Quarantine - Knowledge (XXG)

457: 514:. No result came of those at Paris (1852), Constantinople (1866), Vienna (1874), and Rome (1885), but each of the subsequent ones doctrine of constructive infection of a ship as coming from a scheduled port, and an approximation to the principles advocated by the United Kingdom for many years. The principal countries which retained the old system at the time were Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, and Russia (the British possessions at the time, Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus, being under the same influence). The aim of each international sanitary convention had been to bind the governments to a uniform minimum of preventive action, with further restrictions permissible to individual countries. The minimum specified by international conventions was very nearly the same as the British practice, which had been in turn adapted to continental opinion in the matter of the importation of rags. 546:

which ratifications were exchanged on 7 April 1925. Another was concluded between the governments of Germany and Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and entered into effect on 15 February 1923. Another one was signed between the governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December 1922. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July 1923. The Polish government also concluded such a convention with the Soviet government on 7 February 1923, for which ratifications were exchanged on 8 January 1924. A sanitary convention was also concluded between the governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5 September 1925, for which ratifications were exchanged on 22 October 1926. A convention was signed between the governments of Germany and Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications were exchanged on 6 July 1927.

1427:. The medical officer of the port boarded the ship and examined every person in it. Every person found infected was taken to a hospital and quarantined under the orders of the medical officer, and the vessel remained under his orders. Every person suspected could be detained on board for 48 hours or removed to the hospital for a similar period. All others were free to land upon giving the addresses of their destinations to be sent to the respective local authorities, so that the dispersed passengers and crew could be kept individually under observation for a few days. The ship was then disinfected, dead bodies buried at sea, infected clothing, bedding, etc., destroyed or disinfected, and 1384:, the owners receiving an indemnity. Animal hides were suspected of harbouring infections, along with a long list of other items, and these had to be exposed on the ship's deck for twenty-one days or less (six days for each instalment of the cargo), and then transported to the lazaret, where they were opened and aired for another forty days. The whole detention of the vessel was from sixty to sixty-five days, including the time for reshipment of her cargo. Pilots had to pass fifteen days on board a convalescent ship. From 1846 onwards the quarantine establishments in the United Kingdom were gradually reduced, while the last vestige of the British quarantine law was removed by the 453:(sometimes referred to as "reverse quarantine") to keep the infected from introducing influenza into healthy populations. Additionally, the nature of the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic gave rise to a public awareness of the dichotomy between "crowd" and "home" diseases. Simply quarantining the sick in isolation was ineffective in halting the spread of the disease, and new quarantine standards that extended regulations to public spaces became increasingly more common. Most Western countries implemented a range of containment strategies, including isolation, surveillance, and the closure of schools, churches, theatres, and public events. 1749: 866:, "Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable." Although youngsters appear to be less vulnerable to 2170:. "Hickox was sequestered in a medical tent for days because New Jersey announced new Ebola regulations the day she arrived. She eventually was allowed to travel to Maine, where the state sought to impose a 'voluntary quarantine' before trying and failing to create a buffer between her and others. A state judge rejected attempts to restrict her movements, saying she posed no threat as long as she wasn't demonstrating any symptoms of Ebola. Hickox said health care professionals like those at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – not politicians like New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie and Maine Gov. 1014:(DAWE) is responsible for border inspection of products brought into Australia, and assesses the risks the products might harm Australian environment. No person, goods, and vessels are permitted into Australia without clearance from DAFF. Visitors are required to fill in the information card on arriving in Australia. Besides other risk factors, visitors are required to declare what food and products made of wood and other natural materials they have. Visitors who fail to do so may be subject to a fine of A$ 444, or may face criminal prosecution and be fined up to A$ 444,000 or imprisonment of up to 10 years. 870:, the side effects of the pandemic can be devastating. Quarantine from the pandemic led to an increase the prevalence of violence in the family, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Children and adolescents may be highly exposed to biopsychosocial stressors generated by the pandemic and once population's containment measures to reduce virus spread are required, they could be potentially affected by the disruption in daily life routine as a result of social isolation and their unseasoned ability to conceive and comprehend the short- and long-term consequences of this outbreak. 1178: 563:, it was decided after discussion a healthy vessel could pass through the Suez Canal and continue its voyage in the Mediterranean during the incubation period of the disease and that vessels passing through the Canal in quarantine might, subject to the use of the electric light, coal up in quarantine at Port Said by night or by day, and that passengers might embark in quarantine at that port. Infected vessels, if these carry a doctor and a disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the Canal in quarantine and subject only to the landing of those who have plague. 2398:

reported escalating case numbers and deaths, more and more countries began to announce travel restrictions and lockdowns. Africa and Latin America were relatively delayed in the spread of the virus, but even on these continents, countries began to impose travel bans and lockdowns. Brazil and Mexico began lockdowns in late February and much of the rest of Latin America followed suit in early March. Much of Africa was on lockdown by the start of April. Kenya, for example, blocked certain international flights and subsequently placed a ban on 'global' meetings.

1971: 29: 1283:, and various arbitrary orders were issued during the next twenty years to meet the supposed danger of infection from the Baltic region. Although no plague cases ever came to England during that period, the restrictions on traffic became more stringent, and in 1788 a very strict Quarantine Act was passed, with provisions affecting cargoes in particular. The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at discretion of the 1022:—is the focus for quarantine activities that protect all Australians. As Australia has been geographically isolated from other major continents for millions of years, there is an endemically unique ecosystem free of several severe pests and diseases that are present in many parts of the world. If other products are brought inside along with pests and diseases, it would damage the ecosystem seriously and add millions of costs in the local agricultural businesses. 1762: 1287:, which recognised yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague. The threat of cholera in 1831 was the last occasion in England of the use of quarantine restrictions. Cholera affected every country in Europe, despite all efforts to keep it out. When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports. In 1847 the privy council ordered all arrivals with a clean 847: 2183: 2322: 936: 416: 7216: 1667: 5862: 2276:, effectively quarantining more than 50,000 people. This followed a second day when the declared detected cases leapt enormously (the period from 21 to 23 February saw daily increases of 567%, 295% and 90% respectively). A week later the rate of increase of cases in Italy was significantly reduced (the period from 29 February to 4 March saw daily increases of 27%, 50%, 20%, 23%, and 23%). 5973: 7240: 662: 7228: 1463: 768:, proportionality, and gradualism, noting that public health can be used as grounds for limiting certain rights if the state needs to take measures 'aimed at preventing disease or injury or providing care for the sick and injured.' Limitations on rights (such as quarantine) must be 'strictly necessary,' meaning that they must: 1876:

responsibility for preventing the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the United States, and expanded quarantine authority to include incoming aircraft. The act states that "...any individual reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable

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A QO who has reasonable grounds to believe that the traveller has or might have a communicable disease or is infested with vectors, after the medical examination of a traveller, can order him/her into treatment or measures to prevent the person from spreading the disease. QO can detain any traveller

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Sanitary conventions were also concluded between European states. A Soviet-Latvian sanitary convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 18 October 1923. A bilateral sanitary convention was concluded between the governments of Latvia and Poland on 7 July 1922, for

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In Latin America, a series of regional sanitary conventions were concluded. Such a convention was concluded in Rio de Janeiro on 12 June 1904. A sanitary convention between the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay was concluded in Montevideo on 21 April 1914. The convention covers

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where arriving ship personnel were held for up to 40 days. According to current estimates, the bubonic plague had a 37-day period from infection to death; therefore, the European quarantines would have been highly successful in determining the health of crews from potential trading and supply ships.

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was unanimously adopted. Each government had to notify other governments of the existence of plague within their jurisdictions and state the measures of prevention being carried out to prevent its spread. The area declared infected was limited to the district or village where the disease prevailed,

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United Nations Economic and Social Council UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "The Siracusa Principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," Section I.A.12 UN Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex.

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and other major cities in China, affecting around 500 million people, which is unprecedented in scale in human history, to limit the rate of spread of the disease. The 'lockdown' of Wuhan, and subsequently a wider-scale 'lockdown' throughout Hubei province, began on 23 January 2020. At this stage,

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called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature. It included to a strict quarantine along the Upper and Lower New York-Canadian frontier. In addition, New York City Mayor Walter Browne established a quarantine against all

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Plain yellow, green, and even black flags have been used to symbolise disease in both ships and ports, with the colour yellow having a longer historical precedent, as a colour of marking for houses of infection, previous to its use as a maritime marking colour for disease. The former flag used for

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quarantined itself from the world for a period of one month. Most governments around the world restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak. By late 2020, the virus had already spread within communities in large parts of the world,

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route; that of Dresden of 15 April 1893, with cholera within European countries; that of Paris of 3 April 1894, with cholera by the pilgrim traffic; and that of Venice, on 19 March 1897, was in connection with the outbreak of plague in the East, and the conference met to settle on an international

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established new quarantine systems. In 1831, Mehmet Ali of Egypt founded the Quarantine Board in Alexandria. In 1838, the Ottoman government installed the Supreme Council of Health, including the Quarantine Administration, in Istanbul. These two institutions set up permanent quarantines throughout

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In fact, until this recent situation, the CDC hadn't issued such an order since 1963, when it quarantined a woman for smallpox exposure. Even during the SARS epidemic in 2003, officials relied mostly on voluntary isolation and quarantine. And the last large-scale quarantine in the U.S. took place

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where it is located, each station is also responsible for quarantining potentially infected travellers entering through any ports of entry in its assigned region. These facilities are fairly small; each one is operated by a few staff members and capable of accommodating 1–2 travellers for a short

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The law allows for health officers who have reasonable grounds to detain, isolate, quarantine anyone or anything believed to be infected, and to restrict any articles from leaving a designated quarantine area. He/she may also order the Civil Aviation Department to prohibit the landing or leaving,

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In the immediate context of the start of the pandemic in Wuhan, countries neighbouring or close to China adopted a cautious approach. For example, Sri Lanka, Macau, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Japan, and South Korea had all imposed some degree of lockdown by 19 February. As countries across the world

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On 26 April 2020, the so-called "Phase 2" was announced, to start from 4 May. Movements across regions were still forbidden, while movements between municipalities were allowed only to visit relatives or for work and health reasons. Moreover, closed factories could re-open, but schools, bars,

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Australia has very strict quarantine standards. Quarantine in northern Australia is especially important because of its proximity to South-East Asia and the Pacific, which have many pests and diseases not present in Australia. For this reason, the region from Cairns to Broome—including the

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A multilateral international sanitary convention was concluded at Paris on 17 January 1912. This convention was most comprehensive and was designated to replace all previous conventions on that matter. It was signed by 40 countries, and consisted of 160 articles. Ratifications by 16 of the

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The purpose of such quarantine-for-decontamination is to prevent the spread of contamination and to contain the contamination such that others are not put at risk from a person fleeing a scene where contamination is suspect. It can also be used to limit exposure, as well as eliminate a

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On 8 March 2020, a much wider region of Northern Italy was placed under quarantine restrictions, involving around 16 million people. On the next day, the quarantine was extended to the whole of Italy, effective on 10 March 2020, placing roughly 60 million people under quarantine.

2021:, and was forcibly isolated from 1907 to 1910. At least 53 cases of the infection were traced to her, and three deaths. Subsequently, she spent a further 23 years in isolation prior to her death in 1938. The presence of the bacteria in her gallbladder was confirmed on autopsy. 2585:

The 19 airports with quarantine facilities are in Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York City (JFK), Newark, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.

1077:. If the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the traveller is or might have been infected with a communicable disease or refused to provide answers, a quarantine officer (QO) must be called and the person is to be isolated. If a person refuses to be isolated, any 1298:

After the passing of the first Quarantine Act (1710) the protective practices in England were haphazard and arbitrary. In 1721 two vessels carrying cotton goods from Cyprus, then affected by the plague, were ordered to be burned with their cargoes, the owners receiving an

1111:(HK Laws. Chap 599), a health officer may seize articles they believe to be infectious or containing infectious agents. All travellers, if requested, must submit themselves to a health officer. Failure to do so is against the law and is subject to arrest and prosecution. 1957:

on itself to stop the spread of the bubonic plague to other communities in 1665. The plague ran its course over 14 months and one account states that it killed at least 260 villagers. The church in Eyam has a record of 273 individuals who were victims of the plague.

2864:...the Israelites' punishment for certain infractions is to isolate or expel the offending individual from the camp... ...Since uncleanness bars a person from approaching the sacred religious items, physical impurity places one farthest from the center of Israel... 1729:

The United States puts immediate quarantines on imported products if a contagious disease is identified and can be traced back to a certain shipment or product. All imports will also be quarantined if the disease appears in other countries. According to Title

403:. The practise at all the Mediterranean lazarets did not differ from the English procedure in the Levantine and North African trade. On the arrival of cholera in 1831 some new lazarets were set up at western ports; notably, a very extensive establishment near 347:

prolonged the waiting period to 40 days, thus giving birth to the term "quarantine". The forty-day quarantine proved to be an effective formula for handling outbreaks of the plague. Dubrovnik was the first city in Europe to set up quarantine sites such as the

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Anyone with such a defiling disease must wear torn clothes, let their hair be unkempt, cover the lower part of their face and cry out, "Unclean! Unclean!" As long as they have the disease they remain unclean. They must live alone; they must live outside the

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Since the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire has isolated travellers coming from epidemic areas during the Bubonic plague. A quarantine involved isolating healthy travellers for a period of time so that it could be ascertained if they were sick or not.

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and no locality was deemed to be infected because of the importation into it of a few cases of plague while there has been no spread. It was decided during the prevalence of plague, every country had the right to close its land borders to traffic. At the

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Ethical and practical considerations need to be considered when applying quarantine to people. Practice differs from country to country; in some countries, quarantine is just one of many measures governed by legislation relating to the broader concept of

1857:, people were also quarantined. Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected 438:

and outbreaks in Georgia (1856) and Florida (1888). Cholera and smallpox epidemics continued throughout the nineteenth century, and plague epidemics affected Honolulu and San Francisco from 1899 until 1901. State governments generally relied on the

1096:, inspectors can prohibit access to an infected area, dispose or treat any infected or suspected to be infected animals or plants. The Minister can order for compensation to be given if animals/plants were destroyed pursuant to these acts. 7026: 1927: 299:. The separation of lepers from the general population was also practiced in the Moroccan city of Fez, where lepers were relocated to a cave system outside of the city. Dedicated leprosariums were built in the time of the Ottoman sultan 553:

for this disease was determined and this was to be adopted for administrative purposes. The incubation period was comparatively short, some three or four days. After much discussion ten days was accepted by a majority. The principle of

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observation period. Cost estimates for setting up a temporary larger facility, capable of accommodating 100 to 200 travellers for several weeks, have been published by the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) in 2008 of the

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pumped out at a suitable distance before the ship entered a dock or basin. Mail was subject to no detention. A stricken ship within 3 miles of the shore had to fly a yellow and black flag at the main mast from sunrise to sunset.

1423:(for signalling), were empowered to take the initial steps. They certified in writing the master of a supposedly infected ship, and detained the vessel provisionally for not more than twelve hours, giving notice meanwhile to the 1615:

When an individual who is moving between U.S. states is "reasonably believed to be infected" with a quarantinable communicable disease in a "qualifying stage", the CDC may apprehend or examine that individual for potential

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recognised by the federal government) have primary authority to quarantine people within their boundaries. Federal jurisdiction only applies to people moving across state or national borders, or people on federal property.

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signatories were exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920. Another multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21 June 1926, to replace that of 1912. It was signed by 58 countries worldwide, and consisted of 172 articles.

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Since 1852, several conferences were held involving European powers, with a view to uniform action in keeping out infection from the East and preventing its spread within Europe. All but that of 1897 were concerned with

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On 22 March 2020, Russia sent nine Ilyushin 76 planes with expert virologists, epidemiologists, medical equipment, and pharmaceuticals in a humanitarian aid operation that Italian media dubbed "From Russia With Love".

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Moses ordered that dwellings from which infected Jews had gone should be inspected before being occupied again, and that people recovering from contagious disease were not to be allowed to go abroad until examined.

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After 1800, ships from plague-affected countries (or with foul bills) were permitted to complete their quarantine in the Medway instead of at a Mediterranean port on the way, and an extensive lazaret was built on

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attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad advised individuals present in a region with a plague outbreak to remain in place, and advised healthy individuals to avoid traveling there. The Persian Muslim polymath

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Both antivirus and anti-spyware programs either quarantine or remove the malicious file. A quarantined file is temporarily disabled, usually by moving it to a sandboxed directory. An administrator may restore

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was among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease. This failure by the New Zealand government to prevent and contain the Spanish Flu subsequently rekindled

493:, along the Greek-Turkish border, all travellers entering and exiting the Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 9–15 days. Upon appearance of the plague, the quarantine stations would be militarised and the 489:, all ships and their cargo would be inspected and those suspected of carrying the plague would be towed to separate docks and their personnel housed in separate buildings for a determined period of time. In 5488: 1327:

and quarantine. In 1780, when plague was in Poland, even vessels with grain from the Baltic region had to spend forty days in quarantine, and unpack and air their cargoes, but due to complaints mainly from

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Civil rights activists in some cases have objected to people being rounded up, stripped and showered against their will. But Capt. Chmiel said local health authorities have "certain powers to quarantine

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took the lead in measures to check the spread of plague, having appointed three guardians of public health in the first years of the Black Death (1348). The next record of preventive measures comes from

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language in the 14th and 15th centuries and also in France. The word is designated in the period during which all ships were required to be isolated before passengers and crew could go ashore during the

4523:]. The Statutes at Large : from Magna Charta, to the End of the Last Parliament, 1761. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: Mark Baskett, Henry Woodfall, and William Strahan. pp. 420–421. 271:

argued for controlling “the spread of diseases" in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine, published in 1025. He also recommended quarantine for patients with infectious diseases, especially

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As cases of the virus spread to and took hold in more European countries, many followed the earlier examples of China and Italy and began instituting policies of lockdown. Notable among these were

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Emergency Committee criticised international travel restrictions imposed during the epidemic as ineffective due to difficulty of enforcement, and counterproductive as they slowed down aid efforts.

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The concept of quarantine has been known since biblical times, and is known to have been practised through history in various places. Notable quarantines in modern history include the village of

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persons) per day and consistently falling, it was expected that museums and retailers might reopen from 18 May, while hairdressers, bars and restaurants were expected to reopen fully on 1 June.

456: 236:. The medical nature of this isolation is, however, disputed. As traditional exegesis (dated 700 CE) sees it as a punishment for trespassing one of several negative commandment, most notably 2444:. Health specialists advise that self-quarantine lasts 14 days. Two weeks gives the necessary time for them to determine whether or not they will become ill and become contagious to others. 1994:

during the voyage, including 36 convicts, and the ship was placed in quarantine on the North Shore. Convicts were landed, and a camp was established in the immediate vicinity of what is now

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Ships in quarantine today would fly either the Q flag alone, meaning "My vessel is 'healthy' and I request free pratique", or the double Q flag (QQ), meaning "I require health clearance".

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of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully preventing influenza from infecting the population and thus achieving zero deaths within the territory. In contrast, the neighbouring

2080:. Subsequently, a quarantine order was placed on the island. The quarantine was lifted in 1990, when the island was declared safe, and a flock of sheep was released onto the island. 240:. A more recent hypothesis postulates that the infected are required to isolate themselves in order to prevent spread of disease (although the Bible does not imply contagiousness of 1840:

and less advanced stages of tuberculosis and diphtheria; those affected by smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, leprosy or typhoid fever, could neither be received nor treated there.

2392: 1303:. By the clause in the Levant Trade Act of 1752, ships arriving in the United Kingdom with a "foul bill" (i.e. coming from a country where plague existed) had to return to the 1011: 761: 886:

shower. For example, an article entitled "Daily News workers quarantined" describes a brief quarantine that lasted until people could be showered in a decontamination tent.

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peoples and products of Europe and Asia, which prohibited ships from approaching closer than 300 yards to the city, and all vehicles were ordered to stop 1.5 miles away.

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if they exhibited symptoms of smallpox. Those who discovered symptoms of the disease after entering Ashanti were quarantined in remote villages. In the 1830s, both the

950: 542:. It was ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13 October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27 September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on 18 January 1921. 315:, the Venetian language form, meaning "forty days". This is due to the 40-day isolation of ships and people practised as a measure of disease prevention related to the 1250:

The plague had disappeared from England for more than thirty years before the practice of quarantine against it was definitely established by the Quarantine Act 1710 (

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Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged urban communities in North America throughout the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, the best-known examples being the

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Limit to 72 hours the amount of time that an individual may be apprehended pending the issuance of a federal order for isolation, quarantine, or conditional release.

922:, mobile hospitals, and lockdown/invacuation (inverse evacuation) procedures, as well as docking stations for an ambulance bus to dock to a facility under lockdown. 1790: 5649: 2290:

Eventually the lockdown was extended until 3 May, although starting from 14 April stationery shops, bookshops, and children clothing's shops were allowed to open.

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gives various meanings to the noun form, including "a period of 40 days", several relating to ships, "a state of enforced isolation", and as "a restriction on the

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refers to the restriction of movement of people into or out of a defined geographic area, such as a community, in order to prevent an infection from spreading.

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wiped out an estimated 30% of Europe's population, and a significant percentage of Asia's population. Such a disaster led governments to establish measures of

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of the President. As of 2014, these include Executive Orders 13295 13375, and 13674; the latest executive order specifies the following infectious diseases:

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from continental Europe, the United Kingdom used to require that dogs, and most other animals introduced to the country, spend six months in quarantine at an

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the spread of the virus in mainland China was running at approximately 50% growth in cases per day. On 8 February, the daily rate of spread fell below 10%.

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The mandatory quarantine of special groups of patients, including those with leprosy, started early in Islamic history. In the early 8th century the sixth

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Coronavirus, Fase 2: dal 4 maggio sì a incontri con familiari. Il 18 riapriranno i negozi, il primo giugno bar, ristoranti, parrucchieri e centri estetici

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This includes new regulatory authority permitting the CDC Director to prohibit the importation of animals or products that pose a threat to public health.

7061: 3848: 3818: 2202:, multiple governmental actors enacted quarantines in an effort to curb the rapid spread of the virus. Quarantine-like restrictions on movement included 2100:, were quarantined (in each case for a total of 21 days) after returning to Earth, initially where they were recovered, and then were transferred to the 1868:"to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the 1594: 1586: 757: 5833: 1295:

and the Levant to be admitted, provided there had been no case of plague during the voyage, and afterwards the practice of quarantine was discontinued.

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the powers to deal with ships arriving infected with yellow fever or plague. The powers to deal with cholera ships had been already transferred by the

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peacetime and wartime authority to control the movement of people into and within the United States to prevent the spread of communicable disease.

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who was arrested and quarantined in 1907 and later spent the last 23 years and 7 months of her life in medical isolation at Riverside Hospital on

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was converted into a plague hospital. The great lazaret of Marseille, perhaps the most complete of its kind, was founded in 1526 on the island of

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Peter Oliver Okin, "The Yellow Flag of Quarantine: An Analysis of the Historical and Prospective Impacts of Socio-Legal Controls Over Contagion,"

5308:[Coronavirus, in ten Lombard municipalities: 50 thousand people forced to stay at home. Quarantine at the Milanese hospital in Baggio]. 7071: 6387: 5289: 1877:

disease in a qualifying stage and...if found to be infected, may be detained for such time and in such manner as may be reasonably necessary."

1742: 1323:) having been done previously on the ship's deck. No medical inspections were conducted, but control was the responsibility of the Officers of 1200: 5574: 5218: 1444:

In the United States, authority to quarantine people with infectious diseases is split between the state and federal governments. States (and

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basis the steps to be taken to prevent, if possible, its spread into Europe. An additional convention was signed in Paris on 3 December 1903.

7129: 7036: 6037: 5906: 5812: 4737: 4562: 4296: 3204: 2678: 2627: 6029: 6021: 5877: 5331: 5236: 4811: 686:) flag, which is a mixture of yellow and black flags previously used. It is sometimes called the "yellow jack" but this was also a name for 7119: 608: 232:, written in the 7th century BC or perhaps earlier, which describes the procedure for separating out people infected with the skin disease 5504: 3040:

Dunlop D, Colin G, Şehsuvaroǧlu BN (24 April 2012). "Bīmāristān". In Bearman P, Bianquis T, Bosworth C, van Donzel E, Heinrichs W (eds.).

1563: 1336:, an exception was made for grain after that date. About 1788 an order of the council required every ship liable to quarantine to hoist a 3489: 1388:

of 1896, which repealed the Quarantine Act of 1825 (with dependent clauses of other acts), and transferred from the privy council to the

690:, which probably derives its common name from the flag, not the colour of the victims (cholera ships also used a yellow flag). The plain 7076: 6640: 6228: 2034: 2014: 1873: 1810: 1698: 1307:

of Malta, Venice, Messina, Livorno, Genoa, or Marseille, to complete a quarantine or to have their cargoes opened and aired. Since 1741

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nurse from Maine, legally battled 21-day quarantines imposed by the states of New Jersey and Maine after returning home from treating

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in the daytime and show a light at the main topmast head at night, in case of meeting any vessel at sea, or upon arriving within four

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A team of Chinese experts, together with some 31 tonnes of supplies, arrived in Rome on 13 March 2020 to help Italy fight the virus.

7134: 6660: 6243: 6050: 1798: 1571: 1505: 1315:) had been the quarantine station but it was available only for vessels with clean bills of health. In 1755 lazarets in the form of 980: 1748: 343:) in a restricted place (originally nearby islands) waiting to see whether the symptoms of Black Death would develop. In 1448 the 2956: 1483:

Summary of CDC quarantine regulations and powers only covers recent changes rather than explaining the whole body of regulations.

897: 7244: 5306:"Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio" 5255:"A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown — here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions" 4940: 4414: 1918: 6777: 6405: 6382: 2401:

As of 1 April 2020, more than 280 million people, or about 86% of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the

2345: 2125: 1833: 1054:. If a health emergency exists, the Governor in Council can prohibit importation of anything that it deems necessary under the 1051: 356:

Other diseases lent themselves to the practice of quarantine before and after the devastation of the plague. Those affected by

100: 5011: 1705:(CDC) operates small quarantine facilities at a number of US ports of entry. As of 2014, these included one land crossing (in 1518:

Communicable diseases for which apprehension, detention, or conditional release of people are authorised must be specified in

575: 7271: 7051: 7001: 6813: 6710: 6471: 6372: 6285: 6077: 5666:"More than 85% of all Americans have been ordered to stay at home. This map shows which cities and states are under lockdown" 4913: 4055: 2507: 4924: 566:

In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected of carrying infectious diseases have been quarantined, as in the cases of

6884: 6655: 2325: 2052: 1847: 1794: 1718: 1235: 1047: 619: 2440:, which spread to most countries in 2020. Citizens able to do so were encouraged to stay home to limit the spread of the 1880:

No federal quarantine orders were issued from 1963 until 2020, as American citizens were evacuated from China during the

677:), but in modern use indicates the opposite, as a signal of a ship free of disease that requests boarding and inspection. 60:. It is often used in connection to disease and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been exposed to a 7276: 6749: 6476: 5388: 3878: 3842: 2361: 2357: 2105: 1752:

The quarantine hospital building (lazaretto) at the historic Columbia River Quarantine Station near Knappton, Washington

882:

attack, in which people are allowed to leave as soon as they shed their potentially contaminated garments and undergo a

5943:

Frati P (2000). "Quarantine, trade and health policies in Ragusa-Dubrovnik until the age of George Armmenius-Baglivi".

5027: 4470: 4444: 1478: 6896: 6789: 6700: 6513: 6501: 6410: 6099: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2353: 2316: 2241: 2138: 1953: 1702: 1487: 1372:(although it was later demolished). The use of floating hulks as lazarets continued as before. In 1800 two ships with 1182: 445:

as a geographic quarantine measure to control the movement of people into and out of affected communities. During the

441: 204: 20: 5201: 5179: 3950: 3028:

Islamic medicine heralded a disciplinary model which included quarantine, hospitals and systematic clinical training.

2941: 1416: 893:

suggests that people be "locked in a room until proper decon could be performed", in the event of "suspect anthrax".

2464:, because a quarantine is a legal act in peacetime, whereas a blockade is defined as an act of aggression under the 748:

Guidance on when and how human rights can be restricted to prevent the spread of infectious disease is found in the

6966: 6891: 6796: 6332: 6011: 3935: 2341: 2263: 2259: 2234: 2101: 2049: 1904: 639: 6951: 3279: 1970: 7088: 7083: 6650: 6357: 6315: 6279: 6186: 5254: 4785: 3733: 2560: 2534: 2133: 1865: 1806: 1547: 1146:, where animals can avoid quarantine if they have documentation showing they are up to date on their appropriate 1123: 612: 583: 5684: 5447: 3445:

Hamed-Troyansky V (2021). "Ottoman and Egyptian Quarantines and European Debates on Plague in the 1830s–1840s".

199:, in which those confirmed to be infected with a communicable disease are isolated from the healthy population. 72:, in which those confirmed to be infected with a communicable disease are isolated from the healthy population. 7232: 6926: 6625: 6337: 6233: 2546: 2441: 2329: 2045: 999: 710:', i.e. that declares itself free of quarantinable disease, and requests boarding and routine port inspection. 631: 450: 428: 349: 116: 5665: 4584: 2340:(where schools were closed in mid March for the rest of the month, and limits were set on sizes of meetings), 1909: 1412: 1832:, built in 1892, is often mistakenly assumed to have been a quarantine station, however its marine hospital ( 7197: 7124: 6956: 5775: 2698: 2522: 2422: 2159: 1898: 1337: 1074: 782: 765: 691: 485:

the eastern Mediterranean, based on the western Mediterranean quarantine model. For example, at the port of

196: 69: 6695: 4000:"Failing Siracusa: Governments' obligations to find the least restrictive options for tuberculosis control" 7220: 7192: 6971: 6181: 6092: 5489:

Coronavirus, il nuovo decreto del 26 aprile: ecco il calendario di quello che si potrà fare nella "fase 2"

5071: 2483: 1814: 1786: 1781:, the city of New York established a quarantine. In the 1730s, the city built a quarantine station on the 1393: 1389: 946: 555: 103:, the SARS pandemic, the Ebola pandemic and extensive quarantines applied throughout the world during the 96: 4120:"Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy" 1731: 749: 7177: 6961: 6496: 6397: 6290: 6139: 4875: 4808:"G. William Beardslee, "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic – Part 2: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio."" 3790: 1922: 1190: 1070: 912: 855: 775: 535: 6540: 4697: 4681: 3730:

Statement on the 8th meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee regarding the Ebola outbreak in West Africa

2475:

into a special directory, so as to eliminate the threat they pose, without irreversibly deleting them.

2307:

Regional lockdowns were subsequently imposed as further waves of the virus spread through the country.

1850:

to "remove to a proper place…any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease."

5757: 7152: 6936: 6801: 6767: 6715: 6535: 6481: 6437: 6327: 6265: 6154: 6149: 5113: 4781: 2457: 1931: 1066: 1065:, all travellers must submit to screening and if they believe they might have come into contact with 1006: 733: 635: 590: 121: 2607: 1846:

was quarantined in 1907 under the Greater New York Charter, Sections 1169–1170, which permitted the

1473: 1319:

were established in England for the first time, the cleansing of cargo (particularly by exposure to

7281: 7266: 7162: 7157: 6931: 6730: 6720: 6555: 6164: 3965: 2927: 2906: 2246: 2207: 1635: 1609: 1602: 1559: 1256:). The first act was called for due to fears that the plague might be imported from Poland and the 803: 181: 49: 33: 6034: 6002: 1195:

An Act to oblige Ships, coming from Places infected, more effectually to perform their Quarentine.

415: 327:

to handle recurrent epidemics. A document from 1377 states that before entering the city-state of

6784: 6367: 6216: 3812: 3700: 3427: 3411: 2456:

euphemistically referred to the U.S. Navy's interdiction of shipping en route to Cuba during the

2218: 1836:) only qualified as a contagious disease facility to handle less virulent diseases like measles, 1608:

Individuals must apply for a travel permit if they are under a Federal quarantine, isolation, or

1272: 1115:

embarking or disembarking of an aircraft. This power also extends to land, sea or air crossings.

1031: 794:

only limit rights that are within the jurisdiction of the state seeking to impose the limitation.

670: 656: 600:, thousands of Chinese people were quarantined and checkpoints to take temperatures were set up. 498: 473: 400: 375: 360:

were historically isolated long-term from society, and attempts were made to check the spread of

328: 163: 5138: 1782: 901:

senior correspondent Steve Urbon (14 February 2003) describes such temporary quarantine powers:

4514: 4496: 2856: 2845: 2670: 1761: 6946: 6941: 6869: 6818: 6592: 6572: 6560: 6520: 6491: 6459: 6377: 6270: 6238: 6134: 6025: 6017: 5982: 5952: 5902: 5808: 5334:[Coronavirus, how quarantine works and what threatens those who violate it (arrest)]. 5049: 4994: 4909: 4887: 4856: 4733: 4656: 4558: 4524: 4371: 4292: 4269: 4200: 4151: 4100: 4051: 4029: 3897: 3667: 3482: 3419: 3376: 3327: 3200: 3095: 3019: 2674: 2623: 2565: 2513: 2437: 2199: 2041: 2030: 1986: 1975: 1881: 1854: 1645:

protections for individuals subject to public health orders, including a right to counsel for

1385: 1119: 863: 579: 550: 229: 146: 104: 65: 5802: 5650:

Kenya: Govt imposes month-long ban on global meetings in measures to avert coronavirus spread

4716: 2901: 1627:

Do not authorise compulsory medical testing, vaccination, or medical treatment without prior

7111: 6864: 6823: 6635: 6610: 6422: 6352: 6196: 5929: 4984: 4846: 4725: 4724:, TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 5, The National Academies Press, 4718:

Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs

4550: 4361: 4351: 4259: 4251: 4190: 4182: 4141: 4131: 4090: 4080: 4019: 4011: 3887: 3657: 3649: 3450: 3403: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3317: 3309: 3175: 3165: 3085: 3045: 3009: 3001: 2817: 2741: 2731: 2662: 2615: 2222: 1802: 1777:

Quarantine law began in Colonial America in 1663, when in an attempt to curb an outbreak of

1628: 1535: 1316: 1268: 1085:

who refuses to comply with his/her orders or undergo health assessments as required by law.

846: 811:

all actions must be explained clearly to those whose rights are restricted and to the public

582:, several countries implemented measures to control spread of the disease. In addition, the 316: 5404: 4069:"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence" 2876: 2182: 1638:

that they will be conducted by an authorised health worker and with prior informed consent.

7172: 6874: 6677: 6670: 6605: 6545: 6427: 6417: 6347: 6320: 6305: 6260: 6250: 6201: 6054: 6041: 5998: 5591: 5411: 3939: 3757:"Coronavirus update: India quarantines itself from world for a month to fight coronavirus" 3493: 2498: – Preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission 2453: 2321: 2073: 1738: 1519: 1432: 1353: 962: 883: 673:", is a simple yellow flag that was historically used to signal quarantine (it stands for 531: 344: 189: 177: 57: 6047: 4876:"Six Seconds Per Eyelid: the medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1892-1914" 4389: 3261:

Mark Skubik, "Public Health Politics and the San Francisco Plague Epidemic of 1900–1904,"

593:, many people were quarantined. Vessels and aircraft carrying passengers were fumigated. 295:

from the general population, with some later sources crediting the caliph with opening a

6063: 5978: 4600: 4340:"Quarantine Vehicle Scheduling for Transferring High-Risk Individuals in Epidemic Areas" 3715:

Yanzong Huang, "The SARS Epidemic and its Aftermath in China: A Political Persecutive",

2510: – Regulations adopted by NASA to guard the Earth against any harmful contamination 1680:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1279:. In 1752 a rigorous quarantine clause was introduced into an act regulating trade with 1050:

after a complete rewrite in 2005. The second and third legislations are enforced by the

918:

New developments for quarantine include new concepts in quarantine vehicles such as the

6859: 6645: 6582: 6567: 6550: 6508: 6310: 6191: 5290:

Coronavirus COVID-19 prompts China to lock down its megacities as the death toll climbs

4989: 4972: 4945: 4851: 4834: 4366: 4339: 4264: 4240: 4195: 4170: 4146: 4119: 4095: 4068: 4024: 3999: 3662: 3637: 3371: 3346: 3322: 3297: 3014: 2989: 2924:

An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World

2761: 2746: 2719: 2619: 2516: – Medical discipline for preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection 2472: 2273: 2037: 1995: 1817:

was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those with cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox.

1706: 1424: 1420: 1404: 1288: 837:

patients will be compensated fairly for economic and material losses, including salary.

725:, especially in cases of long confinement or segregation from society, such as that of 604: 567: 477: 469: 84: 80: 5357:

Coronavirus: Authorities order the lockdown of northern Italy to try to halt the virus

4085: 4067:

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ (2020).

3298:""Destroyer and Teacher": Managing the Masses During the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic" 28: 7260: 7167: 7046: 6854: 6828: 6705: 6665: 6630: 6620: 6600: 6342: 6300: 6275: 6223: 6211: 6206: 6115: 5873: 5868: 4756: 4422: 3981: 3049: 2663: 2402: 2187: 2018: 1713: 1555: 1369: 1345: 1341: 1284: 1260: 1143: 1078: 1019: 919: 730: 597: 380: 5899:

Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892

3431: 2537: – Heritage-listed former quarantine station in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 7187: 6615: 6464: 6454: 6432: 6362: 6255: 6169: 5372: 5356: 3228:

Arnebeck, Bob. "A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US". January 30, 2008; From

3210: 2974: 2501: 2465: 2406: 2174:– should be in charge of making decisions that are grounded in science, not fear." 2167: 2069: 2057: 1829: 1543: 1531: 1400: 1365: 1215: 834:

constraints on freedom will be applied equally, regardless of social considerations

760:

in 1984. The Siracusa Principles state that restrictions on human rights under the

722: 687: 539: 494: 365: 272: 5332:"Coronavirus, come funziona la quarantena e cosa rischia chi la viola (l'arresto)" 5162: 2383:

As of 18 March 2020, more than 250 million people were in lockdown across Europe.

1142:

pound; this policy was abolished in 2000 in favour of a scheme generally known as

706:, but this flag in modern times indicates the opposite—a ship that 'requests free 607:

and home-based self-quarantine of people potentially exposed was the main way the

5804:

Cybersecurity: Managing Systems, Conducting Testing, and Investigating Intrusions

5521: 4752: 7182: 6879: 6577: 6486: 6449: 4448: 4313: 3347:"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from the history 100 years after 1918" 2495: 2171: 2155: 2143: 2113: 2010: 1843: 1821: 1766: 1642: 1551: 1428: 1373: 1357: 854:

Quarantine can have adverse psychological effects on the quarantined, including

825: 726: 571: 446: 324: 320: 292: 237: 151: 112: 88: 3313: 1980:

on the North Shore of Sydney Harbour in 1814, the first quarantine in Australia

1928:

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

1099:

Each province also enacts its own quarantine/environmental health legislation.

638:

for the entire country (more than 60 million people) in an attempt to stop the

464:

whose inhabitants believe that doctors poison those suspected of cholera (1911)

6530: 4753:"Lazaretto Quarantine Station, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, PA: History" 4657:"Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases" 4314:"Implementing Quarantine to Reduce or Stop the Spread of a Contagious Disease" 3966:

Mary Beth Keane, "The History of Quarantine Is the History of Discrimination,"

3407: 2540: 1999: 1913: 1567: 1527: 1280: 1257: 859: 518: 296: 289: 92: 5834:"New-mom traditions from around the world: Cuarentena and "doing the month."" 4528: 4318:

Evidence-Based Practice for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response

4186: 4136: 3717:

Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary

3260: 3197:

Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793

2221:, which increased to 2.6 billion people two days later—around a third of the 6906: 6725: 6295: 6176: 5918:"From SARS to Ebola: Legal and Ethical Considerations for Modern Quarantine" 5633: 5549:"Coronavirus: Schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland to shut" 5053: 4682:

Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases

3454: 2806:"From SARS to Ebola: Legal and Ethical Considerations for Modern Quarantine" 2528: 2097: 2093: 2089: 1770: 1575: 1329: 1300: 1292: 1264: 1118:

Under the same ordinance, any police officer, health officer, member of the

798:

In addition, when quarantine is imposed, public health ethics specify that:

424: 396: 336: 171: 61: 6070: 5956: 4941:"Get In That Bubble, Boy! When can the government quarantine its citizens?" 4891: 4375: 4356: 4273: 4255: 4204: 4155: 4104: 4033: 3901: 3671: 3653: 3423: 3380: 3331: 3170: 3153: 3099: 3023: 2736: 2002:. This was the first site in Australia to be used for quarantine purposes. 1789:

was the first quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in

4998: 4860: 4684:– Final Rule for Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate and Foreign 3282:

Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, January 2012; p. 232,

368:

in Spain at the beginning of the 19th century, and the arrival of Asiatic

303:

in the 15th century, with some of the facilities operating for centuries.

6772: 6525: 6159: 6129: 5610:"Italy records its deadliest day of coronavirus outbreak with 475 deaths" 2568: – Infection control technique by keeping a distance from each other 2552: 2486:

in which a new mother and her baby are sheltered from the outside world.

2461: 2211: 2129: 1858: 1837: 1778: 1646: 1539: 1308: 878:

Quarantine periods can be very short, such as in the case of a suspected

867: 707: 490: 486: 404: 361: 332: 300: 268: 233: 226: 167: 5405:

Dalla Russia con amore, Putin invia gli aiuti in Italia. Con un mistero…

5202:"Kaci Hickox, Nurse Who Fought Ebola Quarantine, To Leave Maine: Report" 4471:"Australian Quarantine a shared responsibility: The Government response" 4015: 3929: 2471:

In computer science, "quarantining" describes putting files infected by

6444: 5522:"Coronavirus: Italy imposes regional lockdown as Europe battles surges" 3914: 3180: 2217:

On 26 March 2020, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of

2203: 2191: 2077: 1991: 1523: 1408: 1377: 1349: 1324: 1304: 1276: 1147: 879: 828:

such as food, water, medical care, and preventive care will be provided

661: 560: 511: 461: 388: 369: 357: 283: 185: 53: 5389:

China sends medical supplies, experts to help Italy battle coronavirus

5237:"Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000" 5086: 4219:"Kelly Nankervis: Anthrax scare temporarily closes Midland Daily News" 3415: 3227: 3005: 2543: – Building used for persons afflicted with communicable diseases 2525: – Measure taken to prevent contagious diseases from being spread 1820:

In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor

754:

Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human Rights

395:

followed the example of Venice, and in 1476 the old leper hospital of

6739: 5592:

Coronavirus: Some scientists say UK virus strategy is 'risking lives'

5448:"Italy extends lockdown until May 3rd despite pressure from business" 5415:(From Russia with love, Putin sends aid to Italy. With a mystery ...) 4241:"Lessons from the history of quarantine, from plague to influenza A." 1990:

arrived in Sydney Harbour from England. Forty-six people had died of

1312: 1252: 1230: 1135: 384: 286: 263: 4477:. Australian Government. Department of Primary Industries and Energy 3638:"Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A" 3246:

The Disastrous Cordon Sanitaire Used on Honolulu's Chinatown in 1900

2990:"Islamic Medicine and Evolutionary Medicine: A Comparative Analysis" 2792:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Quarantine and Isolation

5934: 5917: 4729: 4642: 3892: 3873: 3090: 3073: 2822: 2805: 858:, confusion, and anger. According to a "Rapid Review" published in 831:

communication with loved ones and with caretakers will be permitted

517:

The Venice convention of 30 January 1892 dealt with cholera by the

6901: 5867:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4715:

Stambaugh H, Sensenig D, Casagrande R, Flagg S, Gerrity B (2008),

3214: 2788: 2320: 2272:

was imposed on a group of at least 10 different municipalities in

2181: 2163: 1969: 1760: 1747: 1333: 845: 814:

all actions must be subject to regular review and reconsideration.

778:

pursue a legitimate aim (prevent the spread of infectious disease)

660: 643: 627: 623: 481: 455: 414: 392: 27: 5740:"Coronavirus, Social and Physical Distancing and Self-Quarantine" 5273:"How to Lock Down 2.6 Billion People Without Killing the Economy" 4344:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2116:

environment of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory for initial assay.

1797:, Pennsylvania. There are similar national landmarks such as the 162:, or "thirty-day isolation" period, first imposed in 1347 in the 6833: 6084: 5685:"With Most Coronavirus Cases in Africa, South Africa Locks Down" 4048:

The Patient as Victim and Vector: Ethics and Infectious Disease,

3345:

Martini M, Gazzaniga V, Bragazzi NL, Barberis I (2 April 2019).

2109: 2072:, British forces tested out their biological weapons program on 1948: 1381: 1263:. The second act of 1721 was due to the prevalence of plague at 76: 52:, animals, and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of 6088: 4663:. bottom of page, in "Executive Orders" paragraph. 31 July 2014 3394:

Maier D (1979). "Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices".

2857:

Bible: The Old Testament – Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy

2555: – former quarantine station in Albany, Western Australia 5431:

For Help On Coronavirus, Italy Turns To China, Russia And Cuba

5180:"Building on a Mission: The Lunar Receiving Laboratory - NASA" 1660: 1456: 1320: 929: 4835:"Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891-1924" 4447:. Department of Agriculture. 13 December 2013. Archived from 3230:

Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine.

1380:

in Morocco were ordered to be sunk with their cargoes at the

1126:

can arrest a person who obstructs or escapes from detention.

818:

Finally, the state is ethically obligated to guarantee that:

6035:

Emerging Infectious Diseases – Contents, Volume 11, Number 2

4601:

The CDC Has Less Power Than You Think, and Likes it That Way

3114:"Croatia's Dubrovnik, Home to Ancient Quarantine Facilities" 2297:

As at 4 May 2020, when new cases were running around 0.5%, (

2268:

As the outbreak spread there, beginning 22 February 2020, a

2088:

Between 24 July 1969 and 9 February 1971, the astronauts of

702:) probably derives its letter symbol for its initial use in 16:

Epidemiological intervention to prevent disease transmission

7027:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

5704:"For a billion Indians, lockdown has not prevented tragedy" 4118:

Spinelli M, Lionetti F, Pastore M, Fasolo M (3 July 2020).

3142:

Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2001

2994:

Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America

802:

all restrictive actions must be well-supported by data and

5012:

U.S. evacuees 'relieved' about quarantine on military base

4551:"Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c.1650–1900" 1585:

is responsible for quarantine decisions, specifically the

788:

be provided for and carried out in accordance with the law

5505:

Anger as Italy slowly emerges from long Covid-19 lockdown

3275: 3273: 3140:

Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations,

2005: 5575:"Spain orders nationwide lockdown to battle coronavirus" 5373:

Coronavirus: Italy extends emergency measures nationwide

5219:

Maine nurse to remain advocate against Ebola quarantines

4171:"Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness" 1872:'s quarantine authority for the first time. It gave the 1046:(vegetations). The first legislation is enforced by the 391:(on a small island adjoining the city) in 1403. In 1467 3719:, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2004. 2518:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2504: – Study of health and disease within a population 1921:, A company built & developed by Frankie Thevarasa 958: 647:

with many not knowing where or how they were infected.

622:

has employed mass quarantines – firstly of the city of

6071:"Federal and State Quarantine and Isolation Authority" 850:

High tech communication brings cheer and encouragement

5634:

Coronavirus: The world in lockdown in maps and charts

4698:

Quarantine Station Contact List, Map, and Fact Sheets

4046:

M. Pabst Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson,

3783:"Know the legal aspects of breaking Quarantine order" 2669:(Online-Ausg. ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 721:

The quarantining of people often raises questions of

184:

and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of

5028:

Western Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service

2957:"What can Avicenna teach us in time of Coronavirus?" 2557:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2393:

Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic

2380:

noticeably lagged behind in adopting such measures.

2136:

fought the outbreak with extensive quarantine and a

1012:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

926:

Standard quarantine practices in different countries

808:

all information must be made available to the public

785:

required for achieving the purpose of the limitation

772:

respond to a pressing public or social need (health)

762:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

634:. After a few weeks, the Italian government imposed 7145: 7104: 6991: 6980: 6917: 6842: 6758: 6686: 6591: 6396: 6122: 4338:Zhang MX, Yan HF, Wu JY, Zheng YJ (27 March 2020). 1241: 1229: 1224: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1163: 5722:"Chaos and hunger amid India coronavirus lockdown" 5087:"Government Public Notice, Published by Authority" 3843:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission" 1399:British regulations of 9 November 1896 applied to 5091:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 4419:Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 4394:Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 3470:Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean 3263:Doctoral Thesis, San Jose State University, 2002 3158:The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review 2531: – Quarantine station for maritime travelers 1271:. It was renewed in 1733 after a new outbreak in 586:applied a global influenza surveillance network. 407:. Afterwards, they were used for other purposes. 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5085:Secretary's Office, Sydney (10 September 1814). 3951:"Typhoid Mary and the Public's Right to Health," 874:Short-term quarantines, e.g. for decontamination 822:infected people will not be threatened or abused 5295:, 15 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020. 4960:during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–19. ... 4925:The Greater New York Charter as enacted in 1897 2328:closed borders to non-residents because of the 2150:Case of Kaci Hickox' return to US, 2014 (Ebola) 903: 339:in Croatia), newcomers had to spend 30 days (a 246: 4618:"Regulations to control communicable diseases" 4585:Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine 4497:Bringing your pet dog, cat or ferret to the UK 4175:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2651:The Journal of Sociologic Medicine – Volume 17 744:The United Nations and the Siracusa Principles 570:(multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007) and 6100: 4906:Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health, 4312:Downey A, Brown L, Calonge N (14 July 2020), 2942:"Ibn Sina – Ancient Hero of Modern Pandemics" 2423:Isolation (health care) § Self-isolation 1634:Require CDC to advise individuals subject to 943:The examples and perspective in this section 429:National Maritime Museum of Greenwich, London 364:in northern Europe after 1492, the advent of 8: 5886:(11th ed.). 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All lunar samples were also held in the 1919:Racehorse & Equine Quarantine Services 1765:Public Health Service Quarantine Station, 1595:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1587:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1160: 965:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 758:United Nations Economic and Social Council 752:, a non-binding document developed by the 7022:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 7012:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 5933: 4988: 4850: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4365: 4355: 4263: 4194: 4145: 4135: 4094: 4084: 4023: 3891: 3661: 3485:British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 3370: 3321: 3179: 3169: 3089: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3013: 2821: 2745: 2735: 2149: 1570:, and others not yet isolated or named), 1506:Learn how and when to remove this message 981:Learn how and when to remove this message 6004:Hospital infection, From Miasmas to MRSA 3930:International Code of Signals, page 102. 3685:Review: Surat Plague of 1994 Re-examined 2661:Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber, eds. 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Archived from 5064: 5058: 5057: 5041: 5035: 5025: 5019: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4983:(4): 468. 1994. 4969: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4937: 4931: 4928:www.columbia.edu 4922: 4916: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4874:Birn AE (1997). 4871: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4810:. Archived from 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4784:. Archived from 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4723: 4712: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4598: 4592: 4587:8 October 2014, 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4546: 4533: 4532: 4510: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4359: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4225:. 26 April 2005. 4215: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4139: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4027: 3995: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3963: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3793:on 28 March 2020 3789:. Archived from 3787:Research Decoded 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3665: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3449:(253): 235–270. 3447:Past and Present 3442: 3436: 3435: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3296:Tomes N (2010). 3293: 3287: 3277: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3173: 3152:Drews K (2013). 3149: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3084:(9): 1071–1072. 3069: 3054: 3053: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3000:(1): 44–1–8780. 2985: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2873: 2867: 2854: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2739: 2730:(2): 263. 2013. 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2558: 2519: 2473:computer viruses 2303: 2300: 2270:cordon sanitaire 2247:imposed on Wuhan 2242:cordon sanitaire 2139:cordon sanitaire 2068:In 1942, during 1954:cordon sanitaire 1803:Swinburne Island 1791:Tinicum Township 1690: 1687: 1681: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1629:informed consent 1520:Executive Orders 1511: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1415:, as well as of 1344:of the coast of 1269:Provence, France 1243:Status: Repealed 1220:23 December 1710 1180: 1179: 1166: 1161: 986: 979: 975: 972: 966: 938: 937: 930: 442:cordon sanitaire 210:cordon sanitaire 205:cordon sanitaire 7297: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7202: 7173:Margaret Sanger 7141: 7100: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6919: 6913: 6885:Safety scandals 6844: 6838: 6760: 6754: 6688: 6682: 6678:Social medicine 6671:Race and health 6606:Child mortality 6587: 6546:Open defecation 6428:Human nutrition 6418:Family planning 6406:Behavior change 6392: 6348:Right to health 6261:Maternal health 6251:Health politics 6202:Health literacy 6118: 6113: 6073: 6068: 6055:Wayback Machine 6044:, February 2005 6042:Wayback Machine 6007: 5999:Mary P. English 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5942: 5915: 5909: 5896: 5893: 5891:Further reading 5876:, ed. (1911). " 5872: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5815: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5672:. 1 April 2020. 5664: 5663: 5659: 5648: 5644: 5632: 5621: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5594:14 March 2020, 5590: 5586: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5553:The Irish Times 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5454:. 10 April 2020 5446: 5445: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5412:Wayback Machine 5403: 5399: 5393:www.reuters.com 5387: 5383: 5371: 5367: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5217: 5213: 5206:Huffington Post 5200: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5165:, 25 July 2001 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5026: 5022: 5010: 5006: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4923: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4721: 4714: 4713: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4548: 4547: 4536: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4451:on 13 July 2014 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4425:on 5 April 2013 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4045: 4041: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3968:6 October 2014 3964: 3960: 3949: 3945: 3940:Wayback Machine 3928: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3853:. 17 March 2020 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3704:www.montana.edu 3699: 3695: 3683: 3679: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3481: 3477: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3271: 3259: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3234:bobarnebeck.com 3226: 3222: 3215:book 32597 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3071: 3070: 3057: 3039: 3038: 3034: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2766:Merriam-Wesbter 2760: 2759: 2755: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2556: 2517: 2492: 2480:(la) cuarentena 2454:John F. Kennedy 2452:U.S. President 2450: 2429:Self-quarantine 2425: 2419: 2417:Self-quarantine 2395: 2389: 2319: 2313: 2301: 2266: 2256: 2237: 2231: 2180: 2152: 2132:in Europe. The 2122: 2086: 2074:Gruinard Island 2066: 2027: 2017:, the cause of 2008: 1968: 1946: 1941: 1890: 1795:Delaware County 1783:Bedloe's Island 1759: 1739:Wayback Machine 1727: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1641:Include strong 1512: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1442: 1354:Channel Islands 1244: 1185: 1177: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1132: 1105: 1042:(animals), and 1028: 1002: 996: 987: 976: 970: 967: 956: 939: 935: 928: 891:HazMat Magazine 884:decontamination 876: 844: 776:proportionately 746: 719: 659: 653: 605:isolation wards 536:oriental plague 532:Asiatic cholera 507: 413: 345:Venetian Senate 309: 307:Medieval Europe 260: 223: 218: 178:Merriam-Webster 131: 115:; for example, 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7295: 7293: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7259: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7006: 7005: 7004: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6981:Organizations, 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6687:Biological and 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6648: 6646:Multimorbidity 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6583:Vector control 6580: 6575: 6570: 6568:School hygiene 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6551:Sanitary sewer 6548: 6543: 6538: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6509:Patient safety 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6402: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6192:Harm reduction 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6066: 6061: 6045: 6032: 5977: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965:External links 5963: 5962: 5961: 5940: 5935:10.18060/18963 5913: 5907: 5892: 5889: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5838:Slate Magazine 5824: 5813: 5793: 5767: 5749: 5731: 5713: 5694: 5675: 5657: 5642: 5619: 5600: 5584: 5565: 5539: 5513: 5497: 5481: 5465: 5439: 5433:25 March 2020 5423: 5397: 5391:13 March 2020 5381: 5375:10 March 2020 5365: 5349: 5336:Il Sole 24 ORE 5323: 5297: 5282: 5264: 5246: 5227: 5211: 5193: 5171: 5167:news.bbc.co.uk 5155: 5130: 5104: 5077: 5059: 5036: 5030:Archived from 5020: 5016:abcnews.go.com 5004: 4964: 4946:Slate magazine 4932: 4917: 4897: 4866: 4845:(5): 488–510. 4825: 4814:on 18 May 2015 4799: 4769: 4744: 4738: 4730:10.17226/13989 4702: 4690: 4674: 4648: 4634: 4609: 4593: 4577: 4563: 4534: 4505: 4488: 4462: 4436: 4406: 4381: 4330: 4304: 4297: 4279: 4250:(2): 254–259. 4231: 4210: 4181:(6): 525–527. 4161: 4110: 4059: 4039: 3990: 3974: 3970:Time Magazine, 3958: 3943: 3922: 3907: 3893:10.1086/344062 3864: 3834: 3804: 3773: 3747: 3721: 3708: 3693: 3687:archived from 3677: 3648:(2): 254–259. 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3563: 3550: 3537: 3524: 3511: 3498: 3487:www.fco.gov.uk 3475: 3460: 3437: 3386: 3357:(1): E64–E67. 3337: 3288: 3269: 3265:www.skubik.com 3253: 3238: 3220: 3205: 3187: 3144: 3131: 3105: 3091:10.1086/344062 3055: 3032: 2980: 2966: 2947: 2944:. 31 May 2022. 2933: 2930:. p. 279. 2914: 2892: 2868: 2849: 2838: 2829: 2823:10.18060/18963 2796: 2778: 2753: 2711: 2686: 2679: 2653: 2641: 2628: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2491: 2488: 2449: 2446: 2434:self-isolation 2418: 2415: 2388: 2385: 2378:United Kingdom 2350:Czech Republic 2312: 2311:Rest of Europe 2309: 2274:Northern Italy 2255: 2252: 2230: 2227: 2179: 2176: 2151: 2148: 2121: 2118: 2085: 2082: 2065: 2062: 2038:American Samoa 2026: 2023: 2007: 2004: 1996:Jeffrey Street 1967: 1960: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1861:case in 1963. 1758: 1755: 1726: 1723: 1707:El Paso, Texas 1693: 1692: 1673: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1639: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1568:South American 1514: 1513: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1441: 1438: 1421:Board of Trade 1411:. Officers of 1317:floating hulks 1311:Creek (on the 1289:bill of health 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1131: 1130:United Kingdom 1128: 1104: 1101: 1063:Quarantine Act 1056:Quarantine Act 1036:Quarantine Act 1027: 1024: 995: 992: 989: 988: 953:of the subject 951:worldwide view 942: 940: 933: 927: 924: 898:Standard-Times 875: 872: 843: 840: 839: 838: 835: 832: 829: 823: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 779: 773: 745: 742: 718: 715: 652: 649: 568:Andrew Speaker 506: 503: 478:Ottoman Empire 470:Ashanti Empire 447:1918 influenza 423:, at large in 412: 411:Modern history 409: 308: 305: 259: 256: 222: 219: 217: 214: 130: 127: 81:bubonic plague 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7294: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Joseph Lister 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047:Health Canada 7045: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992:Organizations 6990: 6987: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Vaccine trial 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Relative risk 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666:Health equity 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Health system 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Global health 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601:Biostatistics 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Right to food 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6276:Mental health 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Housing First 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Health system 6210: 6209: 6208: 6207:Health policy 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116:Public health 6110: 6105: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:wwwnc.cdc.gov 6056: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:0 521 53178 0 6027: 6023: 6022:0 521 81935 0 6019: 6013: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5951:(1): 103–27. 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5869:public domain 5854: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5794: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5638:www.bbc.co.uk 5636:7 April 2020 5635: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5477:la Repubblica 5474: 5469: 5466: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359:8 March 2020 5358: 5353: 5350: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5311: 5310:la Repubblica 5307: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4949:. 1 June 2007 4948: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4788:on 8 May 2008 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4758: 4757:ushistory.org 4754: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4566: 4560: 4557:. Routledge. 4556: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3986:www.unhcr.org 3984: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3886:(9): 1071–2. 3885: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3822: 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2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2188:Interstate 91 2184: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2053:Western Samoa 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2019:typhoid fever 2016: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1962:Convict ship 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1714:port of entry 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1689: 1686:February 2020 1677: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Crimean-Congo 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530:, infectious 1529: 1525: 1521: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1496:February 2020 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1453:Federal rules 1452: 1450: 1447: 1440:United States 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433:water-ballast 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Great Britain 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1325:Royal Customs 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:privy council 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144:Pet Passports 1141: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1079:peace officer 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1020:Torres Strait 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1001: 993: 985: 982: 974: 971:February 2020 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 941: 932: 931: 925: 923: 921: 920:ambulance bus 916: 914: 907: 902: 900: 899: 894: 892: 887: 885: 881: 873: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 848: 841: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 820: 819: 813: 810: 807: 805: 801: 800: 799: 793: 790: 787: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 743: 741: 739: 735: 732: 731:typhoid fever 728: 724: 716: 714: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694:("Quebec" or 693: 689: 685: 676: 672: 668: 663: 658: 650: 648: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 598:SARS epidemic 594: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 557: 552: 549:In 1897, the 547: 543: 541: 537: 533: 527: 523: 520: 515: 513: 504: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 463: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 443: 437: 430: 426: 422: 417: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306: 304: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 285: 280: 276: 274: 270: 265: 257: 255: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 220: 215: 213: 211: 207: 206: 200: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174:in Croatia). 173: 169: 165: 161: 158:followed the 157: 153: 148: 144: 140: 136: 128: 126: 124: 123: 118: 114: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7188:Radium Girls 7183:Typhoid Mary 6870:Microbiology 6808: 6740: 6732: 6616:Epidemiology 6514:Organization 6465:Oral hygiene 6455:Hand washing 6433:Healthy diet 6363:Right to sit 6256:Labor rights 6058: 6024:; paperback 6003: 5983: 5948: 5944: 5925: 5921: 5898: 5881: 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