1356:Assessment of side effects in human studies 8125: 8111: 8103: 7569: 7555: 7547: 7188:Dhewa T, Pant S, Mishra V (January 2014). 6358:Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q (August 24, 2022). 5101:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4140: 4138: 4107:FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 3792:Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3525: 3523: 3496: 3494: 3302:Lahtinen SJ, Davis E, Ouwehand AC (2012). 2413:Pederson CS, Niketic G, Albury MN (1962). 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1691:"Probiotics and Medical Nutrition Therapy" 1125:, as well as increasing the proportion of 939:to cure the infection of bacteria causing 7509: 7433: 7384: 7335: 7273: 7221: 7125: 7025:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 6984: 6851: 6802: 6745: 6645: 6635: 6594: 6545: 6491: 6442: 6432: 6391: 6270: 6057: 6009:(Systematic review & meta-analysis). 5981: 5838: 5781: 5654: 5636: 5587: 5456: 5278: 5237: 5028: 4925: 4849: 4792: 4719: 4663: 4600: 4551: 4475: 4386:Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 4265: 4180: 4170: 4118: 4038: 3988: 3811: 3762: 3278: 3260: 3219: 3197: 3195: 3175: 3134: 2962: 2849: 2839: 2798: 2598: 2522: 2438: 2222: 2212: 2171: 2122: 1885: 1875: 1834: 1824: 1778: 1714: 1665: 1655: 1607: 1597: 1553: 967:researchers found that administration of 7159:"Probiotics, not so friendly after all?" 4458:Alvarez-Olmos MI, Oberhelman RA (2001). 4145:Cheplin HA, Rettger LF (December 1920). 3532:"Warning letter to Plexus Worldwide Inc" 3202:Aleman RS, Yadav A (December 26, 2023). 1949: 1947: 7414:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 6775:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6575:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6526:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6472:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5009:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3636:"Siết chặt quản lý thực phẩm chức năng" 3584:"Thu hồi thuốc Men vi sinh sống Biolac" 3475:. European Commission, Brussels. 2006. 2562:from the original on September 11, 2015 2297:. National Academies Press (US). 1992. 1689:Brown AC, Valiere A (January 1, 2004). 1582:"Probiotics in critically ill children" 1506:from the original on September 17, 2018 1494: 1492: 1490: 1457: 530:who recommended their consumption. The 128:by European manufacturers of probiotic 7194:Journal of Food Science and Technology 6965:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 6515: 6513: 6511: 6231:from the original on January 12, 2019. 5811:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 5770:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4998: 4996: 4616: 3351: 3349: 2880:from the original on February 16, 2019 2771:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2056: 1929: 1909: 1907: 1905: 338:bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus, 204:foods, and probiotic-fortified foods. 6919:from the original on November 5, 2023 6339:from the original on December 2, 2022 5937:from the original on October 28, 2014 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 4344:. West Point, CT: AVI Publishing Co. 3427:from the original on 13 December 2014 3364:from the original on 5 September 2018 2318: 2316: 1962:from the original on October 20, 2020 1463: 1461: 821:in some humans remain controversial. 693:in acute gastrointestinal infectious 579:process results from the activity of 160:. A consensus definition of the term 7: 5864:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 4577:"Prebiotics: why definitions matter" 3694:from the original on 8 December 2014 3479:from the original on 2 February 2016 2828:Biotechnology Research International 348:species. Buttermilk contains either 236:or bread-like products made without 8215:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 7300:. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992 5576:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5135:from the original on March 16, 2022 4511:from the original on April 25, 2023 4254:The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 3415:'Probiotic' As A General Descriptor 3389:The Daily Telegraph and China Daily 3385:"Yogurt ferments the dairy segment" 3013:from the original on August 9, 2018 2746:from the original on March 27, 2023 2486:from the original on 14 August 2013 2468:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 1500:"Probiotics: What You Need To Know" 1475:from the original on April 20, 2021 575:, proposed the hypothesis that the 6103:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.05.010 5342:from the original on July 28, 2020 4981:from the original on June 18, 2021 4638:Salminen S, van Loveren H (2012). 4267:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x 4027:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 3726:from the original on 1 August 2014 3688:"Live & Active Culture Yogurt" 3334:from the original on June 18, 2021 3044:from the original on July 12, 2018 2301:from the original on April 1, 2015 2270:from the original on June 16, 2022 923:, such as severely debilitated or 894:outweighs the uncertain benefits. 298:spp. Kimchi contains the bacteria 97:, who postulated around 1907 that 14: 7474:from the original on 29 June 2016 7298:Probiotics, the Scientific Thesis 7087:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012 5876:10.2174/1389201021666200107113812 4439:from the original on July 1, 2023 4222:from the original on July 1, 2023 4063:from the original on May 25, 2021 3931:from the original on July 1, 2023 3453:from the original on 10 July 2017 3092:Polymer Degradation and Stability 2359:from the original on May 28, 2015 2045:from the original on July 1, 2023 1916:"Warning letter to CocoKefir LLC" 1305:Scientific guidelines for testing 268:; and non-dairy products such as 156:(FAO)/WHO in May 2002 issued the 154:Food and Agriculture Organization 7377:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x 7169:from the original on 11 May 2015 7127:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x 7054:from the original on May 6, 2011 5589:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01688.x 5320:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x 4414:Probiotics: the scientific basis 4023:"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action" 3668:(in Vietnamese). January 5, 2017 3642:(in Vietnamese). January 1, 2013 3590:(in Vietnamese). January 3, 2017 3508:from the original on 14 May 2017 3170:(6): 1256–1264, quiz 1446–1447. 2524:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x 1388: 787:, although it is not a complete 638:produced by the fermentation of 5823:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023 4250:"Probiotics in man and animals" 3690:. National Yogurt Association. 3538:from the original on 8 May 2017 3356:Feldman M (22 September 2016). 2709:Journal of Apicultural Research 2511:Journal of Applied Microbiology 2480:10.2225/vol9-issue4-fulltext-12 1530:"Risk and safety of probiotics" 1109:Some strains of LAB may affect 1062:American Academy of Dermatology 665:was later renamed to the genus 661:. The isolated bacterium named 591:. Proteolytic bacteria such as 426:, a potentially fatal disease. 36:, a probiotic drink containing 7250:"Probiotics in human medicine" 6889:Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 6844:10.1002/14651858.CD010972.pub2 6787:10.1002/14651858.CD009951.pub3 6730:10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub5 6587:10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub3 6538:10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub3 6484:10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3 6376:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4 5974:10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4 5222:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5 5021:10.1002/14651858.CD012941.pub2 3564:(in Vietnamese). July 28, 2018 2942:Farnworth ER (April 4, 2005). 2636:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.014 1240:. One literature review found 1105:Immune function and infections 876:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 866:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 815:European Food Safety Authority 463:European Food Safety Authority 144:An October 2001 report by the 134:European Food Safety Authority 1: 6263:10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003 6193:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5 6146:10.1080/10408398.2022.2117783 5418:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9 4927:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.05.007 4887:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.013 4120:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00368-7 3849:10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00050-3 3104:10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00197-3 3077:10.1016/S0269-915X(00)80034-8 2721:10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152 2264:10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00099-1 1599:10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 340:Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens 80:in Bulgarian yoghurt, called 5541:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09 5498:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7 5280:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.059 4593:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001 4499:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 4311:10.1126/science.147.3659.747 3874:Microbiology An Introduction 3360:. Natural Products Insider. 3221:10.3390/applmicrobiol4010004 2671:10.1080/10408398.2010.547398 1767:British Journal of Nutrition 1528:Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). 1093:infections (which may cause 971:-producing strains, such as 479:Food and Drug Administration 292:, Lactobacillus coryniformis 56:. Probiotics are considered 5375:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053 4702:Streptococcus thermophillus 4367:Animal Nutrition and Health 3032:Wollan M (March 24, 2010). 2944:"Kefir-a complex probiotic" 2556:"Lactobacillus acidophilus" 2554:Ehrlich SD (May 24, 2011). 2431:10.1128/AEM.10.1.86-89.1962 2252:International Dairy Journal 1992:. FAO / WHO. Archived from 1580:Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). 848:last trimester of pregnancy 511:National Yogurt Association 290:Lactobacillus paraplantarum 284:, Pediococcus pentosaceus, 8267: 8220:Sympathetic nervous system 7881:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 7771:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 7157:Bee P (10 November 2008). 6897:10.1007/s12602-023-10079-1 6869:(Recurrent Abdominal Pain) 6832:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6059:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.032 6019:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 5962:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5302:McFarlandfirst=LV (2006). 5113:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 5066:10.1007/s00431-019-03397-6 3837:Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 3530:Schmidt N (30 July 2014). 3383:Meiling C (21 June 2018). 2392:10.1089/109662004322984680 2340:10.1128/9781555818463.ch33 1695:Nutrition in Clinical Care 1141:Inflammatory bowel disease 706:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 477:In the United States, the 467:cause-and-effect mechanism 412:inflammatory bowel disease 376:Acetobacter pasteurianus, 329:Streptococcus thermophilus 132:have been rejected by the 68:interactions and unwanted 20: 8179:Tricyclic antidepressants 7756:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7206:10.1007/s13197-011-0457-2 6977:10.1038/s41430-018-0135-9 6007:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5735:10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4 5692:10.1007/s00404-013-3064-9 3981:10.1017/S0025727300030702 3447:"Probiotic health claims" 2913:10.1080/10408390903579029 2380:Journal of Medicinal Food 2294:Lactic Acid Fermentations 1780:10.1017/S000711451100287X 1184:necrotizing enterocolitis 1178:Necrotizing enterocolitis 714:Lactobacillus acidophilus 663:Bacillus bifidus communis 365:Gluconacetobacter xylinus 333:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 321:Lactobacillus acidophilus 278:Leuconostoc mesenteroides 256:; dairy products such as 146:World Health Organization 106:scientific substantiation 58:generally safe to consume 8134:Irritable bowel syndrome 7114:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther 7031:(1367–1377): 1367–1377. 5638:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081 4721:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3085 4694:Lactobacillus helveticus 4656:10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18568 4417:. Springer Netherlands. 3963:Vaughan RB (July 1965). 3751:The Journal of Nutrition 3666:baotainguyenmoitruong.vn 3001:Bauer B (July 8, 2017). 2214:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 1954:Chu W (April 18, 2019). 1826:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5656 1430:Probiotics in pediatrics 1207:Recurrent abdominal pain 1172:irritable bowel syndrome 1166:Irritable bowel syndrome 483:Federal Trade Commission 404:central venous catheters 198:fermented dairy products 83:Lactobacillus bulgaricus 21:Not to be confused with 7592:Bodybuilding supplement 7511:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.587 6683:10.1136/gut.2008.167270 6317:10.1023/A:1020620607611 6305:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 5783:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601104 5625:Frontiers in Physiology 5156:J Paediatr Child Health 4842:10.1126/science.1208344 4505:A Greek-English Lexicon 3757:(2S Suppl): 384S–390S. 3136:10.1111/1541-4337.12073 2973:10.1616/1476-2137.13938 1877:10.1186/1472-6939-13-28 1657:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 1420:Microbial food cultures 1226:Latilactobacillus sakei 915:Saccharomyces boulardii 880:carbohydrate metabolism 754:Lactobacillus johnsonii 742:Lactobacillus rhamnosus 325:Bifidobacterium bifidum 282:Lactobacillus plantarum 39:Lactobacillus paracasei 7766:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 7426:10.1002/mnfr.201300065 7328:10.4161/gmic.1.3.12013 7075:Int. J. Food Microbiol 7037:10.4014/jmb.1003.03020 6940:Campbell-Walsh Urology 5680:Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 5480:Doron SI, Hibberd PL, 5458:10.1542/peds.104.5.e64 5269:(Clinical guideline). 4914:Microbial Pathogenesis 4875:Microbial Pathogenesis 4785:10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610 4690:Bifidobacterium longum 4644:Microb Ecol Health Dis 3903:Metchnikoff E (2004). 3177:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 2901:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2325:"Fermented Vegetables" 2164:10.4161/gmic.1.4.12707 2063:: CS1 maint: others ( 1115:competitive inhibition 1016:Depression and anxiety 884:short-chain fatty acid 676:During an outbreak of 549: 310:spp. Pao cai contains 112:discomfort, improving 42: 6673:(Systematic review). 6626:(Systematic review). 6434:10.1093/ageing/afy006 5723:Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5158:(Systematic review). 4248:Fuller R (May 1989). 4172:10.1073/pnas.6.12.704 3764:10.1093/jn/130.2.384S 2124:10.3945/jn.109.113779 1644:World J Gastroenterol 1540:(Suppl 2): S129–234. 1410:Fecal bacteriotherapy 1311:scientific literature 1152:5‐aminosalicylic acid 958:Gardnerella vaginalis 892:Clostridium difficile 797:comes from the Latin 544: 487:Food product labeling 408:cardiac valve disease 383:Gluconobacter oxydans 31: 7966:Japanese honeysuckle 7532:(October 12, 2021). 7266:10.1136/gut.32.4.439 6251:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 5529:J Clin Gastroenterol 5486:J Clin Gastroenterol 5308:Am. J. Gastroenterol 4581:Curr Opin Biotechnol 3640:Báo Nhân Dân điện tử 3610:"Bioamicus complete" 3208:Applied Microbiology 2791:10.1128/AEM.01342-07 2419:Applied Microbiology 1197:gestational diabetes 995:and gut microbiota. 431:colony-forming units 400:short bowel syndrome 342:, Lactococcus lactis 286:Lactobacillus brevis 208:Lactic acid bacteria 178:European Food Safety 7891:Chondroitin sulfate 7709:Pantothenic acid (B 7672:Retinol (Vitamin A) 7642:Protein supplements 7578:Dietary supplements 6637:10.1155/2015/505878 6177:Helicobacter pylori 5535:(Suppl 2): S64–70. 5492:(Suppl 2): S58–63. 4967:10.3920/BM2012.0041 4955:Beneficial Microbes 4834:2011Sci...334..105W 4828:(6052): 1051–1108. 4303:1965Sci...147..747L 4204:Rettger FL (1935). 4163:1920PNAS....6..704C 4084:Medizinische Klinik 3953:1910, 55:2311–2312. 3745:Sanders ME (2000). 3395:on 6 September 2018 3320:10.3920/BM2012.0041 3308:Beneficial Microbes 2841:10.1155/2014/250424 2783:2007ApEnM..73.7697P 2600:10.2323/jgam.48.201 2091:on October 7, 2017. 1999:on October 22, 2012 1296:Storage temperature 1266:Multiple probiotics 1160:combination therapy 1090:Helicobacter pylori 1082:Helicobacter pylori 1056:, and some risk of 993:high blood pressure 941:bacterial vaginosis 931:Bacterial vaginosis 791:. The related term 748:Lactobacillus casei 471:European Commission 130:dietary supplements 8062:Codex Alimentarius 7951:Grape seed extract 7612:Herbal supplements 7504:(12): 1–16. 2007. 7465:Scientific Opinion 4698:Lactococcus lactis 4553:10.1079/BJN2003954 4340:Sperti GS (1971). 3798:(Suppl): 139–144. 3262:10.3390/nu11122913 3038:The New York Times 1864:BMC Medical Ethics 1546:10.1093/cid/civ085 1260:microencapsulation 981:vaginal microbiota 925:immune-compromised 825:Acute otitis media 691:Nissle 1917 strain 550: 499:Ministry of Health 351:Lactococcus lactis 218:pickled vegetables 214:Fermented products 120:, or avoiding the 43: 8228: 8227: 8100: 8099: 7745:Cyanocobalamin (B 7662:chemical elements 7248:Fuller R (1991). 6949:978-1-4160-6911-9 5406:Lancet Infect Dis 5168:10.1111/jpc.14126 4714:(2): 3085. 2013. 4470:(11): 1567–1576. 4464:Clin. Infect. Dis 4424:978-94-011-2364-8 4411:Fuller R (2012). 4351:978-0-87055-099-7 4297:(3659): 747–748. 4210:. Yale Univ. Pr. 4040:10.1159/000342079 3916:978-0-8261-1877-6 3889:978-0-321-58202-7 3562:Giáo dục Việt Nam 2777:(23): 7697–7702. 2349:978-1-55581-626-1 1349:required tests: 1054:atopic dermatitis 1006:total cholesterol 969:hydrogen peroxide 882:, with decreased 659:Pasteur Institute 569:Pasteur Institute 536:food preservation 378:Acetobacter aceti 371:Zygosaccharomyces 8258: 8246:Digestive system 8154:Gluten-free diet 8127: 8120: 8113: 8104: 8055:Related articles 7961:Iron supplements 7901:Copper gluconate 7571: 7564: 7557: 7548: 7543: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7462: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7420:(8): 1479–1504. 7405: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7129: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7022: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6988: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6855: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6724:(10): CD005496. 6709: 6703: 6702: 6677:(3): 3253–3232. 6666: 6660: 6659: 6649: 6639: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6517: 6506: 6505: 6495: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6436: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6311:(1–4): 279–289. 6302: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6219: 6215:"H Pylori Facts" 6211: 6205: 6204: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6061: 6052:(3): e127–e132. 6037: 6031: 6030: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5968:(12): CD003048. 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5640: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5591: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5267:Gastroenterology 5258: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5060:(8): 1139–1149. 5054:Eur. J. Pediatr. 5049: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4614: 4604: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4184: 4174: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4042: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3877: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391:. Archived from 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3264: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3223: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3098:(1–3): 101–106. 3087: 3081: 3080: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2975:. Archived from 2966: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2843: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2258:(2–3): 173–182. 2243: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2117:(3): 671S–676S. 2102: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1879: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1773:(9): 1291–1296. 1758: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1659: 1650:(7): 2179–2194. 1635: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1465: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1248:General research 1068:Glycemic control 718:Balantidium coli 683:Escherichia coli 621:autointoxication 561:Élie Metchnikoff 546:Élie Metchnikoff 461:As of 2019, the 396:immunodeficiency 152:convened by the 110:gastrointestinal 95:Élie Metchnikoff 60:, but may cause 8266: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8198: 8149:Low-FODMAP diet 8137: 8131: 8101: 8096: 8050: 7868: 7862: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7663: 7660: 7651: 7636:Bifidobacterium 7580: 7575: 7528: 7525: 7523:Further reading 7520: 7519: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7010: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6838:(3): CD010972. 6825: 6824: 6820: 6781:(4): CD009951. 6768: 6767: 6763: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6581:(3): CD007443. 6568: 6567: 6563: 6532:(3): CD005573. 6519: 6518: 6509: 6478:(7): CD006634. 6465: 6464: 6460: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6370:(8): CD006895. 6357: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6091:Clin. Dermatol. 6088: 6087: 6083: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5925:(RR–16): 1–16. 5919:MMWR Recomm Rep 5912: 5911: 5907: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5776:(11): 856–860. 5763: 5762: 5758: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5216:(4): CD004827. 5203: 5202: 5191: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5015:(6): CD012941. 5002: 5001: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4748:on May 14, 2012 4745: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4615: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4521:Perseus Project 4514: 4512: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4425: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4247: 4246: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4157:(12): 704–705. 4144: 4143: 4136: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 3969:Medical History 3962: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3616:(in Vietnamese) 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2982:on May 14, 2014 2979: 2964:10.1.1.583.6014 2946: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1760: 1759: 1732: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1534:Clin Infect Dis 1527: 1526: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1415:Functional food 1394: 1387: 1384: 1319:health benefits 1307: 1298: 1281: 1268: 1255: 1250: 1234: 1218: 1209: 1193: 1180: 1168: 1154:treatment as a 1143: 1107: 1085: 1070: 1058:adverse effects 1046: 1038:gastroenteritis 1034: 1018: 1012:concentration. 1001: 989: 954: 950: 933: 888:Cochrane review 868: 856: 836: 827: 811: 763: 667:Bifidobacterium 632:lactobacillales 615:. According to 519: 507: 505:Yogurt labeling 459: 447: 391: 234:sourdough bread 192:Live probiotic 190: 142: 88:Stamen Grigorov 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:Gut–brain axis 8206: 8204: 8203:Related topics 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8169:Antispasmodics 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8046:Zinc gluconate 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8021:St John's wort 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8001:Red yeast rice 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7485: 7449: 7400: 7371:(2): 202–215. 7351: 7322:(3): 200–204. 7302: 7289: 7260:(4): 439–442. 7237: 7180: 7149: 7100: 7081:(3): 219–233. 7065: 7008: 6955: 6948: 6930: 6875: 6818: 6761: 6704: 6661: 6624:Biomed Res Int 6610: 6561: 6507: 6458: 6427:(4): 527–536. 6421:Age and Ageing 6407: 6350: 6286: 6257:(4): 658–672. 6234: 6206: 6187:(4): 360–366. 6167: 6124: 6097:(5): 653–658. 6081: 6032: 6013:(4): 952–961. 5997: 5948: 5905: 5870:(7): 555–565. 5854: 5797: 5756: 5713: 5686:(3): 479–489. 5670: 5611: 5582:(7): 657–664. 5562: 5519: 5472: 5431: 5412:(6): 374–382. 5396: 5369:(3): 367–372. 5353: 5314:(4): 812–822. 5294: 5273:(2): 697–705. 5253: 5189: 5162:(9): 953–961. 5146: 5107:(4): 952–961. 5087: 5044: 4992: 4961:(3): 171–174. 4941: 4920:(2): 100–108. 4900: 4865: 4808: 4779:(6): 436–439. 4759: 4727: 4679: 4630: 4567: 4526: 4491: 4477:10.1086/320518 4450: 4423: 4403: 4376: 4357: 4350: 4332: 4281: 4260:(5): 365–378. 4233: 4196: 4134: 4113:(3): 223–229. 4093: 4074: 4033:(2): 160–174. 4013: 4004: 3975:(3): 201–215. 3955: 3942: 3915: 3895: 3888: 3862: 3843:(4): 287–292. 3827: 3778: 3737: 3705: 3679: 3653: 3627: 3601: 3588:baochinhphu.vn 3575: 3549: 3519: 3490: 3464: 3438: 3406: 3375: 3345: 3314:(3): 171–174. 3294: 3235: 3191: 3164:Am J Clin Nutr 3150: 3129:(4): 538–550. 3109: 3082: 3071:(4): 166–170. 3055: 3024: 2993: 2934: 2907:(3): 261–268. 2891: 2865: 2814: 2757: 2692: 2665:(5): 482–496. 2649: 2630:(6): 483–485. 2614: 2593:(4): 201–209. 2573: 2546: 2517:(1): 147–157. 2497: 2454: 2405: 2370: 2348: 2312: 2281: 2238: 2207:(8): 506–514. 2187: 2158:(4): 243–253. 2138: 2094: 2070: 2029: 2010: 1973: 1943: 1901: 1850: 1794: 1730: 1681: 1623: 1569: 1517: 1486: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1280: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1233: 1230: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1192: 1189: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1142: 1139: 1106: 1103: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1017: 1014: 1000: 997: 988: 987:Blood pressure 985: 973:L. acidophilus 952: 948: 932: 929: 921:adverse events 867: 864: 855: 852: 835: 832: 826: 823: 810: 807: 762: 759: 726:L. acidophilus 722:L. acidophilus 655:Bifidobacteria 628:milk fermented 626:At that time, 565:gut microbiota 558:Nobel laureate 556:scientist and 518: 515: 506: 503: 458: 455: 446: 443: 390: 387: 189: 186: 170:United Nations 141: 138: 92:Nobel laureate 54:gut microbiota 50:microorganisms 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8263: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8174:Psychotherapy 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Soluble fiber 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8082:Nutraceutical 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911:Dietary fiber 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7896:Cod liver oil 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867:Other common 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7741: 7736:Folic acid (B 7734: 7732: 7725: 7723: 7718:Pyridoxine (B 7716: 7714: 7707: 7705: 7698: 7696: 7691:Riboflavin (B 7689: 7687: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Lactobacillus 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7181: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7120:(1): 97–103. 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6971:(73): 24–37. 6970: 6966: 6959: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6931: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6351: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5949: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3672:September 24, 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3646:September 24, 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3620:September 24, 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3594:September 24, 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3568:September 24, 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2566:September 17, 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474:(4): E49–55. 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2030:92-5-105513-0 2026: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1435:Proteobiotics 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1304: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272:physiological 1265: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1242:Lactobacillus 1239: 1238:urinary tract 1232:Urinary tract 1231: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1201:pre-eclampsia 1198: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127:T lymphocytes 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:peptic ulcers 1092: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1007: 998: 996: 994: 986: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 964:Lactobacillus 960: 959: 946: 945:Lactobacillus 942: 938: 930: 928: 926: 922: 917: 916: 911: 906: 904: 900: 899:meta-analyses 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 863: 861: 853: 851: 849: 845: 841: 833: 831: 824: 822: 820: 816: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 760: 758: 756: 755: 750: 749: 744: 743: 737: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 695:salmonellosis 692: 690: 685: 684: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 547: 543: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 516: 514: 512: 504: 502: 500: 496: 491: 488: 484: 480: 475: 472: 468: 464: 456: 454: 452: 444: 442: 440: 439: 438:Lactobacillus 434: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 388: 386: 384: 380: 379: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 357: 356:L. bulgaricus 353: 352: 347: 343: 341: 335: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 308:Lactobacillus 305: 301: 297: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 209: 205: 203: 199: 195: 187: 185: 181: 179: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 150:working group 147: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 126:health claims 123: 119: 115: 114:immune health 111: 107: 102: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 84: 79: 74: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 41: 40: 35: 30: 24: 19: 8241:Bacteriology 8188: 8087:Multivitamin 8011:Saw palmetto 7991:Milk thistle 7664:("minerals") 7626: 7597:Energy drink 7537: 7501: 7498:EFSA Journal 7497: 7488: 7476:. Retrieved 7464: 7452: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7319: 7316:Gut Microbes 7315: 7305: 7297: 7292: 7257: 7253: 7200:(1): 83–89. 7197: 7193: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7162: 7152: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7056:. Retrieved 7028: 7024: 7011: 6986:10072/381737 6968: 6964: 6958: 6939: 6933: 6921:. Retrieved 6888: 6878: 6868: 6865: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6529: 6525: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6444:11449/164454 6424: 6420: 6410: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6341:. Retrieved 6308: 6304: 6254: 6250: 6221: 6209: 6184: 6180: 6179:infection". 6176: 6170: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5941:September 8, 5939:. Retrieved 5922: 5918: 5908: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5344:. Retrieved 5311: 5307: 5297: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5213: 5209: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5139:December 12, 5137:. Retrieved 5104: 5100: 5090: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5012: 5008: 4983:. Retrieved 4958: 4954: 4944: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4776: 4773:Gut Microbes 4772: 4762: 4750:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4730: 4711: 4708:EFSA Journal 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4619:cite journal 4584: 4580: 4570: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4519:– via 4515:February 21, 4513:. Retrieved 4504: 4494: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4413: 4406: 4392:(2): 33–42. 4389: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4341: 4335: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4257: 4253: 4224:. Retrieved 4206: 4199: 4154: 4150: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4067:December 29, 4065:. Retrieved 4030: 4026: 4016: 4007: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3950: 3945: 3933:. Retrieved 3905: 3898: 3873: 3865: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3728:. Retrieved 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3665: 3656: 3644:. Retrieved 3639: 3630: 3618:. Retrieved 3613: 3604: 3592:. Retrieved 3587: 3578: 3566:. Retrieved 3561: 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3510:. Retrieved 3481:. Retrieved 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3393:the original 3388: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3336:. Retrieved 3311: 3307: 3297: 3255:(12): 2913. 3252: 3248: 3238: 3214:(1): 47–69. 3211: 3207: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3048:September 5, 3046:. Retrieved 3037: 3027: 3017:September 5, 3015:. Retrieved 3006: 2996: 2986:December 20, 2984:. Retrieved 2977:the original 2954: 2950: 2937: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2884:February 16, 2882:. Retrieved 2868: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2712: 2708: 2695: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2564:. Retrieved 2549: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2488:. Retrieved 2471: 2467: 2457: 2425:(1): 86–89. 2422: 2418: 2408: 2386:(1): 38–44. 2383: 2379: 2373: 2361:. Retrieved 2331: 2303:. Retrieved 2293: 2274:December 29, 2272:. Retrieved 2255: 2251: 2241: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2155: 2152:Gut Microbes 2151: 2141: 2114: 2110: 2086:the original 2073: 2047:. Retrieved 2019: 2013: 2003:December 17, 2001:. Retrieved 1994:the original 1989: 1981:Schlundt J. 1976: 1964:. Retrieved 1920:. Retrieved 1867: 1863: 1853: 1816: 1813:EFSA Journal 1812: 1770: 1766: 1701:(2): 56–68. 1698: 1694: 1684: 1647: 1643: 1589: 1585: 1537: 1533: 1510:November 10, 1508:. Retrieved 1477:. Retrieved 1469:"Probiotics" 1440:Psychobiotic 1376: 1346: 1343: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1299: 1289:health claim 1282: 1269: 1256: 1253:Formulations 1241: 1235: 1219: 1210: 1194: 1181: 1169: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1123:phagocytosis 1113:by means of 1108: 1098: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1075:hypoglycemic 1071: 1047: 1035: 1019: 1002: 990: 977:L. rhamnosus 976: 972: 963: 956: 944: 934: 913: 910:L. rhamnosus 909: 907: 903:L. rhamnosus 902: 896: 891: 869: 857: 840:milk allergy 837: 828: 812: 798: 792: 782: 778: 774: 770: 764: 752: 746: 740: 738: 734: 730: 725: 721: 713: 709: 705: 703: 688: 681: 675: 666: 662: 653: 625: 581:putrefactive 551: 532:fermentation 520: 508: 492: 476: 460: 448: 436: 435: 428: 392: 389:Side effects 382: 375: 369: 363: 362:, including 355: 349: 346:Leuconostoc 345: 337: 319: 316:L. fermentum 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 276: 274: 212: 206: 196:are part of 191: 182: 174: 161: 157: 143: 118:constipation 116:, relieving 103: 81: 75: 70:side effects 45: 44: 37: 32:A bottle of 18: 8194:Eluxadoline 8006:Royal jelly 7986:Lipoic acid 7981:Linseed oil 7941:Glucosamine 7869:ingredients 7682:Thiamine (B 7607:Fatty acids 7058:January 28, 6343:December 1, 6140:(6): 1–19. 4700:LA 103 and 4540:Br. J. Nutr 4443:October 31, 4226:October 31, 4090:(2): 29–33. 3935:October 31, 3730:12 December 3698:12 December 3483:13 December 3457:13 December 3431:12 December 3399:5 September 3368:5 September 3007:Mayo Clinic 2957:(1): 1–17. 2715:: 172–187. 2049:October 31, 1479:November 2, 1396:Food portal 1156:monotherapy 999:Cholesterol 819:weight gain 699:shigellosis 678:shigellosis 617:Metchnikoff 589:large bowel 585:proteolytic 451:supplements 445:Consumption 300:Leuconostoc 122:common cold 8251:Probiotics 8235:Categories 8189:Probiotics 8142:Management 8077:Herbal tea 8031:Wheatgrass 7931:Folic acid 7833:Phosphorus 7828:Molybdenum 7677:B vitamins 7627:Probiotics 7622:Prebiotics 7602:Energy bar 7365:Immunology 7296:Fuller R. 7165:. London. 6923:October 6, 6093:(Review). 5725:(Review). 5682:(Review). 5482:Gorbach SL 5451:(5): e64. 5445:Pediatrics 5056:(Review). 4546:(4): 845. 4501:"βιωτικός" 4342:Probiotics 3310:(Review). 3166:(Review). 3065:Mycologist 2490:7 November 1646:(Review). 1588:(Review). 1536:(Review). 1452:References 1445:Synbiotics 1425:Postbiotic 1366:Nutrition. 1339:phenotypic 1050:dermatitis 1044:Dermatitis 1022:depression 927:children. 784:antibiotic 710:bulgaricus 671:breast-fed 593:clostridia 481:(FDA) and 457:Regulation 416:bacteremia 270:bee pollen 266:buttermilk 230:sauerkraut 162:probiotics 140:Definition 46:Probiotics 23:Prebiotics 8164:Laxatives 8092:Nutrition 8041:Yohimbine 8036:Wolfberry 8016:Spirulina 7996:Melatonin 7971:Krill oil 7946:Glutamine 7916:Echinacea 7886:Carnitine 7838:Potassium 7823:Manganese 7818:Magnesium 7727:Biotin (B 7700:Niacin (B 7530:Dunning B 7214:0022-1155 7163:The Times 6913:258989191 6795:1465-1858 6738:1469-493X 6384:1469-493X 6162:252009294 6076:243825695 5900:210121155 5884:1873-4316 5831:1873-7528 5817:: 13–23. 5729:(4): 26. 5647:1664-042X 5598:1198-743X 5363:J Pediatr 5230:1469-493X 5121:0091-6749 5082:195259677 4881:: 52–54. 4433:958540533 4216:250265817 3925:287028845 3804:1735-0328 3614:Bioamicus 3271:2072-6643 3249:Nutrients 3230:2673-8007 2959:CiteSeerX 2750:April 21, 2737:225208290 2729:0021-8839 2305:March 30, 2224:2164/4189 2059:cite book 1707:1096-6781 1405:Dysbiosis 1371:hemolytic 1335:genotypic 1191:Pregnancy 1131:rotavirus 1111:pathogens 1099:H. pylori 834:Allergies 803:fermented 794:prebiotic 767:etymology 761:Etymology 648:sour milk 644:intestine 609:digestion 607:from the 306:spp., and 304:Weissella 296:Weissella 254:soy sauce 242:rye flour 202:fermented 48:are live 7926:Fish oil 7906:Creatine 7843:Selenium 7803:Fluorine 7788:Chromium 7657:Vitamins 7647:Vitamins 7617:Minerals 7539:Skeptoid 7469:Archived 7444:23801655 7395:16771855 7346:21637034 7232:24426051 7167:Archived 7144:12217513 7136:18785988 7095:15454313 7049:Archived 7045:21030820 6995:29581563 6917:Archived 6905:37256485 6862:28334433 6813:33870484 6756:33058137 6699:18281136 6691:19091823 6656:25793197 6630:: 1–15. 6605:32128794 6556:32128795 6502:32678465 6453:29415116 6402:36001877 6337:Archived 6325:12369194 6281:14557292 6226:Archived 6201:14522098 6154:36052685 6119:52278259 6111:30217278 6068:34748863 6027:26044853 5992:33295643 5935:Archived 5931:14627948 5892:31914909 5849:31004628 5792:11114681 5743:28315049 5708:23954527 5700:24170161 5665:25859220 5606:17633390 5557:37993276 5549:18545161 5506:18542041 5467:10545590 5426:16728323 5391:28439228 5383:16939749 5346:June 30, 5340:Archived 5328:16635227 5289:32531291 5248:31039287 5184:51723667 5176:30051941 5133:Archived 5129:26044853 5074:31230196 5039:31210358 4979:Archived 4975:22968407 4936:22634320 4895:23332210 4860:21885731 4803:21637035 4696:LA 102, 4692:LA 101, 4674:23990821 4611:26431716 4562:14552330 4509:Archived 4486:11340528 4437:Archived 4398:14503687 4327:26826201 4319:14242024 4220:Archived 4191:16576567 4129:15039098 4061:Archived 4049:23037511 3999:14321564 3929:Archived 3857:10493604 3822:24250681 3773:10721912 3721:Archived 3692:Archived 3536:Archived 3506:Archived 3477:Archived 3451:Archived 3422:Archived 3362:Archived 3332:Archived 3328:22968407 3289:31810233 3186:16762934 3145:33412713 3042:Archived 3011:Archived 2929:19963871 2921:21390946 2878:Archived 2860:25343046 2834:: 1–19. 2809:17921264 2741:Archived 2679:23391015 2644:21497663 2624:Anaerobe 2609:12469319 2560:Archived 2541:20756449 2533:11849339 2484:Archived 2449:14484853 2400:15117551 2354:Archived 2299:Archived 2268:Archived 2233:24912386 2182:21327031 2133:20130080 2043:Archived 2039:70928765 1960:Archived 1932:cite web 1896:23110633 1845:32626282 1789:21861940 1725:15481739 1676:26900283 1618:27081478 1586:F1000Res 1564:25922398 1504:Archived 1473:Archived 1382:See also 1378:status. 1032:Diarrhea 872:diarrhea 809:Research 775:biōtikos 613:proteins 420:fungemia 360:kombucha 200:, other 194:cultures 78:bacillus 62:bacteria 8072:Hadacol 8026:Taurine 7976:Lingzhi 7956:Guarana 7936:Ginseng 7921:Ephedra 7783:Choline 7778:Calcium 7435:3910143 7386:1782284 7337:3023600 7284:1902810 7275:1379087 7223:3857416 7173:18 June 7003:4362284 6853:6464236 6804:8094741 6747:8094746 6647:4352483 6596:7059960 6547:7059959 6493:7389339 6393:9400717 6333:1870018 6222:CDC.gov 5983:8166250 5840:6584030 5751:3834130 5656:4373506 5514:2070623 5336:7557917 5239:6490796 5030:6580359 4985:July 1, 4851:3368382 4830:Bibcode 4822:Science 4794:3056112 4752:May 14, 4665:3747744 4602:4744122 4587:: 1–7. 4299:Bibcode 4291:Science 4276:2666378 4182:1084701 4159:Bibcode 4057:1295886 3990:1033501 3813:3813376 3338:July 1, 3280:6950558 2851:4058509 2800:2168044 2779:Bibcode 2687:3059150 2440:1057814 2363:May 19, 2173:3023606 2111:J. Nutr 1966:May 11, 1922:June 4, 1887:3512494 1836:7009160 1716:1482314 1667:4734995 1609:4813632 1592:: 407. 1555:4490230 1347:minimum 1331:species 1285:strains 1279:Strains 1222:dry eye 1216:Dry eye 1026:anxiety 789:antonym 689:E. coli 640:lactose 605:ammonia 597:phenols 554:Russian 517:History 495:Vietnam 336:subsp. 226:pao cai 188:In food 168:of the 99:yoghurt 8067:Enzyte 7853:Sulfur 7848:Sodium 7808:Iodine 7798:Copper 7793:Cobalt 7478:5 June 7442: 7432: 7393: 7383: 7344: 7334: 7282: 7272: 7230: 7220: 7212: 7142: 7134: 7093: 7043: 7001: 6993: 6946: 6911: 6903: 6860: 6850: 6811: 6801: 6793: 6754: 6744: 6736: 6697: 6689: 6654: 6644: 6603: 6593: 6554: 6544: 6500: 6490: 6451: 6400: 6390: 6382: 6331: 6323: 6279: 6272:207122 6269: 6199: 6160: 6152: 6117: 6109: 6074: 6066: 6025: 5990: 5980: 5929: 5898: 5890: 5882: 5847: 5837: 5829: 5790: 5749: 5741: 5706: 5698: 5663: 5653: 5645: 5631:: 81. 5604: 5596: 5555: 5547: 5512: 5504: 5465: 5424: 5389: 5381: 5334: 5326: 5287: 5246: 5236: 5228: 5182: 5174: 5127: 5119: 5080: 5072: 5037: 5027: 4973: 4934: 4893: 4858: 4848: 4801: 4791: 4672: 4662: 4609: 4599: 4560: 4484: 4431: 4421: 4396: 4373:: 4–8. 4348: 4325: 4317: 4274: 4214: 4189: 4179: 4127: 4055: 4047: 3997: 3987: 3923: 3913: 3886: 3855: 3820: 3810: 3802: 3771: 3326: 3287: 3277: 3269: 3228: 3184: 3143: 2961: 2927: 2919: 2858: 2848: 2807: 2797: 2735: 2727: 2685: 2677: 2642: 2607: 2539: 2531: 2447: 2437: 2398: 2346: 2231: 2180: 2170: 2131: 2037: 2027: 1894: 1884: 1870:: 28. 1843: 1833: 1787: 1723: 1713: 1705: 1674: 1664: 1616: 1606: 1562: 1552: 1060:. The 860:asthma 854:Asthma 844:eczema 751:, and 708:subsp. 603:, and 601:indols 528:Romans 524:Greeks 424:sepsis 406:, and 381:, and 344:, and 314:, and 302:spp., 258:yogurt 252:, and 246:tempeh 228:, and 222:kimchi 34:Yakult 8184:SSRIs 8136:(IBS) 7585:Types 7472:(PDF) 7461:(PDF) 7140:S2CID 7052:(PDF) 7021:(PDF) 6999:S2CID 6909:S2CID 6695:S2CID 6329:S2CID 6229:(PDF) 6218:(PDF) 6158:S2CID 6115:S2CID 6072:S2CID 5896:S2CID 5747:S2CID 5704:S2CID 5553:S2CID 5510:S2CID 5387:S2CID 5332:S2CID 5180:S2CID 5078:S2CID 4746:(PDF) 4739:(PDF) 4323:S2CID 4053:S2CID 3724:(PDF) 3717:(PDF) 3542:9 May 3512:9 May 3425:(PDF) 3418:(PDF) 2980:(PDF) 2947:(PDF) 2925:S2CID 2744:(PDF) 2733:S2CID 2705:(PDF) 2683:S2CID 2537:S2CID 2357:(PDF) 2328:(PDF) 2089:(PDF) 2082:(PDF) 1997:(PDF) 1986:(PDF) 1327:genus 630:with 577:aging 573:Paris 294:, and 262:kefir 238:wheat 7876:AAKG 7858:Zinc 7813:Iron 7480:2016 7440:PMID 7391:PMID 7342:PMID 7280:PMID 7228:PMID 7210:ISSN 7175:2010 7132:PMID 7091:PMID 7060:2011 7041:PMID 6991:PMID 6944:ISBN 6925:2023 6901:PMID 6858:PMID 6836:2017 6809:PMID 6791:ISSN 6779:2021 6752:PMID 6734:ISSN 6722:2020 6687:PMID 6652:PMID 6628:2015 6601:PMID 6552:PMID 6498:PMID 6476:2020 6449:PMID 6398:PMID 6380:ISSN 6368:2022 6345:2022 6321:PMID 6277:PMID 6197:PMID 6150:PMID 6107:PMID 6064:PMID 6023:PMID 5988:PMID 5966:2020 5943:2017 5927:PMID 5888:PMID 5880:ISSN 5845:PMID 5827:ISSN 5788:PMID 5739:PMID 5696:PMID 5661:PMID 5643:ISSN 5602:PMID 5594:ISSN 5545:PMID 5502:PMID 5463:PMID 5422:PMID 5379:PMID 5348:2019 5324:PMID 5285:PMID 5244:PMID 5226:ISSN 5172:PMID 5141:2019 5125:PMID 5117:ISSN 5070:PMID 5035:PMID 5013:2019 4987:2020 4971:PMID 4932:PMID 4891:PMID 4856:PMID 4799:PMID 4754:2012 4670:PMID 4625:link 4607:PMID 4558:PMID 4517:2021 4482:PMID 4445:2022 4429:OCLC 4419:ISBN 4394:PMID 4346:ISBN 4315:PMID 4272:PMID 4228:2022 4212:OCLC 4187:PMID 4125:PMID 4088:1918 4069:2020 4045:PMID 3995:PMID 3951:JAMA 3937:2022 3921:OCLC 3911:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3853:PMID 3818:PMID 3800:ISSN 3769:PMID 3732:2014 3700:2014 3674:2024 3648:2024 3622:2024 3596:2024 3570:2024 3544:2017 3514:2017 3485:2014 3459:2014 3433:2014 3401:2018 3370:2018 3340:2020 3324:PMID 3285:PMID 3267:ISSN 3226:ISSN 3182:PMID 3141:PMID 3050:2018 3019:2018 2988:2014 2917:PMID 2886:2019 2856:PMID 2832:2014 2805:PMID 2752:2022 2725:ISSN 2675:PMID 2640:PMID 2605:PMID 2568:2015 2529:PMID 2492:2007 2445:PMID 2396:PMID 2365:2016 2344:ISBN 2307:2021 2276:2020 2229:PMID 2178:PMID 2129:PMID 2065:link 2051:2022 2035:OCLC 2025:ISBN 2005:2012 1968:2019 1938:link 1924:2016 1892:PMID 1841:PMID 1785:PMID 1721:PMID 1703:ISSN 1672:PMID 1614:PMID 1560:PMID 1512:2019 1481:2019 1337:and 1024:and 975:and 799:prae 779:bios 697:and 526:and 509:The 374:sp., 250:miso 66:host 7659:and 7506:doi 7502:587 7430:PMC 7422:doi 7381:PMC 7373:doi 7369:118 7332:PMC 7324:doi 7270:PMC 7262:doi 7254:Gut 7218:PMC 7202:doi 7122:doi 7083:doi 7033:doi 6981:hdl 6973:doi 6893:doi 6848:PMC 6840:doi 6799:PMC 6783:doi 6742:PMC 6726:doi 6679:doi 6671:Gut 6642:PMC 6632:doi 6591:PMC 6583:doi 6542:PMC 6534:doi 6488:PMC 6480:doi 6439:hdl 6429:doi 6388:PMC 6372:doi 6313:doi 6267:PMC 6259:doi 6189:doi 6142:doi 6099:doi 6054:doi 6015:doi 6011:136 5978:PMC 5970:doi 5872:doi 5835:PMC 5819:doi 5815:102 5778:doi 5731:doi 5688:doi 5684:289 5651:PMC 5633:doi 5584:doi 5537:doi 5494:doi 5453:doi 5449:104 5414:doi 5371:doi 5367:149 5316:doi 5312:101 5275:doi 5271:159 5234:PMC 5218:doi 5164:doi 5109:doi 5105:136 5062:doi 5058:178 5025:PMC 5017:doi 4963:doi 4922:doi 4883:doi 4846:PMC 4838:doi 4826:334 4789:PMC 4781:doi 4716:doi 4660:PMC 4652:doi 4597:PMC 4589:doi 4548:doi 4472:doi 4307:doi 4295:147 4262:doi 4177:PMC 4167:doi 4115:doi 4035:doi 3985:PMC 3977:doi 3880:135 3845:doi 3808:PMC 3759:doi 3755:130 3316:doi 3275:PMC 3257:doi 3216:doi 3172:doi 3131:doi 3100:doi 3073:doi 2969:doi 2909:doi 2846:PMC 2836:doi 2795:PMC 2787:doi 2717:doi 2667:doi 2632:doi 2595:doi 2519:doi 2476:doi 2435:PMC 2427:doi 2388:doi 2336:doi 2260:doi 2219:hdl 2209:doi 2168:PMC 2160:doi 2119:doi 2115:140 1882:PMC 1872:doi 1831:PMC 1821:doi 1775:doi 1771:106 1711:PMC 1662:PMC 1652:doi 1604:PMC 1594:doi 1550:PMC 1542:doi 1162:. 1119:IgA 1010:LDL 912:or 771:pro 611:of 571:in 493:In 354:or 240:or 166:FAO 8237:: 7747:12 7536:. 7500:. 7496:. 7463:. 7438:. 7428:. 7418:57 7416:. 7412:. 7389:. 7379:. 7367:. 7363:. 7340:. 7330:. 7318:. 7314:. 7278:. 7268:. 7258:32 7256:. 7252:. 7240:^ 7226:. 7216:. 7208:. 7198:51 7196:. 7192:. 7161:. 7138:. 7130:. 7118:29 7116:. 7112:. 7089:. 7079:96 7077:. 7047:. 7039:. 7029:20 7027:. 7023:. 6997:. 6989:. 6979:. 6969:73 6967:. 6915:. 6907:. 6899:. 6891:. 6887:. 6864:. 6856:. 6846:. 6834:. 6830:. 6807:. 6797:. 6789:. 6777:. 6773:. 6750:. 6740:. 6732:. 6720:. 6716:. 6693:. 6685:. 6675:59 6650:. 6640:. 6622:. 6599:. 6589:. 6577:. 6573:. 6550:. 6540:. 6528:. 6524:. 6510:^ 6496:. 6486:. 6474:. 6470:. 6447:. 6437:. 6425:47 6423:. 6419:. 6396:. 6386:. 6378:. 6366:. 6362:. 6335:. 6327:. 6319:. 6309:82 6307:. 6303:. 6289:^ 6275:. 6265:. 6255:16 6253:. 6249:. 6237:^ 6224:. 6220:. 6195:. 6185:22 6183:. 6156:. 6148:. 6138:64 6136:. 6113:. 6105:. 6095:36 6070:. 6062:. 6050:86 6048:. 6044:. 6021:. 5986:. 5976:. 5964:. 5960:. 5933:. 5923:52 5921:. 5917:. 5894:. 5886:. 5878:. 5868:21 5866:. 5843:. 5833:. 5825:. 5813:. 5809:. 5786:. 5774:54 5772:. 5768:. 5745:. 5737:. 5727:19 5702:. 5694:. 5659:. 5649:. 5641:. 5627:. 5623:. 5600:. 5592:. 5580:13 5578:. 5574:. 5551:. 5543:. 5533:42 5531:. 5508:. 5500:. 5490:42 5488:. 5461:. 5447:. 5443:. 5420:. 5408:. 5385:. 5377:. 5365:. 5338:. 5330:. 5322:. 5310:. 5306:. 5283:. 5265:. 5242:. 5232:. 5224:. 5212:. 5208:. 5192:^ 5178:. 5170:. 5160:54 5131:. 5123:. 5115:. 5103:. 5099:. 5076:. 5068:. 5033:. 5023:. 5011:. 5007:. 4995:^ 4977:. 4969:. 4957:. 4953:. 4930:. 4918:53 4916:. 4912:. 4889:. 4879:55 4877:. 4854:. 4844:. 4836:. 4824:. 4820:. 4797:. 4787:. 4775:. 4771:. 4712:11 4710:. 4706:. 4668:. 4658:. 4650:. 4648:23 4646:. 4642:. 4621:}} 4617:{{ 4605:. 4595:. 4585:37 4583:. 4579:. 4556:. 4544:90 4542:. 4538:. 4507:. 4503:. 4480:. 4468:32 4466:. 4462:. 4435:. 4427:. 4388:. 4371:29 4369:. 4321:. 4313:. 4305:. 4293:. 4270:. 4258:66 4256:. 4252:. 4236:^ 4218:. 4185:. 4175:. 4165:. 4153:. 4149:. 4137:^ 4123:. 4111:40 4109:. 4105:. 4086:. 4059:. 4051:. 4043:. 4031:61 4029:. 4025:. 3993:. 3983:. 3971:. 3967:. 3927:. 3919:. 3882:. 3851:. 3841:12 3839:. 3816:. 3806:. 3796:12 3794:. 3790:. 3767:. 3753:. 3749:. 3664:. 3638:. 3612:. 3586:. 3560:. 3522:^ 3493:^ 3387:. 3348:^ 3330:. 3322:. 3306:. 3283:. 3273:. 3265:. 3253:11 3251:. 3247:. 3224:. 3210:. 3206:. 3194:^ 3180:. 3168:83 3162:. 3139:. 3127:13 3125:. 3121:. 3096:59 3094:. 3069:14 3067:. 3040:. 3036:. 3009:. 3005:. 2967:. 2953:. 2949:. 2923:. 2915:. 2905:51 2903:. 2876:. 2854:. 2844:. 2830:. 2826:. 2803:. 2793:. 2785:. 2775:73 2773:. 2769:. 2739:. 2731:. 2723:. 2713:60 2711:. 2707:. 2681:. 2673:. 2663:53 2661:. 2638:. 2628:17 2626:. 2603:. 2591:48 2589:. 2585:. 2535:. 2527:. 2515:92 2513:. 2509:. 2482:. 2470:. 2466:. 2443:. 2433:. 2423:10 2421:. 2417:. 2394:. 2382:. 2352:. 2342:. 2330:. 2315:^ 2284:^ 2266:. 2256:12 2254:. 2250:. 2227:. 2217:. 2205:11 2203:. 2199:. 2176:. 2166:. 2154:. 2150:. 2127:. 2113:. 2109:. 2097:^ 2061:}} 2057:{{ 2041:. 2033:. 1988:. 1946:^ 1934:}} 1930:{{ 1904:^ 1890:. 1880:. 1868:13 1866:. 1862:. 1839:. 1829:. 1817:17 1815:. 1811:. 1797:^ 1783:. 1769:. 1765:. 1733:^ 1719:. 1709:. 1697:. 1693:. 1670:. 1660:. 1648:22 1642:. 1626:^ 1612:. 1602:. 1584:. 1572:^ 1558:. 1548:. 1538:60 1532:. 1520:^ 1489:^ 1460:^ 1329:, 874:. 757:. 745:, 701:. 636:pH 599:, 538:. 402:, 398:, 385:. 331:, 327:, 323:, 280:, 272:. 264:, 260:, 248:, 232:; 224:, 220:, 8126:e 8119:t 8112:v 7749:) 7740:) 7738:9 7731:) 7729:7 7722:) 7720:6 7713:) 7711:5 7704:) 7702:3 7695:) 7693:2 7686:) 7684:1 7638:) 7629:( 7570:e 7563:t 7556:v 7542:. 7514:. 7508:: 7482:. 7446:. 7424:: 7397:. 7375:: 7348:. 7326:: 7320:1 7286:. 7264:: 7234:. 7204:: 7177:. 7146:. 7124:: 7097:. 7085:: 7062:. 7035:: 7005:. 6983:: 6975:: 6952:. 6927:. 6895:: 6842:: 6815:. 6785:: 6758:. 6728:: 6701:. 6681:: 6658:. 6634:: 6607:. 6585:: 6579:3 6558:. 6536:: 6530:3 6504:. 6482:: 6455:. 6441:: 6431:: 6404:. 6374:: 6347:. 6315:: 6283:. 6261:: 6203:. 6191:: 6164:. 6144:: 6121:. 6101:: 6078:. 6056:: 6029:. 6017:: 5994:. 5972:: 5945:. 5902:. 5874:: 5851:. 5821:: 5794:. 5780:: 5753:. 5733:: 5710:. 5690:: 5667:. 5635:: 5629:6 5608:. 5586:: 5559:. 5539:: 5516:. 5496:: 5469:. 5455:: 5428:. 5416:: 5410:6 5393:. 5373:: 5350:. 5318:: 5291:. 5277:: 5250:. 5220:: 5214:4 5186:. 5166:: 5143:. 5111:: 5084:. 5064:: 5041:. 5019:: 4989:. 4965:: 4959:3 4938:. 4924:: 4897:. 4885:: 4862:. 4840:: 4832:: 4805:. 4783:: 4777:1 4756:. 4724:. 4718:: 4676:. 4654:: 4627:) 4613:. 4591:: 4564:. 4550:: 4523:. 4488:. 4474:: 4447:. 4400:. 4390:4 4354:. 4329:. 4309:: 4301:: 4278:. 4264:: 4230:. 4193:. 4169:: 4161:: 4155:6 4131:. 4117:: 4071:. 4037:: 4001:. 3979:: 3973:9 3939:. 3892:. 3859:. 3847:: 3824:. 3775:. 3761:: 3734:. 3702:. 3676:. 3650:. 3624:. 3598:. 3572:. 3546:. 3516:. 3487:. 3461:. 3435:. 3403:. 3372:. 3342:. 3318:: 3312:3 3291:. 3259:: 3232:. 3218:: 3212:4 3188:. 3174:: 3147:. 3133:: 3106:. 3102:: 3079:. 3075:: 3052:. 3021:. 2990:. 2971:: 2955:2 2931:. 2911:: 2888:. 2862:. 2838:: 2811:. 2789:: 2781:: 2754:. 2719:: 2689:. 2669:: 2646:. 2634:: 2611:. 2597:: 2570:. 2543:. 2521:: 2494:. 2478:: 2472:9 2451:. 2429:: 2402:. 2390:: 2384:7 2367:. 2338:: 2309:. 2278:. 2262:: 2235:. 2221:: 2211:: 2184:. 2162:: 2156:1 2135:. 2121:: 2067:) 2053:. 2007:. 1970:. 1940:) 1926:. 1898:. 1874:: 1847:. 1823:: 1791:. 1777:: 1727:. 1699:7 1678:. 1654:: 1620:. 1596:: 1590:5 1566:. 1544:: 1514:. 1483:. 953:2 951:O 949:2 583:( 368:, 64:-

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index