800:, pp. 97â102:Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
1005:, p. 1912: Italy was home to a number of languages in the Iron Age, some of them clearly Indo-European (Latin being the most obvious, although this was merely the language spoken in the Roman heartland, that is, Latium, and other languages such as Italic, Venetic or Ligurian were also present), while the centre-west and northwest were occupied by the people we call Etruscans, who spoke a language which was non-Indo-European and presumed to represent an ethnic and linguistic stratum which goes far back in time, perhaps even to the occupants of Italy prior to the spread of farming.
416:
1017:: Se resta il fatto che la documentazione archeologica smentisce in tutta evidenza un rapporto filogenetico fra Etruschi e Reti, visti anche fenomeni di continuitĂ come nellâambito della produzione vascolare di boccali di tradizione Luco/Laugen (fig. 8), non Ăš escluso che la percezione di prossimitĂ esistenti fra la lingua e la scrittura delle due entitĂ etniche possano avere indotto eruditi del tempo a costruite "a tavolino" un rapporto di parentela. (...)
291:
431:. It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in the region by that time.
196:
388:. Around 600 BC, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data, the Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the
525:
Unlike
Etruscan, Rhaetic does not seem to have the distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Consonant phonemes attested in Rhaetic include a dental (or palatal) affricate /ts/, dental sibilant /s/, palatal sibilant /Ê/, nasals /n/, /m/ and liquids /r/, /l/.
357:. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be
377:
proposed that
Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, and no later than 700 BC, since divergences are already present in the oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the
252:
in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th up until the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern
Germany, eastern Switzerland,
2336:
1140:
de Simone, Carlo (2009). "La nuova iscrizione tirsenica di
Efestia" [The New Tyrsenic Inscription of Hephaistia]. In Archontidou, Aglaia; de Simone, Carlo; Greco, Emmanuele (eds.).
2546:
396:. The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti.
1383:]. VortrĂ€ge und kleinere Schriften (in German). Innsbruck: Innsbrucker BeitrĂ€ge zur Sprachwissenschaft: Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck.
721:
Schumacher, Stefan; Kluge, Sindy (2013â2017). Salomon, Corinna (ed.). "Thesaurus
Inscriptionum Raeticarum". Department of Linguistics. of the University of Vienna
2551:
1669:
2386:
423:
The language is documented in
Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to the
2541:
2326:
1205:
Marchesini, Simona (2013). "I rapporti etrusco/retico-italici nella prima Italia alla luce dei dati linguistici: il caso della "mozione" etrusca".
1498:
Silvestri, M.; Tomezzoli, Giancarlo (2007). "Linguistic
Distance between Raetian, Venetic, Latin and Slovenian Language". In Perdih, Anton (ed.).
1484:. Sonderheft (2nd ed.). Innsbruck: Innsbrucker BeitrĂ€ge zur Kulturwissenschaft: Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck.
1610:
1595:
1570:
1355:
1272:
1151:
Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle CiviltĂ italiche e del
Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
2531:
1473:
I Reti / Die RĂ€ter, Atti del simposio 23-25 settembre 1993, Castello di
Stenico, Trento, Archeologia delle Alpi, a cura di G. Ciurletti
1471:
Schumacher, Stefan (1999). "Die
Raetischen Inschriften: GegenwÀrtiger Forschungsstand, spezifische Probleme und Zukunfstaussichten".
1540:
1408:
1323:
1186:
1130:
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2239:
2316:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2144:
1928:
1923:
2296:
1196:
Harding, Anthony H. (2014). "The later prehistory of Central and Northern Europe". In Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.).
2536:
2471:
2441:
2321:
2419:
1760:
1655:
1364:
Prosdocimi, Aldo L. (2003-4). "Sulla formazione dell'alfabeto runico. Promessa di novitĂ documentali forse decisive".
362:
472:
is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of the Venetic goddess
330:. Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within the Tyrrhenian grouping.
2088:
505:
Our understanding of Rhaetic phonology is quite uncertain, and the working hypothesis is that it's very similar to
405:
334:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2344:
2266:
2261:
1917:
1903:
1678:
2027:
2311:
2256:
1857:
1746:
460:. All are divided into several states. The Rhaeti are believed to be people of Etruscan race driven out by the
424:
389:
346:
31:
478:
has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as
2125:
2020:
1970:
1949:
1940:
1822:
1739:
1699:
1346:
Oettinger, Norbert (2010). "Seevölker und Etrusker". In Cohen, Yoram; Gilan, Amir; Miller, Jared L. (eds.).
358:
170:
2281:
2276:
2041:
2013:
2004:
1963:
491:
319:
2034:
408:
and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the
2433:
2306:
2286:
1829:
1767:
1500:
Zbornik pete mednarodne konference Izvor Evropejcev, Ljubljana, 8. in 9. junija (June 8th and 9th), 2007
855:(spoken from Lake Garda to the Inn valley) is Indo-European, as it appears to contain Etruscan elements.
646:
393:
374:
315:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2244:
2098:
1911:
1795:
307:
2461:
2234:
2219:
2154:
1956:
1878:
1788:
1781:
1732:
1690:
1227:
651:
428:
311:
285:
245:
126:
415:
2195:
2149:
2064:
2059:
2054:
1278:
661:
436:
323:
258:
2399:
2376:
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1992:
1885:
1606:
1591:
1566:
1562:
1536:
1446:
1404:
1351:
1319:
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1268:
1214:
1182:
1154:
1126:
641:
636:
506:
401:
379:
303:
269:
262:
38:
2361:
2354:
2301:
2229:
2224:
2181:
2174:
2104:
2048:
1986:
1892:
1864:
1850:
1836:
1753:
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1713:
1706:
1558:
1528:
1436:
1396:
1260:
1174:
656:
342:
327:
214:
1532:
1169:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
2188:
2139:
2093:
1976:
1871:
1843:
1802:
1719:
1458:
Schumacher, Stefan (1998). "Sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen RĂ€tisch und Etruskisch".
1166:
1063:
699:
631:
441:
118:
101:
333:
Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher,
2366:
2134:
1637:
1550:
1520:
1441:
1428:
338:
290:
273:
517:
It appears that Rhaetic, like Etruscan, had a four-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /e/, /u/.
412:. This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences.*
186:
2525:
1348:
Pax Hethitica Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer
1282:
695:
163:
30:
For the modern Romance languages spoken in Switzerland and North-Eastern Italy, see
2271:
2079:
1813:
195:
1400:
734:
383:
1647:
2446:
2165:
2115:
1981:
1388:
1372:
1178:
547:
543:
457:
409:
397:
299:
294:
Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)
1628:
1507:
Van der Meer, L. Bouke (2004). "Etruscan origins. Language and archaeology".
1450:
1306:
1248:
1218:
1158:
1333:
Morandi, Alessandro (1999). "Il cippo di CastelciĂšs nell'epigrafia retica".
1249:"L'onomastica nella ricostruzione del lessico: il caso di Retico ed Etrusco"
1149:
de Simone, Carlo; Marchesini, Simona, eds. (2013). "La lamina di Demlfeld".
612:
350:
310:, and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages.
179:
147:
953:
154:
582:
572:
553:
254:
71:
1433:
Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua
1682:
1264:
453:
449:
400:
dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to the last quarter of the
249:
83:
17:
1627:
Schumacher, Stefan; Kluge, Sindy (2013â2017). Salomon, Corinna (ed.).
1482:
Die rÀtischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung
1774:
474:
354:
1350:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 233â246.
1297:
Marzatico, Franco (2019). "I Reti e i popoli delle Alpi orientali".
604:
Two verbal suffixes have been identified, both known from Etruscan:
268:
The ancient Rhaetic language is not to be confused with the modern
414:
289:
808:
806:
1153:(in Italian). Supplemento 8. Pisa/Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore.
952:
Sindy, Kluge; Corinna, Salomon; Stefan, Schumacher (2013â2018).
461:
392:, in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age
1651:
1301:(in Italian). 49bis. Trento: MUSE-Museo delle Scienze: 73â82.
1173:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17â33.
223:
1234:. Translated by Rockenhaus, Melanie. Scuola Normale Superiore
621:
is the suffix that derives verbal nouns from preterite forms.
93:
Eastern Alps, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Slovenia
1395:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 141â164.
875:
873:
1523:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.).
1070:(in Latin). Vol. III. Translated by Rackham, H. Loeb.
486:
was used in Roman manuscripts; it is unclear whether this
261:. Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to
1631:. Department of Linguistics. of the University of Vienna.
1200:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
229:
1527:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97â102.
769:
767:
765:
763:
1142:
Gli scavi di Efestia e la nuova iscrizione 'tirsenica'
1125:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
1123:
Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
1232:
Mnamon - Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean
1171:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
1144:. Tripodes (in Italian). Vol. 11. pp. 3â58.
232:
226:
220:
2432:
2385:
2335:
2208:
2163:
2123:
2114:
2078:
2003:
1939:
1902:
1812:
1689:
812:
217:
177:
161:
145:
140:
115:
107:
97:
89:
78:
66:
45:
1525:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
754:
1588:Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains
960:. Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna
562:Pertinentive (locative to the genitive): Endings
341:. Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and
1391:(2008). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
1253:MĂ©langes de l'Ăcole française de Rome: AntiquitĂ©
729:
727:
446:
318:(1967), on the contrary, suggested it to be an
363:predate the arrival of Indo-European languages
306:, was a member of a language family he called
2547:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC
1663:
1259:(1). Rome: Ăcole française de Rome: 123â136.
539:The following cases are attested in Rhaetic:
314:likewise does not consider it Indo-European.
8:
2507:Families with more than 30 languages are in
879:
337:, Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, and
257:and western Austria, in two variants of the
57:
27:Extinct ancient language of the Eastern Alps
1475:. F. Marzatico Archaoalp. pp. 334â369.
1418:Roncador, Rosa; Marchesini, Simona (2015).
1318:. World of Archeology. New York: Scribner.
490:represents an accurate transcription of an
2212:
2120:
1670:
1656:
1648:
1050:
1038:
903:
891:
836:
773:
302:proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with
194:
42:
1605:. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
1590:(LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020),
1440:
1014:
927:
915:
382:of past tenses or in the endings of male
248:language spoken in the ancient region of
1555:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
990:
978:
864:
1563:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8222
1557:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,
1493:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1104:
1092:
1080:
1002:
939:
851:, p. 26: It seems improbable that
797:
785:
714:
673:
848:
70:
1502:. Ljubljana: Jutro. pp. 184â190.
7:
2552:Languages extinct in the 3rd century
1629:"Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum"
1603:Raetic: Language, Writing, Epigraphy
1533:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
1121:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (2011).
737:. Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum
272:of the same Alpine region, known as
1026:
824:
497:in Rhaetic, or is merely an error.
1442:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.380
958:Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum
468:Pliny's comment on a leader named
25:
1213:. Bologna: PĂ tron editore: 9â32.
464:; their leader was named Rhaetus.
2542:Unclassified languages of Europe
482:is found in inscriptions, while
213:
1393:The Ancient Languages of Europe
813:de Simone & Marchesini 2013
702:): "offshoot of the Etruscans."
1316:The Neolithic of the Near East
1207:Rivista storica dell'antichitĂ
1198:The Cambridge World Prehistory
755:Silvestri & Tomezzoli 2007
448:... adjoining these (the
419:Retic culture and inscriptions
1:
1553:(2018), "Lemnian language",
1491:The Etruscan Cities and Rome
1480:Schumacher, Stefan (2004) .
1401:10.1017/CBO9780511486814.010
444:wrote about Alpine peoples:
440:(1st century AD),
1247:Marchesini, Simona (2019).
1226:Marchesini, Simona (2018).
681:in multas civitates divisi.
2568:
2532:Languages of ancient Italy
2327:Chukotko-KamchatkanâAmuric
1422:. Rome: Scienze e Lettere.
1420:Monumenta Linguae Raeticae
283:
58:
36:
29:
2495:
2215:
1601:Salomon, Corinna (2017).
1427:Salomon, Corinna (2020).
1366:Archivio per l'Alto Adige
1179:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2
193:
55:
50:
1314:Mellaart, James (1975).
390:Fritzens-Sanzeno culture
32:Rhaeto-Romance languages
2504:have no living members.
2387:East and Southeast Asia
1381:Rhaetian & Etruscan
592:For plural, the ending
1377:RĂ€tisch und Etruskisch
1341:. Rome: Bretschneider.
579:(uncertainly attested)
466:
420:
345:have been observed in
320:Indo-European language
295:
1489:Scullard, HH (1967).
647:Etruscan civilization
418:
394:Laugen-Melaun culture
375:L. Bouke van der Meer
316:Howard Hayes Scullard
293:
37:Further information:
1639:Rhaetic inscriptions
1335:Studia archaeologica
365:in southern Europe.
298:The German linguist
111:5thâ1st centuries BC
2537:Tyrsenian languages
2145:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1929:Northwest Caucasian
1924:Northeast Caucasian
1107:, pp. 280â282.
1095:, pp. 280â281.
652:Tyrsenian languages
312:Robert S. P. Beekes
286:Tyrsenian languages
2410:AustronesianâOngan
2209:Proposed groupings
1636:Zavaroni, Adolfo,
1265:10.4000/mefra.7613
1068:Naturalis Historia
662:Iceman (2017 film)
611:is the 3rd person
507:Etruscan phonology
421:
380:grammatical voices
296:
259:Old Italic scripts
72:[ËrÌȘÉÊnÌȘÉ]
2519:
2518:
2428:
2427:
2420:Sino-Austronesian
2204:
2203:
1679:Language families
1612:978-84-16935-03-1
1596:978-1-716-30027-1
1572:978-0-19-938113-5
1357:978-3-447-06119-3
1299:Preistoria Alpina
1274:978-2-7283-1428-7
880:Van der Meer 2004
642:Etruscan language
637:Rhaetic alphabets
402:2nd millennium BC
270:Romance languages
240:), also known as
202:
201:
39:Rhaetic alphabets
16:(Redirected from
2559:
2487:Proto-Euphratean
2213:
2121:
2089:Great Andamanese
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1616:
1575:
1546:
1516:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1454:
1444:
1423:
1414:
1384:
1361:
1342:
1329:
1310:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1222:
1201:
1192:
1167:Haarmann, Harald
1162:
1145:
1136:
1108:
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1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
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758:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
731:
722:
719:
703:
689:
683:
678:
657:Camunic language
425:Fritzens-Sanzeno
322:, with links to
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
198:
189:
173:
157:
150:
121:
74:
61:
60:
43:
21:
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2561:
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2558:
2557:
2556:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2491:
2482:Paleo-Laplandic
2477:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2424:
2381:
2345:Greater Siangic
2331:
2317:UralicâYukaghir
2267:Ibero-Caucasian
2262:Elamo-Dravidian
2200:
2159:
2110:
2074:
1999:
1935:
1918:North Caucasian
1898:
1808:
1747:Paleo-Sardinian
1685:
1676:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1613:
1600:
1583:
1581:Further reading
1578:
1573:
1551:Wallace, Rex E.
1549:
1543:
1521:Wallace, Rex E.
1519:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1457:
1435:(20): 263â298.
1426:
1417:
1411:
1387:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1326:
1313:
1296:
1287:
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1237:
1235:
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1189:
1165:
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1139:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1051:Marchesini 2019
1049:
1045:
1039:Marchesini 2013
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
963:
961:
951:
950:
946:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
904:Schumacher 2004
902:
898:
892:Schumacher 1999
890:
886:
878:
871:
863:
859:
847:
843:
837:Schumacher 1998
835:
831:
823:
819:
811:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
774:Marchesini 2018
772:
761:
753:
749:
740:
738:
733:
732:
725:
720:
716:
712:
707:
706:
700:accusative case
692:Tuscorum prolem
690:
686:
679:
675:
670:
632:Rhaetian people
628:
602:
537:
532:
523:
515:
503:
437:Natural History
406:Carlo De Simone
371:
335:Carlo De Simone
288:
282:
216:
212:
185:
169:
166:
153:
146:
136:
122:
119:Language family
117:
102:Rhaetian people
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
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2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2497:
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2417:
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2407:
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2397:
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2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Uralo-Siberian
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:SerbiâMongolic
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Dravido-Korean
2254:
2252:DenĂ©âYeniseian
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:DenĂ©âCaucasian
2237:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1858:Hurro-Urartian
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1740:Paleo-Corsican
1736:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1622:
1621:External links
1619:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1598:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1455:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1385:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1324:
1311:
1294:
1273:
1255:(in Italian).
1244:
1223:
1209:(in Italian).
1202:
1193:
1187:
1163:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1083:, p. 280.
1073:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1015:Marzatico 2019
1007:
995:
983:
971:
944:
932:
928:Oettinger 2010
920:
916:de Simone 2009
908:
896:
884:
869:
857:
841:
829:
817:
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790:
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747:
723:
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684:
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536:
533:
531:
528:
522:
519:
514:
511:
502:
499:
429:MagrĂš cultures
370:
367:
359:Paleo-European
339:Rex E. Wallace
281:
280:Classification
278:
274:Rhaeto-Romance
200:
199:
191:
190:
183:
175:
174:
167:
162:
159:
158:
151:
143:
142:
141:Language codes
138:
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125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:Native to
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
53:
52:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2328:
2325:
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2322:EskimoâUralic
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
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2255:
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2238:
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2211:
2207:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:Paleosiberian
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:Austroasiatic
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:Austroasiatic
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:Indo-European
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
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1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
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1873:
1869:
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1860:
1859:
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1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:Indo-European
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
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1772:
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1763:
1762:
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1737:
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1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:Indo-European
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
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1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:9780195170726
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
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1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
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1465:
1462:(in German).
1461:
1456:
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1448:
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1438:
1434:
1430:
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1421:
1416:
1412:
1410:9780511486814
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
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1378:
1374:
1370:
1368:97â98.427â440
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1325:9780684144832
1321:
1317:
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1300:
1295:
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1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
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1245:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:9781444337341
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1132:9789027211859
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
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1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
991:Haarmann 2014
987:
984:
980:
979:Mellaart 1975
975:
972:
959:
955:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
905:
900:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:, p. 43.
866:
865:Scullard 1967
861:
858:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
736:
730:
728:
724:
718:
715:
709:
701:
697:
696:genitive case
693:
688:
685:
682:
677:
674:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
599:
597:
596:is attested.
595:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
569:
565:
561:
559:
555:
552:
549:
545:
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541:
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512:
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493:
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477:
476:
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417:
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387:
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368:
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329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
237:
210:
206:
197:
192:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
164:Linguist List
160:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
120:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
67:Pronunciation
65:
62:
54:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2508:
2501:
2500:Families in
2457:Pre-Goidelic
2452:Pre-Germanic
2282:Indo-Semitic
2277:Indo-Pacific
2272:Indo-Hittite
2187:
2180:
2173:
2103:
2080:Indian Ocean
2047:
2042:Austronesian
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2014:Sino-Tibetan
2012:
1991:
1969:
1964:Sino-Tibetan
1962:
1955:
1948:
1916:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1768:North Picene
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1638:
1602:
1587:
1586:A. Baruffi,
1554:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1432:
1419:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1315:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1256:
1252:
1236:. Retrieved
1231:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1170:
1150:
1141:
1122:
1105:Salomon 2020
1100:
1093:Salomon 2020
1088:
1081:Salomon 2020
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1003:Harding 2014
998:
986:
974:
962:. Retrieved
957:
947:
940:Wallace 2018
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
860:
852:
844:
832:
820:
798:Wallace 2010
793:
786:Salomon 2020
781:
750:
739:. Retrieved
717:
698:followed by
691:
687:
680:
676:
618:
608:
603:
593:
591:
586:
576:
567:
563:
557:
538:
524:
516:
504:
494:
487:
483:
479:
473:
469:
467:
447:
435:
433:
422:
384:
372:
332:
297:
267:
241:
208:
204:
203:
178:
131:
56:
2307:Ural-Altaic
2287:Indo-Uralic
2099:Sentinelese
1830:Afroasiatic
1796:Eteocypriot
1460:Der Schlern
1389:Rix, Helmut
1373:Rix, Helmut
1288:January 31,
849:Beekes 2011
550:: No ending
2526:Categories
2447:Pre-Celtic
2415:East Asian
2405:Austro-Tai
2395:Andamanese
2245:Eurasiatic
2166:North Asia
2116:North Asia
2028:HmongâMien
1982:Burushaski
1941:South Asia
1912:Kartvelian
1879:Philistine
1789:Eteocretan
1733:Tartessian
741:2024-06-04
710:References
548:Accusative
544:Nominative
530:Morphology
521:Consonants
452:) are the
410:Bronze Age
398:Helmut Rix
385:gentilicia
347:morphology
308:Tyrrhenian
300:Helmut Rix
284:See also:
2472:Pre-Vedic
2462:Pre-Greek
2434:Substrata
2337:Arunachal
2235:Nostratic
2220:Alarodian
2155:Yeniseian
2005:East Asia
1957:Dravidian
1814:West Asia
1782:Tyrsenian
1466:: 90â114.
1451:1578-5386
1307:2035-7699
1283:214398787
1219:0300-340X
1159:1827-0506
954:"Raetica"
613:preterite
585:: Ending
575:: Ending
556:: Ending
501:Phonology
492:aspirated
458:Vindelici
351:phonology
246:Tyrsenian
180:Glottolog
148:ISO 639-3
127:Tyrsenian
98:Ethnicity
2467:Vasconic
2442:Atlantic
2196:Eskaleut
2150:Yukaghir
2065:Koreanic
2060:Tungusic
2055:Mongolic
1993:Harappan
1904:Caucasus
1886:Sumerian
1761:Ligurian
1642:, Tripod
1515:: 51â57.
1429:"Raetic"
1375:(1998).
1228:"Raetic"
1066:. "XX".
1027:Rix 2008
825:Rix 1998
735:"Script"
626:See also
583:Ablative
573:Locative
554:Genitive
450:Noricans
373:In 2004
324:Illyrian
304:Etruscan
263:Etruscan
255:Slovenia
244:, was a
242:Rhaetian
187:raet1238
82:Ancient
59:đ€«đ€ áđ€ á©
2502:italics
2400:Austric
2377:Kho-Bwa
2372:Hrusish
2350:Siangic
2292:Karasuk
2192: ?
2105:Kenaboi
2070:Japonic
2035:KraâDai
1996: ?
1987:Kusunda
1893:Elamite
1865:Kassite
1851:Kaskian
1754:Camunic
1726:Iberian
1683:Eurasia
1509:Babesch
1238:26 July
1114:Sources
964:26 July
853:Rhaetic
568:-(a-)le
470:Rhaetus
434:In his
369:History
361:and to
343:Lemnian
250:Rhaetia
205:Rhaetic
132:Rhaetic
84:Rhaetia
46:Rhaetic
18:Raetian
2362:Mijiic
2355:Digaro
2302:Pontic
2230:Borean
2225:Altaic
2189:Rouran
2182:Turkic
2175:Uralic
2164:Other
2049:Turkic
1977:Nihali
1872:Gutian
1844:Hattic
1837:Turkic
1803:Minoan
1775:Sicani
1720:Basque
1714:Turkic
1707:Uralic
1691:Europe
1609:
1594:
1569:
1539:
1449:
1407:
1354:
1322:
1305:
1281:
1271:
1217:
1185:
1157:
1129:
615:ending
513:Vowels
484:Rhaet-
475:Reitia
454:Rhaeti
355:syntax
353:, and
328:Celtic
209:Raetic
90:Region
51:Raetic
2140:Nivkh
2094:Ongan
1379:[
1279:S2CID
1064:Pliny
668:Notes
600:Verbs
594:-r(a)
535:Nouns
480:Raet-
462:Gauls
442:Pliny
2509:bold
2367:Miju
2135:Ainu
1607:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1447:ISSN
1405:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1303:ISSN
1290:2020
1269:ISBN
1240:2018
1215:ISSN
1183:ISBN
1155:ISSN
1127:ISBN
966:2018
566:and
456:and
427:and
326:and
2082:rim
1681:of
1559:doi
1529:doi
1437:doi
1397:doi
1339:103
1261:doi
1257:131
1175:doi
609:-ke
564:-si
207:or
171:xrr
155:xrr
108:Era
2528::
1565:,
1535:.
1513:79
1511:.
1464:72
1445:.
1431:.
1403:.
1337:.
1277:.
1267:.
1251:.
1230:.
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