82:
121:
102:, who demonstrated it with a model helicopter powered by microwaves transmitted from the ground, received by an attached rectenna. Since the 1970s, one of the major motivations for rectenna research has been to develop a receiving antenna for proposed
228:(or "nantenna"). Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device shrinks, but to date efficiency has been limited, and so far there has not been convincing evidence that rectification has been achieved at optical frequencies. The
77:
are usually used because they have the lowest voltage drop and highest speed and therefore have the lowest power losses due to conduction and switching. Large rectennas consist of arrays of many power receiving elements such as dipole antennas.
200:. In the microwave range, experimental devices have reached a power conversion efficiency of 85–90%. The record conversion efficiency for a rectenna is 90.6% for 2.45 GHz, with lower efficiency of about 82% achieved at 5.82 GHz.
144:) which is powered by a small rectenna element. When the device is brought near an electronic reader unit, radio waves from the reader are received by the rectenna, powering up the IC, which transmits its data back to the reader.
783:
Zhang, Xu; Grajal, Jesús; Vazquez-Roy, Jose Luis; Radhakrishna, Ujwal; Wang, Xiaoxue; Chern, Winston; Zhou, Lin; Lin, Yuxuan; Shen, Pin-Chun; Ji, Xiang; Ling, Xi; Zubair, Ahmad; Zhang, Yuhao; Wang, Han; Dubey, Madan; Kong, Jing;
280:. The wires were shown experimentally to rectify up to 40 GHz, that result was the limit of the instrument used, and the wires theoretically may be able to rectify signals in the terahertz region as well.
710:
Custer, James P.; Low, Jeremy D.; Hill, David J.; Teitsworth, Taylor S.; Christesen, Joseph D.; McKinney, Collin J.; McBride, James R.; Brooke, Martin A.; Warren, Scott C.; Cahoon, James F. (2020-04-10).
461:
232:
previously reported on work to develop low-cost, high-efficiency optical-frequency rectennas. Other prototype devices were investigated in a collaboration between the
186:
However, this example uses only one antenna having a limited capture area. A rectenna array uses multiple antennas spread over a wide area to capture more energy.
128:
In recent years, interest has turned to using rectennas as power sources for small wireless microelectronic devices. The largest current use of rectennas is in
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Researchers are experimenting with the use of rectennas to power sensors in remote areas and distributed networks of sensors, especially for
777:
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611:
262:
Below are a few examples of potential paths to creating diodes that would be fast enough to rectify optical and near-optical radiation.
124:
A wearable millimeter-wave textile rectenna fabricated on a textile substrate for harvesting power in the 5G K-bands (20–26.5 GHz)
1301:
1119:
314:
Guler, Ulkuhan; Sendi, Mohammad S. E.; Ghovanloo, Maysam (2017). "A dual-mode passive rectifier for wide-range input power flow".
248:
it has been suggested that conversion efficiencies of solar energy to electricity higher than 70% could eventually be achieved.
1069:
659:
Zhu, Zixu; Joshi, Saumil; Grover, Sachit; Moddel, Garret (2013-04-15). "Graphene geometric diodes for terahertz rectennas".
183:
would occasionally discover that with a long receiving antenna, they could get enough electric power to light a light bulb.
941:
865:
241:
50:
509:
McSpadden, J. O., Fan, L., and Kai Chang, "Design and
Experiments of a High-Conversion-Efficiency 5.8-GHz Rectenna,"
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Creating an ultra-fast diode capable of rectifying the high frequency oscillations, at frequency of ~500 THz.
1204:
233:
73:
induced in the antenna by the microwaves, to produce DC power, which powers a load connected across the diode.
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and beam it down to Earth as microwaves to huge rectenna arrays. A proposed military application is to power
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The creation of successful optical rectenna technology has two major complicating factors:
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feasible. The rectenna was invented in 1964 and patented in 1969 by US electrical engineer
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790:"Two-dimensional MoS2-enabled flexible rectenna for Wi-Fi-band wireless energy harvesting"
574:"First optical rectenna -- combined rectifier and antenna -- converts light to DC current"
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713:"Ratcheting quasi-ballistic electrons in silicon geometric diodes at room temperature"
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with microwaves beamed from the ground, allowing them to stay aloft for long periods.
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Sharma, Asha; Singh, Virendra; Bougher, Thomas L.; Cola, Baratunde A. (2015-10-09).
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A printed meshed rectenna lighting an LED from a
Powercast 915 MHz transmitter
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A promising path towards creating these ultrafast diodes has been in the form of "
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54:
46:
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2017 IEEE 60th
International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)
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390:. 2007–2008 Internet Science & Technology Fair, Mainland High School. 2012
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631:"UConn Professor's Patented Technique Key to New Solar Power Technology"
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In principle, similar devices, scaled down to the proportions used in
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Fabricating an antenna small enough to couple optical wavelengths.
219:
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119:
80:
62:
850:
129:
854:
838:"Converting Wi-Fi signals to electricity with new 2D materials"
94:
The invention of the rectenna in the 1960s made long distance
222:
directly into electricity. This type of device is called an
789:
269:". Graphene geometric diodes have been reported to rectify
106:, which would harvest energy from sunlight in space with
612:"New solar technology could break photovoltaic limits"
171:), is actually a rectenna, although it discards the
1253:
1055:
907:
889:
273:. In April 2020, geometric diodes were reported in
513:, Vol. 46, No. 12, December 1998, pp. 2053–2060.
65:connected across the dipole elements. The diode
505:
503:
448:"76.09 — Radio transmitter lights antenna bulb"
866:
8:
648:. New York, USA: Springer. pp. 209–227.
515:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/739282
493:Rectennas for RF wireless energy harvesting
196:RF rectennas are used for several forms of
873:
859:
851:
511:IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Technique
57:. A simple rectenna element consists of a
373:, filed 5 May 1965, granted 25 March 1969
778:William C. Brown's Distinguished Career
306:
140:, which contain an integrated circuit (
496:(PhD Thesis). University of Liverpool.
661:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
7:
528:"A carbon nanotube optical rectenna"
462:"Over to you: Mythical electricity?"
388:Project #07-1726: Cutting the Cord
179:. People living near strong radio
14:
1302:Circularly disposed antenna array
1120:Folded inverted conformal antenna
175:before sending the signal to the
33:) is a special type of receiving
53:systems that transmit power by
681:10.1088/0022-3727/46/18/185101
1:
1328:Radio frequency antenna types
629:Poitras, Colin (2013-02-04).
942:Dielectric resonator antenna
844:(Press release). 2019-01-28.
580:(Press release). 2015-09-28.
468:. 2004-11-24. Archived from
37:that is used for converting
410:"A trap to harness the sun"
324:10.1109/MWSCAS.2017.8053188
242:National Science Foundation
96:wireless power transmission
51:wireless power transmission
16:Antenna for receiving power
1354:
788:; Palacios, Tomás (2019).
408:Torrey, Lee (1980-07-10).
207:
90:Power beaming applications
1205:Regenerative loop antenna
814:10.1038/s41586-019-0892-1
366:Microwave to DC Converter
234:University of Connecticut
218:, can be used to convert
148:Radio frequency rectennas
1200:Reflective array antenna
1110:Corner reflector antenna
1100:Collinear antenna array
737:10.1126/science.aay8663
295:Wireless power transfer
246:atomic layer deposition
240:using a grant from the
198:wireless power transfer
156:receiver, employing an
138:contactless smart cards
115:reconnaissance aircraft
1282:Reconfigurable antenna
1245:Yagi–Uda antenna
1220:Short backfire antenna
957:Folded unipole antenna
616:University of Missouri
552:10.1038/nnano.2015.220
318:. pp. 1376–1379.
230:University of Missouri
125:
104:solar power satellites
86:
937:Crossed field antenna
532:Nature Nanotechnology
123:
84:
1254:Application-specific
1145:Log-periodic antenna
1017:Rubber ducky antenna
992:Inverted vee antenna
967:Ground-plane antenna
786:Dresselhaus, Mildred
646:Rectenna Solar Cells
1165:Offset dish antenna
1012:Random wire antenna
806:2019Natur.566..368Z
729:2020Sci...368..177C
673:2013JPhD...46r5101Z
590:Patent application
544:2015NatNa..10.1027S
466:The Daily Telegraph
271:terahertz radiation
49:. They are used in
1307:Television antenna
1155:Microstrip antenna
1095:Choke ring antenna
1090:Cassegrain antenna
987:Inverted-F antenna
899:Isotropic radiator
490:Zhang, J. (2000).
384:"William C. Brown"
369:William C. Brown,
290:Microstrip antenna
244:. With the use of
238:Penn State Altoona
126:
87:
1315:
1314:
1292:Reference antenna
1185:Parabolic antenna
1105:Conformal antenna
1027:Turnstile antenna
922:Biconical antenna
800:(7744): 368–372.
723:(6487): 177–180.
614:(Press release).
538:(12): 1027–1032.
422:(1209): 124–127.
333:978-1-5090-6389-5
204:Optical rectennas
1345:
1266:Corner reflector
1080:Beverage antenna
1042:Umbrella antenna
1007:Monopole antenna
962:Franklin antenna
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225:optical rectenna
210:Optical rectenna
100:William C. Brown
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1272:Evolved antenna
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1235:Vivaldi antenna
1210:Rhombic antenna
1135:Helical antenna
1125:Fractal antenna
1070:AS-2259 Antenna
1051:
982:Helical antenna
952:Discone antenna
932:Coaxial antenna
917:Batwing antenna
909:Omnidirectional
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75:Schottky diodes
39:electromagnetic
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1022:Sloper antenna
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997:J-pole antenna
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772:External links
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208:Main article:
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193:applications.
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59:dipole antenna
43:direct current
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152:The simplest
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1225:Slot antenna
1195:Quad antenna
1180:Planar array
1175:Phased array
1150:Loop antenna
1140:Horn antenna
1047:Whip antenna
1032:T2FD antenna
977:Halo antenna
972:G5RV antenna
842:ScienceDaily
841:
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474:. Retrieved
470:the original
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431:. Retrieved
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392:. Retrieved
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181:transmitters
173:DC component
162:demodulating
151:
127:
93:
41:energy into
29:
25:
24:
20:
18:
1333:Solar cells
1075:AWX antenna
1057:Directional
927:Cage aerial
578:EurekAlert!
108:solar cells
55:radio waves
47:electricity
1322:Categories
476:2009-06-25
433:2012-03-30
394:2012-03-30
356:US 3434678
301:References
177:headphones
28:ifying ant
1268:(passive)
1130:Gizmotchy
1037:T-antenna
891:Isotropic
761:215550903
745:0036-8075
689:0022-3727
428:0262-4079
278:nanowires
169:rectifier
67:rectifies
1338:Antennas
1287:Rectenna
1085:Cantenna
830:59307657
822:30692651
753:32273466
601:relates.
560:26414198
342:31003912
284:See also
21:rectenna
882:Antenna
802:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
717:Science
697:9573157
669:Bibcode
540:Bibcode
275:silicon
158:antenna
61:with a
35:antenna
1261:ALLISS
828:
820:
794:Nature
759:
751:
743:
695:
687:
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558:
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361:
340:
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160:and a
132:tags,
1240:WokFi
884:types
826:S2CID
757:S2CID
693:S2CID
371:et al
338:S2CID
220:light
165:diode
112:drone
63:diode
45:(DC)
818:PMID
749:PMID
741:ISSN
685:ISSN
556:PMID
424:ISSN
328:ISBN
236:and
136:and
130:RFID
69:the
30:enna
26:rect
810:doi
798:566
733:doi
721:368
677:doi
548:doi
320:doi
191:IoT
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19:A
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