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1859:. At that time, Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi organized the hymns of three saint poetsâSambandar, Appar, and Sundararâas the first seven books. He included Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, and the hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book. The Tirumandiram of Tirumular was designated as the 10th book, while 40 hymns by 12 other poets constituted the 11th book. Additionally, Nambi added Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi, the sacred anthathi of the labors of the 63 nayanar saints, along with his own hymns as the 12th book. The initial seven books were later recognized as Tevaram. With the addition of Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135) as the twelfth book, the entire Saiva canon became known as Tirumurai, the holy scripture. Consequently, Saiva literature now encompasses approximately 600 years of religious, philosophical, and literary development.
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1944:, stands at a remarkable height of 216 feet (66 meters), making it the tallest in the world. At the very top sits the Kumbam, a bulbous structure, which is carved entirely from a single rock and weighs approximately 80 tons. At the entrance stands a sizable statue of Nandi, the sacred bull, carved from a single rock, measuring about 16 feet in length and 13 feet in height. The entire temple structure is crafted from granite, obtained from sources located approximately 60 kilometers to the west of the temple. This temple is widely renowned as one of the premier tourist attractions in
1220:, which is revered as one of the most prominent examples of medieval South Indian architectural style. Additionally, during his reign, important Tamil literary works by poets such as Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar were gathered and compiled into a single collection known as the Thirumurai. This earned him the title of 'Thirumurai Kanda Cholar,' meaning The One Who Found Thirumurai. He initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual units known as
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Kandalur and conquered by his army, which was victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu, Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi, Tadigai-padi, Kudamalai-nadu, Kollam, Kalingam and Ira-mandalam, which is famed in the eight directions; who, while his beauty was increasing, and while he was resplendent (to such an extent) that he was always worthy to be worshipped, deprived the
Seriyas of their splendour, and (in words) in the twenty-first year of Chola Arumoli, who possesses the river Ponni, whose waters are full of waves.
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recruited from coastal regions. By 882 CE, tensions escalated into a full-fledged uprising led by these mercenaries, resulting in a protracted civil conflict. The ensuing turmoil compelled the vulnerable
Sinhala ruler to seek refuge in the Rohana principality, thereby plunging the capital city of Anuradhapura into an extended period of civil unrest lasting approximately eleven years, marked by widespread disorder and lawlessness.
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1781:. It was named Chudamani or Chulamani Vihara after King Sri Mara's father. The monastery was built by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman, with the support of Rajaraja I. According to the small Leyden grant, this Vihara was known as Rajaraja-perumpalli during the reign of Kulottunga I. Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep of this Vihara.
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military expedition in
Trisanku Kastha (the southern region), the Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I mentions the capture of a certain royal figure named Amarabhujanga. However, the specific identity of this individualâwhether he was a prince of the Pandya dynasty, a general serving the Pandya king, or a prince of the Kongu Chera dynastyâremains a matter of debate and has not been conclusively resolved. According to the
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1600:"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
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a significant role in defeating the
Changalvas in the battle of Ponnasoge and was duly rewarded with the territory of Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 and the esteemed title of Kshatriyasikhamani. Similarly, in recognition of the valor displayed by Manya, a Kongalva leader, the estate of Malambi (Coorg) was granted to them, along with the title of Kshatriyasikhamani.
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Anuradhapura vulnerable to the incursions of the Chola forces, who exploited the internal strife to mount invasions in the year 993. These events, documented in historical sources, underscore the intricate interplay of economic policies, military dynamics, and regional power struggles during this period in the history of
Anuradhapura.
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warfare prescribed by the
Dharmasastras. Historians such as James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn interpret this confrontation as indicative of personal animosity between the rulers of the Chola and Chalukya kingdoms, akin to historical conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi.
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involved in this conflict. The
Thiruvalangadu inscription suggests that Rajaraja's general captured Vizhinjam (Viáž·inam), which could have been part of the Kandalur Salai campaign. It appears that this engagement involved the Chola navy, or possibly a joint operation involving both the navy and the army.
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representation of Chola hegemony and religious fervor. The transformation of
Mahatirtha into Rajarajapura, in homage to the Chola sovereign, further underscores the symbolic and cultural import of the Chola conquest of Anuradhapura and their subsequent governance in the northern expanse of Sri Lanka.
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Aditha died under mysterious circumstances; inscriptions hint at him being assassinated. Sundara died soon after, clearing the way for
Madhurantakan to be king under the title Uttama Chola. After the death of Uttama, Rajaraja finally ascended the throne in JuneâJuly 985. Known as Arumoáž·i Varman until
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Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the
Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be
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in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. This led to the king exercising closer control over the different parts of the empire. Rajaraja strengthened the local self-governments and installed a system of audit and control by which the
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By the year 1004 CE, Rajaraja had successfully conquered the Gangavadi province. He established control over the western part of Gangavadi, ruled by the Changalvas, and over Kodagu, governed by the Kongalvas, who were then made vassals of the Chola Empire. Panchavan Maraya, a Chola general, played
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Under Chola administration, the official Tali Kumaran oversaw the construction of a significant Shiva temple known as Rajarajeshwara, meaning "Lord of Rajaraja," within the town of Mahatirtha, now recognized as modern-day Mantota. Consequently, Mahatirtha was renamed Rajarajapura in commemoration of
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Following his victory over the Pandyas, Rajaraja assumed the title of Pandya Kulashani, which translates to 'Thunderbolt to the Race of the Pandyas.' As a result of his conquest, the territory of the Pandyas became recognized as "Rajaraja Mandalam" or "Rajaraja Pandinadu." When recounting Rajaraja's
2003:
Hail Prosperity! In the 21st year of (the reign of) the illustrious Ko Raja Rajakesari Varma, alias the illustrious Rajaraja Deva, who, while both the goddess of fortune and the great goddess of the earth, who had become his exclusive property, gave him pleasure, was pleased to destroy the kalam at
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in 1001 CE, Rajaraja swiftly restored Saktivarman to power, even expelling and eliminating an Andhra king named Bhima. Notably, Rajaraja cemented an alliance between the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom by arranging the marriage of his daughter, Kundavai, to the next viceroy of Vengi,
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In 993 CE, Rajaraja achieved the conquest of Anuradhapura, known as Pihiti rata in local context, situated in Sri Lanka. This territory was subsequently designated as Ila-mandalam in Chola historical records. The military campaign led to the sacking of Anuradhapura by the Chola army, resulting in
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In 998 CE, Rajaraja annexed Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, and Tadigaipadi (present-day Karnataka). During this campaign, Raja Chola subdued the Nolambas, who were previously vassals of the Ganga dynasty. These territories were initially under the suzerainty of the Rashtrakutas, who had been defeated by
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in the early 1000s. The Chola subjugation of Kerala can be dated to the early years of the 11th century. The Senur inscription dated to 1005 CE, attributed to Rajaraja, records his military achievements. It mentions the destruction of the Pandya capital, Madurai, as well as the conquest of several
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He is hailed as "KÄndalÅ«r ÅÄlai Kalam-arutta," meaning 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.' Originally, this area was under the control of the Ay chief, who served as a vassal to the Pandya king of Madurai. However, it remains uncertain whether warriors from the Chera or Pandya dynasties were
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was appointed as a co-regent towards the end of Rajaraja's reign. He held the position of supreme commander over the northern and northwestern territories. Under Raja Chola's rule, there was a notable expansion of the administrative system, resulting in a greater number of offices and officials
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In multiple historical accounts, there are mentions of King Rajaraja's conquest of a place called "Kuda-malai-nadu" around the year 1000 CE. In certain inscriptions found in Karnataka, the term "Kudagu-malai-nadu" is used instead of "Kuda-malai-nadu." Scholars generally believe that this region
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The disruption of central governance exacerbated the financial strain on the kingdom, particularly in meeting the obligations to the Tamil mercenaries. Consequently, the mercenaries, feeling aggrieved and disillusioned, turned their allegiance towards the Chola empire. This strategic shift left
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When Rajaraja came into power, he inherited a kingdom that was only centered around the Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region, which was the heart of traditional Chola territory. However, this kingdom was not very large, and it was still recovering from attacks by the Rashtrakutas in previous years.
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Before the reign of Rajaraja I, portions of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as
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An inscription attributed to Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar acknowledges his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion. He accuses Rajendra Chola of leading a massive force of 955,000 soldiers and causing havoc in Donuwara, blurring the ethical boundaries of
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Rajaraja married several women, including the following: Vanathi aka ThiripuvÄna MÄdÄviyÄr, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi. He had at least three
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Prior to Rajaraja's reign, Chola coins featured the tiger emblem on the obverse, along with the fish and bow emblems representing the Pandya and Chera Dynasties, while the reverse side displayed the name of the King. However, a new type of coin emerged during Rajaraja's rule. These new coins
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During the reign of King Mahinda V, the Sinhalese kingdom of Anuradhapura experienced a significant military revolt around the year 982 AD, primarily as a consequence of the monarch's economic policies. The armed forces of the Anuradhapura capital predominantly consisted of Tamil mercenaries
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To commemorate their victory, the Chola administrator Tali Kumaran supervised the construction of a notable Shiva temple named Rajarajeshwara, signifying "Lord of Rajaraja," within the precincts of Mahatirtha. Presently acknowledged as modern Mantota, this temple assumed a pivotal role as a
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Meanwhile, the Vengi kingdom was under the rule of Jata Choda Bhima, a member of the Eastern Chalukyas Dynasty. However, Rajaraja emerged victorious in battle against Bhima, and Saktivarman was appointed as a viceroy under the Chola Dynasty. Despite a brief period of Bhima's recapture of
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Rajaraja changed this by transforming the kingdom into a well-organized empire with a powerful army and navy. Under his rule, the northern kingdom of Vengi became closely allied with the Cholas, and their influence expanded along the eastern coast all the way up to Kalinga in the north.
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The king's conquest of Malainadu is described in the Vikrama Chola Ula, where it is said that he achieved it in just one day, crossing 18 mountain passes. According to the Kulottunga Chola Ula, King Rajaraja was depicted as beheading 18 people and burning down Udagai. Additionally, the
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Kalingathupparani references the establishment of Chadaya Nalvizha in Udiyar Mandalam, the seizure of Udagai, and the plundering of several elephants from the area. The Tiruppalanam inscription from 999 CE records the king's offering of an idol obtained as spoils from Malainadu.
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regions. These include defeating the formidable rulers of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and Kodungallur (the Chera Perumals of Makotai).Certain triumphs in the region of Malainadu were possibly achieved by Prince Rajendra Chola I on behalf of his father, Rajaraja Chola.
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the acquisition of the northern portion of Sri Lanka by the Chola empire. As part of their administrative efforts, the Cholas established a provincial capital at the strategic military outpost of Polonnaruwa, renaming it Jananathamangalam in honor of Rajaraja's title.
1461:"Rama built with the aid of monkeys, a causeway across the sea, and then with great difficulties defeated the king of Lanka using sharp-edged arrows. But Rama was excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the king of Lanka."
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In the Thanjavur inscriptions, various regiments are noted. These regiments were organized into units of elephants, cavalry, and infantry. Each of these units operated independently and had the authority to give gifts or construct temples as they saw fit.
1209:. This region held significant strategic importance due to its access to resources and trade routes. The conflict between the two rulers intensified as they vied for dominance in the region, resulting in significant battles and shifting allegiances.
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Once Rajaraja had consolidated his authority in the southern regions, he took on the title of Mummudi Chola. This title, which means "three Crowned," symbolized his power over three important Tamil kingdoms: the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Cheras.
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Rajaraja's earliest inscriptions commemorate a significant triumph at Kandalur Salai, located in present-day Kerala, around 988 CE. He is acclaimed as "KÄndalÅ«r ÅÄlai Kalam-arutta," which translates to 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.'.
1299:. Arinjaya died soon and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II, also known as Sundara Chola. It was decided that the throne would pass on to Madhurantakan after Sundara: this decision was most probably that of Sundara himself, although the
1577:
The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the conquest of Vengi. This conquest marked the northern boundary of the Chola Empire at that time and established their control over the entirety of South and South-East India.
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In 1017 CE, Rajaraja's successor, Rajendra I, finalized the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka. The Chola reign over Sri Lanka persisted until 1070, when Vijayabahu I successfully vanquished and expelled them from the island.
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rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding was finished.
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documented in Chola records compared to previous eras. Villavan Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions. The names of other officials found in the inscriptions are the
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daughters and two sons. The older son, Rajendra, was born to ThiripuvÄna MÄdÄviyÄr. The younger son was named Araiyan Rajarajan, and the identiey of his mother is unknown. He had his first daughter
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showcased the figure of the standing king on the obverse side, while the reverse side depicted a seated goddess. The coins spread across much of southern India and were copied by Sri Lankan kings.
2095:, dating back to the seventh year of the king, mentions the fifteenth year of his predecessor, Uttama Choladeva. Uttama Choladeva is described in the inscription as the son of Sembiyan-Madeviyar.
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Precolonial India in Practice : Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra by Austin Cynthia Talbot Assistant Professor of History and Asian Studies University of Texas p.172
1910:, and the capital were centres of both religious and economic activity. The temple, which turned 1000 years old in 2010, is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of
1820:. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in
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1832:) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as
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a historical record of the Kongu Nadu region, it is suggested that this general eventually changed his loyalty to Rajaraja. He is said to have participated in the ritual of
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There are no existing contemporary portraits or statues of Rajaraja. The bronze figure purportedly depicting him at the Thanjavur temple is spurious and of recent origin.
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copper-plate inscription, his birth name was Arulmoុi (also transliterated as Arulmozhi) Varman, literally "blessed tongued". He was born around 947 CE in the
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village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy. To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to
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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.230
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2193:. The role of the younger prince Arulmoli Varman, also known as Ponniyin Selvan (the future Rajaraja I) is played by the Tamil cinema actor
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1620:("the Ancient Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200"). The naval campaign was a demonstration of the Chola naval power in the Indian Ocean.
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Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he recorded the important events of his life in stone. An inscription in
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Rajaraja I also left a significant mark through his architectural and cultural achievements. He commissioned the construction of the
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the Western Chalukyas in 973 CE. Consequently, the Cholas found themselves in direct conflict with the Chalukyas. An inscription of
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3160:, p. 215:"Rajaraja is supposed to have conquered twelve thousand old islands... a phrase meant to indicate the Maldives"
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South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra-Chola, and others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur
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The Thiruvalangadu Plates directly compare Raja Raja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama:
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Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, following the death of his great-grandfather
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Vimaladitya. This strategic union ensured the future succession of Rajaraja's descendants to the throne of the
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Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Up to 1938 by Government of Madras Staff, Government of Madras p.38
2284:, a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 depicts Rajaraja Chola. The role was played by late actor
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Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan by Lionel D. Barnett p.216
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Life/Death Rhythms of Ancient Empires â Climatic Cycles Influence Rule of Dynasties by Will Slatyer p.236
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1710:. Furthermore, his elder sister Kundavai assisted him in the administration and management of temples.
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A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180
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from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught.
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1518:, a group who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas. An inscription from the Gopalakrishna temple at
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where gold is poured over the Chola king, symbolizing an act of royal anointment or coronation.
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3739:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition.
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2643:"Why Tamil Nadu Celebrating King Raja Raja Chola's Birthday Is A Masterstroke In Symbolism"
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3621:"Tamil Nadu â Thanjavur Periya Kovil â 1000 Years, Six Earthquakes, Still Standing Strong"
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South Indian inscriptions, India. Archaeological Survey, India. Dept. of Archaeology p.477
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The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period
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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwip: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
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prince Vimaladithan. Rajaraja had two other daughters.. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the
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generals and a minister identified as Naganna. Additionally, a similar inscription in
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century
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Kula Kaalan, Pandiya Kula Sani, Thelungu Kula Kaalan, Keralandhagan, Singalandhagan,
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Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of
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Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070â1280), Parts 1070â1280
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https://ampgc.ac.in/Admin/upload/documents/4a97c381-9add-4d88-bce7-6e47dc33bf36.pdf
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mint. Legend "Chola, conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.
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Another inscription from the Gramardhanathesvara temple in the southern area of
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One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the islands of
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South India heritage: an introduction by Prema Kasturi, Chithra Madhavan p.96
1792:: ÅivapÄda Åekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of
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emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE. He is known for his conquests of
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S. R. Balasubrahmanyam; B. Natarajan; Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran (1979).
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shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year. An excerpt from such a
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the Chola monarch's conquest and establishment of authority in the region.
1224:. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE, and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I.
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Tamilian Antiquary (1907â1914) â 12 Vols. by Pandit. D. Savariroyan p.33
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Tamilian Antiquary (1907â1914) â 12 Vols. by Pandit. D. Savariroyan p.30
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which deals with RajaRaja's later years and Rajendra Chola I's ascension.
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Rajaraja's empire encompassed vast territories, including regions of the
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493:
17:
3147:. Minerva Associates, 1990 â Political Science â 153 pages. p. 120.
3010:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj
2746:
2744:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2688:
Literary Genetics with Comparative Perspectives by Katir MakÄtÄvan̲ p.25
2276:
by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects.
3801:. Vol. 9â10. Archaeological Survey of India. 1890. pp. 94â95.
3075:
A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana)
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture by John Bowman p.264
2285:
1973:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1053:
541:
460:
4268:
3145:
Espionage in Ancient India: From the Earliest Time to 12th Century A.D
2628:
Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University
1272:
recognizes his birthdate as 3 November 947. He had an elder brother â
3840:"Ponniyin Selvan: All About Jayam Ravi's Character Arun Mozhi Varman"
3559:
3557:
3463:
C. E. Ramachandran; K. V. Raman, Indian History and Culture Society.
1927:
1763:
1498:
1292:
1261:
271:
2266:
which deals with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur.
1647:, carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying
2887:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.398
2775:
2773:
2771:
2858:
Seminar on Social and Cultural History of Dharmapuri district p.46
2092:
1955:
1895:
1803:
1793:
1717:
1707:
1691:
1679:
1648:
1422:
1416:
1349:
1322:
1295:
was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son
1291:
ascended the throne. At the time of Gandaraditya's death, his son
1231:
1206:
357:
3289:. Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute. 1987. p. 28.
1522:, dated to 1006, records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed
3591:
3589:
3587:
1789:
1684:
Imperial Coin of Chola King Rajaraja I (985-1014 CE). Uncertain
1173:. He also extended his influence over strategic islands such as
4044:
Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
4024:
Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power
3480:
Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070
3322:
The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p.68
3035:
Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 21, page 200
2871:
The Noáž·ambas: a political and cultural study, c750 to 1050 A.D.
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3527:
2909:
Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2102:
1541:
152:
125:
70:
29:
4096:(1992). "The CÅáž·as". In R. S. Sharma; K. M. Shrimali (eds.).
3077:. Northern Book Centre, 2009 â India â 132 pages. p. 51.
2679:
Seshachandrika: a compendium of Dr. M. Seshadri's works p.265
2570:
2568:
2566:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
1256:(alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. According to the
3132:. Janaki Prakashan, 1981 â History â 234 pages. p. 129.
2790:
2788:
4230:. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data.
1999:, an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:
1726:
found in the Brihadisvara temple, Tamil Nadu, 11th century.
1701:
valanadus. From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of
3710:. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Archived from
1890:
During 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in
1201:. In the east, Rajaraja faced fierce opposition from the
4206:
Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy
2500:
A Journey through India's Past by Chandra Mauli Mani p.51
1514:
There were hostile encounters between the Cholas and the
1138:; 3 November 947 â January/February 1014), also known as
2993:
2991:
4182:
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009).
2496:
2494:
1558:
3435:
3208:. Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre. 1994.
2984:. PrasÄrÄnga, University of Mysore, 1976. p. 160.
2631:. Vol. 3. Tamil University. 1985. pp. 40â41.
1433:, indicate the Chola emperor's conquest in the region.
4148:. Vol. 10 (Tamil Literature). Otto Harrasowitz.
3985:. Vol. 10, Part I. Mysore Archaeological Survey.
3190:
2697:
1777:
monastery, was constructed in the 11th century CE in
4188:. Singapore: Institute of south-east Asian Studies.
3520:. Authors Guild of India Madras Chapter. p. 54.
3091:. Archaeological Survey of India. 1935. p. 225.
1425:
temple, erected subsequent to Rajaraja's capture of
3645:
South Indian Inscriptions â Vol II, Part I & II
505:
489:
481:
471:
459:
443:
414:
381:
364:
337:
333:
323:
313:
296:
287:
277:
267:
253:
246:
218:Ponniyin Selvan, Mum'muá¹i CÅáž»an, Sivapathasekaran,
209:
4349:The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art
4346:
4227:Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion
3205:Documentation on Women, Children, and Human Rights
3101:
2750:
2716:
2533:
2438:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3224:. Place Names Society of India. 1954. p. 58.
3117:. ArchÊological Survey of India. 1983. p. 3.
2967:History of Indian Administration: Medieval period
2590:Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947
4303:Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I
3684:. Tamilnadu.com. 5 December 2012. Archived from
3623:. Tamilnadu.com. 27 January 2014. Archived from
3482:. Thomson Press (India), 1975. pp. 115â116.
1977:A typical lithic inscription of the Chola period
4099:A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206
3968:Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of ThÄnjavÅ«r
3607:
3563:
3343:Tamil Nadu, a real history by K. Rajayyan p.112
3331:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2762:
2735:
2407:
2001:
1672:of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.
1598:
1459:
4047:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
3811:
3595:
2655:
2613:
3799:South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil and Sanskrit
3785:
3548:
2883:
2881:
2779:
2667:
2601:
2585:
2583:
2344:
1100:
8:
3533:
3501:
3367:A History of Fine Arts in India and the West
3353:Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96
3169:
2130:. There might be a discussion about this on
1738:prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi
1635:also played a major role in the invasion of
1154:, and increasing Chola influence across the
4334:V. Ramamurthy (1986). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
3241:. Asian Educational Services. p. 264.
2969:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1975. p. 51.
2794:
1378:Rajaraja's inscriptions begin to appear in
1327:Chola empire during the reign of Rajaraja I
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4412:
3517:Raja Raja Chola, the high point of history
2426:. Numismatic Society of India. p. 34.
1639:. The success of Rajaraja allowed his son
1315:Rajaraja, which means "King among Kings".
1197:, extending Chola authority as far as the
1107:
1093:
518:
206:
155:. Please do not remove this message until
3654:
3157:
3052:. The Clarendon press. pp. 336â358.
2150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1762:but he also dedicated several temples to
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
3993:South Indian inscriptions (1983 reprint)
3897:"Mani is likely to drop Ponniyin Selvan"
3733:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
2960:
2958:
2956:
2161:
2073:Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from
1972:
1869:
1239:
430:Arulmozhi chandramalli alias Gangamadevi
151:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3013:. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. p. 154.
2982:History of the Western Gangas, Volume 1
2326:
1854:king Rajaraja, the best of the race of
521:
4321:T. S. Subramanian (27 November 2009).
4248:Tamil Polity, c. A.D. 600-c. A.D. 1300
4124:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
3467:. Books & Books, 1984. p. 11.
3024:Epigraphia Indica, Volume 30, page 248
2949:. Orient BlackSwan, 2006. p. 239.
2468:
2466:
2381:
2370:
2294:, is a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh.
2166:20th Century Sculpture of Rajaraja in
2055:à®à®Ÿà®šà¯à®€à®³à¯à®°à¯à®à¯ à®à®Ÿà®²à¯à®à¯ à®à®³à®®à®±à¯à®€à¯à®€à®°à¯à®³à®¿ வà¯à®à¯à®à¯
1722:Mural depicting Rajaraja and his guru
1664:with Lokamadev who eventually married
1623:The Cholas controlled the area around
1205:king Jata Choda Bhima over control of
440:
4353:. Columbia University Press. p.
4066:. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
3465:Aspects of Indian history and culture
2475:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
1307:claims that it was made by Rajaraja.
1252:Rajaraja was a son of the Chola king
498:
7:
4261:Brhadisvara Temple: Form and Meaning
3436:Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009
2445:. Harvard University Press. p.
1822:Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
1816:in his court. He sought the help of
3873:. 26 September 2008. Archived from
3580:. Mudgala Trust, 1994. p. 212.
3452:. deepak shinde, 2016. p. 169.
1287:. After Parantaka I, his elder son
3762:Coins of India by C. J. Brown p.63
3682:"Tanjavur Periya Kovil Tamil Nadu"
2546:The Hindus: An Alternative History
1850:Rasarasamannan-Abhayakula-sekharan
1374:Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas
25:
4165:The Indian Ocean in World History
3996:. Archaeological Survey of India.
3937:. 17 January 2003. Archived from
3670:. Archaeological Survey of India.
3397:. Anmol Publications. p. 4.
3394:Encyclopaedia of Indian paintings
3238:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
2874:University of Mysore. p. 98.
2558:Indian Thought: A Critical Survey
2031:பà¯à®°à¯à®šà®¿à®²à®à¯ à®à¯à®²à¯à®µà®¿à®¯à¯à®šà¯ ஀னà®à¯à®à¯à®¯à¯à®°à®¿à®®à¯
2019:ஞà¯à®µà®žà¯à®€à®¿à®žà¯à®°à¯à¯ ஀ிரà¯à®®à®à®³à¯ பà¯à®² பà¯à®°à¯à®šà®¿à®²
1848:, Nambi identifies his patron as
1530:describes Rajaraja defeating the
45:This article has multiple issues.
4400:
4007:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
4001:Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005).
3007:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951).
2933:History of India: a new approach
2477:. Primus Books. pp. 46â49.
2420:Charles Hubert Biddulph (1964).
2260:Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai
2236:and the subsequent accession of
2107:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
1545:
509:
232:
130:
75:
34:
4088:. Madras: University of Madras.
3370:. Orient Longman. p. 246.
1587:corresponds to Coorg (Kudagu).
53:or discuss these issues on the
4300:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1977).
4145:A History of Indian literature
3046:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904).
1926:, Brihadisvara is part of the
1886:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1877:built by Rajaraja I, a UNESCO
1413:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1303:inscription of Rajaraja's son
1:
4378:. Columbia University Press.
4323:"Unearthed stone ends debate"
4282:Early Medieval Indian Society
4263:. Aryan Books International.
4102:. People's Publishing House.
3828:. Mudgala Trust. p. 149.
3235:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982).
3221:Studies in Indian place names
2868:M. S. Krishna Murthy (1980).
1940:The temple tower, called the
646:
547:
368:
300:
257:
4477:11th-century Indian monarchs
4472:10th-century Indian monarchs
4203:M. G. S. Narayanan (2013) .
3089:Epigraphia Indica, Volume 22
2300:, is a book by Tamil author
1898:. The temple, also known as
1808:Bronze Sculpture of Rajaraja
1466:Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates
308: January/February 1014
1754:Rajaraja was a follower of
1696:Imperial Seal of Rajaraja I
1645:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
1582:Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu
1384:Thiruvananthapuram district
1354:Inscription of Rajaraja in
1311:this point, he adopted the
1079:Legendary early Chola kings
157:conditions to do so are met
27:Chola emperor from 985-1014
4513:
4375:Art of the Imperial Cholas
3929:"What makes Shyam special"
3668:"Endowments to the Temple"
3191:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1977
3130:Diplomacy in ancient India
3049:The Early History of India
2921:The world in the year 1000
2698:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1977
2043:à®à¯à®¯à¯à®°à®¿à®®à¯ பà¯à®£à¯à®à®®à¯ மனà®à¯à®à¯à®³à®à¯
1935:Great Living Chola Temples
1883:
1836:meaning one who saved the
1744:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
1608:"Encyclopaedia Britannica"
1410:
1343:
1039:Great Living Chola Temples
1024:Chola art and architecture
4430:
4423:
4415:
4004:Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka
3262:Early Chola art, page 183
2577:by Upinder Singh, p. 590.
2548:by Wendy Doniger, p. 347.
2079:first line in every image
1960:Copper Coin or Rajaraja I
1894:and dedicated it to Lord
1842:Nambiyandar Nambi Puranam
1244:Rajaraja and his brother
450:
439:
263:âJanuary or February 1014
238:A Mural of Rajaraja I at
231:
214:
90:for incorrect grammar use
4122:A History of South India
4026:. Abhinav Publications.
4022:Geeta Vasudevan (2003).
3478:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam.
2560:by K. Damodaran, p. 246.
1784:Rajaraja called himself
1504:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
1483:Irivabedanga Satyashraya
1346:Battle of Kandalur Salai
1276:, and an elder sister â
1270:Government of Tamil Nadu
1216:in the Chola capital of
1181:atoll, and parts of the
4245:R. Rajalakshmi (1983).
3990:Eugen Hultzsch (1890).
3965:A. K. Seshadri (1998).
3773:"Rajaraja inscriptions"
3102:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2751:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2717:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2534:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2473:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
2179:, a 2022 film based on
1846:Tirumurai Kanda Puranam
377:Thanjavur, Chola Empire
4372:Vidya Dehejia (1990).
4345:Vidya Dehejia (2009).
4224:Norman Cutler (1987).
4209:. Kerala: CosmoBooks.
3736:India through the ages
2935:by Kittu Reddy, p. 146
2592:by U. B. Singh, p. 76.
2441:Atlas of the year 1000
2315:List of Tamil monarchs
2171:
2006:
1978:
1961:
1920:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1912:Dravidian architecture
1881:
1834:Tirumurai Kanda Cholan
1809:
1727:
1697:
1689:
1631:as the main port. The
1614:
1469:
1434:
1362:
1340:Against Kandalur Salai
1328:
1249:
1237:
1214:Rajarajeshwaram Temple
1064:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
734:Parantaka II (Sundara)
4163:Milo Kearney (2003).
4041:John E. Cort (1998).
3708:"About Chola temples"
3391:Rakesh Kumar (2007).
3364:Edith Tömöry (1982).
3143:Gayatri Chakraborty.
2256:by Kathal Ramanathan.
2204:was released in 2023.
2165:
1976:
1959:
1873:
1807:
1800:Arts and architecture
1721:
1695:
1683:
1420:
1407:Conquest of Sri Lanka
1353:
1326:
1264:month, on the day of
1243:
1235:
984:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
387:Thiripuvana Madeviyar
4409:at Wikimedia Commons
4285:. Orient Blackswan.
3982:Epigraphia Carnatica
3877:on 27 September 2008
3714:on 22 September 2013
3608:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3564:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3332:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3286:RÄja RÄja, the great
3073:Chandra Mauli Mani.
2838:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2826:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2814:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2763:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2736:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2408:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2240:to the Chola throne.
2120:confusing or unclear
1924:Airavatesvara temple
1904:RajaRajeswara Temple
1742:, the Samanta chief
1429:and its renaming to
1393:Kongu Desa Rajakkal,
1380:Kanyakumari district
744:Aditya II (Karikala)
4497:11th-century Hindus
4492:10th-century Hindus
3812:Eugen Hultzsch 1890
3688:on 10 February 2014
3627:on 26 December 2015
3596:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
3578:Tillai and Nataraja
3566:, pp. 109â110.
3450:Indian civilization
2899:, Volume 16, p. 74.
2782:, pp. 288â289.
2753:, pp. 115â117.
2719:, pp. 115â118.
2656:A. K. Seshadri 1998
2614:A. K. Seshadri 1998
2423:Coins of the Cholas
2244:Nandipurathu Nayagi
2201:Ponniyin Selvan: II
2181:Kalki Krishnamurthy
2128:clarify the section
2075:Brihadisvara Temple
1931:World Heritage Site
1879:World Heritage Site
1875:Brihadisvara Temple
1866:Brihadisvara Temple
1382:in the 990s and in
1248:meeting their guru.
240:Brihadisvara Temple
144:of this article is
4062:John Keay (2000).
3902:The Times of India
3786:B. Lewis Rice 1905
3549:Norman Cutler 1987
3104:, p. 115-118.
2780:V. Ramamurthy 1986
2668:Vidya Dehejia 1990
2645:. 2 November 2022.
2602:Vidya Dehejia 2009
2536:, p. 115-117.
2345:Vidya Dehejia 1990
2177:Ponniyin Selvan: I
2172:
2099:In popular culture
2067:à®à®à¯à®¯à®Ÿà®°à¯ ஞà¯à®°à¯à®°à®Ÿà®à®°à®Ÿà®
1979:
1962:
1882:
1810:
1786:Shivapada Shekhara
1728:
1698:
1690:
1557:. You can help by
1476:Chalukyan conflict
1435:
1363:
1329:
1319:Military conquests
1250:
1238:
1140:Rajaraja the Great
1132:Classical Sanskrit
525:Kings and Emperors
216:RÄjakÄsari Varman,
94:You can assist by
4440:
4439:
4431:Succeeded by
4405:Media related to
4385:978-0-231-51524-5
4364:978-0-231-51266-4
4292:978-81-250-2523-8
4216:978-81-88765-07-2
4195:978-981-230-938-9
4109:978-81-7007-121-1
4054:978-0-7914-3786-5
4014:978-1-932705-48-5
3534:John E. Cort 1998
3514:S. V. S. (1985).
3502:R. S. Sharma 2003
3377:978-0-86131-321-1
3334:, pp. 62â63.
3170:Milo Kearney 2003
2897:Epigraphia Indica
2828:, pp. 10â11.
2484:978-9-38060-734-4
2456:978-0-674-54187-0
2437:John Man (1999).
2380:Missing or empty
2160:
2159:
2152:
1818:Nambi Andar Nambi
1575:
1574:
1510:Hoysala conflicts
1431:Jananathamangalam
1421:The remains of a
1236:Mural of Rajaraja
1199:Tungabhadra River
1195:Western Chalukyas
1117:
1116:
1044:Solesvara Temples
1004:Ganges Expedition
989:
988:
977:Rajahnate of Cebu
945:Related dynasties
929:
928:
832:
831:
637:
636:
517:
516:
455:
454:
427:Araiyan Rajarajan
399:Panchavanmahadevi
396:Tirilokyamahadevi
203:
202:
195:
185:
184:
177:
124:
123:
116:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4504:
4462:Indian Shaivites
4434:Rajendra Chola I
4416:Preceded by
4413:
4404:
4389:
4368:
4352:
4341:
4337:History of Kongu
4330:
4317:
4296:
4272:
4252:
4241:
4220:
4199:
4178:
4159:
4135:
4113:
4089:
4077:
4064:India, a History
4058:
4037:
4018:
3997:
3986:
3972:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3905:. Archived from
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3775:. varalaaru.com.
3769:
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3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3128:Gandhi Jee Roy.
3125:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2965:Baij Nath Puri.
2962:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2795:Gunawardena 2005
2792:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2234:Aditha Karikalan
2191:Aditha Karikalan
2155:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1771:Chudamani Vihara
1750:Religious policy
1731:Rajendra Chola I
1612:
1611:
1595:Naval expedition
1570:
1567:
1549:
1542:
1538:Kalinga conquest
1467:
1246:Aditha Karikalan
1109:
1102:
1095:
1029:Chola literature
1009:Chola government
949:
948:
847:
846:
670:
669:
655:
651:
648:
552:
549:
538:
537:
519:
513:
485:Vanavan Mahadevi
441:
408:Prithivimahadevi
374:
370:
341:Arulmozhi Varman
309:
305:
302:
262:
259:
236:
207:
198:
191:
180:
173:
169:
166:
160:
134:
133:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4427:
4421:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4371:
4365:
4344:
4333:
4320:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4275:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4202:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4162:
4156:
4138:
4132:
4118:K. A. N. Sastri
4116:
4110:
4094:K. A. N. Sastri
4092:
4082:K. A. N. Sastri
4080:
4074:
4061:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4021:
4015:
4000:
3989:
3975:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3941:on 27 June 2003
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3909:on 16 June 2013
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2980:Ali, B. Sheik.
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2723:
2715:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2393:
2379:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2328:
2323:
2311:
2292:Kaviri Mainthan
2254:Rajaraja Cholan
2248:Vembu Vikiraman
2225:Ponniyin Selvan
2209:Rajaraja Cholan
2186:Ponniyin Selvan
2156:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2017:
1971:
1954:
1888:
1868:
1802:
1752:
1716:
1678:
1657:
1613:
1606:
1605:Romila Thapar,
1604:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1555:needs expansion
1540:
1512:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1415:
1409:
1397:kanakabhisheka,
1376:
1348:
1342:
1321:
1230:
1179:Thiladhunmadulu
1169:, and northern
1113:
1084:
1083:
999:
991:
990:
946:
931:
930:
844:
834:
833:
704:Rajaditya Chola
667:
665:Medieval Cholas
653:
649:
639:
638:
550:
535:
496:
451:Raja Raja Chola
376:
372:
344:
342:
307:
303:
292:
260:
242:
217:
199:
188:
187:
186:
181:
170:
164:
161:
150:
135:
131:
120:
109:
103:
100:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Hindu monarchs
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Chola emperors
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4396:
4395:External links
4393:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4342:
4331:
4318:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4273:
4253:
4242:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4200:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4160:
4154:
4140:Kamil Zvelebil
4136:
4130:
4114:
4108:
4090:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4019:
4013:
3998:
3987:
3973:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3920:
3888:
3856:
3831:
3816:
3804:
3790:
3788:, p. 107.
3778:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3725:
3699:
3673:
3659:
3657:, p. xix.
3655:John Keay 2000
3647:
3638:
3612:
3600:
3598:, p. 191.
3583:
3576:B. Natarajan.
3568:
3553:
3538:
3536:, p. 178.
3523:
3506:
3504:, p. 270.
3494:
3485:
3470:
3455:
3440:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3383:
3376:
3356:
3345:
3336:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3292:
3276:
3265:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3211:
3195:
3183:
3174:
3162:
3158:John Keay 2000
3150:
3135:
3120:
3106:
3094:
3080:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3027:
3016:
2999:
2987:
2972:
2952:
2945:Malini Adiga.
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2799:
2784:
2767:
2765:, p. 238.
2755:
2740:
2721:
2702:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2634:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2579:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2511:
2502:
2490:
2483:
2462:
2455:
2429:
2412:
2391:
2349:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2281:Bharat Ek Khoj
2277:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2221:
2218:Sivaji Ganesan
2216:film starring
2205:
2183:'s 1955 novel
2158:
2157:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2077:in Thanjavur (
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1970:
1967:
1953:
1950:
1933:known as the "
1918:. Along with
1908:Rajarajeswaram
1884:Main article:
1867:
1864:
1840:. In his work
1801:
1798:
1751:
1748:
1740:Krishnan Raman
1715:
1712:
1677:
1676:Administration
1674:
1656:
1653:
1641:Rajendra Chola
1602:
1596:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1536:
1511:
1508:
1477:
1474:
1463:
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1375:
1372:
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1320:
1317:
1301:Thiruvalangadu
1258:Thiruvalangadu
1229:
1226:
1191:Western Gangas
1163:Pandya country
1128:RÄjarÄja CÅáž»aá¹
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:Chola military
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
987:
986:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:Nidugal Cholas
965:
964:
957:
956:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
933:
932:
927:
926:
923:
917:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
901:Kulothunga III
897:
896:
893:
891:Rajadhiraja II
887:
886:
883:
877:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
857:
856:
853:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
668:
663:
662:
659:
658:
641:
640:
635:
634:
632:
626:
625:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:Kopperuncholan
608:
607:
605:
599:
598:
596:
590:
589:
587:
581:
580:
578:
572:
571:
569:
567:Ilamchetchenni
563:
562:
560:
554:
553:
551: 161 BCE
544:
536:
531:
530:
527:
526:
515:
514:
507:
503:
502:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
437:
436:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
418:
412:
411:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
383:
379:
378:
375:(aged 66)
366:
362:
361:
343:3 November 947
339:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
298:
294:
293:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
255:
251:
250:
244:
243:
237:
229:
228:
212:
211:
201:
200:
183:
182:
138:
136:
129:
122:
121:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4509:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Chola dynasty
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4313:9789060236079
4309:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4237:0-253-35334-3
4233:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4174:0-415-31277-9
4170:
4167:. Routledge.
4166:
4161:
4157:
4155:3-447-01582-9
4151:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4131:0-19-560686-8
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4073:0-00-638784-5
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4033:0-00-638784-5
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3977:B. Lewis Rice
3974:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3845:
3844:moviecrow.com
3841:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3610:, p. 46.
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:, p. 50.
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3438:, p. 67.
3437:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3404:9788126131228
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3248:9788120601512
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3172:, p. 70.
3171:
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3154:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
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3098:
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3059:9788171566181
3055:
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3017:
3012:
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2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2840:, p. 36.
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:, p. 71.
2796:
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2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
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2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2670:, p. 49.
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:, p. 32.
2657:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2616:, p. 31.
2615:
2610:
2607:
2604:, p. 42.
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
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2506:
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2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
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2392:
2387:
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2359:
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2350:
2347:, p. 51.
2346:
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2335:
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2327:
2320:
2316:
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2299:
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2283:
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2275:
2274:Cherar Kottai
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:, a novel by
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:. The sequel
2197:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2132:the talk page
2129:
2123:
2121:
2116:This section
2114:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
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1703:Vikrama Chola
1694:
1687:
1682:
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1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1655:Personal life
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
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1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Bay of Bengal
1621:
1619:
1609:
1601:
1594:
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1566:December 2015
1560:
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1553:This section
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1293:Madhurantakan
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1167:Chera country
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:and parts of
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:RÄjarÄja ÅÅáž·a
1133:
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1035:
1034:Flag of Chola
1032:
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1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
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1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:Chola society
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994:
985:
982:
981:
978:
975:
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958:
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953:Telugu Chodas
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871:Kulothunga II
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661:
660:
657:
654: 848 CE
645:Interregnum (
643:
642:
633:
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628:
627:
624:
622:
621:Kochchenganan
619:
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402:Abhimanavalli
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248:Chola Emperor
245:
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176:
168:
165:November 2023
158:
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128:
127:
118:
115:
107:
104:November 2023
97:
91:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4424:
4419:Uttama Chola
4374:
4348:
4336:
4326:
4306:. Oriental.
4302:
4281:
4277:R. S. Sharma
4260:
4257:R. Nagaswamy
4247:
4226:
4205:
4184:
4164:
4144:
4121:
4098:
4085:
4063:
4043:
4023:
4003:
3992:
3981:
3967:
3958:Bibliography
3943:. Retrieved
3939:the original
3932:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3900:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3875:the original
3868:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3814:, p. 8.
3807:
3798:
3793:
3781:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3735:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:the original
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:the original
3676:
3662:
3650:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3615:
3603:
3577:
3571:
3516:
3509:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3393:
3386:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3237:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3193:, p. 6.
3186:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3002:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2816:, p. 3.
2758:
2738:, p. 2.
2700:, p. 3.
2693:
2684:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2505:
2474:
2440:
2432:
2422:
2415:
2410:, p. 1.
2382:|title=
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2223:
2212:, is a 1973
2207:
2199:
2188:
2175:
2146:
2137:
2126:Please help
2117:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2002:
1994:
1980:
1969:Inscriptions
1963:
1939:
1916:Chola period
1907:
1903:
1900:Periya Kovil
1899:
1889:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1813:
1811:
1785:
1783:
1779:Nagapattinam
1768:
1753:
1729:
1699:
1658:
1643:to lead the
1629:Nagapattinam
1622:
1615:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1563:
1559:adding to it
1554:
1513:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1334:
1330:
1309:
1289:Gandaraditya
1282:
1254:Parantaka II
1251:
1221:
1211:
1203:Telugu Chola
1187:Indian Ocean
1160:
1156:Indian Ocean
1139:
1135:
1127:
1124:Middle Tamil
1119:
1118:
1059:Melakadambur
971:of Karnataka
936:
921:Rajendra III
911:Rajaraja III
851:Kulothunga I
842:Later Cholas
824:Athirajendra
814:Virarajendra
804:Rajamahendra
763:
714:Gandaraditya
644:
630:Perunarkilli
603:Killivalavan
533:Early Cholas
497:
476:Parantaka II
433:Mathevadigal
405:Latamahadevi
390:Lokamahadevi
373:(1014-01-00)
371:January 1014
352:(modern-day
350:Chola Empire
290:Anuradhapura
215:
204:
189:
171:
162:
140:
110:
101:
88:copy editing
86:may require
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4487:1014 deaths
4482:940s births
4425:Rajaraja I
3913:11 February
3865:"Cine Quiz"
2302:Balakumaran
1922:temple and
1724:Karuvuruvar
1670:Tamil month
1528:Channapatna
1427:Polonnaruwa
1360:Kanyakumari
1313:regnal name
1285:Parantaka I
1175:Lakshadweep
1148:South India
961:Chodagangas
881:Rajaraja II
794:Rajendra II
784:Rajadhiraja
694:Parantaka I
558:Kulakkottan
499:See details
445:Regnal name
314:Predecessor
268:Predecessor
4446:Categories
4407:Rajaraja I
4269:817305388X
4086:The Cholas
3718:6 December
3692:4 December
3631:4 December
3448:deepak s.
2321:References
2270:Rajakesari
2195:Jayam Ravi
2140:April 2024
2122:to readers
1996:Meikeerthi
1946:Tamil Nadu
1852:, that is
1830:Dikshitars
1633:Chola Navy
1356:Suchindram
1305:Rajendra I
1268:star. The
1228:Early life
1120:Rajaraja I
1019:Chola Navy
963:of Kalinga
774:Rajendra I
764:Rajaraja I
674:Vijayalaya
652: â c.
650: 200
594:Nalankilli
585:Nedunkilli
423:Rajendra I
354:Tamil Nadu
328:Rajendra I
306: â c.
304: 992
282:Rajendra I
261: 985
210:Rajaraja I
142:neutrality
96:editing it
50:improve it
4428:985â1014
4327:The Hindu
4120:(2000) .
4084:(1984) .
3934:The Hindu
3870:The Hindu
3849:9 October
2363:10 August
2168:Thanjavur
1991:Karnataka
1892:Thanjavur
1838:Tirumurai
1826:brahmanas
1714:Officials
1686:Tamilnadu
1637:Sri Lanka
1520:Narasipur
1274:Aditha II
1222:valanadus
1218:Thanjavur
1171:Sri Lanka
1152:Sri Lanka
1074:Tiruvarur
1069:Thanjavur
1049:Poompuhar
955:of Andhra
925:1246â1279
915:1216â1256
905:1178â1218
895:1166â1178
885:1146â1173
875:1133â1150
865:1118â1135
855:1070â1120
828:1067â1070
818:1063â1070
808:1060â1063
798:1051â1063
788:1018â1054
778:1012â1044
546:205 BCEâ
506:Signature
346:Thanjavur
324:Successor
318:Mahinda V
278:Successor
226:ÅikhÄmaá¹i
153:talk page
56:talk page
18:Rajarajan
4340:. ISIAC.
4279:(2003).
4259:(2010).
4251:. Ennes.
4142:(1974).
3979:(1905).
2923:, p. 311
2911:, p. 198
2373:cite web
2309:See also
1987:Mulbagal
1814:Thevaram
1775:Buddhist
1760:Hinduism
1758:sect of
1756:Shaivism
1666:Chalukya
1662:Kundavai
1618:Maldives
1603:â
1532:Hoysalas
1516:Hoysalas
1464:â
1297:Arinjaya
1278:Kundavai
1266:Sadhayam
1193:and the
1183:Maldives
1142:, was a
768:985â1014
724:Arinjaya
684:Aditya I
678:848â871?
576:Karikala
494:Hinduism
490:Religion
288:King of
224:Ká¹£atriya
146:disputed
3971:. Nile.
2298:Udayaar
2286:Om Puri
2264:Sujatha
2118:may be
1942:vimanam
1914:of the
1824:. The
1649:Kadaram
1524:Hoysala
1358:, near
1262:Aipassi
1185:in the
1054:Uraiyur
937:Related
861:Vikrama
758:971â987
748:966â971
738:950â980
728:955â956
718:949â962
708:935â949
698:907â955
688:871â907
542:Ellalan
461:Dynasty
4382:
4361:
4310:
4289:
4267:
4234:
4213:
4192:
4171:
4152:
4128:
4106:
4070:
4051:
4030:
4011:
3945:6 June
3881:9 July
3401:
3374:
3245:
3056:
2481:
2453:
2238:Uttama
1928:UNESCO
1856:Abhaya
1844:alias
1764:Vishnu
1499:Kanchi
1165:, the
754:Uttama
482:Mother
472:Father
382:Spouse
272:Uttama
2230:Kalki
2214:Tamil
2093:Arcot
1985:from
1983:Tamil
1952:Coins
1896:Shiva
1794:Shiva
1708:China
1627:with
1423:Shiva
1207:Vengi
1144:Chola
523:Chola
466:Chola
416:Issue
358:India
297:Reign
254:Reign
220:Taila
4380:ISBN
4359:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4287:ISBN
4265:ASIN
4232:ISBN
4211:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4169:ISBN
4150:ISBN
4126:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4049:ISBN
4028:ISBN
4009:ISBN
3947:2013
3915:2013
3883:2011
3851:2022
3720:2015
3694:2015
3633:2015
3399:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3054:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2386:help
2365:2024
2272:and
1906:and
1790:IAST
1773:, a
1769:The
1736:Bana
365:Died
338:Born
139:The
3741:185
2447:104
2262:by
2246:by
1989:in
1937:".
1796:".
1561:.
4448::
4357:.
4355:42
4325:.
3931:.
3899:.
3867:.
3842:.
3586:^
3556:^
3541:^
3526:^
3295:^
2990:^
2955:^
2880:^
2802:^
2787:^
2770:^
2743:^
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