1049:’. However, rangelands also occur in higher rainfall areas where limitations other than rainfall restrict use to management of the natural landscape. The rangelands are where values and societal benefits are based primarily on natural resources. They are areas which have not been intensively developed for agriculture but extensive livestock production is a major land use, accounting for 55 per cent of the rangelands. Conservation reserves utilise around 11 per cent of the rangelands and the rangelands have areas of significant biodiversity and natural attractions on a world scale. Although mining and petroleum extraction uses a very small percentage of the rangelands, it economically contributes most to Australia’s Gross Domestic Product compared with other rangeland industries (cattle, sheep and goat production, tourism, harvesting of native products). Indigenous land tenures of various types cover around 59 per cent of the rangelands and overlap with grazing and conservation uses. Although rangelands cover 80 per cent of Australia’s land mass, at the 2016 Census, they were home to just over two per cent of the population (394,000 people), with 28 per cent of rangeland residents identifying as being Indigenous.
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include; grasslands, shrublands, savannas, and hot and cold deserts. Rangelands in South
America exclude hyperarid deserts. Examples of the South American rangelands include the Patagonian Steppe, the Monte, the Pampas, the "Llanos" or "Cerrado," the "Chaco" and the "Caatinga." The change in the intensity and location of tropical thunderstorms and other weather patterns is the driving force in the climates of southern South America.
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wetlands, deserts, tundra, and "certain forb and shrub communities." The primary difference between rangeland and pasture is management; rangelands tend to have natural vegetation along with a few introduced plant species, but all managed by grazing, while pastures have forage that is adapted for livestock and managed, by seeding, mowing, fertilization and irrigation.
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830:, they contribute one-third of the agribusiness GDP through cattle farming. These vast areas not only support direct agricultural outputs but also bolster related industries, enhancing employment and promoting economic growth. Their management and sustainability are crucial for continuing these economic contributions and supporting the livelihoods dependent on them.
615:. Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity. It may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as fire. A stable state may be maintained by regular natural disturbance such as fire or
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1081:, rangelands make up for 85% of the land surface area, and are largely inhabited by nomadic pastoralists who are largely dependent on livestock. This movement often brings along an incursion of different diseases with the common one being the rinderpest virus in the Kenyan wildlife population from the Somali ecosystem.
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In the past, rangelands in western China supported a pastoral economy and large wildlife populations. Now the rangelands have shrunk due to population growth, economic, government, and social factors. Rangeland types in China include; Semi-desert, Dry Alpine
Grasslands, Alpine Dwarf Shrub, Wetland
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is a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrubland under drier conditions or during early stages of primary or secondary succession.
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According to the UNCCD, 35% of rangelands are deserts and xeric shrublands, 26% tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands, 15% tundra, 13% temperate grasslands, savannahs and shrublands, 6% montane grasslands and shrublands, 4% mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, as well as
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Rangelands in South
America are located in regions with climate ranging from arid to sub-humid. Annual precipitation in these areas ranges from approximately 150 to 1500 mm (6–60 inches). Within South America, rangelands cover about 33% of the total land area. South American rangelands
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defines rangeland as "lands on which the native vegetation (climax or natural potential plant community) is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or browsing use." The EPA classifies natural grassland and savannas as rangeland, and in some cases includes
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Certain rangelands are preserved as provincially-protected areas similar to parks, others are managed as community resources. For example, in
Alberta since 2003 there has been legislation allowing the creation of "Heritage Rangelands" within the parks system. As of 2012 there were 2 heritage
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In western Canada, both grassland and forested range are significant. In
British Columbia, 70 percent of grassland range is privately owned and 60 percent of the total annual livestock forage requirement is provided by grazing on Crown rangeland (34 million hectares), 80 percent of which is
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applies which requires a land owner to fence cattle out rather than in; thus cattle are theoretically allowed to roam free. In modern times open-range laws can conflict with urban development as occasional stray cows, bulls, or even herds wander into subdivisions or onto highways.
954:. The federal government has administered several "Community Pastures" in Western Canada that were reclaimed lands suffering erosion during the 1930s. In 2012, it was announced that this federal involvement would be phased out over a six-year period.
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in the north dominated by summer rainfall, though large areas of desert in central
Australia to the southern rangelands dominated by winter rainfall. They cover approximately 80 per cent of the Australian continent and equate broadly with the
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for the purpose of range activities are common in geographically compatible areas. Reconciling the economic needs of ranchers and the need for environmental conservation is one of the primary themes in modern range discourse.
565:. This area is also one of the distinct physiography provinces of the larger Paraná-Paraguay Plain division. These plains contain unique wildlife because of the different terrains around it. Some of this wildlife includes the
897:, abandonment by pastoralists, and policies that incentivize overexploitation. The UNCCD further observes that the loss of rangeland attracts little public attention and rarely features in international policy discussions.
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291:. The suppression or reduction of periodic wildfires from desert shrublands, savannas, or woodlands frequently invites the dominance of trees and shrubs to the near exclusion of grasses and
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borders, 36% is considered rangeland. The western side of the United States is 53% rangeland. Around 399 million acres (1,610,000 km) of rangeland are privately owned. The
802:, open space and natural beauty. The geographic extent and many important resources of rangelands make their proper use and management vitally important to people everywhere.
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forested range. Grassland range predominates in much of the prairie provinces’ ranching area; however, forested range is particularly important in the boreal region.
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Historically much of the land in the western United States was used for grazing and much of some states still is. In many of those states, such as
Arizona, an
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Rangelands cover approximately 80 million square kilometers globally, with 9.5 million square kilometers protected and 67 million square kilometers used for
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881:, which all inhibit plant growth and contribute to drought and fluctuations in precipitation. This degradation is primarily driven by the conversion of
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687:, defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimetres (10 in) per year, or as areas where more water is lost by
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may lease portions of this public rangeland and pay a fee based on the number and type of livestock and the period for which they are on the land.
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of 600 mm (23.6 in) to 1,200 mm (47.2 in), more or less evenly distributed through the year, making the soils appropriate for
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Rangelands cover up to 8 billion hectares of land globally and therewith 54% of the terrestrial surface. 78% of rangelands occur in drylands.
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covering more than 750,000 km (289,577 sq mi). These vast plains are only interrupted by the low
Ventana and Tandil hills near
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Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed canopy, provide extensive and nearly continuous shade are referred to as forest.
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by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant
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619:. Shrubland may be unsuitable for human habitation because of the danger of fire. The term "shrubland" was first coined in 1903.
557:(Argentina), with a height of 1,300 m (4,265 ft) and 500 m (1,640 ft) respectively. The climate is mild, with
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925:. A provincial jurisdiction, administration and policy regarding range use varies across the country. As in many other
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Foran, Barney; Stafford Smith, Mark; Burnside, Don; Andrew, Martin; Blesing, Don; Forrest, Kate; Taylor, John (2019).
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132:. Water from melted snow pack can be seen on the ground. Such melting is the main source of surface water in Wyoming.
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British
Columbia Ministry of Forest, Mines and Lands. 2010. The state of British Columbia’s forests. 3rd Ed.
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703:(temperate desert). In the Thornthwaite climate classification system, deserts would be classified as arid
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The United
Nations (UN) has declared 2026 the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists, with the
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Rangelands produce a wide variety of goods and services desired by society, including livestock forage (
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1905:. Alberta Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. 27 October 2006. Archived from
283:. Fires tend to reduce the abundance of woody plants and promote herbaceous plants, including grasses,
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does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken
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Werner, Patricia A.; B. H. Walker; P. A Stott (1991). "Introduction". In Patricia A. Werner (ed.).
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The degradation of Earth's extensive rangelands due to overuse, inappropriate cultivation, misuse,
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Fire is also an essential regulator of range vegetation, whether set by humans or resulting from
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species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation.
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by harvesting forage to produce livestock, changing plant composition, or reducing fuel loads.
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1986:"Australian rangeland futures: time now for systemic responses to interconnected challenges"
857:(UNCCD) reported that up to 50% of rangelands are degraded. These areas suffer from reduced
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Biomes which can be grazed by animals or livestock (grasslands, woodlands, prairies, etc)
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Savanna Ecology and Management: Australian Perspectives and Intercontinental Comparisons
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manages about 167 million acres (676,000 km) of publicly owned rangeland, with the
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738:"uplands," "treeless mountain tract." There are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra,
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Range management fact sheet for northern Alberta’s boreal region. Forest grazing.
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1714:"'Silent demise' of vast rangelands threatens climate, food, wellbeing of billions"
1331:"'Silent demise' of vast rangelands threatens climate, food, wellbeing of billions"
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770:(or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the
470:) is an example of a steppe, though it is not usually called such. It may be semi-
408:) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except
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characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the
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growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term
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1355:"UN names 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists"
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after a failed restoration project following wildfire, and subsequent
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A map showing the world's rangelands, and areas that are not rangeland
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Rangelands are vital economic assets, contributing substantially to
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across over 100 countries, illustrating their crucial role in both
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2085:"WELCOME TO RANGELANDS WEST | Global Rangelands Knowledge System"
1948:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Transfer of grazing pastures.
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Global Land Outlook Thematic Report on Rangelands and Pastoralism
253:
principally with practices such as managed livestock grazing and
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managing approximately 95 million acres (380,000 km) more.
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rather than more intensive agricultural practices of seeding,
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rather than plants established by humans. Rangelands are also
18:
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1450:
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003).
1416:. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn.
942:
rangelands and 6 proposed future heritage rangelands run by
1882:"Management & Land-use - Legislation & Regulations"
1782:
Government of Saskatchewan. Forested rangeland grazing.
950:
located throughout Alberta administered as public lands by
893:, increasing demands for food, fiber, and fuel, excessive
302:. These areas sustain about 1 billion animals, managed by
2050:
2045:
1857:"Heritage Rangelands: A Bold Step to Preserve a Legacy"
850:
and the well-being or survival of billions of people.
264:
Grazing is an important use of rangelands but the term
2056:
University of Idaho - Rangeland Ecology and Management
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1509:, the 250 mm threshold definition is attributed to
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
163:) is the only plant species seen in this picture.
2067:"Home Page | Global Rangelands Knowledge System"
1680:
1678:
428:, native grasslands are dominated by perennial
206:, desert grasslands and shrublands, woodlands,
3234:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1931:. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 2013-06-21
846:represents a significant threat to humanity's
234:, or land covered by solid rock, concrete, or
2135:
1969:October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
822:, rangelands account for 19% of the national
352:temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands
327:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1785:"Grazing Forested Rangeland - Agriculture -"
1384:"Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Operations"
1317:Micropaedia: The New Encyclopædia Britannica
494:encountered in regions too dry to support a
458:apart from those near rivers and lakes. The
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1622:
766:. Scattered trees grow in some tundra. The
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1950:http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/?id=1414430742263
921:Rangeland is a prominent feature of rural
361:. Temperate grassland regions include the
2001:
683:that receives an extremely low amount of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2034:- freely available volumes published by
952:Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
2061:Information about Australian Rangelands
1308:
1097:
1884:. Alberta Tourism Parks and Recreation
1840:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1833:
1768:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1020:North American rangelands - shrublands
998:North American rangelands - grasslands
742:, and Antarctic tundra In tundra, the
730:comes through Russian тундра from the
490:. The term is also used to denote the
1979:
1977:
1975:
1708:
1706:
1660:. National Geographic. Archived from
1547:Fredlund, D.G.; Rahardjo, H. (1993).
1378:
1376:
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498:, but not dry enough to be a desert.
443:, in physical geography, refers to a
339:1% flooded grasslands and savannahs.
7:
1961:"Arizona Rethinking Open Range Laws"
1654:"Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica"
1550:Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils
1408:
1406:
1404:
1388:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1319:. Vol. 9 (15th ed.). 2010.
691:than falls as precipitation. In the
400:(non-woody) plants. However, sedge (
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1040:Australia’s rangelands extend from
272:. Livestock grazing can be used to
412:. In temperate latitudes, such as
245:lands because they grow primarily
241:Rangelands are distinguished from
14:
315:Food and Agriculture Organization
3203:
3202:
2036:The Society For Range Management
1862:. Alberta Wilderness Association
1688:. Cnr.uidaho.edu. Archived from
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
946:. There are also 32 provincial
834:Rangeland degradation challenges
23:
1070:Cattle on savanna rangeland in
966:Rangelands of the United States
695:system, deserts are classed as
310:and agricultural productivity.
34:needs additional citations for
1528:Encyclopædia Britannica online
1426:NASA Earth Observatory webpage
261:, and the use of fertilizers.
198:. Types of rangelands include
1:
1903:"Provincial Grazing Reserves"
1438:"Chapter 12 Scrub Management"
929:countries, public tenures on
693:Köppen climate classification
545:, in the southernmost end of
2168:Pollution / quality
2041:Society for Range Management
980:United States Forest Service
222:. Rangelands do not include
190:that are grazed by domestic
1929:"Community Pasture Program"
1174:Savannah in southern Africa
1107:Palouse Hills of Washington
350:are considered part of the
230:vegetation, barren desert,
3250:
2046:Bureau of Land Management
1162:Triodia Hummock Grasslands
513:lowlands that include the
482:or both, depending on the
3198:
3004:
2739:Types / location
1963:article by Marc Lacey in
1582:Glossary of Meteorology.
1186:Caliente Peak, California
976:Bureau of Land Management
392:is dominated by grasses (
1855:Landals, Archie (2003).
1586:Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
1146:grazing on rangeland in
657:consisting primarily of
447:region characterized by
321:Etymology and definition
317:leading the initiative.
143:are all that remains in
1281:Range condition scoring
970:Of the land within the
814:, particularly through
603:, often also including
308:ecological conservation
268:is not synonymous with
1556:. Wiley-Interscience.
1074:
1028:Salt Desert Shrublands
967:
910:
164:
133:
1990:The Rangeland Journal
1598:"Tunturista jängälle"
1148:Crook County, Wyoming
1069:
965:
908:
786:), wildlife habitat,
746:is composed of dwarf
388:are areas where the
139:
124:
3114:remnant natural area
2751:storage and recovery
2417:habitat conservation
2235:Deforestation (REDD)
2089:globalrangelands.org
2071:globalrangelands.org
1584:Megathermal Climate.
1472:Blackwell Publishing
816:livestock production
300:livestock production
43:improve this article
3068:Earth Overshoot Day
2642:Marine conservation
2623:non-timber products
2051:USDA Forest Service
1251:Holistic management
1009:Short Grass Prairie
1006:Mixed Grass Prairie
818:. For instance, in
800:wildland recreation
541:, and the State of
204:shortgrass prairies
3053:Ecosystem services
2176:Ambient standards
1966:The New York Times
1634:The World's Biomes
1630:"The Tundra Biome"
1440:. Natural England.
1226:Experimental range
1075:
1012:Pacific Bunchgrass
1003:Tall Grass Prairie
968:
911:
863:woody encroachment
812:national economies
689:evapotranspiration
474:, or covered with
334:Types of rangeland
165:
153:non-native species
134:
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2993:
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2672:genetic resources
2608:genetic resources
2243:
2242:
2151:Natural resources
2032:1979-2003 archive
1909:on 19 August 2013
1563:978-0-471-85008-3
1507:What is a desert?
1495:What is a desert?
1481:978-0-632-03199-3
1198:Lake Swan, Nevada
1042:tropical savannas
1031:Desert Shrublands
1015:Annual Grasslands
844:biodiversity loss
806:Economic benefits
792:mineral resources
778:Uses of rangeland
592:characterized by
543:Rio Grande do Sul
289:grass-like plants
274:manage rangelands
247:native vegetation
226:lacking grazable
119:
118:
111:
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3104:Natural heritage
3063:overexploitation
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2682:herbal medicines
2662:FAO Plant Treaty
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1757:
1756:
1750:
1744:. Archived from
1743:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
1596:Aapala, Kirsti.
1593:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1025:Sagebrush Steppe
948:grazing reserves
699:(hot desert) or
655:herbaceous layer
509:are the fertile
462:(especially the
414:northwest Europe
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3190:
3155:
3135:
3121:Systems ecology
3087:Natural capital
2989:
2874:
2863:reclaimed water
2725:
2687:UPOV Convention
2535:
2330:
2239:
2213:
2209:Ozone depletion
2200:
2177:
2153:
2148:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2003:10.1071/RJ18105
1983:
1982:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:"Archived copy"
1809:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:"Archived copy"
1737:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1686:"What is Range"
1684:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1500:
1493:
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1459:
1458:
1454:
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1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1221:Coastal prairie
1211:Applied ecology
1206:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1064:
1055:
1038:
1022:
1000:
960:
919:
903:
891:urban expansion
879:soil compaction
836:
808:
780:
774:or timberline.
713:
670:
637:
625:
590:plant community
583:
575:prairie chicken
504:
438:
383:
359:vegetation type
345:
336:
323:
255:prescribed fire
157:Russian thistle
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:(perpetuation)
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:Nature reserve
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
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2826:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:climate change
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2554:Bioprospecting
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:Clean Air Act
2191:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2081:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2024:
2023:External links
2021:
2018:
2017:
1996:(3): 271–292.
1971:
1953:
1941:
1920:
1894:
1873:
1847:
1801:
1775:
1729:
1702:
1674:
1645:
1618:
1588:
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1562:
1539:
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1452:
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1301:
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1200:
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1166:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:Sonoran Desert
1118:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
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1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
991:open-range law
959:
956:
918:
915:
902:
899:
875:alkalinization
859:soil fertility
840:climate change
835:
832:
807:
804:
779:
776:
712:
709:
669:
666:
636:
633:
624:
621:
582:
579:
511:South American
503:
500:
437:
434:
382:
379:
344:
341:
335:
332:
322:
319:
161:Salsola tragus
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3187:
3186:Non-renewable
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Urban ecology
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
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3027:
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3017:
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3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
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3000:
2996:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Privatization
2956:
2954:
2951:
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2946:
2944:
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2929:
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2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Surface water
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
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2376:
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2355:
2354:peak farmland
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
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2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
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2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
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2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1823:on 2016-03-05
1819:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1791:on 2015-12-22
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1751:on 2016-08-04
1747:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1692:on 2011-07-18
1691:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1664:on 2011-08-05
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1608:on 2006-10-01
1607:
1603:
1602:Kieli-ikkunat
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:Peveril Meigs
1508:
1505:According to
1502:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:UNCCD. 2024.
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1297:
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1279:
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1259:
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1254:
1252:
1249:
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1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Coastal plain
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1131:Konza Prairie
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1053:South America
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:United States
964:
958:United States
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:Alberta Parks
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
916:
914:
907:
901:Global extent
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:In 2024, the
851:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
796:wood products
793:
789:
785:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:alpine tundra
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:precipitation
682:
678:
674:
667:
665:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:
641:
634:
632:
629:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:precipitation
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:provinces of
516:
512:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:mixed prairie
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
426:North America
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
342:
340:
333:
331:
328:
320:
318:
316:
311:
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3184: /
3058:Exploitation
2943:Conservation
2886:Desalination
2821:
2714:conservation
2698:
2549:Biodiversity
2497:conservation
2344:Agricultural
2272:Fossil fuels
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
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2070:
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1907:the original
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1789:the original
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1662:the original
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1393:12 September
1391:. Retrieved
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1338:. Retrieved
1334:
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1246:Grass valley
1088:
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927:Commonwealth
920:
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871:salinization
852:
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551:Bahía Blanca
519:Buenos Aires
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418:Great Plains
404:) and rush (
396:) and other
384:
346:
337:
324:
312:
304:pastoralists
297:
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196:wild animals
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3177:Nationalism
3149:Common-pool
2790:Hydrosphere
2783:remediation
2768:Groundwater
2363:Degradation
2107:wrangle.org
1359:www.fao.org
848:food supply
826:, while in
732:Kildin Sami
705:megathermal
563:agriculture
430:bunch grass
270:grazingland
58:"Rangeland"
3229:Grasslands
3223:Categories
3172:Extraction
3131:Wilderness
3092:accounting
3075:Management
3041:ecological
3029:tragedy of
2948:Peak water
2933:Efficiency
2906:Sanitation
2848:Stormwater
2841:harvesting
2817:Irrigation
2719:management
2677:gene banks
2618:management
2596:management
2512:resilience
2478:phosphorus
2434:industrial
2412:Management
2388:soundscape
2294:Geothermal
2112:2016-02-24
2094:2016-02-24
2076:2016-02-24
2030:Rangelands
1935:2013-06-30
1888:2013-06-30
1827:2015-09-10
1795:2015-09-10
1755:2015-09-10
1723:2024-05-26
1696:2010-12-22
1668:2009-11-02
1658:Wild World
1639:2006-03-05
1612:2009-01-19
1569:2008-05-21
1533:2008-02-09
1364:2024-05-29
1340:2024-05-26
1303:References
931:crown land
744:vegetation
722:where the
707:climates.
594:vegetation
573:, and the
537:, most of
531:Entre Ríos
464:shortgrass
422:California
410:Antarctica
402:Cyperaceae
398:herbaceous
390:vegetation
386:Grasslands
381:Grasslands
369:, and the
259:irrigation
228:understory
212:chaparrals
176:shrublands
172:grasslands
168:Rangelands
126:Red Desert
99:March 2014
69:newspapers
3182:Renewable
3167:Depletion
3154:Conflict
3036:Economics
3014:enclosure
2973:Resources
2953:Pollution
2870:Watershed
2773:pollution
2704:Seed bank
2699:Rangeland
2581:Fisheries
2566:Biosphere
2559:biopiracy
2502:fertility
2378:cityscape
2373:Landscape
2280:peak coal
2267:Resources
2218:Emissions
2103:"Wrangle"
2012:199631304
1241:Grassland
1036:Australia
772:tree line
677:landscape
647:ecosystem
644:grassland
613:geophytes
597:dominated
586:Shrubland
581:Shrubland
515:Argentine
449:grassland
406:Juncaceae
367:Argentina
281:lightning
266:rangeland
200:tallgrass
192:livestock
180:woodlands
3208:Category
3141:Resource
3080:adaptive
2978:improved
2938:Conflict
2923:Security
2918:Scarcity
2911:improved
2901:Leaching
2778:recharge
2758:Drinking
2709:Wildlife
2576:Bushmeat
2571:Bushfood
2524:planning
2429:gemstone
2424:Minerals
2405:property
2393:viewshed
2383:seascape
2314:sunlight
2288:peak oil
2284:peak gas
1836:cite web
1764:cite web
1524:"desert"
1204:See also
984:Ranchers
887:cropland
883:pastures
820:Ethiopia
628:Woodland
623:Woodland
617:browsing
527:Santa Fe
523:La Pampa
488:latitude
454:without
416:and the
348:Prairies
236:glaciers
232:farmland
208:savannas
184:wetlands
149:invasion
3009:Commons
2998:Related
2963:Quality
2879:Aspects
2805:glacial
2746:Aquifer
2652:Pasture
2603:Forests
2529:reserve
2304:Nuclear
2274: (
2230:Trading
2225:Airshed
1913:22 July
1866:21 July
1286:Savanna
1276:Prairie
1266:Potrero
1261:Pasture
1144:Buffalo
1094:Gallery
1090:types.
1072:Namibia
1047:Outback
895:grazing
867:erosion
784:Grazing
768:ecotone
764:lichens
756:grasses
662:grasses
640:Savanna
635:Savanna
605:grasses
539:Uruguay
535:Córdoba
492:climate
460:prairie
394:Poaceae
375:Eurasia
371:steppes
343:Prairie
251:managed
243:pasture
224:forests
220:tundras
216:steppes
188:deserts
130:Wyoming
83:scholar
3019:global
2983:policy
2928:Supply
2891:Floods
2858:Sewage
2831:Marine
2823:huerta
2657:Plants
2647:Meadow
2507:health
2485:rights
2473:copper
2451:mining
2349:arable
2249:Energy
2189:Indoor
2010:
1560:
1478:
1468:Oxford
1291:Steppe
1256:Meadow
1236:Forage
1062:Africa
923:Canada
917:Canada
877:, and
842:, and
828:Brazil
762:, and
760:mosses
752:sedges
748:shrubs
736:tūndâr
728:tundra
716:Tundra
711:Tundra
681:region
673:Desert
668:Desert
651:canopy
611:, and
601:shrubs
571:badger
569:, the
555:Tandil
547:Brazil
507:Pampas
502:Pampas
496:forest
484:season
480:shrubs
472:desert
441:Steppe
436:Steppe
363:Pampas
287:, and
218:, and
186:, and
85:
78:
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3162:Curse
2968:Right
2810:polar
2800:bergs
2763:Fresh
2731:Water
2444:metal
2368:Field
2319:shade
2309:Solar
2299:Hydro
2184:Index
2008:S2CID
1860:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1718:UNCCD
1554:(PDF)
1335:UNCCD
1271:Plain
1231:Field
1079:Kenya
788:water
734:word
720:biome
718:is a
675:is a
642:is a
609:herbs
588:is a
476:grass
456:trees
452:plain
445:biome
355:biome
293:forbs
285:forbs
145:Idaho
141:Weeds
90:JSTOR
76:books
3097:good
3046:land
3024:land
2836:Rain
2692:wood
2667:food
2630:Game
2541:Life
2492:Soil
2468:peak
2461:sand
2336:Land
2326:Wind
2201:(US)
2178:(US)
1915:2013
1868:2013
1842:link
1770:link
1558:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1395:2015
1296:Veld
1085:Asia
754:and
724:tree
567:rhea
553:and
533:and
486:and
466:and
420:and
325:The
202:and
170:are
62:news
2896:Law
2795:Ice
2635:law
2613:law
2591:law
2519:Use
2456:law
2439:ore
2400:Law
2276:gas
2262:Law
2257:Bio
2194:Law
2159:Air
1998:doi
1077:In
885:to
824:GDP
701:BWk
697:BWh
679:or
599:by
478:or
424:in
373:of
365:of
194:or
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