31:
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According to critics, the system is widely considered within
Germany to be socially useful in the sense that the upper class is able to reserve the best schools for itself without having to resort to private schools. Finally, no democratic society outside the German-speaking world has tripartite
569:
The German tripartite system of education has been widely criticized for separating children along class lines at a very early age. For instance, in some German states, a decision is made in the sixth or even the fourth grade about whether a child is to continue in the
Gymnasium, the
902:
Ehmke; et al. (2004). "PISA 2003 – Der
Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches" [PISA 2003 – Education level of young people in Germany – results of the second international comparison].
608:
Proponents of the tripartite system consider the arguments brought forward by the critics to be invalid. They point to the fact that not only
Gymnasium, but also comprehensive schools and schools serving mature students such as the
320:, and after successfully graduating from this they may attend a German university. Those holding a high school diploma can choose from a wider range of possible major subjects at a German university if they did well on the
785:
was created as a new type of school in
Austria-Hungary. Up to 1918, just seven such schools were established, two of them in the Czech lands (1909 Vrchlabí, 1911 Bohumín), both of them German-language.
269:. The new subject becomes the student's fifth main subject, after German, maths, science and English; and it is also possible to learn other foreign languages in free workshops. Other subjects are
46:
874:
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were established between 1862 (the first one in Tábor) and 1913 (the last one in
Jilemnice). In the Czech lands, in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 35 Czech-language
633:
and
Gymnasiums offered many working-class children the possibility to move up the social ladder. Also, proponents of the tripartite system fear that abolishing Gymnasia and
589:
even sent a special envoy to
Germany to condemn current German practice. Specifically, the Brazilian expert found that German schools separate children according to
919:
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Schulsystem?: Soziale Benachteiligung auf Grund schulischer Selektion am Beispiel Hauptschule: Amazon.de: Luisa Liebold: Bücher
1053:
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are not the school of first choice for many students and often are attended by students who have been turned down by or have been expelled from other schools.
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school systems that separate children largely according to background; this finding was the main complaint about
Germany in the recent PISA study.
940:
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The first in the empire was established in Vienna, 1771. Systematically they were founded by Habsburg Monarchy after 1804: e.g. 1811 in
885:
593:, with children of academics and professionals more often being sent on to a Gymnasium, and working-class children being sent to a
582:, so critics argue that a decision is made as early as the fourth grade about whether a child will be allowed to attend college.
538:
328:. Those who scored higher than 1300 on the SAT or higher than 28 on the ACT may apply for any subject at a German university.
1082:
1137:
579:
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207:, good students are allowed to attend a professional Gymnasium or a general-education Gymnasium. They can also attend a
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also hold the opinion that it aids students' personality development. According to a study those attending a
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254:
951:
545:
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396:
were outperformed by those attending a Gymnasium. However, they did better than those attending a
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at the age of ten or eleven and typically finish school at the age of 16–17. In some states,
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739:, namely 30 in Bohemia and 13 in Moravia. There existed also German-language
278:
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became more altruistic and more likely to care for others over time.
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The system is considered so onerous outside Germany that the
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625:. Also it is possible to attend college without holding the
392:
According to the PISA examination the students attending a
257:, after the sixth grade, the student has to choose among
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637:
would lead to the growth of a private school sector.
907:(in German). Münster/New York: Waxmann. p. 244.
408:(points earned) by social class and type of school
373:to form a new type of comprehensive school, called
238:. In 2006 1.32 million German students attended a
652:The "Erweiterte Realschule" and "Realschule Plus"
337:are the classical higher or secondary schools of
629:. They also hold the opinion that state-funded
814:. The majority historically left school after
802:between 1935 and 1970. It replaced the former
218:In most states of Germany, students start the
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534:"criticism" or "controversy" section
905:PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.)
1017:Secondary School System of Germany
762:was a compromise type between the
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296:High school diplomas obtained in
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875:"Home - Universität Regensburg"
226:have recently been replaced by
1083:New International Encyclopedia
621:offer the possibility for the
304:are usually acknowledged as a
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580:university-preparatory school
537:may compromise the article's
806:, and was the level between
864:at nymphenburger-schulen.de
712:(German-language), 1815 in
357:were formally abolished in
1159:
1113:Collier's New Encyclopedia
743:. After World War I, many
578:. Only the Gymnasium is a
400:or a Gesamtschule school.
37:at the Blutenburg, Germany
882:www-cgi.uni-regensburg.de
501:
425:"Very high" social class
82:. It has also existed in
416:"Very low" social class
1038:Russell, J. E. (1907),
353:Starting in 2010/2011,
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156:realna gimnazija/realka
1098:Encyclopedia Americana
1015:Bolton, F. E. (1900),
770:. In the Czech lands,
747:became transformed to
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1143:Secondary education
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